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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

SoTa vadaWkoria

saqarTvelos pirveli respublika da osmaleTis eqspansiuri politika (1919 wlis ianvari _ 1921 wlis marti)

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UDK (uak) 94(479-1921+94(479.22:55 v- 126

winamdebare naSromi exeba saqarTvelo- osmaleTis 1919_ 1921wlebis urTierTobis umniSvnelovanes momentebs. dokumenturmasalaze dayrdnobiT, masSi warmoCenilia: a)osmaleTis xelisu-flebis mxridan saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi SefarviT da zogjeraSkarad ganxorcielebuli veraguli politikuri gegmis is Ziri-Tadi nawili, romelic saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis teri-toriulad danakuwebas (server- begis ajanyeba) isaxavda miznad;b)wina planzea wamoweuli, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da mi-si saxelmwifoebriobis gasanadgureblad, sabWoTa ruseTisa daosmaleTis aliansTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi momentebi. am fonzeaSefasebuli, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis ̀ veSapebis~ pirispir mdgomida evropisgan zurgSeqceuli saqarTvelos pirveli respublikisSesaZleblobebi.

redaqtori avTandil sonRulaSvili ist. mecn. doqtori, profesori

recenzenti oTar gogoliSvili ist. mecn. doqtori, profesori

© `georgika~

Tbilisi@ 2015

ISBN 978-9941-0-7771-5

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1. osmaleTi da ̀ samxreT kavkasiis muslimanuri saxelmwifos~ Seqmnis sakiTxi

XX saukunis 20- ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinareurTulesi politikuri procesebidan, gansakuTrebul yura-dRebas im etapze samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi musli-manuri sarwmunoebis niRbiT SefuTuli antiqarTuli moZrao-bis aRmavloba iqcevs. am SemTxvevaSi, server- begis xelmZR-vanelobiT saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze `axali mus-limanuri saxelmwifos~_ yarsis respublikis saxelwodeb-iT Seqmnis mcdeloba maqvs mxedvelobaSi. es sakiTxi sxva-dasxva dros politikur, samxedro moRvaweTa da istoriko-sTa gansjis sagans warmoadgenda. umetesi maTgani, antiqa-rTuli da proTurquli orientaciis gaRrmavebis safuZv-els, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis politikurda ekonomikur kursSi xedavda da kritikis maxvilsac miswinaaRmdeg mimarTavda. maTi mtkicebiT, server- begis ̀ ajan-yeba~ da ̀ yarsis respublikis~ Seqmna, saqarTvelos pirvelirespublikis mTavrobis TiTqosda mcdari `socialuri daagraruli reformiT~ iyo ganpirobebuli. am SemTxvevaSiangariSs ar uweven da nebsiT Tu uneblied ukana planze ga-daaqvT: 1)osmaleTis da azerbaijanis agentebis mier samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi aTeuli wlebis gan-mavlobaSi gaweuli proosmaluri saagitacio_ propagandi-stuli muSaobis mniSvneloba; 2)ignorirebas ukeTeben regi-onis maSindeli mosaxleobis dabali donis ganaTlebas damaTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebiT ganmapirobebel Sedegebs;3)server- begis ojaxur garemos (deda yazaneli TaTari, ma-mobili somexi_ orTaveni qarTvelTmoZuleebi), bavSvobidanveqarTvelTa siZulviliT aRzrdas. samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuriprocesebis Sefasebisas, tendenciurobisgan Tavis daRweviserT_ erT saSualebad, problemis yovelmxrivi Seswavla damisi qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis WrilSi ganxilvagvesaxeba. amis saSualebas, im periodis presis furclebzegamoqveynebuli publikaciebi, saarqivo masalebi da damfuZne-beli krebis stenografiuli angariSebi iZleva. miTumetes,imave damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomebis masalebis mixedviTdasturdeba, rom qveynis sakanonmdeblo organom, axalcixis

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movlenebi sagangebo msjelobis sagnad aqcia. am mxriv gan-sakuTrebul yuradRebas damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 14martis sxdoma iqcevs. rogorc stenografiuli angariSidanirkveva, axalcixis ambebTan dakavSirebiT specialuri ko-misiis Seqmnis sakiTxi, krebis sxdomaze n.eliavam riggareSegaitana. imave sxdomam, komisiis 4 wevriani Semadgenloba(husein_ guli memed_ oRli, gizo anjafariZe, petre surgu-laZe, samson fircxalava) daamtkica. miRebuli dadgenilebiT,komisiis amocanas, axalcixis mazraSi mdgomareobis gamorkve-va da saTanado zomebis gatareba warmoadgenda. ramdenadaces dokumenti zogadfrazologiur xasiaTs atarebda, igikomisiis wevrebisa da misi Tavmjdomaris (g.anjafariZe)moqmedebis zeda zRvars ar gansazRvravda. axalcixis mazraSiSeqmnili urTulesi politikuri situacia, komisiisaTvisfunqciisa da uflebebis dakonkretebas saWiroebda. miTu-metes, adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo uwyebebisa da komisiissaqmianobas regionSi ara xelisSemsleli, aramed koordinire-buli saxe unda mieRo. zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebidan ga-momdinare, ramdenadac es sakiTxi gaurkveveli rCeboda, igiveg.anjafariZe iZulebuli gaxda, damfuZnebeli krebisadmikonkretuli moTxovna waeyenebina: ̀ gamogvigzavneT depeSiTborotmomqmedTa da meamboxeTa dapatimrebis ufleba. uka-naskneli auwyeT kvinitaZes.~ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki g.anjafari-Zis komisias aRniSnuli uflebebi mieniWeboda, axalcixismazris general_ gubernatori g.kvinitaZe amis Sesaxeb saq-mis kursSi unda yofiliyo. rac Seexeba gasagzavni depeSisteqsts, aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, social_ demokra-tiuli fraqciis saxeliT, damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 21martis sxdomaze n.eliavam sagangebo gancxadeba gaakeTa:`damfuZnebelma krebam_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ gaarkvios:eqneba Tu ara komisias ufleba, Tu vinicobaa... gamoarkviaborotmoqmedeba, miagno borotmomqmeds da daatusaRos igi.ai amis Sesaxeb komisia gTxovT, rom Tqven, damfuZnebelmakrebam saTanado pasuxi gasceT.~ ramdenadac komisia umaR-lesi uflebebiT iyo aRWurvili, n.eliavas mtkicebiT, borot-momqmedTa Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis, dapatimrebisa da Se-sabamisi organoebisadmi gasasamarTleblad gadacemis ufle-ba unda micemoda. aqedan gamomdinare, damfuZnebel krebassTxova: 1)komisiis uflebamosileba mis mier wardgenili

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dakonkretebuli formulirebiT daemtkicebina; 2)komisiiswevrebisaTvis umaRlesi uflebebis miniWeba, damfuZnebelikrebis prezidiums imave komisiis TavmjdomarisaTvis dauy-ovnebliv ecnobebina; 3)mTavrobis Sesabamisi gankargulebiT,aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tanamdebobis yvela pirisaqmis kursSi Caeyenebina. komisiis uflebebis Sesaxeb n.eli-avas mier SemuSavebulma formulirebam, damfuZnebeli kreb-is imave sxdomis monawile politikur ZalTa debatebi gam-oiwvia. gansakuTrebiT erovnul- demokratebis da social-ist_ federalistebis partiebis fraqciebis warmomadgen-lebi (g.gvazava, i. baraTaSvili) aqtiurobdnen. komisiis wevre-bisadmi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis micemas, mxolod adgi-lobrivi administraciis saqmianobaSi mosalodneli Care-vis dauSveblobidan gamomdinare ewinaaRmdegebodnen. ̀ amis-Tana ufleba komisiisaTvis Cven ar migviniWebia_ ambobdag.gvazava_ Tu vinme dasaWeria, im organos unda Seatyobinon,romelsac amgvari sakiTxebis mowesrigeba evaleba. amitom,Cveni fraqciis saxeliT vacxadeb, rom Cven winaaRmdegni varTSemotanili winadadebis.~ erovnul- demokratebis es Tval-sazrisi, Sesabamisi argumentebis moSveliebiT socialist_federalistma i.baraTaSvilmac gaiziara. damfuZnebeli kre-bis wina sxdomis dadgenilebidan gamomdinare, igi xazgas-miT miuTiTebda, rom komisias adgilobrivi mdgomareobissafuZvliani Seswavlis mizniT, momxdari faqtis mxolodgamomwvevi mizezebis gamorkveva da Sesabamisi masalebisSegroveba evaleboda. rac Seexeba dadgenilebaSi miTiTe-bul_ `saTanado zomebs,~ imave i.baraTaSvilis mtkicebiT,igi regionis gubernatoris, sagangebo inspeqtorisa da uSu-alod mTavrobis kompentencias warmoadgenda. yuradReba undamivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom dadgenilebaSi motanil gamo-naTqvams_ ̀ saTanado zomebis misaRebad,~ g.gvazava da i.baraTa-Svili alternatul formulirebas ver uZebnidnen. arada,maTi gamosvlebis mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, dokumentis esnawili Semdegi formulirebiT unda yofiliyo warmodgeni-li:_ ̀ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi, komisias, Sesa-bamiasi uwyebebis winaSe saTanado zomebis gatarebis moTx-ovnis dasmis ufleba eZleva.~ am SemTxvevaSi, komisias mx-olod sarekomendacio uflebebi mieniWeboda. ramdenadacwina dadgenilebis teqsti ucvleli darCa, socialist_ rev-

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olucionerTa fraqciis warmomadgenel iv.gobeCias, am faqt-ma g.gvazavasa da i.baraTaSvilis winaaRmdeg gamosvlis Sesa-Zlebloba misca. oponentebis sawinaaRmdegod warmoTqmulsityvaSi igi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisadmi, general- guber-natorisa da regionSi gagzavnili komisrebisadmi miniWe-bul uflebebs eyrdnoboda. `axalcixis komisia_ ambobdaiv.gobeCia_ erTxmad iyo krebis mier arCeuli da Tu isadgilobrivi gamoZiebis dros romelime piris daWeras mi-zanSewonil zomad miiCnevs, amis ufleba Tqven mas undamisceT... es arc saxelmwifoebrivi da sxva da sxva funqcie-bis erTi meoreSi areva da arc komisiis mier sxvisi ufle-bebis miTviseba ar iqneba.~1

am amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, zemoaRniSnulikomisia gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT iqneboda aRWurvili.e.i. regionSi igi ganmkarguleblisa da aRmasruleblisfunqciebs SeiTavsebda. iv.gobeCias es Tvalsazrisi mmarTvelipolitikuri partiis pozicias emTxveoda. amis udao dadas-turebas, damfuZnebeli krebis imave sxdomaze kir.niniZisgamosvla warmoadgens. misi mtkicebiT, ramdenadac komisiadamfuZnebeli krebis ndobiTa da uzenaesi uflebebiT iyoaRWurvili, mxaris umaRles warmomadgenlad unda CaTvlil-iyo da adgilobrivi administraciac damorCileboda. damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli angariSidan irkveva,rom komisiis uflebamosilebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, re-zoluciis ori proeqti iqna wardgenili; 1)erovnul_ demokra-tiuli partiis damfuZnebeli krebis fraqciidan da 2)so-cial_ demokratiuli partiis damfuZnebeli krebis fraqci-idan. es ukanaskneli proeqti krebis monawileebs k.jafariZemgaacno. kenWisyris Sedegad, social- demokratebis mier ward-genili rezoluciis proeqti iqna damtkicebuli. ̀ Tanaxmad14 martis sxdomaze miRebuli rezoluciisa,_ vkiTxulobTdokumentSi_ sagangebo komisias, romelic gagzavnilia ax-alcixis mazraSi, ufleba aqvs saWiroebisamebr gasces gan-karguleba borotmomqmedTa da moRalateTa dasatusaReblad,misces aseTi pirebi sasamarTloSi ganurCevlad maTi mdgo-mareobisa da Tanamdebobisa.~2

marTalia, es dokumenti komisias gansakuTrebul ufle-bebs aZlevda, magram misi gamoyeneba da regionSi Seqmnilipolitikuri situaciisadmi misadageba, komisiis Tavmjdomaris

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aqtiur moqmedebaze da SemoqmedebiTad midgomaze iyo damok-idebuli. Cems xelT arsebuli saarqivo da sxva saxis masaleb-is mixedviT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom axalcixismazraSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb,komisiam uaRresad sayuradRebo masalebis (adgilobrivimosaxleobis dakiTxvis Canawerebi da sxva) Sekreba SeZloda masze dayrdnobiT damfuZnebel krebas moxsenebis saxiTSesabamisi angariSic warudgina. am dokumentebis mixedviTdasturdeba: 1)rusuli jaris mier kavkasiis frontze strate-giuli punqtebis usistemod mitovebam da TviTneburma de-mobilizaciam, damarcxebuli osmaleTi gamarjvebuli sax-elmwifos rolSi warmoaCina (osmaleTis mier ubrZolve-lad dakavebuli teritoriebis faqti maqvs mxedvelobaSi);2)inglisTan damarcxebul osmaleTs, amierkavkasiaSi da ker-Zod saqarTveloSi konpensaciis miRebis garkveuli SansigauCnda da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodSimis gamoyenebas yovelmxriv Seecada. mxedvelobaSi maqvsserver- begis `ajanyeba~ da `samxreT_ kavkasiis muslima-nuri saxelmwifos~ SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli politikuriprocesebis mis sasargeblod gamoyenebis mcdeloba. aRniS-nul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul istoriografiaSidamkvidrebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, am `ajanyebis~ gamom-wvev ZiriTad mizezad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier ga-tarebuli agraruli reforma da adgilobrivi ̀ menSevikuri~administraciis `Secdomebia~ miCneuli. misi avtorebi, am-ierkavkasiis komisariatis 1917 wlis 16 dekembris da amier-kavkasiis seimis 1918 wlis 17 martis miwis kanonebs eyrdno-bian. am dokumentebis zogierTi naklovanebebis wina planzewamoweviTa da afiSirebiT, TavianTi mosazrebis ̀ gamarTle-bas~ cdiloben. angariSs ar uweven im garemoebas, rom: 1)eskanonebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamdemiRebul (3_ 2 TviT winmswreb) dokumentebs warmoadgenda;2)ramdenadac isini amierkavkasiis TiToeuli respubliki-saTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikas ar iTvaliswinebda, misipraqtikulad gatareba ar momxdara;3 3)qarTveli muslimanibegebis, gansakuTrebiT server- begis ajanyeba Tuki arga-tarebuli da samomavlod mosalodneli agraruli refor-mis SiSiT iyo ganpirobebuli, maSin, analogiuri saxis ajan-yebebi azerbaijanis respublikis moqalaqe msxvil miwism-

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flobel musliman begebsac unda moewyo. miTumetes, am-ierkavkasiis komisariatis 1917 wlis 16 dekembrisa da ami-erkavkasiis seimis 1918 wlis 17 martis miwis kanonebi maTacexeboda. dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom am sa-kiTxTan mimarTebaSi, azerbaijaneli begebis ajanyebebs az-erbaijanSi adgili ar qonia. Cems mier motanili faqtebis gauTvaliswineblobidan ga-momdinare, zemoaRniSnuli Sexedulebis avtorebi, zogierTipolitikuri da samxedro moRvawis dauzustebel monaceme-bze dayrdnobiT, samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinareantiqarTul gamosvlebs (1917 wlis dekemberi, 1918 wlisianvar- Tebervali), im periodSi jer kidev argatarebulagrarul reformebs ukavSirebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiTerovnul- demokratiuli partiis erT_erTi lideri g.gvazavagamoirCeoda. saqarTvelos parlamentis 1919 wlis 18 Teberv-lis sxdomaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis misamarTiT acx-adebda: ̀ axalcixis mazraSi momxdari amboxeba gamowveuliaparlamentis mier miRebuli da cxovrebaSi gatarebuli agra-ruli kanoniT.~ am SemTxvevaSi g.gvazava aSkarad upirispird-eboda gazeT ̀ saqarTvelos~ redaqciis pozicias, sadac xazga-smiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom ̀ miwis reforma did SemakavSirebelZalad gadaiqca samahmadiano saqarTveloSi, romelmac piriabrunebina xalxs stambolidan da Cveni oientaciis gaxa-da.~ meore mxriv, g.gvazavas zemoaRniSnuli gancxadeba, saqa-rTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli miwis kanonebidan (1919wlis 28 ianvari) 23 dRis Semdeg iqna gakeTebuli. drois ammcire monakveTSi, aseTi saxis kanonebis preqtikulad real-izacia SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, politikosis mxri-dan mis Sedegebze `winaswarmetyveluri~ saubari arakore-qtul saxes iRebda. igi arc imas iTvaliswinebda, rom ze-moaRniSnuli miwis kanonebi, axalcixis ajanyebis dawyebidan42 dRis Semdeg iqna miRebuli. dokumenturi masaliT dadas-turebulia, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxade-bamde, agrarul sferoSi praqtikuli nabiji ar gadadgmu-la. rac Seexeba agragul reformas, mis gatarebas miwisSesaxeb saqarTvelos parlamentis mxolod zemoaRniSnulikanonebi daedo safuZvlad,4romlis mosamzadebeli samuSaoe-bi ara meore dRes, aramed imave wlis zafxulidan daiwyo.mxedvelobaSi maqvs damfuZnebeli krebis mier Seqmnili

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agraruli komisiis samuSao gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZ-iebebi: 1)saqarTvelos regionebis soflis mosaxleobis ko-mlTa raodenobis srulad dadgena; 2)miwebis raodenobisgarkveva desetinaSi da misi klasifikacia: a)saxnav- saTesimiwebis moculoba (desetinaSi); b)saZovrebis moculoba(desetinaSi); g)tyeebis moculoba (desetinaSi); d)saxelmwifostrategiuli mniSvnelobis (wiaRiseuli, sabadoebi...) teri-toriis moculoba (desetinaSi) da a.S. am da sxva pirvelx-arisxovani mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis dazustebisa da ama Tuim regionis soflis komlze gasacemi miwis raodenobisdadgenis Semdeg daiwyo saqarTvelos regionebSi agraru-li reformis gatareba. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebasac, rom saqarTve-los parlamentis mier zemoaRniSnuli miwis kanonis miRe-bidan 10 dRiT adre (1919 wlis 17_ 18 ianvari), proosmalu-ri orientaciis Zalebis mier yarsis mesame kongresi iqnaCatarebuli, romelmac jihangiroRlu ibraim beis meTau-robiT `samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis~ droebiTi mTavro-bis Seqmna oficialurad gamoacxada da rezidenciad qalaqiyarsi daamtkica.5 isic angariSgasawevia, rom imave miwis ka-nonebis miRebidan 19 dRiT adre, server- begma 1919 wlis 10ianvars axalcixe aiRo. Cems mier zemoT motanili faqtebi adasturebs, rom samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1919 wlamde agraruli reforma argatarebula. am Sexedulebas, saqarTvelos damfuZnebelikrebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomis stenografiuli anga-riSi kidev ufro amyarebs. amis sailustraciod, axalcixissakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisiis Tavmjdomarisg.anjafariZis moxseneba gamodgeba. masSi garkveviTaa miTi-Tebuli, rom axalcixis glexoba, xelisuflebisagan Sepire-buli agraruli reformis praqtikulad realizacias moiTx-ovda. aqedan gamomdinare, komisiis saxeliT damfuZnebelikrebisadmi wardgenili 5 punqtiani dokumentis mesame mux-li, axalcixis mazraSi wesierebis aRdgenis paralelurad,agraruli reformis gatarebasac iTvaliswinebda.6 imavesakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebu-li dadgenilebis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `1)miiRoszomebi administraciis mosawyobad, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdesdemokratiuli reformebis, pirvel rigSi miwis reformiscxovrebaSi gatareba.~

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aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTeba,Si opoziciuri partiebisdamokidebuleba araerTgvareovani iyo. am mxriv gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas erovnul_ demokratiuli partiis erT- erTilideris g.gvazavas gamosvla iqcevs. Tuki pirvel etapze(parlamentis 1919 wlis 18 Tebervlis sxdoma) axalcixisajanyebis mizezad praqtikulad argatarebul agrarulreformas asaxelebda, 45 dRis Semdeg (imave wlis 4 aprili),sapirispiro Sexeduleba gamoTqva da regionSi agrarulireformis dauyovneblivi gatareba aucileblobad miiCnia.`Cvenis azriT _ambobda g.gvzazava _ukeTesi iqneboda, rom amsakiTxis gadawyvetaSi... davexmaroT adgilobriv element-ebs. es ar iqneba ZaliT gatareba am reformis. rodesacadgilobrivi mcxovreblebi demokratiulad mowyobil TviT-mmarTvelobebs mxars dauWeren am reformis gatarebaSi, ma-Sin es reforma ufro ukeTesad gatardeba.~7

dokumenturi masaliT dasturdeba, rom samxreT- dasav-leT saqarTveloSi agraruli reformis gasatareblad, qarTu-li politikuri azris mesveurebi Sesabamis gzebsa daformebs damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomazeazustebdnen. isic angariSgasawevia, rom axalcixis mazrazesaqarTvelos xelisuflebis sruli iurisdiqciis aRdgenamxolod 1918 wlis dekemberSi gaxda SesaZlebeli. amitom,regionSi Seqmnili urTulesi politikuri situacia, 1919wlamde raime mniSvnelovani reformis (miTumetes agraru-lis) gatarebis dawyebas SeuZlebels xdida. rac Seexeba ajanyebis erT- erT mizezad adgilobriviadministraciis moqmedebis gamocxadebas, esec sakiTxis Seus-wavlelobidan gamomdinareobda. saarqivo masaliT irkveva,rom axalcixis mazraSi mTavar administratorad_ komis-rad, haidar abaSiZe iyo daniSnuli. isic cnobilia, rom axal-cixis mazris sazogadoebaTa komisrebi muslimani qarTvelebiiyvnen. rac Seexeba imave mazris SemadgenlobaSi Semavalraionebs, komisrebad or- ori, erTi muslimani da erTi qris-tiani qarTveli iyo daniSnuli. maTi mxridan gadawyvetilebismiReba kolegialuri principiT xdeboda. `arcerTi komisa-ri an dawesebuleba_ werda l.ruxaZe_ ar dgamda nabijs, Tuamis Sesaxeb kolegialur Tanxmobas ar miiRebda glexTasabWosgan... Cven gvesmoda Cveni pasuxismgebloba da CvenimuSaobac frTxili iyo, da vinc dagvimtkicebs, Tund erTi

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danaSauli iqna Cvens mier Cadenili_ Tqveni xmali da Cvenikiseri.~8 aseTi sapasuxismgeblo gancxadebis gakeTebis Sem-deg, axalcixis ambebTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisia valde-buli iyo, l.ruxaZisa da misi kolegebis mxridan Tuki mniS-vnelovani xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadenas hqonda adgili, igidamfuZnebeli krebisaTvis gaecno da Sesabamisi reagirebacgaekeTebina. dokumenturi masalis safuZvlianad Seswavlismiuxedavad, am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi iseTi gansakuTrebu-li cdomilebis damadasturebeli sabuTebi ar aRmoCnda,romelic SemdegSi axalcixis `ajanyebis~ gamomwvev faqto-rad iqneboda gamoyenebuli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki axalcixis mazris mosaxleobis ‘ajan-yebebi~ agraruli reformis ̀ socialisturobiT~ (praqtiku-lad misi gatareba 1919 wlis ivnisis Sua ricxvebidan dai-wyo) da adgilobrivi administraciis mier mosaxleobasTanurTierTobis uvargisobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, saqarTvelosxelisuflebisadmi ukmayofileba, mesxeT_ javaxeTSi 1919 wlisagvistos daniSnuli damfuZnebeli krebis damatebiTiarCevnebis dros unda gamovleniliyo. dokumenturi masaliTdadasturebulia, rom axalcixis mazris 35 aTasi amomrCev-lidan, arCevnebSi monawileoba 30 aTasma kacma miiRo. aqedan24 aTasma mmarTvel politikur partias_ saqarTvelos so-cial_ demokratias misca xma. 2500 kacma erovnul- demokra-tebs, xolo 3000 kacma daSnakcuTiuns. rac Seexeba axalqala-qis mazras, 25 aTasi amomrCevlidan saarCevno ubanSi 21687amomrCeveli gamocxadda. aqedan, saqarTvelos social- demo-kratiul partiasas 13 aTasma kacma misca xma, xolo 7 aTa-sma daSnakcuTiuns. zemoT motanili faqtebis analizidan gamomdinare, da-bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul istoriografiaSidRemde gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi_ axalcixis ̀ ajanyeb-is~ gamomwvev mizezss TiTqos agraruli reforma da adg-ilobrivi administraciis ̀ Secdomebi~ warmoadgenda_ mc-daria. mdidar saarqivo masalaze dayrdnobiT gakeTebulies daskvna, principulad moiTxovs im ZiriTadi ganmapirobe-beli faqtorebis axsnas, romelic samxreT _dasavleTsaqarTveloSi 1918_ 1919 wlebis `ajanyebebs~ daedo safuZv-lad. dasmul sakiTxs amomwuravi pasuxi rom gaeces, samxreT_dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri proceseb-

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is Sefasebisas wina planze unda wamoiwios: 1)ideologiurida politikuri TvalsazrisiT, regionis mosaxleobaSi os-malo agentebis mier Catarebuli antiqarTuli saqmianobsmniSvneloba; 2)`samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis saxelmwifos~SeqmnasTan mimarTebaSi, saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli in-glisis samxedro SenaerTebis maRalCinosanTa pozicia. aRniS-nuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis erT_erT ZiriTad dasayrdenwyaros, komisiis mier Segrovili masalebi da g.anjafariZismoxseneba warmoadgens. am dokumentidan dasturdeba, romsamxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriis misataceblad,osmaleTis xelisufalni Sesabamis safexurs didi xnidanamzadebdnen. mxedvelobaSi maqvs ̀ samuslimano saqarTvelo-Si~ osmalo agentebis mier faruli Tu aSkara proosmalurisaagitacio_ propagandistuli saqmianoba. miuxedavad imisa,rom mefis ruseTis mizans amierkavkasiis regionidan osma-leTis samudamod gandevna da axloaRmosavleTSi pozicie-bis ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda, qarTvelTa Soris erTiano-bis arseboba mis interesebSi ar Sedioda. dahyavi da ibato-nes politikuri kursis gatarebidan gamomdinare, igi qarTvel-Ta urTierTdapirispirebas yovelmxriv cdilobda. am Canafi-qris xorcSesxmis safuZvlad, sarwmunoeba iqna miCneuli.mxedvelobaSi maqvs mesxeT- javaxeTis musliman qarTveleb-Si antiqarTuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis gaRrmavebismcdeloba da muslimanuri religiuri faqtoris_ qristianiqarTvelebis winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba. am politikuri kursiT,ruseTis saxelmwifos moxeleebi erTiani saqarTvelos asafe-Tqebel naRms amzadebda da am borotebis marcvalis samo-mavlod gaRvivebas cdilobda. rac Seexeba aRniSnuli naR-mis marTvas, igi Zalismieri meTodis gamoyenebaze iyo gaTv-lili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mefis ruseTis adgilobrivixelisufleba, osmaleTis agentebis saqmianobas maqsimalurkontrolze aiyvanda da ̀ samuslimano saqaerTveloSi~ proos-maluri agitaciis dauyovnebliv aRmofxvras Seecdeboda.am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreb-is 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomaze g.anjafariZe xazgasmiTmiuTiTebda. misive moxsenebidan irkveva, rom antiqarTulisaagitacio ideologiuri saqmianobis aRmavloba, osma-leTidan mesxeT_ javaxeTSi 1905 wels dabrunebuli omar_faikis saxels ukavSirdeba. mas safuZvlian daxmarebas

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pepinovi da server_ begi uwevda. ajanyebis mizezebis Sems-wavleli saparlamento komisiis masalebSi Cveni yuradRebaaxalcixeSi mcxovrebi dekanoz dimitri xaxutaiSvilis daki-Txvis safuZvelze gakeTebulma Canawerma miiqcia. am doku-mentis mixedviT: 1)begebi musliman qarTvelebs aSinebdnen,rom begebisgan Camocilebis SemTxvevaSi, qristiani qarTvelebisuyvelas amowyvetdnen; 2)musliman qarTvelebsa da qris-tian qarTvelebs Soris, mazris xelmZRvaneloba 1910 wl-idan Sursa da mtrobas Tesda. am mxriv gansakuTrebiTomar- faiki, gudievi, tronovi da sxvebi aqtiurobdnen; 3)os-malebis wasvlas da axalcixeSi qarTvelebis Semosvlas,adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi siZulviliT Sexvda.9

yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom es antiqarTuli saqmianobaSeniRbuli formiT gansakuTrebiT omis dawyebis (1914 weli)periodSi gaRrmavda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs eqim sulTanovismier e.w. `saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis~ Seqmna da am niR-biT, musliman qarTvelebSi proosmaluri saagitacio- pro-pagandistuli muSaobis maRal doneze dayeneba. g.anjafari-Zis moxsenebidan irkveva, rom aRniSnuli procesebi azer-baijanidan, baqos ̀ muslimanTa saqvelmoqmedo~ sazogadoe-bidan imarTeboda. misi warmomadgenlebi, qvelmoqmedebisniRbiT, baTumisa da yarsis olqebSi, axalcixisa da axalqala-qis mazrebSi proosmalur da antiqarTul agitacias eweod-nen. ̀ ruseTis mTavroba_ ambobda g.anjafariZe_ Zalian gul-grilad uyurebda aseT muSaobas, piriqiT, zogjer mxarsacuWerda.~ imave g.anjafariZis mtkicebiT, axalcixisa da ax-alqalaqis mazrebis ufrosebi (gudievi, musakievi) war-moSobiT inguSebi iyvnen. maT mier daqiravebuli agentebi,adgilobriv musliman qarTvelebs 10_ 15 wlis ganmavloba-Si mosalodneli `gaqarTvelebiT~ aSinebdnen. am motivaci-idan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan dauyovneblivSeiaraRebas (1 Tofi da 100 vazna) da saqarTvelosTan yovel-gvari urTierTobis gawyvetas aucileblobas pirvelxarisx-ovan amocanad miiCnevdnen. aRniSnuli faqtebis da regionismosaxleobis dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli mdidari infor-maciis analizis safuZvelze, g.anjafariZe dasZenda: `isinidadiodnen xalxSi... da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg pirdapiriSeiaraRebuli ajanyebisken mouwodebdnen.~10 yovelive amas,mefis ruseTis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgen-

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lebi mxolod im motiviT iTmenda, rom es procesi religiurniadagze qarTvelTa urTierTdapirispirebis ufskrulisgaRrmavebas uwyobda xels. meore mxriv, muslimani qarTve-li axalgazrdebis antiqarTuli cnobierebiT aRzrdis dasaqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis samomavlod kiTx-vis niSnis qveS dayenebis safexurs amzadebda. isic angariS-gasawevia, rom 1917 wlis aprilSi, eqim sulTanovis jgufisxelmZRvanelobiT awyurSi mowveuli muslimanTa yriloba,saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevaze iyogaTvlili. miTumetes, mis muSaobaSi ruseTis imperiis mus-limanTa delegaciis farTo speqtri (yirimi, yazani, azerba-ijani, yarsi, axalcixe) iRebda monawileobas. dokumenturimasaliT dasturdeba, rom imave yrilobis delegatebma, ruse-Tis batonobisagan ganTavisuflebis motivaciiT, osmaleT-Tan samxreT- dasavleT saqarTvelos mierTebis gegma daamt-kica.11

dasaxuli miznis logikur dasasrulamde misayvanas, abas-TumanSi mowveuli muslimanTa 1917 wlis 17 noembris yri-loba iTvaliswinebda. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, damfuZnebelikrebis sxdomaze g.anjafariZis mier gakeTebul moxsenebaSixazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli. imave dokumentidan irkveva, rommuslimanTa yrilobis delegatTa gadawyvetilebiT, samxreT– dasavleT saqarTvelos, yovelgvari kavSiri unda gaewyvi-ta saqarTvelosTan. am SemTxvevaSi isini ara konkretuli,aramed zogadi gancxadebebiT ifarglebodnen da TavianTiCanafiqris gamarTlebis ZiriTad argumentad revolucias,revoluciuri saqarTvelodan mosalodnel safrTxes asax-elebdnen. aseTi fonis SeqmniT, adgilobriv mosaxleobazeideologiuri zemoqmedebis moxdenas cdilobdnen. rac Se-exeba konkretul mizandasaxulobas, igi imave krebis daxu-rul sxdomaze miRebul rezoluciaSi iqna gamJRavnebuli.‘imisaTvis, rom mizans mivaRwioT, e.i. saqarTvelosTan yovel-gvari kavSiri gavwyvitoT_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_saWiroa mTeli borjomis gza gavanadguroT, xidebi avafe-TqoT da yovelive msvleloba SevwyvitoT am gzaze, romsaqarTvelo borjomis aqeT ar iyos. SevqmnaT saxelmwifoyarsisa, ardaganisa da baTumis olqebisgan, romelsac Sei-Zleba mivumatoT axalcixe da axalqalaqi. yarsi Cveni cixeiqneba, ardagani gamogvkvebavs puriT da sxva saursaTiT da

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baTumi ki Tbilisis adgils daiWers, radganac is dagvakav-Sirebs dasavleT evropasTan.~ es dokumenti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ori faqtori-dan gamomdinare ipyrobs: 1)saqarTvelos samxreTis sazR-vari, TviTneburad borjomTanaa gavlebuli da rac mTavar-ia, samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriis bazaze ax-ali saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnis aucileblobaa dasmu-li. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, v.nozaZe savsebiT samarTli-anad werda, rom abasTumanis zemoaRniSnuli yrilobis dad-genilebam, ̀ samxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis~ saxelmwifos poli-tikur_ fsiqologiuri saZirkveli moamzada;12 2)es antiqa-rTuli da proosmaluri e.w. ̀ samarTlebrivi aqti~ im drosSeiqmna, roca amierkavkasiis federaciuli gaerTianeba ararsebobda da arc saqarTvelos damoukidebloba iyo gamocx-adebuli. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, am rezo-luciiT, saqarTvelos sazRvris borjomTan gatarebis dayarsis saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea, amierkavkasiis federaci-isa da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobebis politikurikursis winmswreb procesebs warmoadgenda. meore mxriv, igiamierkavkasiis komisariatis 1917 wlis 16 dekembris agrarulkanonamde 29 dRiT adre iqna miRebuli. saarqivo da presis masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze irkve-va, rom axalcixis mazris `ajanyebis~ momzadebis xelmZRv-anel birTvs, panislamisturi moZraobis aqtiuri wevrebi_osmalo agentebi, azerbaijanidan Semosuli Turqebi da maTiideologiis mxardamWeri adgilobrivi gadagvarebuli ele-mentebi warmoadgendnen. am antiqarTuli saqmianobis dafin-ansebis uzrunvelyofas osmaleTis xelisufalni axdend-nen. komisiis mier Catarebuli mokvleviTi samuSaos Sede-gad mopovebuli masalebis analizis safuZvelze g.anjafariZedamfuZnebeli krebis deputatebis winaSe acxadebda: `osma-leTi saqarTvelos istoriuli mteria... igi qarTveli erisganadgurebas, an srul mospobas, an gadagvarebas isaxavs Ta-vis saboloo miznad.~ am mimarTulebiT maTi muSaoba metiSedegis momtani rom yofiliyo, axalcixis mazris mosaxle-obaze ideologiuri zemoqmedebis mizniT, im periodisaTvisarsebul yvela saxeobis saSualebebs mimarTavdnen. amisdamadastureblad g.anjafariZe or uaRresad sayuradRebofaqts asaxelebda: 1)mefis ruseTis mmarTvelobis periodSi

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baTumis olqSi da axalcixe_ axalqalaqis mazrebSi osma-lo emisrebis mier gaweul farul saagitacio saqmianobas,kerZod; a)adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ideologiuri wnexisqveS moqcevis mizniT, maT ̀ darwmunebas,~ rom saqarTvelosTanaraviTari saerTo ar akavSirebs; b)qristiani qarTveli, mah-madiani qarTvelis mteria; 2)trapizonisa da baTumis saza-vo konferenciebis msvlelobis dros, osmaleTis warmomad-genelTa orpiroba. kerZod; g)molaparakebis procesSiqarTvelTa zurgsukan aqtiuri moqmedebis ganaxleba; d)saqa-rTvelos saukeTeso teritoriebis dasapyrobad, adgilobrivimosaxleobis bazaze (mosaxleobisadmi iaraRis darigeba),saqarTvelos mowinaaRmdege Zalis gaerTianebis da fsevdomTavrobis Seqmnis mcdeloba. am mimarTulebiT wlebis gan-mavlobaSi gaweul saqmianobas, adre Tu gvian, saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi unda gamo-eRo. isic angariSgasawevia, rom osmaleTTan erTad, qarTvelTaerTianobis winaaRmdeg Cveni mezobeli azerbaijaneli agen-tebic Tavdauzogavad muSaobdnen. qarTvelTa wasaqcevad,miwaze dasanarcxeblad da didoeli lekis nabadiviT fex-ebiT gasaTelad, osmalebi da azerbaijanelebi xeli_ xel-Cakidebuli moqmedebdnen. amis erT_ erT dadasturebas gazeT`erTobaSi~ aslan (igive ali) efendi dekanoiZis mier dabe-Wdili statia ̀ Cvenc mogvismineT~ warmoadgens. ̀ osmaleTs_wers igi_ erTi ram swams da erT raqmes etrfis. baTumi,artaani da axalcixe muslimanebiT aris dasaxlebuli, maSas-adame is osmaleTis mfarvelobis qveS... unda Sediodes. sx-vagvarad ar azrovnebs osmaleTi. am miznis gansaxorciele-blad is eyrdnoba bneliT mocul samuslimano saqarTve-los reaqcioner begebs da im agentebs, romelTa SesanaxadTavidanve didZal fuls xarjavda. aq otomanis imperiisgza garkveulia. man ar icis mixvev_ moxveva, is gulubryvilodaravis endoba, mas am saqmeSi hyavs Tund iseTi damxmareni,rogoric arian azerbaijanis musavaTebi, romelnic ukeTesSemTxvevaSi stambolel axalgazrda osmaleTis partiasmogvagoneben.~ am amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom samxreT –dasavleT saqarTvelos mitacebis mizniT, saTanado safex-uris Sesamzadeblad, osmaleTis xelisuflebas did dax-marebas adgilobriv musliman begebTan erTad saqarTvelo-Si momqmedi musavaTis azerbaijanelTa partia uwevda. am

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partiis wevrTa mier gaweuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare,dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli periodi,qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi azerbaijanelTa istoriis sa-marxvino laqas warmoadgens. am sakiTxs l.ruxaZem sagange-bo weriliT_ `azerbaijanis muSaoba axalcixeSi~ gamoex-maura. osmaleTis mraqvalsaukunovani batonobis fonze, manZiriTadad swori Sefaseba misca amxreT_ dasavleT saqarTve-loSi da kerZod axalcixeSi Seqmnili rTuli politikurisituaciis warmoqmnis ganmapirobebel mizezebs. wina plan-ze regionis ekonomikuri da sxva xasiaTis siZneleebi wamo-swia, romlebsac osmalo da azerbaijaneli agentebi anti-qarTuli saqmianobis sakeTeblad iyenebdnen. ̀ am siZneleebs_werda l.ruxaZe_ axalcixeSi mudam eyrdnoboda azerbaija-nis da osmaleTis agentebi: sulTanovi, pepinovi da sxvebi,romlebsac xalxi aSkara daRupvis gzisken mihyavdaT.~ imperiodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli masalebis daarqivSi daculi dokumentebis urTierTSedarebiTi analiz-idan dasturdeba, rom zemoaRniSnuli agentebis saqmianoba,winaswarSedgenili gegmis mixedviT mimdinareobda. maT mierdasaxuli saboloo mizanis Sesaxeb, amomwurav pasuxs l.ruxa-Zis werili `pasuxad osmaleTis agentebs~ da gazeT `erTo-bis~ mowinave statia `osmaleTis panislamistebis progra-ma~ iZleva. am bolo publikaciis ZiriTadi debulebebi, kon-stantinopolis gazeTebSi dabeWdil masalebs eyrdnoba. misianalizidan gamomdinare irkveva, rom osmaleTis mmarTveliwreebis miswrafebas, muslimanuri sarwmunoebis mqone xalx-iT dasaxlebuli qveynebis erTi saxelmwifos Semadgenlo-baSi_ osmaleTis droSis qveS gaerTianeba warmoadgenda.rac Seexeba teritoriul sazRvrebs, igi wynari okianis san-apirodan mokidebuli, yazanisa da ruseTis CrdiloeTi naw-ilis CaTvliT unda Semofargluliyo. aRniSnuli gegmisganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi Tu ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn-deboda amierkavkasiis regioni, amasTan dakavSirebiT l.ruxaZestatiaSi `pasuxad osmaleTis agentebs~ werda: `osmaleTisagentebi... yovel Rones xmaroben Seqmnan amierkavkasiaSi axaliosmaleTi, magram gacilebiT ufro maxinji da reaqcionurivinem despoturi osmaleTi iyo. Tu warsulSi es mosyiduliagentebi malulad muSaobdnen, dRes aSkarad gamosulan daTavisi moRalateobrivi saqmianobis gasaReba saqarTvelos

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erTgulebad miaCniaT.~ am SemTxvevaSi, isini mosaxleobazeideologiuri zemoqmedebis momgebian formas mimarTavdnenda maT mier gaweul antiqarTul qmedebas saqarTvelos ̀ erT-gulebis~ wamosasxamiT fuTavdnen. miuxedavad amisa, niRbistarebas bolomde ver axerxebdnen da saqarTvelosTan mtru-li damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, drogamoSvebiT oficialurgancxadebebsac akeTebdnen. amis erT_ erT nimuSad, qarTu-li jaris sardalTan Turqofili begis 1919 wlis 5 martissaubris Canaweri gamodgeba. `Tqven ggoniaT_ ambobda igi_exla dasrulda axalcixis garSemo brZola da SeuerTeTis saqarTvelos? Cven ki gvgonia, rom brZola axla iwyeba.imedebi gvaqvs yarsis mTavrobis, vinaidan evropidan mosu-li Zala amierkavkasiis muslimanebs ucqeris, rogorc me-ore indoeTs da TviT CvenTvisac ki kiTxvis ase gadaWraumjobesia, vinem demokratiuli saqarTvelos nawilaTdavrCeT.~13 am amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom evropis saxelm-wifoebis Tanadgomis imedidan gamomdinare, mesxeT _javaxe-Tis muslimani begebis umetesoba saqarTvelos Semadgen-lobaSi regionis darCenis winaaRmdegi iyo. dokumenturimasaliT dasturdeba, rom baTumis, yarsis da artanis olqe-bisgan, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebisgan axali mus-limanuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas, isini realurad miiCnevd-nen. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul mxardaWeras evropisqveynebidan amierkavkasiaSi mosuli Zalebisgan elodnen.sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom im etapze, amierkavkasiaSimxolod inglisis samxedro SenaerTebi idga da regionicmis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda. isic angariSgasawevia, romigive panislamizmis ideologebi, baTumis olqSi qarTulimosaxleobis umravlesobas, xelovnurad Seqmnilad acxa-debdnen. es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am olqis dapatronebisSemTxvevaSi, osmalTa xelisufalni pirvel rigSi qarTvel-Ta iZulebiT ganTesvas ganaxorcielebda da demografiulrealobas, maTi ideologiisaTvis misaRebi formiT (raode-nobiT) Secvlida. am fonze, kidev ufro saxifaTod moCansqemalistebis mier `samuslimano saqarTveloSi~ gavrcele-buli proklamaciebi: `moiTmineT, male SemovalT, ‘musli-manebis mtrebisgan~_ qarTvelebisgan gixsniT da `deda sam-Soblos~_ osmaleTs dagabrunebT.~ roca osmalo agentebi aseTi saxis `damaimedebel~ saagi-tacio furclebs avrcelebdnen, bunebrivia, isini winaswar

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Catarebuli samuSaoebis mosalodnel Sedegebsac iTval-iswinebdnen. mxedvelobaSi maqvs xalil_ faSas mier 200gadacmuli kargad SeiaraRebuli osmalo askerisa da ram-denime oficeris axalcixeSi datoveba, proosmaluri orien-taciis mqone adgilobrivi muslimani mosaxleobisadmi didiraodenobiT iaraRisa da tyvia_ wamlis gadacema. `es Tof-iaraRi_ arwmunebda isini mosaxleobas_ saWiro arissaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, romelic arasgziT ar unda iyosSemoSvebuli mesxeT_ javaxeTSi.~14

es faqti, imis damadasturebelia, rom saqarTvelos Zalo-vani struqturebisadmi safuZvliani winaaRmdegobis gawe-vis mizniT, osmaleTis xelisufalni adgilobrivi mosaxle-obis maqsimalurad momzadebas cdilobda. saqarTvelosSinagan saqmeTa ministris n.ramiSvilis mier damfuZnebelkrebaze gakeTebuli moxsenebidan irkveva, rom am mima-rTulebiT gansakuTrebiT Tavi osmaleTis agentebma: omar-faikma, musakievma, aTabegovma, axmedovma da sxvebma gamoiCina.`omar efendi, pepinovi da sxva_ ambobda n.ramiSvili_ agen-tebi iyvnen da me vamtkiceb, rom dResac agentebi arianosmaleTisa. swored isini moiTxovdnen, raTa es kuTxeebisaqarTvelos farglebSi ar darCeniliyo... pepinovis mo-qmedeba baTumSi yvelam kargad icis... is maSin marTlacwinaaRmdegi iyo saqarTvelosi da mis dasamxobad yvelaeSmaks ukavSirdeboda. me vambob swored eSmaks, pepinoviukavSirdeboda osmalo emisrebs, faSebs Cvens winaaRmdeg.~ saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi zemoT dasaxelebul pirTa`damsaxurebas~ Seexo l.ruxaZe Tavis werilSi `simarTleaxalcixis Sesaxeb.~ ̀ CvenTvis_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ sruli-ad gasagebia omar- faikis, musakievis, aTabegovis da sxvaTamoRvaweoba, romlebic Tavidanve asrulebdnen osmaleTisagentebis rols da Tavisi panislamistoba arasodes dauma-lavs.~ imave l.ruxaZis meore werilSi_ ̀ azerbaijanis muSao-ba axalcixeSi~ garkveviT aris miTiTebuli, rom musakieviqarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad focxovSi Sei-araRebul mosaxleobas agrovebda. rac Seexeba azerbaija-nis jaris oficer axmedovs, igi focxovis jaris erT_ erTnawils qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolo operaciaSi xelm-ZRvanelobda. aRniSnuli faqtebis analizidan gamomdinare,igive l.ruxaZe savsebiT kanonzomierad svamda kiTxvas: ̀ said-

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an, an ra gziT aRmoCnda musakievi da axmedovi focxovSi, raundaT azerbaijanis jaris da mTavrobis warmomadgenlebsfocxovSi da Semdeg axalcixeSi?... dRes musakiev- axmedove-bi yarsis avanturistTa saqmes akeTeben saqarTvelodan ax-alcixe_ axalqalaqis Camosaglejad.~ imave l.ruxaZis mt-kicebiT, axalcixeSi 1919 wlis 11 Tebervals Semosul ̀ yarsismTavrobis~ axal sajariso SenaerTebs musakievi da axme-dovi mouZRoda. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom `samusli-mano saqarTveloSi~ azerbaijanelTa gansakuTrebul aqti-urobaze miuTiTebs komisiis Tavmjdomare g.anjafariZec.dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT igi adasturebda, romazerbaijaneli da kavkasieli araqarTveli muslimanebi ̀ sa-muslimano saqarTveloSi~ osmalTa miznebis aRmsruleble-bi iyvnen. erTiani muslimanuri kavkasiuri saxelmwifosSeqmnis ideiidan gamomdinare, isini yovelgvar qarTuls Ta-vgamodebiT ebrZodnen da qarTvelebis samtrod muslimanebsamzadebdnen. am mimarTulebiT maTi mxridan gaweul saqmi-anobas, rogorc g.anjafariZe aRniSnavda, zogierTi gadag-varebuli muslimani qarTvelic uWerda mxars. saboloo mi-zans, baTum_ yarsis olqebis da mesxeT_ javaxeTis bazazedamoukidebeli saxelmwifos warmonaqmnis Seqmna an avtono-miuri uflebebiT osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla war-moadgenda. samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebulirTuli politikuri situaciis ganmapirobebeli ZiriTadimizezebis Tavisebur axsnas, aslan (igive ali) efendi de-kanoiZe iZleva. misi mtkicebiT, saqarTvelos gasaerTiane-blad, ̀ samuslimano saqarTveloSi~ Sesatyvisi erTiani poli-tikuri xazis gasatareblad Seqmnili sirTuleebi, musli-man qarTvelebSi Tavis droze osmaleTis mier Catarebuliideologiuri muSaobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. `damerwmuneT_werda a.dekanoiZe_ osmaleTs ase rom ar emuSava Tavisi pa-nislamisturi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, dRes CvenSiSeiZleba momxrenic ar yoloda.~16 imave a.dekanoiZis azriT,samxreT –dasavleT saqarTveloSi osmaleTis mxardamWer-Ta simravles, erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xazis uqonlobaganpirobebda. zedapiruli poziciidan Tuki ganvixilavTa.dekanoiZis am mosazrebas, erTi SexedviT igi SeiZleba swo-rad moeCvenos adamians. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sefasebisas,

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nebismierma mkvlevarma pirvel rigSi unda gaiTvaliswinos:a)saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan ganvlilixangrZliobis periodi (9 Tve); b)osmaleTis agresiiden ga-momdinare, samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare rTulipolitikuri procesebi da mesxeT- javaxeTSi saqarTvelosxelisuflebis iurisdiqciis srulfasovnad verdamyarebisganmapirobebeli mizezebi; g)inglisis warmomadgenlis gen-eral tompsonis antiqarTuli politikuri kursi_ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teri-toriuli mTlianobis mowinaaRmdege Zalebisadmi mxardaW-era. dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom inglisis ja-ris saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTanave (1918 wlis dekemberi),misma xelmZRvanelobam, okupirebuli qveynisaTvis damaxasi-aTebeli politikis gatareba airCia. am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTve-loSi inglisis warmomadgenelTa mizans, ara Zlieri, aramedwaqceuli da ususuri saqarTvelos arseboba warmoadgenda.amisaTvis isini yvelafers akeTebdnen. marto is rad Rirs,roca saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem n.Jordaniam,inglisel general uokkers, ajanyebuli server_ begis mx-ardaWerasa da mfarvelobasSi brali rom dasdo.17 es faqtiimaze metyvelebs, rom im etapze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg Sida da gareSe Zalebi erToblivad moqmedebd-nen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gareSe Zalebidan seriozul mxardaW-eras iRebdnen. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi myofiinglisis jaris generlebi_ uokkeri da kori gamoirCeod-nen. roca samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare poli-tikur procesebs vexebiT, es garemoeba pirvel rigSia gasa-Tvaliswinebeli. miTumetes, ekonomikuri da socialuri sir-Tuleebis fonze, aRniSnuli faqtori regionis politikursituacias kidev ufro amZimebda. amas isic emateboda, romadgilobrivi mosaxleoba urTierTdapirispirebul or ba-nakad iyo gaxleCili: a)proosmaluri da b)proqarTuli. ama-sTan dakavSirebiT, l.ruxaZis mier gazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ dabe-Wdil statiaSi ̀ simarTle axalcixis Sesaxeb~ vkiTxulobT:`mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi ar yofila momenti, rom axal-cixis sakiTxi gadascdenoda Tavis istoriul sabediswerogzas. mas erTis mxriT ezideba Tavisken osmaleTis agentebi

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osmaleTTan SesaerTeblad, anda osmaleTis maxinji saxisaxlad Sesaqmnelad, romlis utyuari sabuTia yarsis mTavro-bis arseboba, xolo meores mxriv axalcixes vepotinebiTCven, rogorc sruli meufe Cveni miwawylisa, Cveni xalxisa.~am amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom im etapze mesxeTSi oriurTierTdapirispirebuli Zala moqmedebda. aRniSnul faqts,gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi `Cvenc mogvismineT~a.dekanoiZec adasturebda. misive TqmiT, musliman qarTvelebSiqarTuli orientaciis siZliereze garkveuli roli mowi-nave qarTvelma muslimanebma Seasrules. am mimarTulebiT,farTo saagitacio- propagandistul muSaobas axalcixeSigamomavali gazeTi `ganaxlebuli mesxeTi~ eweoda. miuxeda-vad amisa, im etapze qarTuli orientacia damarcxda. eswarumatebloba, proosmaluri saagitacio- propagandistu-li saqmianobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. mosaxleobaze zemo-qmedebis mizniT, maTi ideologebi ̀ ruseTis xalxTa ufle-baTa deklaraciis~ (1917 wlis 2- 15 noemberi) manipulire-bas axdenda. am dokumentis meore punqti, ruseTis Semadgen-lobaSi Semaval xalxebs, Tavisufal TviTgamorkvevas, srulgamoyofamde da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesa-Zleblobas pirdeboda. Tu ramdenad Seasrula sabWoTa ru-seTma es dapireba, qarTul istoriografiaSi kargadaa cno-bili. politikuri da ideologiuri datvirTvis matarebelmasabWourma deklaraciam, saqarTvelos pirvel respublikasTanmimarTebaSi uaRresad uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa. mxedvelo-baSi maqvs TviTgamorkvevis niRbiT moqmedi Zalebis gaaqti-ureba, romlebic qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas emuqre-bodnen da samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebas cdilobdnen. miTu-metes, maTdami daxmarebas da mxardaWeras mezobeli saxelm-wifoebi anxorcielebdnen. paralelurad, saqarTvelos ter-itoriuli mTlianobis sawinaarmdegod farTomasStabianideologiur propagandas eweodnen. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomaze g.anjafa-riZe xazgasmiT miuTiTebda. ̀ Cveni mezoblebi_ ambobda igi_dRes gaiZaxian, axalcixis mazris muslimanebs ar surT saqa-rTvelo. ruseTis revoluciis (oqtombris bolSevikuri gada-trialebis S.v) monapovaris TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Tanax-mad, mas surs Seadginos sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi sxeu-li. saqarTvelo ki, romelsac demokratiul respublikad

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moaqvs Tavi, cecxliT da maxviliT anadgurebs am Tavisu-flebis moyvare xalxs.~ am amonaweridan kargad Cans, romsaqarTvelodan mesxeT_ javaxeTis Camocilebis gamarTleb-is mizniT, osmaluri mxare, musliman qarTvelebs, qarTveleb-isagan gancalkevebul erad acxadebda. am fonze axdendaaxali damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucileblobisafiSirebas. rac Seexeba regionSi saqarTvelos xelisufleb-is iurisdiqciis aRdgenis mcdelobas, mas danaSaulebrivqmedebad_ ucxo teritoriis dapyrobis rangSi ganixilav-da. qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi am mavneblur ideologiurpropagandas mxars azerbaijanis mmarTveli wreebic uWer-da. amis udao dadasturebas azerbaijanis mTavrobis miersaqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi gamogzavnili ̀ megobruli~nota warmoadgens. `Cvens mier miRebuli cnobebiT_ vkiTxu-lobT dokumentSi,_ saqarTvelos mTavrobam nabiji gadad-ga raTa ZaliT CaaxSos axalcixis mazrisa da misi mezobe-li kuTxeebis mcxovreblebis damoukidebeli politikuriarsebobisadmi miswrafeba. TviTgamorkvevis principis Tanax-mad migvaCnia, rom yvela ers aqvs ufleba gadawyvitos Tavi-si bedi. maT Tavisuflebaze Zaladobis gamoyeneba dauSve-belia. azerbaijanis mTavrobas Tavis zneobriv movaleobadmiaCnia, sTxovos saqarTvelos mTavrobas raTa azerbaija-nis eris erTtomis da erTmorwmune xalxis winaaRmdeg SeaC-eros yovelgvari SeiaraRebuli moqmedebani. sadaod aRZru-li yvela sakiTxis mSvidobiani saSualebiT, urTierT SeT-anxmebiT an arbitraJis gziT gadasawyvetad miiRos yovel-gvari zoma.~ es faqti, azerbaijanis mxridan saqarTvelos saSinao saqme-ebSi Carevas warmoadgenda. misadmi samTavrobo doneze ofici-aluri pasuxis gaucemloba, sazogadoebis TvalSi qveynisprestiJis Selaxvisadmi Seguebad aRiqmeboda. arsebulipolitikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sa-gareo saqmeTa ministris e.gegeWkoris mier azerbaijanismTavrobisadmi gagzavnili sapasuxo nota, diplomatiuri eti-ketis maqsimaluri dacviT da qveynis interesebis gaTval-iswinebiT iyo Sedgenili. ̀ saqarTvelos mTavrobam_ vkiTxu-lobT dokumentSi_ ar SeuZlia gakvirveba ar gamoTqvas Tq-vens mier #44- iT gamogzavnili depeSis Sesaxeb. es aqtisaqarTvelos respublikis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevaa da im

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Zmur kavSirs ewinaaRmdegeba, romelzedac damyarebulia oriveeris urTierTdamokidebuleba. saqarTvelos mTavroba acx-adebs, rom is yovelTvis pativs scems sxvis uflebebs daamasve moelodeba mezobeli azerbaijanis respublikisagan.axalcixis mazra Seadgens Cveni teritoriis udao nawilsda am mazris mdgomareobis pasuxismgebelic aris mxolodsaqarTvelos mTavroba.~ e.gegeWkoris aRniSnulma pasuxma, qarTuli politikuriazris mesveurebs azerbaijanuli notis farTo sazogadoe-bis samsjavroze gamotanis, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSimezobeli saxelmwifos mtruli damokidebulebis oficial-urad warmoCenis SesaZlebloba misca. aRniSnul sakiTxTanmimarTebaSi gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas gazeT ̀ saxalxo saqmeSi~ 1919 wels dabeWd-ili saredaqcio werili ̀ axalcixis ambebi da azerbaijani~iqcevs. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZlebaCamoyalibdes: 1)saqarTvelos teritorias, qarTuli sajari-so SenaerTebi osmaleTisgan dafinansebuli agentebisa daavantiuristebisagan, ajanyebulTa bandebisagan wmendda daregionSi qveynis xelisuflebis iurisdiqciis aRdgenisaTvisiRwvoda; 2)osmalo agentebis mxardamWeri ajanyebulebis mier,mcirericxovani qarTuli jaris veragulad amowyvetis forma,somxebis mier qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis (1918wlis dekemberi) momentSi daSnakelebisgan Cadenili mux-anaTobis tolfasi qmedeba iyo; 3)saqarTvelos saxelmwi-fos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod mowyobili ajanyebebis sali-kvidaciod, qarTuli jaris warmatebuli operaciebiT ga-nawyenebulma azerbaijanis mxarem Tavisi pozicia, saqarTve-los mTavrobisadmi gamogzavnili `megobruli~ notiT daa-dastura. am dokumentiT igi saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa-gan axalcixis mazraSi samxedro moqmedebis dauyovneblivSeCerebas da e.w. `sadao sakiTxis~ arbitraJis gziT gadaw-yvetas moiTxovda; 4)imave statiis samarTliani mtkicebiT,es nota agresiul aqtad unda yofiliyo Sefasebuli, rad-gan igi saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi aSkara Carevas war-moadgenda da misadmi oficialuri protesti aucileblo-biT iyo ganpirobebuli; 5)saqarTvelos mTavroba, sarwmu-noebisa da erovnebis ganusxvaveblad, erTnairi zomebiTumaspinZldeboda yvela meamboxes_ wesierebis damrRvevs.

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azerbaijanis mxaris mier `erTmorwmuneobis~ momizezebissababiT saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi Careva, imave statiisavtors utaqto da mtrul qmedebad miaCnda. am fonze, igiazerbaijanis xelisufalTa sayuradRebod acxadebda: `ax-alcixisa da baTumis olqis qarTveli mahmadianoba Cven armigvaCnia Turqebad, azerbaijanelTa modgmis xalxad; eseniCveni sisxli da xorcia da aranair sarwmunoebriv zegavle-nas ar SeuZlian gvaiZulos xeli aviRoT istoriuli ube-durebiT CamoSorebul Zmebze. amitom, azerbaijanis xelispotins am mxarisaken erTxel da samudamod bolo undamoeRos. Cven ZaliT qarTvel mahmadianebs arafers movax-vevT, Cven SevqmniT srul garantias maTi Tavisufali ganvi-Tarebisas, magram mTeli simZafriT SevebrZolebiT yvelas,vinc moisurvebs kvlav Turquli zegavlenis qveS amyofosmahmadiani qarTveloba. miT ufro SevebrZolebiT, maSinrodesac Turquli zegavlenis moxdenas daapireben osmale-Tis aSkara da faruli agentebi. azerbaijans Tuki surssaqarTvelosTan tradiciuli megobroba, erTxel da sam-udamod unda SeiTvisos da Rrmad CaibeWdos... is azri, romsamahmadiano saqarTvelos Cven veravis davuTmobT. azer-baijani unda gamoeTxovos... opekis tons, radganac qarTve-li xalxi ganurCevlad sarwmunoebisa, misgan opekas arsaWiroebs.~ marTalia, azerbaijanul notas qarTuli politikuri az-ris warmomadgenlebis mxridan pasuxi gaeca, magram am notamantiqarTuli isteria Tovlis gundasaviT aagora. mxedvelo-baSi maqvs azerbaijanuli presis furclebze dabeWdiliciliswamebiT gaJRenTili antiqarTuli publikaciebi. ammxriv, gansakuTrebiT baqoSi gamomavali mmarTveli poli-tikuri partiis musavaTis beWdviTi organo `naS put~ gam-oirCeoda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imave gaze-Tis (18 marti #57) saredaqcio werili_ `axalcixis ambebisSesaxeb~ iqcevs. aRniSnul statiaSi gatarebuli TvalsazrisiSemdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1)qarTvelebis mieraxalcixis da misi raionis `dapyrobisas~ muslimanuri mo-saxleobis mimarT saSineli Zaladoba iqna gamoyenebuli;2)erTa TviTgamorkvevis principidan gamomdinare, yarsis,baTumis da axalcixis mazrebis muslimanebs, mezobeli (saqar-Tvelos) respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla ar surs. sxva

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erisadmi daumorCileblobis, Tavisuflebis SenarCunebisada damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT, isini saqa-rTvelos mmarTvel politikur Zalas daupirispirdnen_aujanydnen; 3)saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier borCalosmazraSi ganxorcielebuli `swrafi moqmedebis~ taqtikazedafuZnebuli galaSqreba, borCalosa da axalcixis mazreb-is muslimanebis `dapyroba,~ mezobel saxelmwifosTan (az-erbaijanTan) teritoriuli sakiTxis gadawyvetad ar Sei-Zleba CaiTvalos; 4)iaraRis JRarunSi mezobeli qarTveleb-isadmi armibaZva, srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom ̀ Cven uarvyav-iT da xeli aviReT Cvens uflebebze da samarTlian moTxov-nilebebze. dRes Cven Tu gaCumebulebi varT, es imas ar niS-navs rom Cven verafers vxedavT. Tu qarTvelebs surT mego-bruli ganwyoba daiWiron kavkasiis muslimanebTan, maT undaSewyviton axalcixis muslimanTa ganadgureba da xeli aiRonTavianTi advili laSqrobis politikaze, azerbaijanisTurqebs ar SeuZliaT gulxeldakrefili ucqiron moZme daerTmorwmune xalxis tragedias, romlebic icaven ra Tavi-anT Tavisuflebas, iRupebian uTanasworo brZolaSi.~18

analogiuri ciliswameba iyo dabeWdili azerbaijanis sa-mTavrobo gazeT `azerbaijanis~ 1919 wlis 19 martis nomer-Si. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas TaTari muSebis mi-er mitingze miRebuli rezoluciis teqsti iqcevs. es doku-menti, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier qveynis teritoriu-li mTlianobis aRsadgenad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisadmiprotests warmoadgens. `mitingma ganixila ra axalcixeSimomxdari ambebi,_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ Turqis prole-tariati azerbaijanisa Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs, aRSfoTebagamoTqvas axalcixis musliman glexTa tragediis gamo dagamoTqvams imeds, rom damfuZnebeli kreba zomebs miiRebs,raTa ar iqnas Seryeuli or mezobel erTa keTilganwyo-bileba. mitingis Tavmjdomare a.k.kiazimbei.~ es dokumentisaqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomares depeSissaxiT gadmoegzavna. am SemTxvevaSi, azerbaijanis mxarem eSmakur formas mimar-Ta. mxedvelobaSi maqvs azerbaijanis mosaxleobis anu_ ̀ sa-zogadoebrivi azris~ gamoyenebis manipulirebis gziT, saqa-rTvelos xelisuflebis Sida saxelmwifoebrivi politikurikursisadmi dapirispireba. Seqmnili politikuri koniunq-

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turidan gamomdinare, mowinaaRmdegis ideologiur frontzemosagerieblad, Sesabamisi meqanizmis amoqmedeba aucileblo-bas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier am mima-rTulebiT gadadgmul nabijs sanam Sevexebode, aucilebladmimaCnia oriode sityviT aRvniSno im teritoriuli preten-ziebis Sesaxeb, romelic azerbaijanis mxarem SefarviTiformiT gamoamJRavna. Cems mier zemoT motanili masalebiadasturebs: 1)saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan istori-uli teritoriis farglebSi moqmedebas, azerbaijanis mTavro-ba ucxo xalxis dapyrobis da muslimanebis ganadgurebismcdelobis formatSi ganixilavda. es faqti, saqarTvelosTanmimarTebaSi garkveuli formiT teritoriuli pretenziebisgamJRavnebas niSnavda; 2)muqaris garkveuli dozis fonze,azerbaijanis mxare, saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevascdilobda da mezobel qveyanasTan diplomatiuri urTier-Tobis etiketis yvela saxeobis normas arRvevda. yovelive zemoTqmuli imaze migvaniSnebs, rom azerbaija-nis politikuri elitis mizans: a)saqarTvelos winaaRmdegfarTomasStabiani provokaciis mowyoba da b)saqarTvelossaxelmwifos interesebisadmi sruliad kavkasiis muslima-nuri mosaxleobis dapirispireba, iaraRiT gamosalaSqrebladSesabamisi ideologiuri bazis momzadeba warmoadgenda. esgaremoeba, qarTul politikur speqtrs yuradRebis miRma ardarCenia. mxedvelobaSi maqvs presis furclebze gamoqvey-nebuli publikaciebi, romliTac mowinaaRmdege mxares das-abuTebuli pasuxi gaeca. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul interessiwvevs gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili saredaqcio werili_`axalcixis ajanyebis gamo~. masSi savsebiT kanonzomieradiyo dasmuli kiTxva: `ra uflebiT xelmZRvanelobs azer-baijanis respublikis oficialuri organo, roca Cvens Sin-aur saqmeebSi ase ereva?... Cvens winaaRmdeg maTma aseTmagamolaSqrebam ara gvgonia xeli Seuwyos... keTilmezoblurganwyobilebas, romelzedac azerbaijanis mTavroba gamud-mebiT laparakobs.~ dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia,rom azerbaijanis maSindel xelisufalTa sityva da saqmeerTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeboda. Seqmnili politikuri koniun-qturidan gamomdinare, aucilebloba azerbaijanTan ideo-lo-giur frontze `omis~ mogebas saWiroebda. am mizniT,pragmatuli nabijis gadadgma pirvelxarisxovan amocanas

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warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisma uw-yebebma am mimarTulebiT garkveuli muSaoba Caatara. axal-cixis mazris muslimani glexebis krebis mowvevis organi-zeba da proqarTuli orientaciis Sinaarsis mqone dadge-nilebis miReba maqvs mxedvelobaSi. mogvaqvs am dokumentissruli teqsti: `glexTa deputatebis sabWo iTvaliswinebsra axalcixis mazraSi osmaleTis emisrebis da zogierTibegebis mier focxovidan mowyobil avantiuristul mo-qmedebas, Rrmad darwmunebulia, rom axalcixis mazris mSr-omel xalxs, mcire nawilis garda, araviTari monawileobaar miuRia saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moqmedebaSi. saqvey-nod vacxadebT, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-likis mTavroba erTgvarad icavs yvelas interesebs ganu-rCevlad erovnebisa da sarwmunoebisa. axalcixis mazrasaqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilia da axalcixis muslimanglexobas surs Zmurad cxovreba saqarTvelos xalxTan.axalcixis mazris glexobis saxeliT vacxadebT, rom Cvenar gvWirdeba azerbaijanis mTavrobis mfarveloba da vTx-ovT mas, nu Caereva Cvens saqmeebSi da xels nu SeuSlisazerbaijanis da saqarTvelos megobrul kavSirs. sabWoswevrebi: osman Sevqi efendi miqelaZe, yaidar guliaSviligvaramaZe, rajeb ali oRli osmaliZe, solomon musralmuxelilovi, moula moraf molo ali oRli, giorgi mule,Salva vardiZe, ama mola oRli, jib suli oRli, rustamibragim oRli, aziz saleiman oRli.~ am dokuments, ideologiurTan erTad politikuri datvirT-vac hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi axalcixis mazris mu-slimani qarTvelebis umetesobis warmomadgenlebis (sabWoswevrebi) mier proqarTuli orientaciis oficialurad da-dasturebas warmoadgenda. meore mxriv, igi azerbaijanismoqalaqe TaTar muSebs Sesabamis pasuxsac aZlevda. miuxe-davad amisa, azerbaijanuli presa_ gaz. `azerbaijani~ dagaz. ̀ zaria,~ saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi cilismwamebluriwerilebis beWdvas agrZelebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeT`erTobaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi `azerbaijanis muSaoba ax-alcixeSi~ l.ruxaZe xazgasmiT werda, rom es gazeTebi ̀ faqte-bis damaxinjebas ar eridebian, erovnuli SuRlis da mtro-bis SxamiT haers wamlaven.~ am fonze ganixila man is cil-ismwamebluri braldebebi, romlebsac azerbaijanuli gazeTe-

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bi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas uyenebda. dokumenturmasalaze dayrdnobiT, imave l.ruxaZem ara ara marto si-crueSi amxila azerbaijanuli gazeTebis korespodentebi,aramed kidec daasabuTa, rom qarTuli jarisadmi maTi mxri-dan wayenebuli braldebebi (soflebis gadawva, mosaxleo-bis gaZarcva da amowyveta), yarsis mTavrobis sajariso Se-naerTebis namoqmedars warmoadgenda. amasTan dakavSirebiTl.ruxaZe werda: `gazeT `azerbaijans~ aviwydeba ra Caidinayarsis mTavrobis jarebma, rogori sisxlis gubeebiT morw-yo mesxeTi da javaxeTi, rogor uSenda uiaraRo soflebstyviamfrqvevebs, rogor xvretda moxuc musliman glexebs,romlebic win aRudnen aTabegovis agenturas. b- ni pepi-novi... axalcixeli mcxovrebia... umjobesia daakvirdes mi-sive da misi Zmebis sisxlSi gasvril xelebs, SeekiTxonomar- faiks da yvela imaT, vinc osmaleTis fuliT moqrTa-mulebi... xalxs erTmaneTs gasaJkletad rom mouwodebdnen...pepinovi, romelic xSirad Camodis axalcixeSi, misi mosyid-uli TvalebiT naxos ganadgurebuli abasTumani, amoJletilisoflebi. gabedos da daelaparakos im musliman glexebs,romelTa dacvasac ase kisrulobs. ai TviT is glexebiswvavda moRalateTa saxlkars, vinc cecxlSi Caagdo mSvi-dobiani mcxovrebni.~ am amonaweridan kargad Cans: a)pepinovi, omar- faiki dasxvebi, osmaleTis agentebi rom iyvnen da imave saxelmwi-fos xelisufalTa dakveTas asrulebdnen; b)samxreT_ dasav-leT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osmaluri orientaciis be-gebis saxlkaris gadawva da maTi mamulis ganadgureba,osmalo askerebisgan ganawamebi da gaZarculi adgilo-brivi glexebisgan SurisZiebiT ganpirobebul namoqmedarswarmoadgenda. rac Seexeba omar_ faiks, igi mogvianebiT`Sulaveris revkomis~ SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili dasaqarTvelos bolSevikuri okupaciis saqmeSi aqtiuradmonawileobda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT Sesa-Zlebelia, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobis sawinaaRmdegod da qveyanaSi destabilizaci-is Sesaqmnelad, samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinarerTuli politikuri procesebi, osmaleTisa da sabWoTaruseTis agentebis erToblivi muSaobiT iyo ganpirobebu-li. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebasac, rom ze-

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moaRniSnul sakiTxs baqos muslimani socialistebis orga-no gazeTi `zariac~ gamoexmaura (19 marti). mxedvelobaSimaqvs am organoSi dabeWdili publikaciebi. masSi, saqarTve-los mTavrobis mier ̀ ajanyebulebTan~ mimarTebaSi gatare-buli RonisZiebebisadmi protesti, ̀ socialisturi droSis~da `internacionaluri demokratiis~ momarjvebis fonzeagamoTqmuli. ̀ azerbaijanis demokratias_ vkiTxulobT wer-ilSi_ ar SeuZlia ar gamoTqvas Tavisi cxare protesti,Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom Cvens xmas mTeli internacio-naluri demokratia SemouerTdeba.~ qameleonis wamosasxamSi SefuTul da saqarTvelos sax-elmwifosadmi azerbaijanelTa farTomasStabian mtrulideologiur propagandas, qarTuli politikuri speqtriRirseuli pasuxiT daupirispirda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili saredaqcio wer-ili_ ̀ axalcixis garSemo.~ ̀ yvela Sovinisti da demokrati-is moZule_ vkiTxulobT statiaSi_ cdilobs exla social-istur niRabs amoefaros... axalcixe rom qarTvelebiTaa dasax-lebuli es aSkaraa. maS raRad amxedrdnen TaTris demokrati-is saxeliT pepinovebi da Zamani misni? vis ebrZvian? CvenviciT, pepinovebs miznaT aqvT, es mazrebi TaTrul mazrebadmoaCvenon xalxs. axalcixis glexebi garda sarwmunoebisaarafriT ar ganirCeva danarCeni qarTvelebisagan, arc ori-entaciiT, arc idealebiT, miswrafebebiT, eniT da sxva. axal-cixeSi damsjeli eqspedicia gamogzavneTo, es xom Woria. iqwavida jari qoblianskis da mis mier Semoyvanili osmaloaskerebis gasarekad.~ am SemTxvevaSi, gazeT ̀ erTobis~ saredaqcio werilSi si-marTle iyo naTqvami. pepinovebi da misi mxardamWerebi sa-zogadoebas cru informacias awvdidnen da umniSvnelov-anes sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi wamoWril kiTxvebs pasuxgauce-mels tovebdnen. samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTve-li muslimani mosaxleobisaTvis im etapze bundovanebiTiyo moculi Tu vis dakveTas asrulebdnen da ra miznebiamoZravebdaT axalcixeSi Semosul Turq askerebs, pepi-novs, omar- faiks da sxvebs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTsrulyofili pasuxis gacema mxolod yarsis mTavrobisSeqmniT dainteresebuli saxelmwifoebis gamoaSkaravebiT,maTi miznebis wina planze wamoweviT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

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amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mokavSireTajarebis sardal general ser jorj milnTan saqarTvelossagareo saqmeTa ministris e.gegeWkoris 1919 wlis 30 ian-vris Sexvedris saubris Canawerebi iqcevs. am dokumentismixedviT, e.gegeWkorma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba axalcix-is mazraSi da artaanis okrugSi mimdinare politikur pro-cesebze gaamaxvila da mis gamomwvev ganmapirobebel mizezadosmaleTis agentebi, osmaleTis emisrebi da kavkasiaSi osma-leTis yofili sardloba daasaxela. misive TqmiT, isiniadgilobriv mosaxleobaSi farTo saagitacio_ propagan-distul saqmianobas eweodnen. ̀ osmaleTis agentebis es saqmi-anoba_ dasZenda e.gegeWkori_ aris im gegmis gagrZelebiscda, romelic omis mimdinareobisas osmaleTma kavkasiazeTavdasxmis dros SeimuSava. osmaleTis gegmis Tanaxmad, mis-ma agentebma artaanis okrugisa da baTumis olqis terito-riis xarjze axali saxelmwifos Seqmna daisaxes miznad. essaxelmwifo aRmosavleTiT unda ekvrodes azerbaijans,dasavleTiT ki Sav zRvas. am gegmis mTavari aRmsrule-belni moqmedeben `samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis droSis~qveS.~ e.gegeWkoris saubris Canaweridan Cems mier motanilamonawerSi, osmaleTisa da azerbaijanis interesTa urT-ierTdamTxveva kargadaa warmodgenili. Tuki isini ̀ samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis droSis~ safarqveS TavianT Canafiqrsganaxorcielebdnen, osmaleTisa da azerbaijanis sazRvre-bi erTmaneTs miebjineboda, xolo es ukanaskneli saqarTve-los teritoriis xarjze Sav zRvaze Tavisufal gasasv-lels SeiZenda. aRniSnulis udao dadasturebas, saqarTvelos parlamen-tis 1919 wlis 18 Tebervlis sxdomaze Sinagan saqmeTa minis-tris n.ramiSvilis moxsenebaSi motanili faqtebi warmoad-gens. misive mtkicebiT, saqarTvelos mxridan borCalos samxre-Ti nawilis azerbaijanisadmi dasaTmobad da im monakveTzeosmaleT_ azerbaijanis erToblivi sazRvris SesaqmneladibrZoda osmaleTis xelisufleba. am miznis ganxorciele-bas emsaxureboda pepinovisa da omar_ faikis mTeli saqmi-anoba. rac Seexeba yarsisa da baTumis olqebis bazazedamoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas, am sakiTxTan mimarTe-baSi imave n.ramiSvilma parlamentis sxdomas Sesabamisidokumenturi masala warudgina da iqve dasZina, rom samxreT-

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dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebi `iyo Sedegiim moRvaweobisa, romelsac eweodnen baTumSi da sxva adg-ilebSi osmaleTis agentebi. maTi moqmedeba mimarTuli iyoiqeTken, rom saqarTvelos Zliereba da gavlena dacemuliyoim kuTxeebSi, iseTi mdgomareoba SeeqmnaT, roca Signidan dagaredan dasustebuli saxelmwifo wamoiCoqebda osmaleTi-sa da misi agentebis winaSe.~ Sinagan saqmeTa ministris n.ramiSvilis es gancxadeba ima-ze migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelos siZlieris nulamde day-vana da misi dasusteba, osmaleTis moqmedebis asparezs zr-dida da pirvel msoflio omSi dakarguli teritoriebisSevsebis SesaZleblobis pirobebs saqarTvelos xarjze uqm-nida. am mizniT, afinansebda igi omar- faiks, musakievs, aTabe-govsa da sxva agentebs, romlebsac davalebuli hqonda: mo-saxleobaSi garkveuli ideologiuri da politikuri safex-uri moemzadebina samxreT_ dasavleTi saqarTvelos teri-toriis xarjze `axali osmaleTis~ Sesaqmnelad. am faqt-Tan dakavSirebiT l.ruxaZis mier gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabe-Wdil werilSi `simarTle axalcixis Sesaxeb~ garkveviTiyo miTiTebuli. `omar- faiki_ werda l.ruxaZe_ enver –faSas imperialisturi ideebis ganmaxorcielebeli iyo dakavkasiis dapyrobiT cdilobda xidi gaedo yirimTan, yazan-Tan da kaspiis mxaresTan, dRes es perspeqtivebi osmaleTisagentebs CaefuSaT, magram imave saqmes akeTeben ufro pataramasStabiT. sulTanov_ pepinovebi azerbaijanidan xelsuwvdian axalcixel agentebs, xolo maT orives xeli Cak-idebuli aqvT erTi mxriT xuloSi dabrunebul agentebzeda meores mxriT yirimSi mokalaTebul avantiuristebze.~ am amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom saqarTvelos teritori-uli mTlianobis dasarRvevad, osmaleTisa da azerbaijanismmarTveli politikuri Zalebis interesebi erTmaneTSi iyogadaxlarTuli. orive maTgani saqarTvelos dasaqcevad dadasaCoqeblad moqmedebda. yovel SemTxvevaSi am mimarTulebiTSesabamis myar safexurs amzadebda. l.ruxaZis werilidanmotanili zemoaRniSnuli citata, erTi SexedviT SeiZlebamkiTxvelma tendenciurad miiRos im mosazrebiT, rom igiTavis droze axalcixeSi mTavrobis rwmunebulad iyo gag-zavnili. l.ruxaZes, rogorc partiul muSaks, marTaliagarkveuli Secdomebi gaaCnda, magram am SemTxvevaSi igi nam-

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dvilad ar tyuoda da simarTles ambobda. amis udao da-dasturebas aslan (igive ali) efendi dekanoiZis werili`Cvenc mogvismineT, (axalcixis garSemo)~ warmoadgens. sa-qarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi osmaleTisa da azerbaijanis inte-resebis Sesaxeb, l.ruxaZisa da e.dekanoiZis SexedulebebierTmaneTs emTxveva. amis damadastureblad e.dekanoiZis wer-ilidan Sesabamis amonawers movitan da Tavad mkiTxvelmagansajos Tu ramdenad axlos dgas igi l.ruxaZis zemoaRniS-nul TvalsazrisTan. `osmaleTs_ werda e.dekanoiZe_ erTiram swams da erT rames etrfis; baTumi, artaani da axal-cixe muslimanebiT aris dasaxlebuli, maSasadame is osma-leTis mfarvelobis qveS, anu ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mis nawil-Si unda Sediodes. sxvafriv ar azrovnebs osmaleTi. am mi-znis gansaxorcieleblad is eyrdnoba bneliT mocul sam-uslimano saqarTvelos reaqcionur begebs da im agentebs,romelTa Sesanaxad Tavidanve didZal fuls xarjavda. aqotomanis imperiis gza garkveulia, man ar icis mixvev- mox-veva, is gulubryvilod aravis endoba. mas am sferoSi hyavsiseTi damxmareni, rogoric arian azerbaijanis musavaTebi,romlebic ukeTes SemTxvevaSi stambolel axalgazrda os-malTa partias mogvagoneben... samuslimano saqarTvelos saki-Txi mxolod erTis mxriT aris garkveuli da udao. is Sea-dgens saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofel nawils, is isto-riulad qarTvel xalxs ekuTvnoda da ekuTvnis, qarTvelimuslimanebi da qristianebi RviZli Zmebia, Cven erTi dedisSvilebi varT. ai ra aris CvenTvis udao, ai ras vetrfiT ro-gorc muslimani qarTvelebi, romelnic ki vgrZnobT TavsqarTvelebad da CvenTan erTad mTeli saqarTvelo.~ am faqtors, saqarTvelos dauZinebeli mtrebi kargad acno-bierebdnen da muslimani qarTvelebis proqarTuli orient-aciis gasamrudeblad, ideologiuri zewolis Tavisebur fo-rmas mimarTavdnen. mxedvelobaSi maqvs zemoaRniSnuli ̀ erTaTviTgamorkvevis~ sabWouri ideologiiT damZimebuli myvi-rala Tezisi. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelossaxelmwifosa da mis teritoriul mTlianobasTan mimarTe-baSi `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ ideologiur naWuWSi siRrm-iseulad Capresil osmalur_ azerbaijanul safrTxes, qarTu-li politikuri elita kargad acnobierebda. amis udao da-dasturebaa Tundac is faqti, rom e.gegeWkorma general milT-

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an saubarSi xazgasmiT miuTiTa: `saqarTvelos mTavrobamedgari damcvelia erTa TviTgamorkvevis, am SemTxvevaSi,xsenebuli principis niRab qveS anxorcieleben srulebiTsxva mizans_ Camoacilon saqarTvelos misi ganuyofeli damasTan organulad dakavSirebuli nawili, uromlisodacsaqarTvelos respublikas cxovreba ar SeuZlia. osmale-Tis agentebs erTa TviTgamorkvevis sababiT surT Cahke-ton saqarTvelo iseT sazRvrebSi, romelSiac mas ver See-Zleba ganviTareba da rkaliviT garss Semoertyan.~ imave e.gegeWkoris mtkicebiT, amierkavkasiis regionSi mS-vidobis mowinaaRmdegeebs da avantiuristebs, adgilobrivmcxovreblebTan araviTari saerTo ar hqondaT. isini mx-olod piradi mosazrebebiTa da ucxo qveynis dakveTiT xe-lmZRvanelobdnen. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri,inglisel general milnis Seaxsenebda, rom avantiurizmisaTaves im regionidan iRebda, romelic inglisis xelisu-falT eqvemdebareboda (baTumis olqi) da saqarTvelosmTavrobis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda. am fonze, igi os-maleTis im agentebs CamoTvlida (jemal- beg ximSiaSvili,begTa- beg qoblianski) ̀ romlebmac mTeli TavianTi moqmedeb-iT warsulSi osmaleTis agentebis saxeli daimsaxura...osmaleTis agentebis es avantura... _ambobda e.gegeWkori_erTnairad emuqreba rogorc saqarTvelos interesebs, isemSvidobianobas da wesierebas mTels amierkavkasiaSi. Tuigi droze ar iqneba aRmofxvrili, saqarTvelos respub-likis mTavroba iZulebuli iqneba eris fizikuri interese-bisaTvis miiRos kategoriuli zomebi Tavis dasacavad.~ am vrceli amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom qveynis sagareosaqmeTa ministri, diplomatiuri etiketis dacviT, inglisiswarmomadgenels agrZnobinebda, rom ingliselTa daqvemde-barebaSi myof saqarTvelos teritoriaze, osmalo agenteb-is mier mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili rTuli politikuriprocesebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebisaTvis mi-uRebeli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, am antisaxelmwifoebriviZalebis mimarT, igi umkacresi zomebis dauyovneblivi ga-tarebis aucileblobas ayenebda. miTumetes, proosmaluriorientaciis mqone begebis erTi nawili da ̀ samxreT_ dasav-leT kavkasiis~ e.w. `saxelmwifos mTavrobis~ mesveurni,rogorc zemoTac gvqonda aRniSnuli, dasavleT evropis

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zogierTi saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisagan SepirebulidaxmarebiT iyvnen daimedebulni. aseTi faqtebi, e.gegeWkorssafuZvels aZlevda, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis garantiissakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi wamoWrili problemebi inglisiswarmomadgenlobis winaSe kategoriuli formiT daesva darac mTavaria, saqarTvelos mowinaaRmdege Zalisadmi ingli-sis zogierTi maRalCinosanis keTilganwyobis SesaxebacmieniSnebina. amis myar safuZvels axalcixis komitetis mieromar- faikisadmi gagzavnili depeSac (1919 wlis ianvari)iZleoda. am dokumentis (d) punqtSi garkveviT iyo miTiTe-buli: `ingliselebi yarsis muslimanTa mTavrobas xelsuwyoben da masTan karg ganwyobilebaSi arian.~ `yarsismTavrobisadmi~ ingliselTa mxardaWeraze miuTiTebs Tur-qi istorikosi s. esin dai. misi mtkicebiT, server- begi gene-ral uokers 1919 wlis 15 ianvars baTumSi Sexvda da aRniS-nuli respublikis Seqmnis gegma gaacno. imave wlis 20 ian-vars, inglisel samxedro maRalCinosnebTan Sexvedraze gacx-adebuli gegmisadmi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb man damakmayofile-beli pasuxi miiRo.19 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ingliselebismimarT pretenziuli formiT sakiTxis kategoriulad das-mis garda, e.gegeWkors sxva gza ar gaaCnda. misma Seuvalmada principulma poziciam generali milni iZulebuli gax-ada oficialurad eRiarebina, rom samxreT_ dasavleT saqa-rTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi, mokavSireebTan osmaleTismier dadebuli droebiTi zavis pirobebis darRvevas warmo-adgenda. ̀ osmaleTis mTavroba sindisierad rom ar asrulebssazavo pirobebs_ ambobda generali milni_ ukve icis didibritanetis mTavrobam da uaxloes xanSi miRebuli iqnebausastikesi zomebi osmaleTis asalagmavad. didi britane-Tis mTavroba aravis miscems nebas Caerios mis gankargule-bebSi da miT umetes ver moiTmens motyuebas misi mosisxlemtrebisgan.~ aseTi gancxadebis miuxedavad, inglisis warmomadgenlobasaqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrisadmi micemuli piro-bis Sesrulebas agvianebda. arc osmaleTis agentebis sawi-naaRmdego qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas Cqarobda. piri-qiT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da qarTuli jaris sard-lobas ̀ samxreT- dasavleTi kavkasiis~ TviTmarqvia mTavro-bis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi maqsimalurad

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zRudavda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs daZabulobis epicentridan_focxovidan da ardaganis okrugidan qarTuli jaris gayva-nis Sesaxeb ingliselTa kategoriuli moTxovna. aRniSnulda sxva mniSvnelovan faqtebs ukeTebda ra analizs, ̀ yarsismTavrobisadmi~ ingliselTa aSkara mfarvelobis Sesaxebgenerali g.kvinitaZe daufaravad mianiSnebda. imavdrouladinglisel samxedro maRalCinosnebsac asaxelebda (polk-ovniki stiuarti, polkovniki ridi), romlebic ise iqceod-nen TiTqos `yarsis mTavrobis~ Sesaxeb araferi ico-dnen.Qimave g.kvinitaZis mogonebebis mixedviT Tuki vim-sjelebT, ̀ yarsis mTavrobisadmi~ inglisel oficerTa sim-paTia da mxardaWera aSkarad ikveTeba. `ingliseli ofic-eri_ wers g.kvinitaZe_ cdilobda daverwmunebine, rom`samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis teritoriis~ sazRvari ar ga-damelaxa, amitom mkiTxa: ̀ ar fiqrobT, rom inglisis mfarvel-obis qveS myof saxelmwifosTan omis dawyebiT, Tqven ingli-sis winaaRmdeg aRmarTavT xmals.~ ̀ me vupasuxe, ase ar mimaC-nia, vinaidan Tu Cemi samxedro moqmedebebi am saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg inglisis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas niSnavs, maSin amsaxelmwifos Tavdasxma axalcixesa da axalqalaqis mazre-bze Cvenze inglisis Tavdasxmad unda ganvixilo meTqi. Sesa-Zloa oficerma gadaaWarba, rodesac inglisis mier am sax-elmwifos mfarvelobaze miuTiTa, magram ueWvelia, romsamxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis SeqmnasTan ingliss usaTuodraRac kavSiri hqonda.~21 amis Sesaxeb grigol lorTqifaniZeufro gamokveTili formiT miuTiTebs. `denikinis rusul-inglisuri bloki_ wers igi,_ romelSiac faqtiurad udidesrols TamaSobdnen damarcxebuli osmaleTis Zalebi... qm-nian egreT wodebul yarsis mTavrobas 1919 wlis Teberval-Si.~22 am faqtis siswores Turqi istorikosi s. esin daicadasturebs.23 analogiuri Tvalsazrisi v.nozaZemac gamoTqva.misi mtkicebiT, `samxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis respubli-kisadmi~ ingliselTa lobireba, somxur interesebTan iyogadajaWvuli. e.i. samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelosTan mi-marTebaSi, somxur_ inglisuri antiqarTuli politikurikursi moqmedebda, romlis gamoZaxils san- remos konfer-enciaze somxuri delegaciis usafuZvlo moTxovnisadmi(yarsidan_ baTumamde, saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT_Woroxis xeobiT rkinigzis gayvana da somxeTis sakuTreba-

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Si gadacema) ingliselTa Tavgamodebuli mxardaWera war-moadgenda. ̀ amiT cxadi xdeba_ werda v.nozaZe,_ romelsacinglisis generlebi misdevdnen amierkavkasiaSi, rodesac...mxari dauWires ‘samxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis~Seqmnas. SemdegSi Tuki igi icocxlebda, avtonomiur lazi-stanTan erTad, somxeTis Semadgeneli nawili Seiqmneboda.amnairad, somxeTi, mesxeTis saSualebiT pirdapir zRvas mi-ekvroda.~ es imas niSnavs, rom samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTve-losTan mimarTebaSi ingliselTa antiqarTul saqmianobassomxuri interesebi edo safuZvlad. rac Seexeba axalcix-is sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisiis moxsenebas,server- begisadmi ingliselTa lobireba frTxili pozici-idan iyo ganxiluli. am SemTxvevaSi, komisiis Tavmjdomareg.anjafariZe, `samxreT_ dasavleTi kavkasiis saxelmwifos-aTvis~ jaris Seqmnis Sesaxeb server- begis xelmoweriTdadasturebul dokuments eyrdnoboda. masSi xazgasmiT iyonaTqvami, rom `jari unda Sedges ise, rogorc aris mowyo-bili moxaliseTa jari.~ e.i. oficerTa saxelfaso anazRau-reba, jaris organizaciis principi da sxva, moxaliseTa jari-sadmi damaxasiaTebeli yvela Tvisebebis identuri unda yofi-liyo. aseT sistemaze agebuli samxedro SenaerTebis dafi-nansebis wyaro, samwuxarod imave dokumentSi ar figurirebs.arada, igi sakmaod did Tanxas saWiroebda, romelic axlad-Seqmnil ̀ samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis saxelmwifos~ im etapzenamdvilad ar gaaCnda. am SemTxvevaSi imedis TvaliT dasav-leT evropis saxelmwifoebs Sehyurebdnen. yovelive ze-moaRniSnuls ukeTebda ra analizs, imave komisiis Tavmj-domare g.anjafariZe Tavis moxsenebaSi ambobda: `me arvici hqonda Tu ara pirdapiri kavSiri moxaliseebTan serv-er- begs. amis dasabuTeba ver vipoveT. magram, komisia fiq-robs, sanam ajanyeba moxdeboda, man (server- begma S.v.) Se-hkra kavSiri moxaliseebis zogierT warmomadgenlebTanda albaT moxaliseebma mxari dauWires, rogorc iseT kacs,romelsac unda moewyo ajanyeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.amaSi gamoixateba albad maT Soris kavSiri.~24

diplomatiaSi gawafuli ingliselebi iseT sibriyves nam-dvilad ar Caidenda, rom zemoaRniSnuli komisiisaTvis serv-er- begisadmi inglisis warmomadgenelTa mfarvelobis dam-adasturebeli oficialuri dokumenti daetovebina. miuxe-

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davad amisa, motanili faqtebi da ingliselTa kontro-lirebad teritoriaze server- begis ajanyebisadmi xelisarSeSla, server- begisadmi garkveuli doziT mfarvelobissafuZvels iZleva. miTumetes, Tanamedrove qarTul samecni-ero literaturaSi dadasturebulia, rom germanelebisagangansxvavebiT, amierkavkasiis regionSi Zlieri qarTuli sax-elmwifos arseboba ingliselebis axloaRmosavlur poli-tikaSi ar Sedioda. am faqtors erT- erTi ganmsazRvreliroli unda Seesrulebina ingliselebis mxridan server-begis mfarvelobaSi. miTumetes, yarsis mTavrobis Seqmna,rogorc n.ramiSvili ambobda, samxreT- dasavleT saqarTve-los dedasamSoblosagan Camocilebas isaxavda miznad. ax-ladSeqmnili qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis am damRupvelikursis mxardamWerebis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobaspragmatuli xasiaTis adeqvaturi nabiji unda gadaedga. mi-Tumetes, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier mopovebuli in-formaciis Tanaxmad, ̀ samxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis mTavro-bis~ oficialurad dakompleqtebas server- begi forsire-buli tempiT cdilobda. isic cnobilia, rom axalcixisaRebisTanave, administraciuli saxelmwifo aparatis Seqmnaserver- begma misTvis misaRebi adgilobrivi kadrebis baza-ze daiwyo. am faqts mogvianebiT saparlamento komisiismier mopovebuli masalebis safuZvelze g.anjafariZec adas-turebda. misi mtkicebiT, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSiserver- begma droebiTi komisariati Seqmna, romelic sax-elmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqciebiT iyo aRWurvilida mis Tavmjdomaredac TviTon iTvleboda. dokumenturimasaliT dadasturebulia, rom am komisariatis muSaobaSiZiriTadad rusebis warmomadgenlebi Rebulobdnen monawi-leobas.25

yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom diploma-tiur sarbielze saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aRiarebisaTvisbrZolis urTules pirobebSi server- begis egreTwodebu-li mTavroba, qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi dasapirispirebladsaerTaSoriso asparezze gasvlas da evropis saxelmwi-foebidan oficialuri mxardaWeris miRebas cdilobda. amiserT- erT dadasturebas, parizis sazavo konferenciaze gasa-gzavni delegaciis Seqmnis faqti warmoadgens. amasTan daka-vSirebiT, stambolSi gamomavali frangulenovani Turqu-

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li gazeTi `le- Jurnal dorieni~ (1919 w. 27 noemberi)werda: ̀ yarsidan 18 ianvars gamogzavnili depeSiT ityobi-nebian, rom erTi kviraa rac samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiaSiSedga muslimanuri mTavroba. axali saxelmwifo unda Seiqm-nas baTumis, yarsis, artaanis, surmelis, najavanis da sxvaTaolqebidan. ukve moxda erovnuli sabWos da pasuxismgebe-li kabinetis arCeva... mTavrobas saTaveSi unda Caudgesjidan kirbei yarseli. delegacia, romlis SemadgenlobaSiSedian attaix –zade, assaT- bei da xalilzade ali- bei,exla imyofeba Cvens qalaqSi da gaemgzavreba sazavo kon-ferenciaze, rom iq daicvas axali saxelmwifos uflebanida miswrafebani.~26

am amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, saqarTveloseriozuli safrTxis winaSe imyofeboda. mxedvelobaSimaqvs: 1)axladSeqmnili e.w. yarsis mTavrobisgan damoukide-beli saxelmwifos saxeliT parizis sazavo konferenciazedelegaciis gagzavna; 2)`samxreT- dasavleT kavkasiis sax-elmwifos~ warmomadgenlebisadmi ingliselTa mxridan ga-rkveuli formiT lobireba. aRniSnul faqtebs Tuki obieq-turi poziciebidan SevafasebT, teritoriuli mTlianobisSenarCunebisa da damoukideblobis aRiarebisaTvis mebrZolsaqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas, igi udide-si sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebda. mdgomareobas isic amZime-bda, rom drois faqtoris da Seqmnili politikuri situ-aciis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas server- begi SesaSuri ene-rgiiT cdilobda. am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebul yuradRebasori ZiriTadi momenti iqcevs: a)axalcixeSi server- begisjariT Sesvla da gamarjvebis samxedro aRlumis mowyoba;b)adgilobrivi mTavrobis saxiT axalcixis sagangebo komi-sariatis Seqmna (server- begi aTabegovi (Tavmjdomare), pri-nci aTabegi- qoblianski (TanaSemwe), gomaSeviCi (SinagansaqmeTa komisari), murTaza- beg falavandovi (mazris mTa-vari mosamarTle), kartalovi (sursaTis komisari), rumiani(janmrTelobis komisari). am faqts, politikurTan erTadsaerTaSoriso asparezze ideologiuri datvirTvac gaaCn-da. isic angariSgasawevia, rom axladSeqmnili adgilobrivixelisuflebis uflebamosilebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, serv-er- begma axalcixeSi samxedro wesebi SemoiRo. qalaqiskomendatad axmedovi, xolo dacvis ufrosad aruTinovi

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daniSna. maTi xelSewyobiT, server- begma proqarTuliorientaciis xelmZRvanel pirTa (haidar abaSiZe, yaidarServaSiZe, leo ruxaZe) da mis mxardamWerTa sastiki devnadaiwyo. imavdroulad axalcixis mazris ufrosad misi ma-rjvena xeli iason beg falavandovi daamtkica. rac Seex-eba focxovis raions, aq server- begis `xelisuflebisdasayrdens osmalo oficrebi da askerebi warmoadgendnen,romlebic focxovis mcxovrebTa samoqalaqo tansacmelSiiyvnen gadacmulni. axalcixeSi server- begis mmarTvelo-ba 27 dRe gagrZelda, magram momxdari faqti bevrismTqme-lia im TvalsazrisiT, rom man qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSiCveni mezobeli qveynebis (osmaleTi, azerbaijani) mtrulidamokidebuleba da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritorieb-is mitacebis dauokebeli swrafvis survili warmoaCina.isic dadasturda, rom waforxilebis SemTxvevaSi, osmale-Ti da azerbaijani erToblivad gadauvlida waqceul saqa-rTvelos. swored am kuTxiT unda iqnas ganxiluli samxreT_dasavleT saqarTveloSi im etapze ganviTarebuli movle-nebi. isic angariSgasawevia, rom saqarTvelos parlamentisazerbaijaneli erovnebis deputatebi, axalcixis ̀ ajanye-basTan~ dakavSirebuli azerbaijanelebis gamarTlebas cdi-lobdnen. amis erT- erT saukeTeso magaliTs, omar –faikisdasacavad sakanonmdeblo organoSi maTi gamosvlebi war-moadgens. saqarTvelos parlamentis 1919 wlis 13 Teberv-lis sxdomaze axverdovi kategoriuli formiT uaryofdasaqarTvelosadmi omar- faikis moRalateobas. am fonze,axalcixis ̀ ajanyebis~ ZiriTad gamomwvev mizezad, osmaloagentebis mxridan qveynisaTvis farulad ganxorcielebilZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas ki ar asaxelebda, aramed, sak-iTxi Segnebulad sul sxva mimarTulebiT gadaqonda. igiadgilobrivi administraciisadmi yvelafris gadabrale-bas da misi uvargisobis dadasturebas cdilobda. misive`mtkicebiT,~ regionis adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis 95 %TiTqos saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCenis winaaRmde-gi iyo.27

omar- faikis gamarTlebas gazeTi ̀ gruziac~ Seecada. sam-xreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebSi mansaqarTvelos xelisufleba daadanaSaula.28 omar- faikisudanaSaulobis propagandam imdenad farTo xasiaTi miiRo,

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rom gazeTi `erToba~ iZulebuli gaxda, dokumenturi masa-lis safuZvelze gazeT `gruzias~ korespodentisadmi Sesa-bamisi pasuxi gaeca. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebasl.ruxaZis statia ̀ pasuxad osmaleTis agentebs~ iqcevs. ‘TuwarsulSi osmaleTis mosyiduli agentebi_ vkiTxulobTwerilSi_ farulad muSaobdnen, dRes aSkarad gamosulanda Tavisi moRalateobrivi saqmeebis gasaReba saqarTveloserTgulebad miaCniaT. ukanasknel dReebSi irkveva, rom... gaze-Ti ̀ gruzia~ umTavresi navTsayudeli yofila CvenSi darCe-nili osmaleTis agentebisa, romlebsac Tavisi miznebis ganx-orcielebis imedi jer kidev ar daukargavs... amJamad os-malTa aficrebisa da askerebis meTaurobiT focxovidanSemoWrilia brbo, romelmac ZaldatanebiT aiyolia axal-cixis mazris oTxi- xuTi sofeli. Cven xelTa gvaqvs utyuarisabuTebi, rom axalcixis mazraSi amzadebdnen ajanyebas,raTa xalxis saSualebiT axalcixe_ axalqalaqis mazreb-Si saqarTvelos mTavroba daemxoT da Zalaufleba egdoTxelT. es avantiuristebi mTeli am omis ganmavlobaSi os-maleTis fuliT otomanis imperiis gabatonebas amzadebd-nen regionSi.~ Cems mier motanili es amonaweri, gazeT ̀ gruziasadmi~ wa-yenebul udides braldebas Seicavs im TvalsazrisiT, romsaqarTvelos pirveli respublikis moqalaqe omar- faiki,romlis udanaSaulobis damtkicebasac gazeTi ‘gruzia~TavgamodebiT cdilobda, osmaleTis mier fuliT mosyidu-li agenti da qarTveli eris moRalate iyo. amis damadas-tureblad l.ruxaZes Semdegi faqtebi moyavda: 1)yazanis,yirimis, azerbaijanis, axalcixe_ artaanis musliman dele-gatTa awyuris 1917 wlis aprilis yriloba omar- faikisxelmZRvanelobiT iqna mowveuli. dokumenturi masaliTdadasturebulia, rom kavkasiis, yirimis, yazanis, kaspiismxaris osmaleTTan gaerTianebis enver- faSas gegma, imaveyrilobam samoqmedo programad aRiara; 2)trapizonis saza-vo konferenciis msvlelobis periodSi, kstantinopolSi oriTanmxlebi piriT Casuli omar- faiki, osmaleTis xelisu-flebas arwmunebda, TiTqos axalcixis mcxovrebni daJinebitmoiTxovdnen osmaleTTan SeerTebas. im SemTxvevaSi, TukiosmaleTis jarebi regionsi Sevidoda, sursaTiT misi moma-ragebis pasuxismgeblobas iZleoda. baTumis konferenciaze,

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osmaleTis mxarem mxolod amis Semdeg daayena axalcixe_axalqalaqis mazrebidan qarTuli jaris gayvanisa da re-gionis okupaciis aucileblobis sakiTxi; 3)axalcixis mazra-Si osmalo oficrebis Semoyvana omar- faikis iniciativiTmoxda. misive xelSewyobiT sof. enTelaSi osmalebis di-viziis Stabi ganTavsda da axalcixeze Seteva ganxorciel-da; 4)omar- faikis da aTabegov- qoblianskis xelmZRvanelo-biT moxda abasTumanis aoxreba da sasaxleebis gaZarcva.abasTumnidan gatanili qoneba, omar –faikisaTvis sofelbolajuraSi iqna Catanili; 5)axalcixe_ axalqalaqis mazraSieqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi omar- faikma, xaliT- beis StabTanda osmaleTis jarTan erTad mazridan mTeli Wirnaxulida qoneba gaitana, ris gamoc orive mazra SimSilis zRvram-de iqna miyvanili; 6)saqarTvelosadmi axalcixe- axalqala-qis mazrebis gadacemis gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg gail-aSqra omar- faikma, musakievma, aTabegovma, falavandovma dasamma somexma. qarTvelebTan dapirispirebis mizniT, isinijaris Sedgenasac Seecadnen; 7)axalcixisa da axalqalaqismazrebis gadanawilebis mizniT, somex_ TaTarTa SesaTanxme-blad da qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg erToblivad galaSqrebismisaRwevad, omar- faikis iniciativiT musakievi erevanSi gaig-zavna. `ai batono omar _vkiTxulobT imave werilSi_ gam-oiCineT gambedaoba da daamtkiceT winaaRmdegi.~29

zemoT aRniSnuli faqtebis siswore, saqarTvelos parla-mentis 1919 wlis 18 Tebervlis sxdomaze saqarTvelos Sina-gan saqmeTa ministrma n.ramiSvilmac daadastura. mis miergakeTebul moxsenebaSi mTel rig mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTanerTad, garkveuli formiT iyo naCvenebi, rom omar- faikiramdenjerme iyo stambolSi im mizniT, raTa axalcixis mazrasaqarTvelos ar SeerTeboda. am faqts Tavis droze axver-dovic adasturebda. imave n.ramiSvilis mtkicebiT, baTumissazavo konferenciaze, zemoaRniSnul pozicias pepinoviTavgamodebiT icavda. `am niadagze_ ambobda n.ramiSvili,_rogorc samSvidobo delegaciis Tavmjdomares, baton pepi-novTan Setakeba momixda. es delegaciis ramdenime wevrmaicis da exla rac xdeba, amas saTave warsulSi aqvs. mola-parakebis dros, Cvenma delegaciam awyurisa da abasTumnisraionebis saqarTvelosaTvis SenarCuneba SeZlo. rodesacCven am niadagze saubari gvqonda osmaleTis delegaciis

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TavmjdomaresTan, pepinovi ar daerida da kamaTi agvitexa...me vambob, batoni pepinovi sulisCamdgmelia omar ebendis.maTi mizani iyo CvenTvis es kuTxe Camoecilebina.~30

n.ramiSvilis moxsenebidan motanili faqtebi imis dama-dasturebelia, rom omar- faiks mxolod is adamianebi icavda,romlebic axalcixis mazris saqarTvelosaTvis Camocile-bas, osmaleTis delegaciasTan baTumis samSvidobo kon-ferenciaze molaparakebis momentSiac rom cdilobda. aqgancdili marcxis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos moqalaqe ax-verdovi da pepinovi, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobismowinaaRmdege Zalebis mfarvelobas da mxardaWeras, saqa-rTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos tribunidan oficialu-rad cdilobda. es faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom axalcix-is sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, saqarTvelos parlamentSi moka-laTebuli azerbaijaneli deputatebisa da azerbaijanismTavrobis pozicia identuri iyo. erovnebiT azerbaijan-el deputatebs, romlebic saqarTvelos biujetidan fin-ansdeboda, qveynis samsaxuri da misi interesebis dacva me-orexarisxovnad miaCnda. isini mxolod damoukidebeli aze-rbaijanis saxelmwifos xelisufalTa miznebisa da amoca-nebis mxardamWeris rolSi gamodiodnen. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli safuZvels maZlevs ganvacxado,rom axalcixis `ajanyeba~ gareSe Zalis mier imarTeboda.igi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis garkveulinawilis xelSewyobiTa da proosmaluri orientaciis mata-rebel zogierT musliman qarTvelze dayrdnobiT iqna ganx-orcielebuli. mxedvelobaSi myavs e.w. `elitaruli~ naw-ili, romlebic Sesabamisi safasuris sanacvlod, ucxo qvey-nis dakveTis Semsruleblis rolSi gamodiodnen da adgi-lobriv mosaxleobaze ideologiuri zemoqmedebis gansax-orcieleblad garkveul samuSaos asrulebdnen. aRniSnu-lis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos parla-mentis 1919 wlis 18 Tebervlis sxdomaze p.sayvareliZe acx-adebda: `Cven gvaqvs imis sabuTebi, rom ukanaskneli momx-dari ambebi gareSe Zalis, osmelTa emisrebis begebis saqmeada ara adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis. tyuilia imis Tqma, romTiTqos yvela miemxro ajanyebas... xalxis nawili aramc TuCvens winaaRmdeg, aramed CvenTan erTad ibrZoda da erTicxenosani razmi mahmadianebisa exlac Cvens jarTan bor-

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jomSi aris, rac imas amtkicebs, rom samahmadiano saqarTve-lo Cvens mxarezea.~ analogiuri Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmulil.ruxaZis statiaSi ‘pasuxad osmaleTis agentebs.~ `axal-cixis mazraSi_ wers l.ruxaZe_ osmalTa oficrebis daaskerebis meTaurobiT focxovidan SemoWrilma brbom, Zal-datanebiT aiyolia axalcixis mazris oTxi- xuTi sofe-li.~ komisiis mier mopovebuli da safuZvlianad Seswav-lili masalebis analizis Sedegad, g.anjafariZe damfuZne-beli krebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomaze xazgasmiT am-bobda: ̀ axalcixeSi ajanyeba ar momxdara, moZraoba daiwyofocxovis raionidan da am moZraobas xelmZRvanelobdnenosmaleTis faSa da axalcixis mazris zogierTi avantiu-risti... am moZraobaSi gaeba xalxis erTi jgufi, tomiTaraqarTveli, romelsac surda sul sxva saxelmwifos far-glebSi yofna. axalcixeSi momxdari ambebi im istoriulibrZolis gamoZaxili iyo, romelsac osmaleTi saukuneebisganmavlobaSi awarmoebda saqarTvelos winaarmdeg.~ Cems mier zemoT motanili masalebi adasturebs, rom ax-alcixis movlenebi gareSe Zalis mier winaswar iyo dageg-mili. am avanturis organizatorebis mizans, axalcixis ̀ ajan-yebis~ niRbiT, samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelos deda sam-Soblodan Caqmocileba warmoadgenda. misi ganxorcielebisorganizaciulad momzadebaSi lomis wili saqarTveloSiim etapze myof inglisel generlebs da regionis araqarTulmosaxleobas (azerbaijanelebi, somxebi) qonda Setanili.miuxedavad amisa, isini garegnulad TavianTi namoqmedarismaqsimalurad SeniRbvas cdilobdnen. am mxriv, samxreT_dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxuri mosaxleoba damisi liderebi gamoirCeoda, romlebic orpirovani ianusisrols TamaSobdnen, sityviT saqarTvelos uWerdnen mxars,magram saqmiT mis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. es faqti, qarTulipolitikuri azris aqtiur warmomadgenels p.sayvareliZesSeumCneveli ar darCenia. igi parlamentis wevrebs Seaxsenebda:`s.r.Tumanovma ganacxada, rom am brZolaSi saqarTvelos da-vuWerT mxarso. Cven am gancxadebas taSiT mivegebeT, magramisic aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli maTi (somxebis S.v.) moqmedebayovelTvis saqarTvelos winaarmdeg iyo mimarTuli.~31

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba dava-skvnaT: rom qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCune-

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blad da mtris Zalebis mosagerieblad, qarTvel erssaqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTuli mosaxleobis imediar unda qonoda. miTumetes, qarTvelTa siZulvilze dam-yarebuli maTi Sinagani cnobiereba, TiToeul maTganssaqarTvelos dasaqcevad da qarTveli eris dasamonebladubiZgebda. amas is faqtic adasturebs, rom isini Semoseu-li mtris gverdiT ufro xSirad ibrZodnen, vinem qarTve-li mxedrobis mxardamxar. aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis Znel-bedobis Jams, araqarTul mosaxleobaze dayrdnobis imedidamoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis xelisu-flebas namdvilad ar qonda. qveynis dacvis ZiriTadi sim-Zime qarTveli eris mxrebze gadadioda. im periodis ajanyebebs Tuki dokumentur masalaze dayrd-nobiT miudgomeli poziciidan ganvixilavT, davrwmundebiT,rom misi xelmZRvanelebi iaraRis aRmarTvas maSin iwyebd-nen, roca saqarTvelo (qarTveli eri) umZimes politikursituaciaSi aRmoCndeboda da qveynis Tavdacvis meqanizmiSesustdeboda. amis erT- erT magaliTs omar- faikis meTau-robiT 1917 wlis dekemberis ajanyeba warmoadgens. es faqti,axalcixidan rusuli garnizonis gasvlas da damxmare Zalasmowyvetili mcirericxovani mecixovne qarTveli jariska-cebis darCenas daamTxvies. rac Seexeba 1919 wlis `ajanye-bas,~ igi maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmnisTanave dai-wyes. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a)somxebTan omis damTavrebis Sem-deg qarTul jarSi Catarebuli demobilizacia da axal-cixeSi jaris umniSvnelo nawilis datoveba; b)soWis olqSidenikinis mxridan qarTuli jaris nawilebze Tavdasxma dag)saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis wina perio-di, romelsac samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi faqtiuradplebiscitis datvirTva eZleoda. saqarTvelosaTvis Seqmnili zemoaRniSnuli rTuli poli-tikuri foni, qveynis Zalebis konsolidacias da urTierT-TanadgomiT arsebuli situaciidan gamosavali gzebis Zie-bas saWiroebda. samwuxarod, samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTve-los mosaxleobis erTi nawili moRalatur gzas daadga daosmaleTis dafinansebiT Seqmnil `axalcixis komitets~dauWira mxari. konkretulad Tu ra mizani amoZravebda aRniS-nul komitets, amis sailustraciod imave komitetis sax-eliT omar- faikisadmi baTumidan gagzavnili depeSa gamodge-

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ba. ̀ sruliad saidumlod. Zmao omar- faik efendi! gacnobebT,rom yarsSi Sedga dasavleT amierkavkasiis mTavroba, romelicukve Seudga saqmes. erovnuli sabWos deputatebi artaanidan,erevnidan, baTumidan da sxva kuTxeebidan yarsSi wavidnen.mTavrobis xelSi sakmao samxedro Zalaa. yovelive Sinaurisaqmeebi am mTavrobis xelSia. yvela muslimani SeerTdaRvTis nebiT. Cveni xalxi da Cveni samSoblo unda gadarCesda dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi erTi damoukidebeli saxelm-wifo Seiqmnas. exla Cveni Txovna is aris, rom gansakuTre-buli yuradReba miaqcio qvemore CamoTvlil winadadebebs:a)saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi monawileo-ba aravin ar miiRos da xelisuflebas arcerTi xma armisces. arcerTma muslimanma saqarTvelos mTavrobas iara-Ri ar Caabaros_ yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis igi mzada gqondeT,Cven TviTon dagvWirdeba; b)am werilis miRebisTanave saC-qarod SeikribeT da imsjeleT. am ambis mitanis mizniT erTikaci saCqarod gagzavneT focxovSi; d)Tu mand osmalojariskacebi imyofebian, pativi eciT. ingliselebi yarsismuslimanTa mTavrobas xels uwyoben da masTan karg ganw-yobaSi arian. amxanagebTan erTad focxovSi unda mixvideTda iq yarsis warmomadgenlebic iqnebian. aseTi werili Tqvensgarda egzavneba mola seids, mola mursis da Suabankuman_oRlebs. molaparakebaSi moiwvieT moxele Seixi efendi.~rac Seexeba meore depeSas, igi samxreT_ dasavleTis yarsisdroebiTi mTavrobis warmomadgenelis aTabag- qoblianskismier, saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris n.Jordanias sax-elze baTumidan aris gamogzavnili. `1919 wlis 20 ianvars_vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ saqarTvelos respublikis jarebma,isargebles ra yarsis olqidan osmalTa wasvliT, uecradTavs daesxnen samxreT_ dasavleT kavkasiis droebiTi mTavro-bis adgilobriv milicias da 8 saaTis brZolis Semdeg das-toves 4 tyviamfrqvevi, 10 mokluli jariskaci da gaiqcnen.mowinaaRmdegeTa devnaSi Cvenma jarebma daikaves ramdenimesofeli. saqarTvelos jarebis Tavdasxmis gamo, samxreTkavkasiis mTavrobis saxeliT vacxadeb protests da winadade-bas viZlevi, Setakebis gamosarkvevad daarsdes Sereulikomisia ingliselTa aucilebeli monawileobiT. rogorcmTavrobis Tavmjdomares gatyobinebT, rom samxreT- dasav-leT kavkasiis droebiTi mTavrobis miliciaze saqarTve-

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los jarebis ganmeorebiTi Tavdasxma gamoiwvevs arasasur-vel Sedegebs.~ am dokumentidan aSkarad ikveTeba: a)e.w. `yarsis mTavro-bis~ safuZvliani mzadeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gasala-Sqreblad; b)`yarsis mTavrobisadmi~ ucxo saxelmwifoebis(osmaleTi, inglisi) Tanadgoma da daxmareba; g)dasaxulimiznis gansaxorcieleblad maTi optimisturi SemarTeba,romlis garkveul gamoZaxils, saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmj-domarisadmi gamogzavnili muqaranarevi toniT Sedgeniliwerili warmoadgens. es is periodia, roca damarcxebuliqarTuli jari axalcixidan gamodioda da regionSi serv-er- begis meTaurobiT samoqalaqo tansacmelSi gadacmuliSeiaeraRebuli osmalo askerebi Semodioda. am faqtorTanerTad, adgilobrivi qristiani qarTveli mosaxleobisdmiserver- begis gansakuTrebuli mtruli damokidebulebacaagasaTvaliswinebeli. sabWouri da Tanamedrove qarTuliistoriografiis zogierTi warmomadgeneli, memuarul lit-eraturaze dayrdnobiT, server- begis proosmalur da sepa-ratul miswrafebas, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis zogierTi maRalCinosanis mier daSvebul Secdomebsmiawers. arafers amboben, Tu riT iyo ganpirobebuli: a)omar-faikis mier 1917_ 1918 wlebSi mowyobili ajanyebebisadmiserver- begis mxardaWera; b)server- begis mxridan qris-tiani qarTvelebisadmi gansakuTrebuli siZulvilis gamov-lineba da g)regionidan qarTvelTa gamodevnis osmalurigegmis safexurebrivad ganxorcielebis dawyebaSi server-begis aqtiuri monawileoba. erTxel kidev xazgasmiT undaaRiniSnos, rom zemoT motanili faqtebi, saqarTvelos par-lamentis mier miRebuli miwis kanonebis (1919 wlis 28 ian-vari) da qveyanaSi agraruli reformis gatarebis dawyebiswinmswreb procesebs warmoadgenda. axalcixis qristiani qarTuli mosaxleobisdmi server-begis Seubralebeli damokidebulebis amsaxveli masalebi,axalcixis ambebTan dakavSirebiT, imave komisiis mier iqnamopovebuli. masze dayrdnobiT g.anjafariZe, damfuZnebelikrebis deputatebs moaxsenebda, rom axalcixeSi Sesulmaserver- begma da misma jarma, adgilobrivi qristiani qarTulimosaxleobis `saSineli darbeva da carcva- gleja moawyo.yvela qarTuli sofeli iqna darbeuli. asobiT aris daxo-

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cili da daWrili, bevri tyved wayvanili, gansakuTrebiTqalebi. sazogadod unda mogaxsenoT, rom qarTveli qris-tianebis mdgomareroba autanelia axalcixis mazraSi.~32 imaveg.anjafariZis moxsenebis mixedviT, server- begis SeiaraRebu-li razmebs arcerTi somxuri sofeli ar gauZarcvavs daar daurbevia. maTi samizne mxolod qristiani qarTvelebissoflebi iyo. aRniSnuli faqtidan gamomdinare, ismeba kiTxva:server- begis es qmedeba saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagraruli reformiT ganawyenebuli adamianis CarCoSi Tavs-deboda Tu, qarTvelTa siZulvilze aRmocenebuli, saqarTve-los teritoriuli mTlianobis dasarRvevad winaswargan-zraxuli gegmis nawils warmoadgenda? am kiTxvis sworipasuxi; a)warsulSi, Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelo_ osmale-Tis urTierTobaSi; b)XX saukunis 20- ian wlebSi samxreT_dasavleT saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi warmoqmnili osma-leTis usafuZvlo pretenziul interesebSi da g)TviT serv-er- begis bavSvobis ojaxur garemoSi (deda yazaneli Ta-Tari, mamobili somexi) unda veZioT. savsebiT sworadmsjelobs l.ruxaZe gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil weril-Si_ `simarTle axalcixis Sesaxeb.~ `dRevandeli brZolaaxalcixis garSemo_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ gagrZelebaaam istoriuli nareklebiT mofenili gzis, magram sul sxvasarCuliT, vinem es SeeZlo osmaleTis faSebs warsulSi...dRes, Cven ise gvidgas axalcixis sakiTxi, rogorc idgaerekles dros, roca osmalebi iyo gabatonebuli da saqa-rTvelos jari mters xan aspinZasTan ekveTeboda, xan aw-yurTan, raTa qarTlis karebi xelT egdo da momavlisaTvissaqarTvelo osmalTa aoxrebisgan daecva.~33 analogiuriTvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli aslan (igive ali) efendi deka-noiZis werilSi ̀ Cvenc mogvismineT.~ misi mtkicebiT, axal-cixeSi momxdar ambebs ‘saTave da fesvebi osmaleTSi hqon-da da samuslimano saqarTvelos osmaleTisadmi mierTe-bas isaxavda miznad.~34

Cems mier zemoT motanili Sexedulebebi im adamianebsekuTvnis, romlebic siRrmiseulad iyvnen CaxedulnisamxreT_ dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikurprocesebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi yoveli debulebautyuar faqtebzea damyarebuli da sazogadoebisaTvis si-marTlis miwodebis mcdelobas Seicavs. amasTan dakavSire-

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biT l.ruxaZe erT- erT werilSi werda: `am striqonebisdamweri, revoluciis pirveli dReebidanve vtrialebdiaxalcixis garSemo, ganmicdia misi sixaruli da mwuxareba,mtris Semoseva da saqarTvelos jarebis axalcixeSi yiJiniTSemosvla... mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi ar yofila momen-ti, rom axalcixis sakiTxi gadacdenoda Tavis istoriulsabediswero gzas.~ aseT kritikul situaciaSi myofi re-gionisaTvis, romelsac saqarTvelodan Camocilebis mizniTsxvadasxva mimarTulebiT eqaCebodnen, saqarTvelos xelisu-flebisagan Sesatyvisi politikuri kursis gamoZebna auci-leblobas warmoadgenda. osmaleTi da misi mxardamWerisaxelmwifoebi, ramdenadac dasaxuli miznis miRwevas mx-olod iaraRis gziT cdilobda, saqarTvelos mTavrobasacadeqvaturi nabiji unda gadaedga. mxedvelobaSi maqvs Zal-isa da dayvavebis Sereuli kursis demonstrireba, poli-tikuri situaciis moTxovnis Sesabamisad misi amoqmedebisaucilebloba. Tuki qarTuli politikuri speqtris mesveure-bi am mimarTulebiT mesxeT- javaxeTis SesanarCunebladsaWiro receptis mignebas da regionis mosaxleobisaTvismisaRebi politikuri kursis SemuSavebas SeZlebdnen, gamar-jveba garduvali iqneboda. amis aucileblobis Sesaxebl.ruxaZe mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs jer kidev 1919 wlisTebervlis pirvel ricxvebSi afrTxilebda. ̀ Tu Cven gvindamTliani saqarTvelo, mesxeT- javaxeTSi Cveni politika gam-arjvebiT unda dagvirgvindes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi CvendavkargavT samuslimano saqarTvelos da osmaleTs Zvelididebis aRdgenis imedebi kidev SerCeba.~ am SemTxvevaSil.ruxaZe savsebiT marTali iyo, radgan samxreT- dasavleTsaqarTveloze pretenzias osmaleTis paralelurad, azer-baijani da somxeTi erTdroulad acxadebda. im SemTxveva-Si, Tuki saqarTvelos xarjze osmaleTisa da azerbaija-nis samezoblo sazRvris gavleba SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda,azerbaijanis xelisufleba pretenzias baTumis olqzeoficialurad ganacxadebda. amis Sesaxeb azerbaijanis sa-mTavrobo gazeTi ̀ azerbaijani~ xazgasmiT miuTiTebda. ana-logiuri poziciaa dadasturebuli azerbaijanis sagareosaqmeTa ministris xan- xoelisa da saqarTveloSi azerba-ijanis mTavrobis warmomadgenelis b.veqilovis mier gake-Tebul gancxadebaSi. politikuri situaciis maqsimalu-

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rad gamoyenebiT, isini TavianTi saxelmwifos interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebdnen da saqarTvelos xarjzexelis moTbobas cdilobdnen. maTi ̀ mtkicebiT,~ ̀ baqos nav-Tis mrewveloba moiTxovs, rom baTumi neitraluri qalaqiiyos da amitom baTumis bedi swored ase unda gadawydes!~rogorc vxedavT, merkanteluri interesebidan gamomdinare,azerbaijanis xelisuflebis mesveurebi, saqarTvelos sa-sicocxlo saqmeebSi TviTneburad apirebdnen xelis fa-Turs da maTi mxridan xelovnurad wamoWrili sakiTxebisgadawyvetas, qarTvelTa gverdis avliT cdilobdnen. isiniangariSs arc imas uwevdnen,_ baTumis olqi istoriuladsaqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils rom warmoadgenda da maTimxridan wamoyenebuli usafuZvlo pretenziebi, saqarTve-los xelisuflebisaTvis Tu ramdenad iqneboda misaRebi.gansakuTrebiT, im mezobeli qveynisaTvis, romelic azerba-ijanisaTvis evropasTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi xidiiyo. sxvisi teritoriebis mitacebis madiT azerbaijanisxelisufleba imdenad iyo Sepyrobili, rom zemoaRniSnulfaqtors angariSs ar uwevda. antiqarTuli ideebisa da ba-Tumis olqisagan calke saxelmwifos gamoWris ̀ xelsayre-lobis damtkicebis~ propagandas saerTaSoriso arenazepermanentulad eweoda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT baTumSimyofi azerbaijanis konsuli axmed_ hamidi efendievi gam-oirCeoda. am pirovnebis saqmianobas gazeTma `samuslimanosaqarTvelom~ sagangebo werili miuZRvna. am publikaciidanirkveva, rom axmed- hamidi efendievi azerbaijanis parlamen-tis wevri iyo. azerbaijanis sakanonmdeblo organos gada-wyvetilebiT igi sagangebo agitacia_ propagandis xelmZR-vanelobis gasawevad gamogzavnes baTumSi. `sedai mileTis~komitetis wevrebTan Sexvedrisas, axmed_ hamidi efendievmakomitetis wevrebs konkretuli davaleba misca: kerZod, ̀ olq-Si saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego agitacia gaeCaRebinaT dabaTumis olqisagan damoukideblei saxelmwifos gamoWramoeTxovaT.~ am samuSaos Sesasruleblad, `sedai mileTis~jgufis TiToeul wevrs 30_ 40 aTasi azerbaijanuli bonidauniSna yovelTviurad. imave statiis avtoris mtkicebiT,axmed_ hamidi efendievs sagangebo rezolucia Seudgenia,sadac baTumis olqisagan damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Se-qmnisa da aWaris parlamentis dauyovneblivi mowvevis sak-

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iTxi iyo dasmuli. misive davalebiT, am dokumentisadmi xalx-is mxardaWeris dasadastureblad, `sedai mileTelebs~ Se-sabamisi xelmowerebi unda Seegrovebina. es faqtebi imazemigvaniSnebs, rom samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmni-li urTulesi politikuri situaciis gamoyenebas, azerbaija-nis agentebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen. fuliT mosyiduliadgilobrivi muslimani mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisxarjze, saqarTveliosaTvis zurgSi galesili maxvilisCasacemad emzadebodnen. mezobeli azerbaijanis mxridan ‘saqarTvelos mesafla-

vis~ funqciis Sesrulebis Cafiqrebuli veraguli gegma,qarTuli politikuri speqtrisTvis SeumCneveli ar darCe-nila. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gazeT ̀ samusli-mano saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdili saredaqcio werili_ ̀ azer-baijanis xalxis sayuradReboT~ iqcevs. masSi, baTumis olq-Si azerbaijaneli agentebis da misi mxardamWerebis anti-qarTuli saqmianoba wina planzea wamoweuli. Sesabamis fa-qtebze dayrdnobiT imave statiaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli:`Cven vamtkicebT, rom samuslimano saqarTveloSi, saqarTve-los sawinaaRmdego agitacias azerbaijani yovelTvis eweo-da. axlac, roca azerbaijans CrdiloeTidan mteri karzemoadga da erTguli mokavSire esaWiroeba, is baTumis olq-Si danas lesavs saqarTvelosaTvis zurgSi Casacemad. CvenyovelTvis vicodiT, rom... sulTanovebisaTvis da efendi-evebisaTvis RmerTs ar miuniWebia SorsmWvreteloba. panis-lamizmiT gaJRenTili es vaJbatonebi ver moisveneben ise,Tu saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ar imoqmedeben... maTi bunebisSecvla yovlad SeuZlebelia... dro aris, azerbaijanisxalxma Tvali gaaxilos da misi mTavrobis avantiuris-tul politikas sazRvari daudos... baTumis olqi saqarTve-los ar daekargeba, magram... azerbaijans CamoSordebasaqarTvelo, rogorc mokavSire. azerbaijani darCeba gan-martoebuli da haerSi gamokiduli. maSin dadgeba damoukide-beli azerbaijanis dasasruli.~35

es vrceli amonaweri, azerbaijanis xelisuflebisa da mismier saqarTveloSi gagzavnili agentebis antiqarTuli saqmi-anobis oficialur mxilebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelosTansamezoblo politikuri urTierTobis argamwvavebidan ga-momdinare, azerbaijanis xelisuflebas qarTuli saxelmwi-

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fosaTvis ZirgamomTxreli kursisadmi dauyovnebliv undagadaexeda da misi Secvlis sakiTxi daeyenebina. dokumen-turi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom am mimarTulebiT, azer-baijanis mxares aranairi qmediTi nabiji ar gadaudgams.piriqiT, baTumis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos gver-dis avliT `antantis~ saxelmwifoebTan saidumlo mola-parakebebs marTavda da maTi xelSewyobiT `msuye lukmis~daTrevis molodinSi iyo. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi`erToba~ mowinave werilSi `azerbaijani da baTumis sak-iTxi~ kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda xan _xoelis mier`antantis~ saxelmwifoebTan baTumis sakiTxze, saqarTvelosxelisuflebis zurgsukan gamarTul molaparakebebs. `am-ierkavkasiisaTvis_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ sruliad ucxo,saxelmwifoebi gamohyavs xan –xoels ̀ samarTlianobis~ umaR-lesi warmomadgenlis rolSi da maTi samsjavros winaSemoaqvs gadasawyvetad amierkavkasiis respublikaTa sadaosakiTxi! es aris Seuwynarebeli, miTumetes azerbaijans jer-jerobiT araviTari molaparakeba ar hqonia Tavis mezoblebT-an baTumis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. igi jer arcki cdila, rom essakiTxi Cveulebrivi Sinauruli gziT ucxo Zalis Caurev-lad mogvarebuliyo.~ azerbaijanis xelisufalebis warmomadgenelTa mxridansaqarTvelos zurgsukan gaweuli zemoaRniSnuli saqmiano-ba, saqarTvelo_ azerbaijans Soris 1919 wlis 16 ivniss xe-lmowerili SeTanxmebis meoTxe muxlis darRvevas warmoadge-nda. amis sailustraciod, imave dokumentidan Sesabamis amonaw-ers movitan da Tavad mkiTxvelma gansajos, Tu ramdenad Se-esabameboda azerbaijanis xelisufalTa qmedeba samezob-lo eTikisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. `4. amSeTanxmebis damdebi mxareni_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ val-de-bulni arian yoveli uTanxmoeba, romelic SesaZloa Cam-ovardes maT Soris sazRvrebis garSemo, SeTanxmebiT an ar-bitraJis saSualebiT gadawyviton da es gadawyvetilebaunda miCneul iqnes sabolood da savaldebulod orivemxarisaTvis.~36 es uaRresad mniSvnelovani dokumenti, saqarTve-los damfuZnebli krebis 1919 wlis 22 ivnisis sxdomis mieriqna ratificirebuli. qarTul istoriografiaSi dadasturebulia, rom am xel-Sekrulebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba, azerbaijanis mxarem

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mxolod maSin gaixsena, roca baqoSi 1920 wlis aprilSibolSevikuri `ajanyeba~ momzadda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs az-erbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministris xan- xoelis miere.gegeWkorisadmi gamogzavnili depeSa. am dokumentiT igisaqarTvelo_ azerbaijans Soris xelmowerili zemoaRniS-nuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad azerbaijanisadmi samxedrodaxmarebis dauyovnebliv amoqmedebas moiTxovda.37

azerbaijanel diplomatTa mxridan yovelgvar logikasmoklebuli aseTi nabiji gakvirvebas ar unda iwvevdes.miTumetes, Cvens mier zemoT motanili faqtebidan gamom-dinare dasturdeba, rom saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi az-erbaijanis mTavrobis mtacebluri samezoblo kursi, TaR-liTur politikaze da ucxo saxelmwifoTa daxmarebisimedze iyo dafuZnebuli. am formiT cdilobda igi saqa-rTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis teritoriebisCamoWras. rac Seexeba sadao sakiTxebis mSvidobiani mola-parakebis, an arbitraJis wesiT gadawyvetas, azerbaijanisxelisuflebas uperspeqtivod miaCnda. maT kargad esmodaT,rom molaparakebis an arbitraJis gziT, baTumis olqSi is-ni vercerT goj miwas ver miiRebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare,arCevani makiavelizmze dafuZnebul politikur kursze iqnagakeTebuli. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sityva saqarTve-los xelisuflebas ekuTvnoda. gonivruli diplomatiurimanevrirebis gziT, SeZlebda Tu ara azerbaijanelTa mierdagebuli badisadmi gverdis avlas da qarTvelebisadmizurgSi Casacemad aRmarTuli xanjlisadmi uvneblad TavisdaRwevas. amis gakeTeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaxdebodaSesaZlebeli, Tuki qveynis mmarTvel wreebs, azerbaijanismxridan mosalodneli safrTxe srulyofilad eqnebodagacnobierebuli da rac mTavaria, Casafrebul mtaceblebTanmimarTebaSi, wajeq_ ukujeqis nacvlad, eris interesebisdacvaze agebuli xisti politikis gatarebas miscemdaupiratesobas. maSindeli qarTuli politikuri speqtri Tu ramdenaduWerda mxars am Tvalsazriss, amis warmoCena mxolod imperiodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebismeSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. nimuSisaTvis arCevans gazeT`erTobaSi~ dabeWdil saredaqcio werilze `xan_ xoelisazri baTumis Sesaxeb~ gavakeTeb. am publikaciis Rirseba

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imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi dasabuTebuli formiTaa mx-ilebuli azerbaijanelTa mtacebluri miznebi. am fonzewerilis avtori mkiTxvel sazogadoebas Seaxsenebs: `mar-Talia, baTum_ aWaris sakiTxiT mravali saxelmwifoa dain-teresebuli, magram pirvel rigSi adgilobrivi mcxovre-blebis interesebia gasaTvaliswinebeli... Tu gindaT essaqme moagvaroT ara ZaladobiT, aramed samarTlianobismixedviT. ras ukarnaxebs... baTum_ aWaris mcxovrebT maTipolitikuri, geografiuli, eTnografiuli, kulturuli, is-toriuli interesebi, es yvelaze ukeTesad TviT aq mcx-ovrebT aqvT Segnebuli da maTi sityva pirvel rigSi undaiyos mosmenili. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis uflebebzegadasvla da maTi awon_ dawonva mxolod amis Semdeg arisSesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos uflebebi baTum_ aWaraze iseudaoa,... rom Cven am mxriv warbSeuxrelad SegviZlia wa-rvdgeT yovel sastik samsjavros winaSe da zedmiwveniTdavamtkicoT, rom dedamiwis zurgze ar arsebobs arcerTisaxelmwifo, romlisaTvisac iseTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobahqondes baTum_ aWaras, rogorc saqarTvelosaTvis. Cvengvinda erTxel kidev gamovamJRavnoT mxolod is mtace-bluri imperialisturi suliskveTeba, romelic sarCuladudevs azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministris pozicias.~38

am vrceli amonaweridan kargad Cans maSindeli qarTulipolitikuri speqtris negaturi damokidebuleba azerbaija-nis xelisuflebis mtacebluri kursisadmi. miuxedavadamisa,EqarTuli mxare imeds itovebda, rom saqarTvelos me-zobeli saxelmwifoebi (azerbaijani da somxeTi), saqarTve-losTan urTierTobis gonivrul gzas daadgeboda da ba-Tum_ aWaris garSemo maTi mxridan xelovnurad SeqmnilusafuZvlo pretenziebs moxsnida. am fonze, saqarTvelosmezobel saxelmwifoebs igive statiis avtori Seaxsenebda,rom baTum- aWaris mcxoverbTa interesebi, saqarTvelosTaniyo gadajaWvuli da mas `navTobsadenisa~ da `saqonlisgacvla_ gamocvlis~ merkantiluri politika ver daCrdi-lavda. ̀ baTumis sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros_ vkiTxulobTwerilSi_ saqarTvelos iseTi sasicocxlo interesebiamoZravebs, romlebic verc sasworze aiwoneba, verc fulzegadaiyvaneba. es interesebi warmoSobilia qarTveli eriserovnuli mTlianobiT,... kulturuli ganuyoflobiT, im is-

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toriuli jaWvebiT, romelic aTeuli saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi gamoWedila da romlis gaglejas veravin moax-erxebs. deda_ saqarTvelo Tavis Svilisken iltvis, SvilicTavis dedas xelebs uwvdis da vis aqvs maT Soris Cadgo-mis ufleba!~39

am uflebis mopovebas aranaklebi gziT azerbaijanTanerTad somxeTis xelisuflebac cdilobda. dasaxuli miz-nis misaRwevad arafers Takilobda da yovelgvari saxissibinZureze midioda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTveloswinaaRmdeg osmaleTis warmomadgenlebTan_ xalil- faSas-Tan da proosmaluri orientaciis begebTan SeTanxmeba.rogorc g.anjafariZe aRniSnavda, am samarcxvino garigeba-Si somxeTis xelisuflebis umetesoba iyo CarTuli. maTmier erToblivad SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT, javaxeTisomxeTis kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo, xolo mesxeTi serv-er_ begis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sevi-doda. aseTi qmedebiT, somxeTis xelisufleba aSkarad ar-Rvevda saqarTvelo_ somxeTis 1919 wlis 10 ianvris konfe-renciis dadgenilebas da rac mTavaria, saqarTvelo_ somx-eTs Soris 1919 wlis 3 noembers dadebuli xelSekrulebismeore muxls. am dokumentis mixedviT, xelSekrulebaze xel-momweri mxareebi mtkice pirobas iZleodnen, rom yovelsadao sakiTxs erTmaneTTan winaswari molaparakebis safu-Zvelze, samSvidobo wesiT arbitraJis saSualebiT gadaw-yvetdnen.40

dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom saqarTvelo-sTan dadebuli da ratificirebuli xelSekrulebebi, azer-baijanelebis msgavsad, somxebmac ̀ sanagve yuTSi~ moisrolada saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gverdis avliT, maTTvis sasu-rveli teritoriebis mitacebas saerTaSoriso konferencie-bze Seecada. saqarTvelos teritoriiT daxarbebuli me-zoblebis namoqmedaris analizidan gamomdinare, damfuZne-beli krebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomaze n.eliva xazgas-miT aRniSnavda: `Cven aravis ar vedavebiT, aravisTvis araf-ris warTmeva ar gvinda, magram ar mivcemT nebas vismes, romCven sazRvrebSi SemoiWrnen da wagvarTvan raime... Tu rome-lime mosazRvre respublika fiqrobs, rom misi sadao ter-itoria Semogvaqvs Cvens sazRvrebSi, am sadao kiTxvis gada-Wra unda moxdes im gziT, romelic Cvens demokratias

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araerTxel uCvenebia. es aris SeTanxmeba, molaparakeba_arbitraJi. magram Cveni demokratiisaTvis yovlad miuRebe-lia... zomebi ar miiRos im upasuxismgeblo elementebiswinaarmdeg, romlebic... Cveni mezoblebis sazRvrebidan...aRmoCnda axalcixis mazraSi.~41

saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos warmomadgenelTamxridan gakeTebuli aseTi oficialuri gancxadebis miuxe-davad, somxuri mxare nacad mtaceblur kurss agrZelebda.amis saukeTeso nimuSad, san- remos konferenciaze saqarTve-losTan mimarTebaSi wayenebuli pretenziebi gamodgeba. isicsayuradReboa, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Tvalis ax-vevis mizniT,somxurma diplomatiurma wreebma `erTi naW-eri miwis Teoria~ moimarjva da saqarTvelos warmomad-genlobaze Seteva am kuTxiT ganaxorciela. konkretuladTu ras gulisxmobda somxebi am ̀ erT naWer miwaSi,~ amasTandakavSirebiT, saberZneTis misiis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, nubarfaSas mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba gamodgeba. `saqmeebSiinglisis Carevis Semdeg_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ mdinareWoroxis marcxena napiri gadaecema somxeTs. mdinare Woroxiiqneba sazRvari, romelic gahyofs saqarTvelos somxeTis-agan somxeTis porti Savi zRvis piras baTumis axlos ga-keTdeba. somxeTi, iseve rogorc azerbaijani, isargeblebenbaTumSi Tavisufali tranzitis uflebiT. exla Cveni zrun-vis sagans, Woroxis xeobidan yarsamde rkinigzis gayvanaSeadgens.~ am amonawerze dayrdnobiT Tuki vimsjelebT, san- remos

konferenciaze somxebis mier wardgenili gegmis mixedviT,saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebis sakiTxi inglisis war-momadgenlobas gadawyvetilad miaCnda. am faqtis gaTval-iswinebidan gamomdinare, advili misaxvedri unda iyos b.va-nsittatis gaRizianebis mizezi, roca saqarTvelos deleg-aciiis meTaurma k.CxeiZem principuloba gamoiCina da somx-ebis mtacebluri moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze kategoriu-li uari ganacxada. am sakiTxs gazeTi `erTobac~ Seexo.mxedvelobaSi maqvs saredaqcio werili ̀ somxeTi da baTum_aWara.~ `erTi naWeri miwa_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ sityviTaris umanko moTxovna... erTi naWeri miwa eWira ruseTis mTa-vrobas portarturis mxares, magram am erT naWerze xelSihqonda Cagdebuli mTeli rkinigza, romlis saSualebiTac

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monobaSi hyavda adgilobrivi mkvidrni. am `erTi naWeri mi-wis~ xelSi Cagdeba undoda germanias baRdadis rkinigzisgasayvanad, rac mizezi gaxda msoflio omis dawyebisa. TiTonsomxebmac Tavis zurgze gamoscades, ras niSnavs ucxo Zalebismier `erTi naWeri miwis~ xelSi Cagdeba. moigonos osmale-Tis mier somxeTis rkinis gzis daWera ori wlis winaT.rogorc vxedavT, aq mxolod ̀ erT naWer miwaze~ ar yofi-la laparaki... saqarTvelos delegaciis winaSe sakiTxiase iyo dayenebuli: gadaiqces Tu ara aWara somxeTis ko-loniad? dakmayofildes Tu ara somxeTis delegaciis im-perialisturi mada?~42

Cems mier motanili masalebi imis damadasturebelia, romurTules situaciaSi myof saqarTvelos, mezobeli somxe-Tisa da azerbaijanis saxiT, politikurad mtacebeli mum-li eseoda da zezeurad gaxmobas, daSla_ daqucmacebasuqadda. aseT pirobebSi myofi qveynisaTvis, erTaderTi ga-mosavali mxolod qarTvelTa Sinagani erToba iyo. mxed-velobaSi maqvs ̀ samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisufle-beli komitetis~ xelmZRvanelobiT baTumis olqis qarTvelmuslimanTa mejlisis 1920 wlis 23 aprilis sxdomis miermiRebuli rezolucia. es dokumenti imiTaa sayuradRebo,rom igi `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ mejlisis mier iqnamiRebuli da misi wevrebi, muslimani qarTvelebis saxeliTproqarTul orientacias oficialurad adasturebdnen.imavdroulad dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Seaxsenebdnen,rom baTumis olqis sakiTxis gadawyveta adgilobrivi mcx-ovreblebisa da qarTveli eris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiTunda momxdariyo. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, amierkavkasiisrespublikebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb miRebul rezolucia-Si, baTumis olqSi azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mTavrobebismier Semogzavnili agentebis antiqarTuli saqmianoba iyodagmobili. `mejlisi Seuwynareblad Tvlis_ vkiTxulobTdokumentSi_ baTumis sakiTxis saerTaSoriso sakiTxad gada-qcevas, rasac cdiloben azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mTavrobe-bi. mejlisi erTxel kidev acxadebs, rom baTumis da misiolqis sakiTxi aris mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos sa-Sinao sakiTxi... ramdenadac azerbaijani da somxeTi dain-teresebulni arian baTumis navsadguriT, rogorc evropiskengamavali gziT,... isini unda mimarTavdnen saqarTvelos

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mTavrobas, romelic daakmayofilebs maT saTanado saWiroe-bas. mejlisi adgens: eTxovos saqarTvelos mTavrobas, romman es rezolucia gadasces azerbaijanisa da somxeTismTavrobebs.~ es dokumenti azerbaijanisa da somxeTis xelisufalTamimarT safuZvlian pasuxs warmoadgenda. igi saqarTvelosmTavrobas diplomatiur asparezze aqtiurad moqmedebisSesaZleblobas aZlevda. miuxedavad amisa, amierkavkasiisregionis da gansakuTrebiT samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTve-losTan mimarTebaSi Seqmnili urTulesi politikuri situ-acia, gamosavali gzebis Ziebas saWiroebda. amis aucilebl-oba, saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da sakanonmdeblo orga-nis warmomagenlebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli. aRniS-nul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebasdamfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis sxdomis steno-grafiuli angariSi iqcevs. am dokumentidan aSkarad ikveT-eba problemisadmi midgomis is Taviseburebebi, romelsacqarTveli deputatebi iCendnen. maTi msjelobis erT_ erTsagans regionisadmi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis micemismizanSewonilobis sakiTxi warmoadgenda. am mxriv, gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas erovnul_ demokratiuli partiis erT_erTi lideris g.gvazavas gamosvla iqcevs. axalcixis sak-iTxTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnil komisias, igi regionis admin-istraciis mowyobisa da misaniWebeli uflebebis politikurikursis verwardgenaSi adanaSulebda. misi mtkicebiT, Seqmni-li politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, axalcixismazrisadmi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis micema aucileblo-bas warmoadgenda. ̀ Cvenis azriT _ambobda g.gvazava _im mazrasunda mieniWos avtonomia. Cven es ukve aRuTqviT, maSasadamees principi miRebuli gvaqvs.~ samwuxarod, imave stenografi-uli angariSidan ar Cans, sxva politikur moRvaweTa pozi-cia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad misaRebad Tvlidnen erTisamazro erTeulisadmi (axalcixis mazra) avtonomiis mini-Webas. imave g.gvazavas mtkicebiT, avtonomiuri mmarTvelo-bis SemoRebisTanave, adgilobrivi saqmeebi TviTmmarTvelo-bas unda daqvemdebareboda, xolo zogadad saxelmwifoe-brivi mniSvnelobis dawesebulebebi centraluri xelisu-flebis daqvemdebarebaSi darCeniliyo.43

analogiur Sexedulebas icavda imave regionis warmomad-geneli iason miqelaZe. misi mtkicebiT, ramdenadac musli-

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mani qarTvelebi saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelosgan iyvnenmowyvetilni da `dedinacvlis~- osmaleTis ideologiuriwnexis qveS imyofebodnen, es faqtori xelisuflebas auci-leblad unda gaeTvaliswinebina. mosalodneli provokaci-is acilebis mizniT, ara axalcixisaTvis, an mesxeT_ javaxe-TisaTvis, aramed `samuslimano saqarTvelosaTvis~ miecaTavtonomia. `dRes_ ambobda o.miqelaZe_ axalcixe saqarTve-los udao nawilia, magram qarTveli muslimanebi gansakuTre-bul pirobebSia. Cveni zne- Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, kulturu-li gansxvaveba moiTxovs moewyos samuslimano saqarTvelo-Si marTva- gamgeoba ise, rogorc amas moiTxovs adgilo-brivi pirobebi. mTavrobam Cven mogvca avtonomia, exla saqmemis mowyobaSia. amiT moispoba aTabegovis da qoblianskisprovokacia, romelsac avrcelebdnen xalxSi Cveni mtrebi.~44

am mimarTulebiT pragmatuli nabijis gadadgma im aucile-blobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom samxreT- dasavleTisaqarTvelo osmaleTisa da azerbaijanis agentebis saTareSoasparezs warmoadgenda. miTumetes, saqarTvelos mezobelimuslimanuri qveynebis xelisuflebis mesveurebi, erovnulicxovrebis SenarCunebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZ-vels sarwmunoebaSi xedavda. am faqtoris gamoyenebiT, maTmier Semogzavnili propagandistebi muslimani qarTveleb-is orientaciaze garkveul ideologiur zemoqmedebas ax-denda. marTalia, qarTuli politikuri speqtri religiismixedviT ̀ saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis~ gamoWris sastiki wina-aRmdegi iyo, magram arsebuli koniunqturidan gamomdinare,kompromisi im etapze aucileblobas warmoadgenda. miTu-metes, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis maRalCinosnebs utyuaridokumenturi masala gaaCnda samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTvelo-Si osmaleTisa da azerbaijanis agentebis ZirgamomTxrelisaqmianobis Sesaxeb. amis erT- erT dadasturebas, baTumissamSvidobo konferenciaze pepinovis mxridan axalcixis ma-zris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCenis gadawyvetilebiswinaaRmdeg wasvla warmoadgenda. am faqtis Sesaxeb, rogorczemoTac mqonda aRniSnuli, imave konferenciaze saqarTve-los delegaciis yofili Tavmjdomare da SemdegSi SinagansaqmeTa ministri n.ramiSvilic miuTiTebda.45

zemoT motanili masalebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom kri-tikul momentSi, azerbaijanis mxare, qarTvelTa sawinaaRm-

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degod moqmedebda da samxreT_ dasavleTi saqarTvelosteritoriis osmaleTisaTvis gadacemis safexuris momzade-bas maqsimalurad uwyobda xels. Seqmnili mZime politikurisituacia, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaSe aqtiuri mo-qmedebis sakiTxs principulad ayenebda. mxedvelobaSi maqvsregionSi wesrigis dauyovneblivi aRdgena da mtkice adgi-lobrivi administraciis mowyoba. am mizans emsaxurebodageneral g.kvinitaZis xelmZRvanelobiT qarTuli jaris mier1919 wlis mart_ aprilSi ganxorcielebuli warmatebuliSeteviTi samxedro operaciebi. kerZod: axalcixisa da fo-cxovis aReba, qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmnidangamomdinare, artaanis olqSi qarTuli samxedro SenaerTeb-is Seyvanis dRis wesrigSi dasma da iq TavSefarebuli anti-qarTuli Zalebis dauyovneblivi ganadgurebis aucilebloba.Cafiqrebuli samxedro operaciis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos mTa-vrobam TbilisSi myof inglisis samxedro misias 1919 wlis17 marts oficialurad acnoba. am dokumentSi inglis_ saqa-rTvelos warmomadgenlebisagan erToblivi komisiis Seqm-nis aucileblobis sakiTxi iyo dasmuli. britaneTis samxedromisiis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi 1919 wlis 19 martsgagzavnil sapasuxo SetyobinebaSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnu-li, rom erTiblivi Sereuli komisiis Seqmnaze britanetissamxedro misia Tanxmobas mxolod im pirobiT ganacxadeb-da, Tuki am komisiis Tavmjdomare ingliseli oficeri polk-ovniki stiuarti iqneboda. igive dokumenti, qarTuli jariszurgis usafrTxoebis mizniT, yovelgvari saxis `bandebis~ganadgurebas mizanSewonilad miiCnevda.46 es imas niSnavda,rom garkveuli politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,inglisis samxedro warmomadgenlobam ̀ samxreT_ dasavleTkavkasiis~ mTavroba gasawirad gaimeta. igi Cveulebrivibandebis rangSi ganixila da mis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelosxelisufleba aqtiuri moqmedebis uflebebiT aRWurva. axloaRmosavleTSi inglisisaTvis araxelsayreli politikurisituaciis Seqmnam da am saqmeSi ̀ yarsis respublikis~ miergarkveuli doziT Setanilma wvlilma, inglisis xelisu-fleba iZulebuli gaxada 1919 wlis aprilidan aqtiur mo-qmedebaze gadasuliyo. 13 aprils ̀ samxreT_ dasavleT kav-kasiis~ saxelmwifos parlamenti daiTxova da misi likvi-dacia moaxdina, xolo mTavrobis 12 wevri patimrobaSi aiy-

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vana da kunZul maltaze gadaasaxla.47 es faqti, saqarTve-los mTavrobas, regionSi aqtiuri moqmedebis gasaRrmave-blad garkveul SeRavaTs aZlevda. aucilebloba, pirvelrigSi saomari moqmedebebiT gamowveuli umZimesi SedegebisSesaZleblobis farglebSi likvidacias da adgilobriviadministraciis mowyobas saWiroebda. am mimarTulebiT garkve-uli nabiji saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 4aprilis sxdomaze gadaidga. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yura-dRebas n.eliavs gamosvla iqcevs. axalcixis mazraSi Seqm-nili mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizidan gamomdi-nare, n.eliava aucilebel pirobad adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bisadmi dauyovnebliv daxmarebas miiCnevda. `adgilobrivimosaxleobisaTvis_ ambobda igi_ saWiro aris daxmarebamaterialuri, daxmareba iseTi, romelic maT saSualebas mis-cems, Tavis sakuTar fexze dadgnen am ubeduri SemTxvevisSemdeg. ramdenadac Cven viciT, mTavrobis wevrebi valdebu-lad Tvlian, damfuZnebel krebas moaxsenon Tu ra aris ga-sakeTebeli. Cven ki, rasakvirvelia, zneobriv movaleobadmigvaCnia daxmareba pirvel rigSi iyos dasmuli, rogorcsursaTiT, ise xe- tyiT saxlebis aRsadgenad. am mxriv dax-mareba unda aRmouCinon rac SeiZleba daCqarebiT.~48

imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisn.ramiSvilis mier damfuZnebeli krebis 4 aprilis sxdomazegakeTebuli gancxadebidan gamomdinare, dazaralebuli mo-saxleobis daxmarebis paralelurad, saomari operaciebisdros dazianebuli muslimanuri samlocveloebis droulirestavracia unda momxdariyo. n.ramiSvili principuladayenebda sakiTxs, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daxmarebis mi-zniT Sesabamisi kanonproeqtis dauyovnebliv SemuSavebisada damfuZnebeli krebis uaxloes sxdomaze wardgenis Sesaxeb.miTumetes, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi osmaloaskerebisa da server- begis Semosevebis Sedegad, adgilo-brivi mosaxleoba ise dazaralda, rom dangreul sacxovrebelbinebTan erTad, ulukmapurod da tansacmlis gareSe darCa.amis damadasturebelad, 1918 wlis ivnisidan 1919 wlis CaTv-liT Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi maT mier Setanili gancx-adebebi gamodgeba. yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare,g.anjafariZe, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da sakanonmdeblo

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organos winaSe principulad ayenebda sakiTxs: adgilo-brivi dazaralebuli mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis pirvelrigSi dauyovnebliv aRmoeCinaT daxmareba sakvebi da saTeslexorbliT. `Tu exla mindvrebi dauTesavi darCa_ ambobdaigi_ didi SimSilobaa mosalodneli momaval welSiac.saWiroa xazinam ufasod misces xe- tye dangreuli saxleb-is SesakeTeblad da axlis asaSeneblad.~ ramdenadac esdebuleba damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebis mierac iqnagaziarebuli, man asaxva imave krebis dadgenilebis pirvelmuxlSiac hpova. amrigad, Cems xelT arsebul dokumentur masalebSi dapresis furclebze gamoqveynebul publikaciebSi motani-li faqtebis urTierTSepirispireba Semdegi daskvnebis ga-keTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva: 1)server- begis ajanyebisZiriTad gamomwvev mizezad qarTul istoriografiaSi dRem-de gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi (agraruli reformis dasax-eleba), sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. miTumetes: a)saarqivomasalebiT dasturdeba, rom amierkavkasiis komisariatis1917 wlis 16 dekembris da amierkavkasiis seimis 1918 wlis17 martis miwis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli agrarulireforma praqtikulad ar gatarebula. rac Seexeba saqarTve-los parlamentis mier 1919 wlis 28 ianvars miRebul miwiskanons, misi ganxorcieleba server- begis ‘ajanyebidan~ oTxiTvis Semdeg _imave wlis zafxulidan daiwyo; b)dokumenturimasaliT dadasturebulia, rom saqarTvelos parlamentisaRniSnuli miwis kanonis miRebidan 10 dRiT adre ̀ samxreT–kavkasiis droebiTi mTavroba~ Seiqmna, xolo 19 dRiT adre,adgilobrivi mosaxleobis samoqalaqo tansacmelSi gada-cmuli Turqi askerebis SeiaraRebuli razmiT, server- begifocxovidan axalcixeSi SemoiWra da qalaqi aiRo. 2)axal-cixis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisiis mierSekrebili masalebidan irkveva, rom axalcixis mazris sa-zogadoebaTa komisrebis daniSvna, paritetis dacviT (erTimuslimani da erTi qristiani qarTveli) xdeboda. rac Se-exeba mazris Sida problemebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,komisrebi mas mxolod glexTa sabWosTan SeTanxmebiTwyvetdnen. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare,daSvebuli Secdomebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mTeli pa-suxismgebloba axalcixis mazris glexTa sabWos yvela

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wevrze da komisrebze Tanabrad unda gadanawildes.3)samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi osmaleTisa da azer-baijanis agentebis (omar- faiki, pepinovi, musakievi, axme-dovi, eqimi sulTanovis ̀ saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis~ wevre-bi da sxvebi) proosmalurma saagitacio- propagandistulmasaqmianobam, regionis musliman qarTvelTa erT nawilSiantiqarTuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. amfonze, baTum- yarsis olqebisa da mesxeT- javaxeTis baza-ze axali muslimanuri saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnis`samarTlebrivad gamarTlebis~ mcdeloba, osmaleTis xe-lisuflebis mxridan sabWoTa `ruseTis xalxTa ufleba-Ta deklaracias~ da muslimanur sarwmunoebas emyareboda.aRniSnuli ideologiuri propagandiT mosaxleobaze zemo-qmedebis miuxedavad, samxreT- dasavleTi saqarTvelos, saqa-rTvelodan teritoriulad Camosacilebis praqtikuladganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, osmaleTis xelisuflebamxolod server- begis msgavsi renegati qarTvelebis mxri-dan xelSewyobaSi da erTgulebaSi xedavda; 4)naSromSimotanili dokumenturi masalis analizidan gamomdinareirkveva, rom ̀ yarsis mTavrobisadmi~ inglisis generlebismxardaWera da daxmareba, winaswargamiznul politikur ku-rss warmoadgenda da pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos dasuste-bas, lazistanTan erTad samxreT_ dasavleTi saqarTve-los somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanas da somxeTisaTvisSav zRvaze gasasvlelis dasakuTrebisaTvis daxmarebasiTvaliswinebda. saarqivo dokumentebidan da memuaruliliteraturidan amoRebuli faqtebis urTierTSejerebissafuZvelze irkveva, rom server- begis ̀ ajanyebaSi~ somx-ur_ inglisuri interesebi iyo Cadebuli. arsebuli sina-mdvilis argamJRavnebis mizniT, momxdari faqti Segnebul-ad muslimanuri sarwmunoebis wamosasxamiT iqna SefuTu-li.

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2. ruseT_ osmaleTis aliansi da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

samxreT- dasavleT saqarTvelos xarjze axali muslima-nuri (yarsis) saxelmwifos Seqmnis mcdelobis Cavardnam,osmaleTis xelisuflebas politikuri kursis SecvliskenubiZga. igi saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebaSi xelSemwy-obi partnioris ZebnaSi gamovlinda. am mimarTulebiT pirveliwarmatebuli nabiji osmaleTis mxridan 1920 wlis 26 aprilsgadaidga. mxedvelobaSi maqvs muastafa qemalis mierv.leninisadmi gagzavnili depeSa. am dokumentis mixedviT,m.qemali sabWoTa ruseTTan megobruli urTierTobis dam-yarebasa da imperialisturi saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdegerToblivi brZolis mzadyofnas acxadebda. rac Seexebarsfsr sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarisadmi osmaleTiserovnuli krebis saxeliT 1920 wlis 12 ivliss gagzavnilwerils, masSi xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom osmaleTimxars uWerda `ruseTis didi revoluciis ZiriTad princi-pebs.~ imave dokumentiT, ruseTis sabWoTa respublika osma-leTis mokavSired iyo miCneuli.1 yuradReba unda mivaqcioTim garemoebas, rom saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis Crdi-loeTis da samxreTis mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mxridan(ruseT_ osmaleTi) saerTo enis gamoZebnam, maTi mxridanimperiul ambiciebze damyarebuli miznebis gansaxorciele-blad dawyebuli brZolis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisqvakuTxedad gamocxadebam, saqarTvelos pirveli respubli-ka mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis garemocvaSi moaq-cia. am SemTxvevaSi ruseT- osmaleTis mizani identuri iyo.igi arsbuli xelisuflebis Zalismieri meTodiT damxobas,qveynis gasabWoebas da misi teritoriebis gadanawilebasiTvaliswinebda. Tuki maTi Zalisxmeva am mimarTulebiT warma-tebuli aRmoCndeboda, dapyrobili saqarTvelos marionetu-li xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, saqarTvelos istoriulteritoriebs osmaleTi uproblemod miisakuTrebda, da racmTavaria, sabWoTa ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris samezoblosazRvari saqarTvelos monakveTze gaCndeboda. im etapzeSeqmnili am urTulesi politikuri situaciis Sesaxeb, g.lor-TqifaniZe savsebiT samarTlianad werda: ̀ saqarTvelosTvisdadga iseTi xana, romlis sruli msgavseba arc ki icis

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Cvenma istoriam, saxeldobr ruseTi da osmaleTi, rusulivelikoderJavnikoba da Turqul_ sparsuli panislamizmisaqarTvelos ganadgurebis saqmeSi Seiqnen erTi meoris pir-ispiri mokavSireni.~2

osmaleTis xelisufalTa aseTi politikuri kursi, maTimxridan dapyrobili da gaTavisebuli teritoriebis Senar-Cunebaze iyo gaTvlili. am Canafiqris miRweva mxolod imSemTxvevaSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, Tuki antantis saxelm-wifoebi damarcxdeboda da sabWoTa ruseTi mokavSireobasosmaleTs gauwevda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazianodgaTvlili es politikuri kombinacia, qarTuli politikuriazris mesveurebs yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia da presisfurclebze amis Sesaxeb sagangebo publikaciebic iqna gamo-qveynebuli. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gazeT ̀ er-TobaSi~ dabeWdili mowinave werili `komunistebis da os-maleTis imperialistebis kavSiri~ iqcevs. mimdinare poli-tikuri situaciis analizis safuZvelze, aRniSnul publika-ciaSi damajerebladaa naCvenebi sabWoTa ruseTisa da osma-leTis warmomadgenlebis erToblivi saqmianoba. wina plan-zea wamoweuli da swori poziciidanaa axsnili bolSevikuriruseTisadmi osmaleTis dakavSirebis ZiriTadi ganmapirobe-beli mizezebi. am fonze, osmaleTis daSla- danawevrebisa-gan gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebas, statiis avtori antan-tis saxelmwifoebis damarcxebaSi xedavda. ̀ erTaderTi ime-di_ vkiTxulobT statiaSi,_ ̀ antantis~ saxelmwifoebis da-susteba- damarcxebaSia. es ki SeuZlia mxolod mis Seurige-bel mters_ sabWoTa ruseTs. osmaleTis imperialistebimzad arian moipovo imisTana mokavSire, rogoric ruseTiada Tavidan aacilos osmaleTs danawileba.~3 samecnieroliteraturaSi dadasturebulia, rom am Canafiqris gansax-orcieleblad, osmaleTis xelisufalni maqsimums akeTebda.mxedvelobaSi maqvs erTmorwmune azerbaijanis erT- erTigavleniani politikuri partiis_ `itixadis~ lideris d-ri karabekovis mosyidvis faqti. am pirovnebis amocanas,azerbaijanis mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi nuri- faSasa daxalil- faSas miwveva warmoadgenda. meore mxriv, igi sab-WoTa ruseTTan azerbaijanis yovelmxriv dakavSirebas damegobruli kontaqtebis damyarebas cdilobda. am fonze,saqarTvelos pirveli respublikisaTvis im etapze ormagi

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safrTxe ikveTeboda: a)CrdiloeTidan sabWoTa ruseTismosalodneli Tavdasxma da b)saqarTvelos istoriuliteritoriebis mitacebis dauokebeli surviliT Sepyro-bili osmaleTis agresiis garduvaloba. dokumenturimasaliT dasturdeba, rom azerbaijanis xelisufalTa poli-tikuri saqmianoba sabWoTa ruseTis daxmarebiT, osmaleTisgaZlierebaze iyo gaTvlili. qarTuli politikuri elitaam safrTxes kargad xedavda. amis Sesaxeb gazeTi `erToba~werda: ̀ kavkasiis mcxovrebTa im nawilSi, romelSiac darCe-nilia osmaleTisadmi simpaTia, unda Seignon, rom vinc dResxels Seuwyobs osmaleTis aRdgenas da gaZlierebas, is (Seg-nebulad Tu Seugneblad) kavkasiisken ruseTis jars epatiJeba,romelic mTeli Tavisi SemadgenlobiT, tradiciebiT dasulieri ganwyobiT, im miznebiT romlebiTac igi kavkasiaSimodis, didad ar gansxvavdeba Zveli ruseTis jarisagan,romlis uRelqveS gminavda kavkasia asi wlis ganmavloba-Si.~ am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikismmarTveli politikuri partiis pozicia savsebiT sworiiyo da regionis garSemo mimdinare politikur procesebsobieqturi Tvalsawieridan afasebda. miuxedavad amisa, gad-amwyveti mniSvneloba im etapze somxeTisa da azerbaija-nis respublikebis mmarTveli politikuri speqtris ori-entacias eniWeboda. im SemTxvevaSi Tuki sami damoukidebe-li respublikis xelisufalni (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azer-baijani) SeTanxmebulad imoqmedebdnen, CrdiloeTisa dasamxreTis mezobeli qveynebis imperiuli ambiciebisadmidapirispirebis gonivrul kurs SeimuSavebdnen, amierkavkasi-is damoukidebeli respublikebis gadarCenis didi alba-Toba Seiqmneboda. samwuxarod, politikuri procesebi sulsxva mimarTulebiT warimarTa. mxedvelobaSi maqvs somxe-Tisa da azerbaijanis xelisufalTa mmarTveli wreebismxridan mtacebluri kursis prioritetad gamocxadeba. Ti-Toeuli maTgani saqarTvelosTvis zurgSi galesili max-vilis CacemiT da misi gaubedurebis xarjze cdilobdawelSi gamarTvas. aseTi faqtebi ara marto amierkavkasiisregionalur, aramed saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis konfer-enciebzec mravalgzis dadasturda. aRniSnulis gaTval-iswinebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo im etapze sabWoTaruseTisa da osmaleTis pirispir martodmarto aRmoCnda.

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es momenti sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatiuri wreebisTvisSeumCneveli ar darCenila da mis gamoyenebas maqsimaluradcdilobda. amis erT- erT gamovlinebas g.CiCerinis miersaqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili nota warmoadgens.am dokumentiT, sabWoTa ruseTi denikinis winaaRmdeg er-Toblivi samxedro moqmedebis xelSekrulebis gaformebassTavazobda saqarTvelos mTavrobas. es winadadeba gareg-nulad mimzidveli Canda, magram praqtikuli Sedegebidangamomdinare, saqarTvelosTvis damRupveli iyo. mxedveloba-Si maqvs antantis saxelmwifoebisadmi dapirispirebis fo-nis Seqmna da maTi gaRizianebis garduvaloba. miTumetes,saqarTvelos saxelmwifos de- faqto da de- iure aRiareba,antantis qveynebze iyo damokidebuli. am da sxva faqtoreb-is gaTvaliswinebiT, sapasuxo notaSi e.gegeWkori diploma-tiuri etiketis sruli dacviT, denikinis winaaRmdeg sabWo-Ta ruseTTis SemoTavazebis miRebaze uars acxadebda da Zi-riTad argumentad Semdeg faqtors asaxelebda: 1)qveynisneitralitetis dacvaze dafuZnebul sagareo politikas;2)denikinTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos mxridan SeteviTisamxedro operaciis ganxorcielebis SeuZleblobas; 3)deni-kinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, rsfsres ter-itoriaze gadasvlis albaTobidan gamomdinare sabWoTa ruse-Tis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis dauSveblobas. aseTi formiTSedgenilma pasuxma, sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komi-sari wonasworobidan gamoiyvana, rac saqarTvelosTan mima-rTebaSi RvarZlisa da boRmis oficialurad warmoCenaSigamovlinda. amis dadasturebas 1920 wlis 19 Tebervalse.gegeWkorisadmi gamogzavnili nota #432 warmoadgens. daus-abuTebeli braldebebis axal ̀ serialTan~ erTad, es doku-menti saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi sabWoTa ruseTis ̀ risx-vis~ ganmapirobebel mizezebsac xsnis. `miuxedavad yvelaf-risa,_ vkiTxulobT notaSi_ ruseTis muSaTa da glexTa mT-avroba imedovnebda, rom gegeWkoris mTavroba ver gabedavdauari eTqva erTad brZolaze ruseTisa da saqarTvelos mSro-meli masis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.~4 am amonaweridan gan-sakuTrebul yuradRebas Crdiloeli mezoblisagan SemoT-avazebul winadadebaze `uaris Tqmis gabedva~ iqcevs. me-zoblebTan urTierTobaSi sabWoTa ruseTi mbrZanebluri`tradiciuli~ formebis SenarCunebas cdilobda. es momen-

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ti, qarTuli politikuri azris mesaWeebs yuradRebis miRmaar darCeniaT da g.CiCerinis zemoaRniSnul notas dasabuTe-buli pasuxi gasces. am mxriv yuradRebas gaz. `erTobaSi~gamoqveynebuli mowinave statia ̀ CiCerinis axali nota~ iqcevs.`Cveni politikis mizania_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ ganamtki-cos damoukidebeli demokratiuli saqarTvelo,... davamyar-oT keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba yvela saxelmwifosTan,romlebic Cvenze Tavdasxmas ar moindomeben. Cven mzaT varTmSvidobiani urTierToba CamovagdoT yvelasTan, vinc ampozicias miiRebs, e.i. vinc Cvens damoukideblobas scnobs,Cveni respublikis xelSeuxeblobas aRiarebs, vinc Cveni erisTviTgamorkvevis uflebebs scnobs.~ am amonaweridan kargadCans, rom im periodis saqarTvelos pirveli respublikisxelisufalTa prioritetul amocanas ucxo saxelmwifoeb-is mxridan qveynis damoukideblobis aRiarebis miRweva war-moadgenda. amas igi sabWoTa ruseTisganac moiTxovda. do-kumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom Crdiloeli mezo-beli im etapze am `kompromisze~ wasvlas ar apatiebda dasaqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis axal sabralde-bo provocirebul meTodebs iyenebda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs`osmaleTis agresiul imperializmTan~ saqarTvelos mTavro-bis megobruli urTierTobis braldebiT dadanaSauleba. esxdeba im dros, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTi politikuri gari-gebebis mizniT, osmaleTTan saidumlo molaparakebebs mar-Tavda. amis udao dadasturebas bolSevikebisa da osmaloagentebis gaerTianebuli komitetebis sxdomis Sesabamisioqmi da miRebuli dadgenileba warmoadgens. es dokumente-bi rkp (b) kavkasiis saolqo komitets saxelmZRvanelodgadaegzavna. igi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqme-Ta saministros Sesabamis uwyebas Cauvarda xelSi. am masa-lebidan cnobili xdeba, rom ruseT_ osmaleTis warmomad-genelTa SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos pirveli res-publikis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis gegmis ori varianti iqnaSemuSavebuli: 1)muSaTa organizaciebis mxridan musliman-Ta komitetisadmi gaweuli daxmarebis fonze, saqarTvelo-Si ingliselTa saqmianobis dagmobis propagandisaTvispermanentuli saxe mecaT da maqsimalurad moexdinaT aWar-lebis ̀ erovnuli miswrafebebis~ win wamoweva, ̀ erovnuliniSniT~ misi manipulireba; 2)saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

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winaaRmdeg aWaris regionis mosaxleobis amxedrebisaTvismyari safexuris mosamzadeblad, adgilobriv mosaxleoba-ze ideologiuri zemoqmedebis sxvadasxva forma gamoey-enebinaT. dasaxuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad, baTumisolqi 6 raionad iqna dayofili. TiToeuli maTganis xelm-ZRvaneloba centridan daniSnul pasuxismgebel pirovnebasdaekisreboda. imave dokumentidan irkveva, rom aRniSnulicentri qedaSi ganTavsdeboda da mosazRvre raionebimasTan mWidro kavSirs daamyarebda. rac Seexeba saqarTve-los xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod dagegmil SeiaraRebulgamosvlebs, misi pirveli etapi sabWoTa ruseTisa da osma-leTis agentebis mier fuliT mosyidul qristian qarTve-lebs unda daewyo, xolo ori dRis Semdeg am process mu-slimani qarTvelebi (igulisxmeba aWarlebi) SeuerTdebo-da. imave gegmis mixedviT, ajanyebis dawyebisTanave, ori sa-mTo batareiiT da erTi mokleluliani qvemexiT SeiaraRe-buli 10 aTasi osmalo askeri da 300 cxenosani saqarTve-los sazRvars gadmolaxavda da baTumisaken daiZvroda.mosazRvre raionebis xelmZRvanelobas, aRniSnuli proce-sis dawyebisTanave, qedas raionis ajanyebulebisadmi iara-Ri da vaznebi unda miewodebina. miTumetes, osmaleTis jar-Tan erTad ajanyebuli qedelebi baTumze erTobliv Sete-vas ganaxorcielebdnen. rac Seexeba qobuleTSi Seqmnilrazms, mis amocanas aWaris regionze saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis kontrolis sruli likvidacia warmoadgenda. ammizniT mas Semdegi saxis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba hq-onda dakisrebuli: a)unda aefeTqebina gvirabi da b)mimo-svlis Sesaferxeblad gaefuWebina gzebi. zemoaRniSnulidokumentSi motanili monacemebis mixedviT, baTumis olq-Si im etapze aqtiurad momqmedi 28 komunisti da 2000 Tan-amgrZnobi imyofeboda. aqedan saimedod mxolod 40 adami-ani miaCndaT. rac Seexeba uSualod baTums, komunistTaraodenoba 252 kacss Seadgenda, xolo mxardamWerTa raode-noba 1400-s. baTumis olqSi maTdami mxardamWeri inteli-genciis raodenoba 200- dan 300 kaciT iyo gansazRvruli.aqedan, qalaq baTumSi misi raodenoba 50- dan 100 kacss wa-rmoadgenda. moqmedebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelo-ba baTumis olqis 750 komunists, 300 saimedos da 300 Tan-amgrZnobs unda dayrdnoboda.5

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Tuki Cems mier motanil monacemebs safuZvlianad gaa-vanalizebT da pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos damoukidebelirespublikis garSemo Seqmnil urTules politikur situ-aciasac gaviTvaliswinebT, aRmoCndeba: 1)saqarTvelos bolSe-vikuri organizaciebi, gansakuTrebiT qarTveli komuniste-bi qveynisTvis moRalatur gzas adga da osmaleTis warmo-madgenlebTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze baTumSi SeiaraRebu-li osmalo askerebis Semoyvanas gegmavda; 2)saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobis dasarRvevad gamiznuli ze-moaRniSnuli farTomasStabiani operaciis ganxorcieleba,sabWoTa ruseTis Sesabamisi uwyebis dafinansebiTa da xe-lmZRvanelobiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli; 3)aRniSnuli ajan-yebis arsebuli gegmis mixedviT ganxorcieleba, osmale-Tis parlamentis mier 1920 wlis 28 ianvars miRebuli 6 mu-xliani `erovnuli ficis~ meore muxlis SesasrulebladSesabamisi safexuris momzadebis mcdelobas warmoadgen-da. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, imave dokumentiT yarsisa da baTu-mis olqebis osmaleTis sazRvrebSi moqcevis faqti. aqedangamomdinare, osmaleTis SeiaraRebul ZalebTan erTad ko-munistebis mier damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebissawinaaRmdegod mowyobili ajanyeba da qarTuli jarisbaTumis olqSi arSeSvebis mizniT gatarebuli RonisZiebe-bi, osmaleTis mxridan qalaq baTumisa da misi olqis oku-paciis realur SesaZleblobas qmnida. eris winaSe am dan-aSaulis Cadenaze isini ̀ siamovnebiT~ midiodnen mxolodim pirobiT, rom baTumis olqSi damoukidebeli saqarTve-los xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia ar aRdgeniliyo. dasaxu-li miznis gansaxorcieleblad bolSeviki agitatorebi ba-TumSi mitingebs marTavdnen lozungiT_ `arc antanta, arcmisi xasa saqarTvelo!~ aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTgazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi ̀ baTumi~_ vkiTxulobT:`es vaJbatonebi (komunistebi S.v.) araviTar saSualebas areridebian saqarTvelosadmi xalxSi siZulvilis dasaTesad.erovnuli SuRlis gasaRviveblad... rus, berZen da sxva mcx-ovrebT im garemoebebze miuTiTeben, rom baTumSi Semosv-lisTanave saqarTvelos mTavroba dawesebulebaTa naciona-lizacias moaxdens da vinc qarTuli ena ar icis adgiliunda dakargos da carielze darCes. amnairi ̀ ideuri~ saSu-alebebiT komunistebi devnil Cinovnikebs Tavis mxareze

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ibireben.~ es faqti imis aSkara dadasturebaa, rom saqarTve-losTvis im Znelbedobis Jams, baTumis olqSi Sida dapiri-spirebis Seqmnis safexurs bolSevikebi mizanmimarTuladwinaswar amzadebdnen. igi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri-dan olqSi iurisdiqciis aRdgenisadmi xelSeSlaze iyogaTvlili. ucxo qveynis dafinansebiT dabeWdili uamravi proklama-ciebi, romlebic `saqarTvelos xalxisadmi~ da `saqarTve-los mSromeli xalxisadmi~ mimarTvis formiT iyo Sedgeni-li, muslimani da qristiani qarTvelebis urTierTdapiri-spirebas, regionis saqarTvelosgan Camocilebas da damoukide-beli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis diskreditacias isaxavdamiznad. am dokumentebis mixedviT: a)baTumis olqis musli-mani qarTvelebis xelovnurad gaucxoeba xdeboda; b)regionisaqarTvelosgan gancalkevebul ucxo qveynad iyo warmod-genili; g)saqarTvelos mTavroba, baTumis olqis TiTqosZaliT `dasapyrobad~ emzadeboda. qarTveli komunistebismier am mimarTulebiT gaweuli antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmi-anobis dadasturebis mizniT, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis erT- erTiproklamaciidan Sesabamis amonawers movitan da Tavad mkiTx-velma moaxdinos maTi mxridan gaweuli ideologiuri pro-pagandis mizanSewonilobis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. `saqa-rTvelos xelisufalni- vkiTxulobT dokumentSi- axal si-sxlis Rvras amzadeben or mezobel xalxTa Soris... Zirssxvisi qveynebis da ucxo xalxebis ZaliT SemoerTeba.~ axla-dSeqmnil damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi TviTqarTveli komunistebis mier gaweuli aseTi mavnebluri ide-ologiuri propaganda, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTli-a-nobis darRvevaze da osmaleTis xelisufalTa interesebisgaTvaliswinebaze iyo gaTvlili. aRniSnul faqtTan dakav-SirebiT gazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebul mowinave werilSi`vis emsaxurebian?~ qarTveli komunistebis miznebi da amocane-bi srulad iyo gaSifruli da sazogadoebis samsjavrozegamotanili. `nuTu komunistebma_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ar ician, rom aWarlebi igive qarTvelebia? ician magram ko-munistebi xom osmaleTis agentebi arian. im osmaleTis, ro-melic mcxovreblebs sarwmunoebis mixedviT anawilebs daraki aWarlebi sarwmunoebiT mahmadianebi arian, amitom maTmoqcevas osmaleTis sazRvrebSi cdiloben... komunistebi

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dResac imas akeTeben, rasac ori wlis ukan Svrebodnen...maSin baTumis dacvis winaaRmdeg mouwodebdnen qarTvelglexebs da muSebs. dRes ki komunizmis da socializmissaxeliT cdiloben es olqi osmaleTs gadaeces... komuniste-bis ori wlis moRvaweobam Cvens xalxs daanaxa, rom komu-nizmis samoselSi osmaleTis agentebi moRvaweoben.~6 am vr-celi amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom saqarTvelos pirvelirespublikis Znelbedobis Jams, qarTveli xalxis damoukide-blobisa da erovnuli saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad brZo-lis nacvlad, naqarTvelari bolSevikebi qarTveli xalxisistoriuli mtrebis samsaxurSi idgnen. mxolod maTi in-teresebis poziciidan ganixilavdnen saqarTvelos saxelm-wifosa da qarTveli xalxis momavals. qarTvel bolSevik-Ta da osmalo agentTa erTobliv saqmianobas, kidev ufrowarmatebuls ingliselTa adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebisxelSewyoba qmnida. maTi daxmarebiT, an ukidures SemTxveva-Si mizanmimarTulad Tvalis aridebiT xdeboda aWaraSi Se-iaraRebuli osmalo askerebis Semoyvana da didZali iar-aRis Semotana. dokumenturad dadasturebulia, rom 1920 wlisTebervlisaTvis baTumSi osmalo oficrebis Stabi oficial-urad funqcionirebda. mis mizans, baTumidan inglisis jarisgasvlisTanave qalaqis srulad dapatroneba warmoadgenda.dasaxuli amocanis warmatebiT Sesasrulebald, maTi samo-qmedo gegma Semdegi saxis RonisZiebis gatarebas iTval-iswinebda: 1)aWaraSi saidumlod Semosul SeiaraRebul os-malo jariskacebs dauyovnebliv unda daekavebina rkinigzada mis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqcia; 2)rkinigzis is nawili ae-feTqebina, saidanac aWaraSi saqarTvelos jaris Sesvla iyomosalodneli; 3)xidebis afeTqebis paralelurad, gaemagre-bina mTavari sauReltexilo gza. am farTomasStabiani sa-mxedro operaciis warmatebiT dasasruleblad, riza- beissardlobiT xofaSi dislocirebuli 3000 osmalo jariska-ci_ Sesaferisi momentis dadgomisTanave baTumSi dauy-ovnebliv unda Sesuliyo. Cems mier motanili faqtebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom os-maleTis xelisufalni saqarTvelos istoriuli terito-riebis misataceblad (saokupaciod) mzad iyvnen. adgilo-brivi mosaxleobis mimxrobis mizniT, baTumis olqSi Semo-suli osmalo emisrebi, antiqarTuli ideologiuri propa-

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gandis paralelurad gavleniani pirebis mosyidvis for-masac mimarTavdnen. amis erT- erT saukeTeso nimuSs ali-efendi jafariZis mier daarasebuli gazeTis_ `sedai mi-leTis~ saagitacio- propagandistuli saqmianoba warmoad-gens. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ dabeWd-il publikaciebSi xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom ̀ sedaimileTis~ ZiriTad mizans im etapze muslimani da qris-tiani qarTvelebis dapirispireba warmoadgenda. ramdena-dac regionSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis iurisdiqciisaRdgena inglisis warmomadgenlobis mxridan mizanmima-rTulad ferxdeboda, Seqmnilma politikurma situaciam,`sedai mileTis~ organizaciis gaZlierebas, denikinelebi-sa da somxebis gavlenis gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli. am fo-nze, qarTuli saxelmwifos dasangrevad da teritoriulimTlianobis dasarRvevad bolSevikebisa da osmalo nacio-nalistebis erToblivi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba.marTalia, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamis uwyebebsregionSi mimdinare procesebis SeCereba garkveuli obieq-turi mizezebis gamo im etapze ar SeeZlo, magram qveyniswinaSe aRmarTul moaxloebul udides safrTxes sworadaRiqvamda da obieqtur Sefasebasac aZlevda. am mxriv gan-sakuTrebul yuradRebas gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mow-inave statia `evropa Tu azia amierkavkasiaSi~? iqcevs. pub-likaciis avtori mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradRebas bolSe-vikebisa da osmaleTis warmomadgenelTa SeTanxmebaze damisgan gamomdinare mosalodnel safrTxeebze miapyrobda.`bolSevikebis ̀ bloki~ osmaleTis nacionalistebTan da enver–faSas partiasTan_ vkiTxulobT publikaciaSi_ utyuarifaqtia. vinc yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs bolSevikebisada osmaleTis imperialistebis moqmedebas amierkavkasiaSi,misTvis yovel eWvs gareSe iqneba am ori mi-marTulebispolitikuri kontaqti. maT SeTanxmebul moqmedebaSi dakvirve-bul adamians SeuZlia erTiani samoqmedo programac ki da-inaxos.~ amis realur safuZvels, sabWoTa ruseTis mier da-arsebuli `islamis ganTavisuflebis liga~ da am organi-zaciis oqros kursiT sabWoTa ruseTis xazinidan 5 milion-iT dafinansebis faqti iZleva. dokumenturi masaliT da-dasturebulia, rom aRniSnuli organizacia muslimanur qve-ynebSi momqmed politikur organizaciebs aerTianebda. maT

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Soris `osmaleTis nacionalistebs~ da `erTobisa da pro-gresis partias~, romelsac adre ̀ axalgazrda Turqebis par-tia erqva da enver faSas mier iyo daarsebuli. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli imis naTeli dadasturebaa, romsamxreT- dasavleTi saqarTvelo seriozuli safrTxiswinaSe imyofeboda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs gareSe Zalebismxridan saqarTvelodan misi realuri Camocilebis mizniTSesabamisi safexuris momzadebis mcdeloba. Tuki im peri-odis damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiul angariSebs dapresis masalebs gavecnobiT, davrwmundebiT rom maSindelqarTul politikur speqtrs srulad hqonda gacnobiere-buli is garduvali safrTxe, romelic mas CrdiloeTidan_sabWoTa ruseTis, xolo samxreTidan_ osmaleTis saxiTemuqreboda. amis Sesaxeb presis furclebze oficialuradgamoqveynebuli masalebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebasgazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mowinave statia_ `baTumi dabolSevizmi~ iqcevs. masSi sazogadoebis sayuradRebod xaz-gasmiTaa miTiTebuli bolSevikebis, osmalebisa da deniki-nelebis mWidro kavSirurTierTobaze, im gegmebze, romelicsamxreT _dasavleT saqarTvelos, saqarTvelosagan Camoc-ilebas iTvaliswinebda. Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri situ-aciidan erTaderT gamosaval saSualebad imave statiis avto-rs samxreT- dasavleT saqarTveloSi ucxo saxelmwifos-gan dafinansebuli organizaciebis Tavisuflad moqmedebisdauyovneblivi alagmva miaCnda. am mimarTulebiT warmateb-is miRwevis, realur garantad baTumis sakiTxis drouligadaWra iyo dasaxelebuli. ̀ baTumis sakiTxis gadaWra- vkiTx-ulobT imave werilSi_ bolSevikur safrTxesTan brZoli-saTvis aucileblad saWiroa. bolSevizmi modis Crdilo-eTidan, panislamizmi samxreTidan da am orma Zalam ukvemisca erTmaneTs xeli baTumSi. baTumis SemoerTebas CvenTvisudidesi strategiuli mniSvnelobac aqvs, radgan amiT CvengavwyvetT im rkinis jaWvs, romelic bolSevik panislam-istebma Semoartyes garSemo Cvens respublikas.~ am SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli politikuri speqtris mesveurniar cdebodnen. miRebuli informaciis safuZvlianad gada-muSavebisa da swori analizidan gamomdinare, maT winaSe mo-salodneli realuri safrTxis is konturebi ikveTeboda,romelic osmaleTidan da ruseTidan emuqreboda saqarTve-

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los. miTumetes, am or saxelmwifos Soris `megobrobis~formatiT urTierToba da `imperializmis winaaRmdeg~ er-Toblivi brZolis motiviT daaxloeba, safexurebrivad mim-dinareobda. amis realur dadasturebas mustafa qemal faSas-admi g.CiCerinis mier 1920 wlis ivnisSi gagzavnili notawarmoadgens. am dokumentSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli, romimperializmis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb os-maleTis mxridan SeTavazebul winadadebas sabWoTa ruseTiiwonebda. imavdroulad igi osmaleTis teritoriis udaonawilebis osmaleTis farglebSi moqcevas uWerda mxars. amfaqtTan dakavSirebiT imave dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `sab-WoTa qveyana kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs osmaleTis axalimTavrobis sagareo politikis ZiriTad principebs... 1)osma-leTis damoukideblobas; 2)osmaleTis farglebSi osmale-Tis teritoriis udao nawilebis moqcevas.~ am SemTxvevaSidakonkretebuli ar iyo Tu romeli olqi an okrugi undayofiliyo aRiarebuli osmaleTis udao teritoriad. miTu-metes, osmaleTis parlamentis mier 1920 wlis 28 ianvarsmiRebuli ̀ erovnuli ficis~ meore muxli, rogorc zemoTacgvqonda aRniSnuli, yarsisa da baTumis olqebs osmaleTisudao teritoriad acxadebda da saqarTvelo_ osmaleTissazRvars mdinare Coloqze avlebda. am SemTxvevaSi, sabWo-Ta ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari nebsiT Tuuneblied iviwyebda sabWoTa ruseTsa da damoukidebel saqa-rTvelos Soris erTi Tvis winad dadebul xelSekrulebas(1920 wlis 7 maisi), romlis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, ruseTivaldebulebas iRebda saqarTvelos respublikis udao Se-madgenel nawilebad eRiarebina `ruseTis saxelmwifos yo-fili olqebi: Tbilisis, quTaisis da baTumis yvela mazre-biT da olqebiT.~ Cems mier zemoT motanili faqtebidan gamomdinare das-turdeba, rom sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatia ormagi stan-dartebis formas iyenebda da osmaleTis xelisuflebassaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedebis dasawyebad ganawyob-da. miTumetes, sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufalni saqarTve-los mTavrobas,_ imperialisturi saxelmwifoebis erT-erT qvemdebare rgolad ganixilavda. rac Seexeba osmale-Tis mTavrobis meTaurs mustafa qemals, mis pirvel amocanasosmaleTis teritoriidan inglisis, safrangeTis, italiisa

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da saberZneTis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebis gamodev-na warmoadgenda. am Canafiqris aRsrulebis xelSemwyobad,mis mier sabWoTa ruseTi iqna miCneuli. mustafa qemalmagarkveul politikur eSmakobasac mimarTa. mxedvelobaSimaqvs ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarisadmi os-maleTis didi erovnuli krebis mier 1920 wlis 12 ivlissgagzavnili werili, sadac gacxadebuli iyo, rom osmaleTismTavrobis wevrebi erTsulovnad uWerdnen mxars ruseTisxelisuflebas. am fonze, pirobas debdnen rom ruseTis ̀ didirevoluciis~ ZiriTadi principebi osmaleTis religiur daerovnul tradiciebTan iqneboda Sefardebuli. am mima-rTulebiT pirveli saCvenebeli nabiji muslimani bolSe-vikebis komitetis SeqmniT gadaidga. es faqti garkveulideologiur datvirTvas atarebda da sabWoTa ruseTis xe-lisufalTa gulismogebaze iyo gaTvlili. mustafa qemal-ma SesaniSnavad icoda rasac akeTebda. mis mTavar amocanasim etapze bolSevikuri ideologiis gamtarebeli da ganu-zomlad didi potenciis mqone qveynis mxridan ndobis mop-oveba warmoadgenda. zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebis parale-lurad, moskovSi qemal- faSas meTaurobiT sagangebo del-egacia gagzavna. istoriografiaSi dadasturebulia, romantantis saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi politikurmxardaWerasTan erTad, sabWoTa ruseTma osmaleTs finan-suri da samxedro SeiaraRebis gadacemiTac Tanadgoma ga-moucxada. mxedvelobaSi maqvs 1920 wlis zafxulSi osma-leTisadmi gadacemuli 6000 aTasi sabrZolo SaSxana, 5 mi-lionze meti vazna, 18 aTasamde saartilerio Wurvi da racmTavaria fuladi daxmareba (oqros kursiT 5 milioni mane-Ti). imave wlis seqtemberSi sabWoTa ruseTma osmaleTiswarmomadgenels erzrumSi 200,6 kg. oqros zodebi gadasca.xolo 1920 wlis 27 dekembridan 1921 wlis 9 ianvramdemonakveTSi, kavkasiis frontis sardlobidan tuafseSi osma-leTis misiam 6 qvemexi da 9 aTasi Wurvi miiRo. imave wlis14 Tebervals, tvafsedan zRviT osmaleTSi 3733 SaSxana da5 milionze meti vazna gaigzavna.7

es faqtebi imis naTeli dadasturebaa, rom sabWoTa ruseTiosmaleTis xelisuflebas seriozul daxmarebas uwevdada saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mosalodneli omis dawyebisSemTxvevaSi, masSi saimedo partniors xedavda. sabWoTa

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ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris mimdinare politikuri pro-cesebi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis yura-dRebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidansaqarTvelosadmi mosalodneli safrTxis garduvalobazesazogadoebas aSkarad mianiSnebdnen. miTumetes, amierkavkasiisregionSi ganviTarebuli mZime politikuri procesebis_azerbaijanis (1920 wlis 28 aprili) da somxeTis (1920 wlis29 noemberi) gasabWoeba amis myar safuZvels iZleoda. Zal-Ta aseTi gadajgufebiT, sabWoTa ruseTma aRmosavleTidansaqarTvelo realuri safrTxis winaSe daayena. sabWoTa ru-seTisa da osmaleTis miznebis srulad ganxorcielebisxelSemSlel dabrkolebad amierkavkasiis regionSi im etapzemxolod saqarTvelos pirveli respublika Seiqmna. misi atana,ruseT_ osmaleTis xelisufalTa mxridan SeuZlebeli xde-boda. amis dadasturebas, aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis sagar-eo saqmeTa saministroebis mier notebis saxiT Seqmnilidokumenturi masalebi warmoadgens. isic angariSgasawevia,rom maTi moqmedebisaTvis Tavisufali sivrcis SeqmnaSigarkveuli damsaxureba dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTaumoqmedobas miuZRoda. isini erTmaneTisadmi `cxvris du-mis~ xelidan waRletis axali meTodebis SeqmniT iyvnen ga-rTulni da aRmosavleTis `derefnisadmi~ naklebdaintere-sebas iCendnen. amierkavkasiis regionisadmi dasavleTis in-diferentulma damokidebulebam, saqarTvelo mizanmimarTu-lad ruseT_ osmaleTis sajijgn obieqtad aqcia. es faqti,dasavleT evropis saRad moazrovne Jurnalistebs yura-dRebis miRma ar darCeniaT. aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTeba-Si maT mier gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas gazeT `tani~- s Jurnalistis Jantizanismier 1920 wels dabeWdili werilebi iqcevs. `ukve exla_wers igi_ saqarTvelo kavkasiis frontis did nawilzeabrkolebs pirdapir urTierTobas bolSevikebsa da osma-lo nacionalistebs Soris, romelnic Tumca sxvadasxva mizne-bs misdeven, magram erTnairad cdiloben mokavSire demokrat-Ta gamarjvebas sabotaJi gaukeTon.~8 Tuki yovelive aRniS-nuls gaviTvaliswinebT, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis saxel-mwifoTa (ruseT- osmaleTi) mizani identuri iyo. saqme saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifos daCoqebas an mis saboloo ganadgu-rebas exeboda. am mimarTulebiT ruseT- osmaleTis diplo-

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matiuri korpusi aqtiurad moqmedebda da dasaxuli miznismisaRwevi Sedegianobis gasazrdelad_ gasabWoebuli azer-baijanis xelisuflebasac iyenebda. aRniSnuli faqtis sis-wores damfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis 30 aprilis sxdomazewarmoTqmul sityvaSi akaki Cxenkelic adasturebda. igimoskov_ azerbaijan _arzrumis erToblivi blokis miznebi-sa da amocanebis Sesaxeb sagangebod amaxvilebda yuradRebasda damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebs Seaxsenebda, rom am`blokis~ arseboba `brest- litovskis ganaxlebas~ _baTu-mis, artaanis da yarsis isev osmaleTis mxridan xelSi Cagde-bis mcdelobas warmoadgenda. rogorc vxedavT, maSindeliqarTuli politikuri speqtri mosalodnel safrTxes swo-rad afasebda da gamosavali gzebis Ziebis sakiTxsac ay-enebda. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gaz. ̀ saqarTvelo-Si~ dabeWdili saredaqcio werili ‘Cven da osmaleTi~ iqcevs.masSi garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom mustafa qemalis Turqulinacionalisturi moZraoba, antantis saxelmwifoebis winaaRm-deg iyo mimarTuli da mcire aziidan maTi gandevnis auci-leblobas isaxavda miznad. es faqtori osmaleT- ruseTisurTierTobaSi gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. `amis gareSe_ vkiTxu-lobT imave werilSi_ ar arsebobs araviTari SemaerTebelimotivi osmaleTsa da dRevandeli saxis ruseTs Soris.~analogiuri Sexeduleba gamoTqva gr.veSapelma saqarTve-los damfuZnebeli krebis me- 14- e sxdomaze warmoTqmulsityvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cems xelT ar-sebuli masalebi SesaZleblobas maZlevs ganvacxado: imperiodis qarTul politikur speqtrs ruseT- osmaleTiskavSiris ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi sworad hqonda ga-cnobierebuli. miTumetes, qarTuli politikuri speqtriswarmomadgenlebi, ruseT- osmaleTis kavSirSi imperializ-mis niSnebs_ didi saxelmwifoebis mxridan patara erebisdamonebis dauokebel miswrafebas xedavda. Tuki am Wril-Si ganvixilavT mimdinare politikur procesebs, saqarTve-lo-sTan mimarTebaSi inglisis xelisuflebis warmomad-genelTa qmedebebi, qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa gakvirve-bas iwvevda. miTumetes, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikismTavrobis doneze gakeTebuli oficialuri gancxadebebismixedviT, saqarTvelos samomavlo bedi, maTi mxridan miRe-bul gadawyvetilebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Tuki ingli-

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si am mimarTulebiT pragmatul nabijs gadadgamda, am-ierkavkasiis regionSi misi gavlenis SenarCunebaze saqarTve-los mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeeZlo. aRniSnulifaqtoris gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, Tuki inglis-saqarTvelos interesebi erTmaneTs daemTxveoda, nebsiT TuuneblieT saqarTvelosTan politikuri mfarvelis funq-cia unda ekisra. miTumetes, ucxouri presis `Jurnal deJenevi~- s furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciis avtore-bi sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifosmosalodneli ganadgurebis garduvalobaze werdnen. amsaSiSroebas qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi kar-gad xedavda da inglisis axloaRmosavluri wajeq- ukuje-qis politikuri kursi miuReblad miaCndaT. am mxriv gan-sakuTrebul yuradRebas gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdilimowinave statia `osmaleTi~ iqcevs. masSi ruseT- osmale-Tis kavSiris fonzea ganxiluli amierkavkasiis mimarTulebiTosmaleTis mxridan ganxorcielebuli SeteviTi kursis Zir-iTadi arsi. axsnilia misi ganmapirobebeli mizezebi da racmTavaria, sazogadoebis misamarTiT gamafrTxilebeli for-miTaa naTqvami: ̀ maTi exlandeli mizani moskovTan SeTanxme-biT isaa, rom gaanadguron somxeTi da saqarTvelo.~ osmal-eTis gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas da kavkasiis mimarTulebiT`mxrebgaSliT~ moqmedebas, qarTuli politikuri elita in-glis_ safrangeTis axloaRmosavluri araTanmimdevrulipolitikuri kursis Sedegs ukavSirebda. osmaleTisadmiinglisis loialur damokidebulebas, qarTuli politikurispeqtri britaneTis xelisufalTa ̀ politikuri fantaziis~WrilSi ganixilavda da savsebiT kanonzomierad dasZenda,rom ̀ mokavSireTa~ politikuri ̀ abrundis~ kursis gamo, maTidaxmarebis imedze myofi saqarTvelo da somxeTi antantissaxelmwifoebma xelfexSekruli osmaleTs miugdes.

evropis qveynebis mxridan kavkasiis damoukidebel sax-elmwifoebTan politikuri TamaSiT, makiavelizmisadmi dam-axasiaTebeli qmedebebiT_ inglisis diplomatiis warmo-madgenlebi gamoirCeoda. am SemTxvevaSi servis sayovelTaodcnobili xelSekruleba (1920 wlis 10 agvisto) maqvs mxed-velobaSi. aRniSnuli dokumentis oficialurad miRebamde(oTxi TviT adre_ 1920 wlis 20 aprili), inglisis diploma-tiurma wreebma winaswari ganxilvis mizniT osmaleTs saza-

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vo pirobebis 8 punqtiani proeqti gadasca. igi CvenTvisimdenadaa saintereso, ramdenadac saqarTvelos teritori-uli mTlianoba arapirdapiri formiT kiTxviTi niSnis qve-Saa dayenebuli. am dokumentis pirveli muxliT osmaleTisteritoriuli sazRvris xelSeuxebloba da mokavSireTa ma-ndatis qveS misi damoukideblobaa dadasturebuli. ramde-nadac masSi saxelmwifos sazRvari ar iyo dakonkretebuli,es faqti osmaleTis mmarTvel wreebs, osmaleTis parlamen-tis mier 1920 wlis 28 ianvars miRebuli `erovnuli ficis~meore muxliT moqmedebis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. rogorczemoTac mqonda aRniSnuli, `erovnuli ficis~ am muxliT,yarsisa da baTumis olqebi osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi iyoSetanili. aqedan gamomdinare, mokavSireebTan omSi damarcx-ebuli osmaleTi, dakarguli teritoriebis (siria, mesopot-amia, palestina, yvela samflobelo arabeTSi, aRmosavleTifrakia, izmirisa da aidinis vilaieTebi) sanacvlod, konpe-nsaciis miRebas amierkavkasiis xarjze cdilobda da saqarTve-los samxreT- dasavleTi teritoriebis mitacebas isaxav-da miznad. am Canafiqris aRsrulebisaTvis, garkveuli sama-rTlebrivi safexuris momzadebas cdilobda. mxedveloba-Si maqvs osmaleTis xelisuflebis mxridan server- begisfaqtoris winaplanze wamoweva (1920 wlis marti) da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos regionSi am pirovnebis moqmedebisgaaqtiureba. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili publikacie-bi iqcevs (`balSevizmi, mustafa- qemal- faSa da server-begi~, ̀ server- begis axali avantura~). masSi ZiriTadi yura-dReba `kavkazskaia pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebul werilze, `sam-xreT- dasavleTi kavkasiis muslimanuri komitetisa~ da bo-lSevikebis mier gavrcelebul proklamaciazea saubari. esdokumentebi muslimani qarTvelebis saqarTvelodan gamoy-ofis da osmaleTTan SeerTebis mowodebas warmoadgenda.am SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTis xelisufalni dasaxuli miznisgansaxorcieleblad muslimani qarTvelebis gamoyenebascdilobda. server- begis politikur asparezze `ganaxle-buli formiT~ gamoCena da mimdinare procesebSi aqtiuriCarTva, saqarTvelos teritoriis misataceblad Sesabamisiwinapirobis momzadebisTvis iyo gaTvlili. xazgasmiT undaiTqvas, rom osmalTa am mzakvruli gegmis ganxorcielebis

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xelSemwyob faqtors ori garemoeba qmnida: a)servis xe-lSekrulebis (1920 wlis 10 agvisto) pirveli muxli dab)ruseT- osmaleTs Soris megobrul formatSi mimdinaremolaparakeba. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis mizniTmoaxloebuli safrTxe, qarTul politikur speqtrs yura-dRebis miRma ar darCenia da Sesabamisi reagireba qveynissakanonmdeblo organoSi droulad moaxdina. mxedveloba-Si maqvs saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis 5 noem-bris sxdoma, romelmac erTaderTi sakiTxi ̀ mTavrobis gancx-adeba mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb~_ ganixila. mTavarimoxseneba Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma n.ramiSvilma gaakeTa.1918 wlidan 1920 wlis noembramde ganvlili politikuriprocesebis analizis fonze, man sworad gansazRvra osmale-Tisa da ruseTis interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT. aqedan ga-momdinare, im garduval safrTxeze miuTiTa, romelic saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifos samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan emu-qreboda. am fonze qarTvel kanonmdeblebs Seaxsena: `TugnebavT mSvidobianoba, emzadeT omisaTvis~. saqarTvelossaxelmwifos gasanadgureblad aRmarTuli maxvilis gauvne-belyofis erTaderT saSualebad n.ramiSvils im etapze mow-inaaRmdegisaTvis Zalis dapirispireba miaCnda. ̀ Tu gnebavTqemalis laSqris Tavidan acileba_ ambobda igi_ win dauy-eneT mas aseTive laSqari,... aCveneT Sesaferisi samxedroZala da is iZulebuli iqneba Cvens sazRvrebs gza auaros.qemal- faSa emyareba ara Tavis sust Zalas, aramed bolSevi-kebisa da adgilobrivi muslimanebis TanagrZnobas.~ aq ga-rkveviTaa naTqvami, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobiswinaaRmdeg osmalo dampyroblebis moqmedebis ZiriTad dasa-yrdens, bolSevikuri organizaciebi da muslimanuri mosax-leoba warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba ruseTisadmi damokide-bulebas, igive n.ramiSvili garkveviT miuTiTebda: ̀ Cven gva-qvs moskovis mTavrobis kategoriuli gancxadeba, rom is Cv-enTan dadebul xelSekrulebas savsebiT emyareba, baTumisolqs saqarTvelos udao nawilad scnobs da qemal –faSassaqarTveloSi gamolaSqrebas dauSveblad aRiarebs. am dapi-rebas ar axlavs araviTari garantia da arc SeiZleba axl-des. garantia aris mxolod Cveni Zala, Cveni momzadeba, Cvenimamacoba.~9

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aRniSnuli amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, igior nawilad SeiZleba daiyos: a)sabWoTa ruseTis mier baTu-mis olqis saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawilad aRiarebisad-mi ndobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba. marTalia, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT baTumisolqi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi samarTlebrivad iqnadadasturebuli, magram ruseTis xelisufalTa mxridan saqa-rTveloSi gaweuli praqtikuli saqmianobis amsaxvelifaqtebi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs n.ramiSvils aseTi gancx-adebis gakeTebis realur safuZvels aZlevda. aqedan ga-momdinare, b)mosalodneli katastrofis Tavidan acilebisda qveynis usafrTxoebis erTaderT garantad igi qarTu-li samxedro SenaerTebis maRal doneze SeiaraRebas, misibrZolisunarianobis amaRlebas da mzadyofnaSi moyvanasnomer pirvel amocanad miiCnevda. yovelive es imis dama-dasturebelia, Tu ramdenad maRal doneze qonda saqarTve-los xelisuflebis Sesabamis uwyebebs gacnobierebulimoaxloebuli safrTxe da qveynis damcavi meqanizmis drou-lad Seqmnis aucilebloba. marTalia, sakiTxi sworad iyo dasmuli, magram misi praq-tikulad ganxorcieleba udides finansur xarjebs ukav-Sirdeboda. miTumetes, evropis saxelmwifoebis mxridansursaTiTa da amuniciiT uzrunvelyofis Sepirebuli dax-mareba im etapze saqarTvelos jer kidev miRebuli arqonda. amis Sesaxeb inglisis, safrangeTis, aSS- is da ital-iis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebisadmi saqarTvelos mTa-vrobis Tavmjdomaris n.Jordanias mier gagzavnil oficialurgancxadebaSi (1920 wlis 20 marti) xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebu-li. ramdenadac evropidan am mimarTulebiT aranairi daxma-rebis imedi ar Canda, saqarTvelos xelisufleba adgilo-briv resurss unda dayrdnoboda Tuki amis saSualebas qveynisekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi da biujeti miscemda. analogiurpozicias erovnul- demokratiuli partiis liderebic icav-da. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gr.veSapeli gamoirCeoda. saqarTve-lo- osmaleTis da ruseT- osmaleTis politikuri urTier-Tobebis analizidan gamomdinare, mosalodnel safrTxezeigi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda. misi mtkicebiT, saqarTvelo Tukipirveli safexuris osmalur agresias gadaurCeboda, meoresafexurze dazRveuli aRmoCndeboda im elementaruli

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mizezis gamo, rom ruseT_ osmaleTis zemoaRniSnuli kavSi-ri droebiT saxes atarebda da Sinagani winaaRmdegobidangamomdinare, misi daSla garduvali iyo. amis ZiriTad mizezadgr.veSapeli bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze ruseTisinteresebs asaxelebda. rac Seexeba amierkavkasiis mima-rTulebiT osmaleTis gaaqtiurebas, aRniSnul faqts, ruse-Tis samomavlo interesebiT xsnida da amis dasamtkicebladsaqarTveloSi moqmedi komunisturi organizaciis mier da-beWdil publikaciebs imowmebda. am masalebis mixedviT, os-maleTis agresiisgan saqarTvelos gadarCenis erTaderTsaSualebad, saqarTvelos mxridan sabWoTa ruseTisadmi da-xmarebis Txovna iyo dasaxelebuli. qarTvelma bolSevikeb-ma prorusuli orientaciis es kursi saqarTvelo- osmale-Ts Soris Seqmnil umZimes situacias daamTxvies. amiT far-To sazogadoebas mianiSnebs, rom osmalo dampyroblebisa-gan usafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmna mxolod ruseTs SeeZ-lo. im periodis dokumenturi masalebis mixedviT Tuki vim-sjelebT, qarTuli politikuri speqtris (bolSevikebis gar-da) mesveurni kargad xedavdnen, rom Crdiloeli da samxreTe-li mezobeli saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos ars-ebobas fizionomiurad ver itanda da mis dangrevas yovelm-xriv cdilobda. exeboda ra aRniSnul sakiTxs, gr.lorTqif-aniZe savsebiT samarTlianad dasZenda: `yvela im samxedromousvenrobisa da SfoTis mizezi, romelSiac uxdeboda cx-ovreba damoukidebel saqarTvelos, iyo ucxo, gareSe Zala,saxeldobr pirvel yovlisa ruseTi da Semdeg osmaleTi,vinaidan es Zalebi ver urigdebodnen saqarTvelos suveren-obas. igive Zalebi iyvnen saerTod amierkavkasiis cxovrebisaRmrevni. aqac mizani iyo igive_ mTeli amierkavkasiis dapy-roba_ danawileba.~10 es safrTxe, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosmmarTveli politikuri partis liderebs mTeli sisru-liT hqonda gacnobierebuli. amis erT- erT dadasturebas,gazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mowinave werili ̀ mteri gviax-lovdeba~_ warmoadgens. amierkavkasiis garSemo Seqmnili urTulesi politikurisituaciis analizis fonze, aRniSnul publikaciaSi saqarTve-los sakiTxi winaplanzea wamoweuli da saqarTvelosTanmimarTebaSi, osmaleTidan mosalodneli safrTxe dasabuTe-buli formiTaa naCvenebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba or

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ZiriTad faqtorzea gadatanili: 1)saqarTvelos sisustezeda 2)Zlierebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki qveyana Tavisi samxedropotencialis warmoCenas ver SeZlebda da osmaleTis Tval-Si daCiavebuli formiT aisaxeboda, qemal- faSas mxridansaomari moqmedebebis ganaxleba da samxreT- dasavleT sa-zRvrebSi SemoWra garduvali gaxdeboda. rac Seexeba mt-kice, samxedro da politikur ZalTa konsolidirebuliformiT warmoCenil qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi osmaleTis po-zicias, amis Sesaxeb imave publikaciaSi vkiTxulobT: `man(osmaleTma S.v.) SeiZleba ikadros ̀ mSvidobaze~, ̀ keTildRe-obaze~ da ̀ megobrobaze~ laparaki.~ imave statiis avtorisazriT, Tuki qemal- faSas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSimtruli damokidebuleba ar gaaCnda, `saWiroa, es sityvebiTviT... qemal faSasgan gavigonoT. magram am sityvebze kidevufro saWiroa gavigoT, Tu ra garantiebs mogvcems qemal-faSa imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos teritoria mis TvalSixelSeuxebelia. Cven mzaT varT im SemTxvevisTvisac, Tu am-nairi garantiis mocemaze osmaleTis nacionalistebi uarsityvian.~ Cems mier motanili am amonaweridan kargad Cans, rom mma-rTveli politikuri Zala osmaleTs undoblad ekidebodada mis yovel dapirebasTan mimarTebaSi Sesabamisi garan-tiebis miRebis aucileblobis sakiTxs ayenebda. analogiurisaxis pozicia eWira erovnul- demokratebsac. amis udaodadasturebas gazeT ̀ saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdili statia ̀ Cvenda osmaleTi~ warmoadgens. masSi dasmuli ZiriTadi de-bulebebi Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1)osmale-Tis warmomadgenlebis mxridan saqarTvelosTan mimarTeba-Si `megobruli~ kiloTi saubari Sesabamisi garantiebiTunda iqnes gamyarebuli; 2)osmaleTis xelisufalni ofici-alurad uaryofdnen londonis gazeT `taimsis~ mier dabe-Wdil informacias,_ osmaleTis mxridan saqarTveloze mo-salodneli Tavdasxmisa da baTumis olqis mierTebis Sesa-xeb. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli politikuriazris mesveurni aseTi zedapiruli gancxadebiT ar kmayo-fildebodnen da diplomatiuri etiketis dacviT principu-lad ayenebdnen sakiTxs: `gvaxarebs osmaleTis gancxadeba,magram... imis molodinSiac varT, rom igive angoris mTavro-ba oficialurad dahgmobs osmalo emisrebis provokaciul

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moqmedebebs aWaraSi da sajarod ganacxadebs, rom musli-mani qarTvelebis wamqezeblebTan angoris xelisuflebasaraferi aerTebs.~ aseTi saxis oficialuri dokumentis mikv-leva SeuZlebeli gaxda. saarqivo masalebiT dadasturebu-lia, rom ̀ samuslimano saqarTveloSi~ mimdinare antiqarTuligamosvlebis mxardamWerisa da damfinanseblis rolSi os-maleTi gamodioda; 3)imave publikaciaSi mezobeli saxelm-wifoebidan da gansakuTrebiT osmaleTis mxridan saqarTve-los saxelmwifos sazRvrebis oficialurad aRiarebis auci-leblobis sakiTxia dasmuli. ̀ osmaleTs moeTxoveba_ vkiTx-ulobT imave statiaSi_ sajaro dadastureba saqarTvelossaxelmwifo mijnis im xazze mainc, romelic gvaerTebs mas-Tan. aseTi gamosvla osmaleTisa naTels Seitanda CveniurTierTobis bevr mxareSi. samuslimano saqarTvelos... prob-lemis jerovan gadaWrazea damokidebuli Cveni saxelmwi-fos normaluri ganviTarebis sakiTxi da amaSi mTeli erierTnairadaa dainteresebuli.~ rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli politikuri azris mesveure-

bi osmaleTisgan saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi oficialuradim teritoriebis aRiarebas moiTxovda, romelic a)osmaleTisparlamentis mier miRebuli ̀ erovnuli ficis~ (1920 wlis28 ianvari) meore muxliT osmaleTis kuTvnilebad iyo gamo-cxadebuli da b)ankaris mTavrobis mxridan saqarTvelosxelisuflebisadmi 1920 wlis 25 ivniss wardgenili notiT,aRniSnul teritoriebze osmaleTis pretenzia iyo gamoTqmu-li. isic sayuradReboa, rom garkveuli interesebidan gamo-mdinare, osmaleTis am mtaceblur miswrafebas sabWoTa ruse-Ti daupirispirda da principulad moiTxova, raTa osma-leT- saqarTvelos Soris dadebul xelSekrulebas, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis ZiriTadidebulebebi dadeboda safuZvlad.11 aRniSnul faqtTan dakav-SirebiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas sabWoTa ruseTis saga-reo saqmeTa saxalxo komisaris g.CiCerinis mier osmaleTissagareo saqmeTa ministris axmed muxtarisadmi 1920 wlis 19dekembers gagzavnili nota iqcevs. am dokumentis mesame ab-zacSi vkiTxulobT: ` -

, 7- 1920 .

.

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: – - - - .

- .~12

poziciis aseTi formiT oficialurad gamoTqmisa da sab-WoTa ruseTisgan mokavSirisadmi Sesabamisi rekomendaciismicemis miuxedavad, osmaleTis xelisuflebis maRalCinos-nebi baTumis olqis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi aRiare-bas ar Cqarobda. maTi mxridan sakiTxis Segnebulad gaWia-nurebas garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnda. mxedvelobaSi maqvsimave sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-tis mier osmaleTis mTavrobisadmi 1920 wlis 2 ivniss gag-zavnili nota. am dokumentis mixedviT, sabWoTa ruseTisxelisufalni osmaleTis `erovnuli ficis~ meore muxliTgaTvaliswinebul sazRvrebs aRiarebda. ramdenadac, 2 ivni-sisa da 19 dekembris notebi urTierTgamomricxav poziciasSeicavda, es faqti osmaleTis diplomatiur wreebs Tavisu-fali moqmedebisa da osmaleT_ saqarTvelos sasazRvroxazis gavlebasTan mimarTebaSi konkretuli pasuxisagan Tavisaridebis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. am formas gansakuTre-biT saqarTvelos diplomatiur wreebTan da presis warmo-madgenlebTan urTierTobis dros iyenebdnen. amis udaodadasturebas, osmaleTis oficialuri warmomadgenelispolkovnik qiazim beis saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas gazeT`saqarTvelos~ korespondentis mier aRniSnul sakiTxebTanmimarTebaSi dasmul SekiTxvebze konkretuli pasuxisadmiTavis aridebis mcdeloba warmoadgens. saqarTvelo_ osma-leTs Soris samomavlo urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi kore-spondentisa da respodentis dialogis amsaxveli vrcelimasala im periodis presis furclebze daibeWda da mkiTx-veli sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo. qarTuli mx-aris SekiTxvaze: ̀ 1.ra sazRvrebSi scnobT Tqven damoukide-beli saqarTvelos teritorias?; 2.rogor uyurebs angorismTavroba qarTvel muslimanebs, gansakuTrebiT baTums damis olqs?~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis am metad mniS-vnelovan da sasicocxlo sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi qiazim beim`SemovliTi gzis~ formas mimarTa da konkretul pasuxsTavi aarida. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ̀ erTobaSi~ da-beWdil mowinave werilSi ̀ angoris rwmunebuli~ SefarviTi

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guliswyromiT iyo naTqvami: ̀ angoris mTavrobam, Tu is mar-Tla guliT aris mowadinebuli CvenTan mezoblur ganwyo-bilebas, amis TvalsaCino garantiebi unda dagvanaxos. es kiSeiZleba mxolod saWiro gancxadebiT, rom baTumis olqida saerTod samxreTis sazRvris sakiTxi mas CvenTan sadaodar miaCnia... istoriul Secdomebze xelis aReba saboloodda saqarTvelos bunebrivi sazRvrebis cnoba erTaderTigzaa dRes keTilmezoblobis. sanam es garantia ar arse-bobs, Cven ver vetyviT qarTvel xalxs, guldamSvidebiT uc-qire Seni mezoblis iaraRis JRarunso. sanam es ar ganxor-cieldeba, saqarTvelo ver iqneba imedianad Tavis samxreTsazRvrebis Sesaxeb.~ am amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, im periodis qa-rTuli politikuri azris mesaWeni osmaleTis warmomadge-nelTa kuluarul Sepirebebs ndobas ar ucxadebda da sa-qarTvelos samxreTi sazRvrebis aRiarebasTan mimarTeba-Si oficialuri dokumentiT dadasturebas moiTxovda. amsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ̀ saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdilmowinave werilSi `Tbilisi da angora~ osmaluri `mego-brrobis~ Sesaxeb qiazim beis Sepirebebi kiTxviTi niSnisqveS iyo dayenebuli, radgan man pasuxgaucemeli datovayvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi_ osmaleTi `samuslimanosaqarTveloze~ xsnida Tu ara Tavis pretenzias. igive sta-tia, am fonze ganxilavda qiazim beis mier saqarTvelosadmikeTilmezoblobis, damoukideblobisa da saxelmwifoebriviZlierebis mizniT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris garantiisad-mi gakeTebul ganacxadebebas. mkiTxveli sazogadoebisa dapolitikuri wreebis SecdomaSi arSeyvanis mizniT, iqve erTx-el kidev xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom ̀ qiazim bei gadaWriT...arafers ambobs saqarTvelos im nawilebze, romelTa Sesax-eb osmaleTis mxridan pretenziebis meti araferi gvsmeniada uromlisobiT saqarTvelosTvis keTilmezoblobac miuR-ebelia, xolo misi damoukidebeli da Zlieri saxelmwifoeb-rioba- warmoudgeneli. qiazim beis TavSekavebuli da sruliad gamouTqmeli si-tyvebidan Cven STabeWdileba gvrCeba, rom angorac Zvelistambolis zraxvebs atarebs samuslimano saqarTvelosSesaxeb... es garemoeba im mSvenieri survilebis aRsrulebisSeuZleblobas qmnis, romelsac angora gviTvlis: keTilme-

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zoblobisa da saqarTvelos Zlieri saxelmwifoebriobissaerTaSoriso saWiroebis Sesaxeb.~13

Cems mier motanili faqtebis mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT,qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebisaTvis, osmaleTismxridan Sepirebuli keTilmezoblobis da Zlieri saxelm-wifos Sesaqmnelad saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris Sesaxebgacxadebuli Tanadgoma miuRebeli iyo manam, sanam ̀ samus-limano saqarTvelos,~_ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saz-RvrebSi aRiarebas ar moaxdenda. qarTuli mxaris aseTi xisti pozicia gamarTlebuli iyoTundac im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom samxreT kavka-siaSi sabWoTa ruseTisa da osmaleTis urTierTSeTanxmebu-li agresiuli kursi aSkarad SeimCneoda. isic sayuradRe-boa, rom adgilobrivi komunisturi presa am procesebs rev-oluciis niRbiT fuTavda da samxreT kavkasiis respubli-kisadmi ruseT- osmaleTis mxridan dawyebul saomar mo-qmedebebs ̀ kontrrevoluciis ganadgurebis~ mogonil moti-vacias udebda safuZvlad. exeboda ra aRniSnul sakiTxs,gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave werilSi `safrTxis win~ xazgas-miT werda: `am ori Zalis winaaRmdeg kvlavindeburi si-ZlieriT da gabedulebiT unda gamovides saqarTvelosmSromeli xalxi... Tu mzad ar viqnebiT, igi... gaanadgurebsda mospobs udidesi msxverpliT mopovebul Tavisuflebas.es unda SevignoT yvelam. safrTxe karzea momdgari da igi SeiZleba agorebuli iq-nes... Tu mterma Ria karebi ixila, Sig SemoiWreba da daun-doblad gagvsres. magram Tu karebi magrad CavketeT da sa-imedo mcvelebi mivuCineT, ukan daixevs... uxeS Zalas, romel-ic osmalTa saxiT gvevlineba, mxolod Zala SeaCerebs. sima-rTle maT ara aqvT, saTnoeba maT ar uweriaT, megobroba ma-TSi ar arsebobs. igi Zaladobas emyareba da SeiZleba SeCe-rebuli iqnes mxolod ZaladobiT. amitom, Cven vambobT: visacunda zavi_ emzados omisTvis. visac unda mSvidobianobisdacva da sisxlis Rvris Tavidan acdena, ecados Sinaurifrontis gamagrebas da erTsulovnebis SenarCunebas.~ ankidev: `qemalis jari veluri fantaziis matarebeli Zalaa,ganadgurebis da aoxrebis mociqulia. yvelgan sadac igifexs Sedgams, bolSevikebis locva- kurTxeviT Seaqvssikvdili da awiokeba. saqarTvelos Svilebma ician osmal-

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Ta mware xeli, Cvenma xalxma icis ras uqadis mas es samxreTe-li mezobeli, romelic dRes yarsis karebs dapatronebia.~14

Cems mier presis furclebidan motanili zemoaRniSnu-li citatebi qarTuli politikuri speqtris naazrevia dasrulad warmoaCens samxreTeli mezoblis ̀ orpirsaxovaniianusis~ politikur kursze dafuZnebul daundobel, mta-ceblur da damangrevel bunebas. masSi gamokveTili for-miTaa danaxuli is mosalodneli safrTxe, romelic qarTulsaxelmwifos osmaleTisgan emuqreboda. am fonze gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ dabeWdili pub-likacia _`kars momdgari safrTxe~ iqcevs. masSi dawvrilebi-Taa saubari qemalistebisa da bolSevikebis kavkasiis dapy-robis erToblivi gegmis Sesaxeb. xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli,rom osmaleTis panislamistebi da bolSevikuri ruseTismesveurni samxreT kavkasiis dasavleTisgan mowyvetas daaRmosavleT- dasavleTis SemakavSirebeli xazis_ saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebriobis mospobas isaxavdnen miznad. aqedangamomdinare, saqarTvelos mosaxleobas igive statiis av-tori Seaxsenebda: `dRes Tu xval mteri saqarTvelos sa-zRvrebs moadgeba da moindomebs... Cveni qveynis dapyrobas...Tu Cven medgari winaaRmdegoba ar gavuwieT... osmaleTis pa-nislamistebisa da bolSevikebis monoba, damoukideblobisdakargva, Cveni qveynis ekonomiurad gapartaxeba, gaZarcva dadangreva respublikisa veluri urdoebisgan garduvaligaxdeba.~ aRniSnuli safrTxe saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSisomxeTis gasabWoebiT (1920 wlis 29 noemberi) kidev ufrogaizarda. mosalodnel saSiSroebas qarTveli kanonmdeblebikargad acnobierebdnen da qveynis TavdacvisunarianobisgaZlierebis aucileblobis sakiTxs mTeli principulob-iT ayenebdnen. amis udao dadasturebas saqarTvelos dam-fuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis 5 noembris 53- e sxdomis am-saxveli masalebi warmoadgens. rogorc dokumentidan irkveva,gansaxilvelad dRis wesrigSi erTaderTi sakiTxi_ ̀ mTavro-bis gancxadeba mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb~ iyo Seta-nili. diskusiaSi monawileni (n.ramiSvili, ak.Cxenkeli, sp.kedia,l.Sengelaia, S.nucubiZe, gr.veSapeli) erTxmad miuTiTebdnenqveynis damoukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis arsebuli pirobe-bis ukmarisobaze da konkretulad ayenebdnen sakiTxs mosa-lodneli safrTxisadmi Rirseulad daxvedris Sesaxeb. dasa-

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xuli miznis warmatebiT gadasawyvetad, maTi mtkicebiT pirvelrigSi unda gatarebuliyo: a)momxdariyo qveynis mosaxleo-bis ideurad da politikurad momzadeba; b)Tavdacvis aparatis(mTliani sistemis) qmediTunarianobis gaumjobeseba da g)eriskonsolidaciisaTvis Sesatyvisi pirobebis Seqmna. am sak-iTxTan dakavSirebiT, respublikis sakanonmdeblo organostribunidan sp.kedia xazgasmiT ambobda: ̀ dRes saWiroa erT-sulovneba mTels erSi, saWiroa erTsulovneba yvela poli-tikur partiaTa Soris. SesaZloa saqarTvelo martod darCes,rogorc mebrZoli sxeuli mTels amierkavkasiaSi.~ analog-iuri pozicia eWira l.Sengelaiasac. igi amierkavkasiis ga-rSemo Seqmnili mZime politikuri situaciis fonze ganixi-lavda saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sakiTxs da gamafrTxi-lebeli toniT dasZenda: ̀ amierkavkasiis sami respublikidanerTi dapyrobilia (azerbaijani S.v.), meore uTanasworobrZolaSi mZimedD daiWra (somxeTi S.v.), davrCiT marto Cven.aqedan CvenTvis arsebobs mxolod erTi daskvna: es arisgaaskecebuli energiiT Tavdacva_ samkvdro- sasicocxlobrZola faSebis reaqciis, osmaleTis despotizmis winaaRm-deg.~ aRniSnuli sxdomis stenografiuli angariSis mixedviTTuki vimsjelebT, arsebul problemasTan mimarTebaSi yve-la deputatis pozicia identuri iyo. bunebrivia, rezolu-ciac Sesabamisi iqna miRebuli. `iTvaliswinebs ra im gare-moebas, rom saqarTvelo ar aris uzrunvelyofili... gansa-cdelisgan, damfuZnebeli kreba gamoTqvams mtkice rwmenas,rom saqarTvelos xalxi rogorc yovelTvis, dResac erTsu-lovnad dairazmeba damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebisdasacavad... damfuZnebeli kreba iwonebs ra mTavrobis mierTavdacvisaTvis miRebul zomebs, avalebs mas ganagrZos daw-yebuli samzadisi, darwmunebulia rom respublikis dacvissaqmeSi gaerTiandeba mTeli saqarTvelo ganurCevlad sar-wmunoebisa da socialuri mdgomareobisa da mas mxars dau-Wers mTeli evropis demokratia.~15

rac Seexeba dadgenilebis bolo nawilis formulirebas-`mTeli evropis demokratiis~ saqarTvelosadmi mxardaWeras,antantis saxelmwifoebis mxridan saqarTvelos xelisufleb-isadmi micemuli dapirebebi igulisxmeboda. mxedvelobaSimaqvs: 1)evropis qveynebidan saqarTvelosaTvis fuliT, iar-

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aRiT (amuniciiT) da sursaTiT daxmareba; 2)erTa ligaSigawevrianebisadmi mxardaWera da aRniSnuli faqtiT qveynisusafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmna. qarTul istoriografiaSi dadasturebulia, rom saqa-

rTvelosadmi micemuli dapirebis pirveli nawili, evro-pis qveynebs 1920 wlis dekembrisTvisac Seusrulebeli qonda.aqedan gamomdinare, amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnili urTulesi po-litikuri situaciisa da mosalodneli safrTxeebis gaTval-iswinebiT, saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis uzrunvel-sayofad saWiro Tanxebis mobilizeba da qarTuli jaris40 aTasi kaciT gazrdisTvis (1920 wlis noembris dadgeni-leba) sqaWiro moTxovnilebebis srulad dakmayofilebaadgilobrivi biujetis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo. amSemTxvevaSi, mezobeli ruseTis mxridan saqarTveloze ganx-orcielebuli Tavdasxmisa (1920 w.) da osi separatistebisajanyebis salikvidaciod Catarebuli saomari moqmedebeb-is Sedegad daxarjuli aseulobiT milionia gasaTvalis-winebeli. am fonze Tuki ganvixilavT qveynis finansur Se-saZleblobebs da imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom im etapzeevropis qveynebidan raime saxis nivTieri daxmareba gamor-icxuli iyo, Zneli saTqmelia, gawvdeboda Tu ara imdroin-deli saqarTvelos ekonomika 40 aTasi axalwveulisaTvissamxedro infrastruqturis Seqmnas da masTan dakavSire-buli xarjebis srulad dafarvas. es sakiTxi calke kvle-vis sagans warmoadgens da raime saxis naCqarevi daskvnisgakeTeba am etapze miuReblad mimaCnia. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi gawevrianebis

SesaZleblobas, qveynis xelisuflebis Sesabamisi uwyebiswarmomadgenelTa muxlCauxreli da daZabuli Sromis mi-uxedavad, evropis qveynebis umetesobis mier am mimarTulebiTgacemuli danapirebi tyuili aRmoCnda. erTa ligis 1920wlis 16 dekembris sxdomaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT,aRniSnul organizaciaSi gasawevrianeblad saqarTvelo-sTvis karebi srulad 1921 wlis seqtembrisaTvis gaiRebo-da. am faqtiT, qarTul saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi evro-pis wamyvani qveynebis didma nawilma, politikurad meZavi-sa da ̀ orsaxovani ianusis~ roli akademiur doneze gaiTa-maSa. saqarTvelosadmi micemuli piroba urcxvad daiviwya,erTa ligis RriWod darCenil karebSi TavSeyofil saqa-

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rTvelos pirvel respublikas, gadamwyvet Jams igive kare-bi moulodnelad ise magrad miuketa, rom Tav-kiseri dau-WeWya. am qmedebiT saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caay-ena da ruseT- osmaleTs sajijgnad miugdo. amierkavkasiis regionSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri si-tuaciis fonze, saqarTvelos realuri SesaZleblobebissworad gasaanalizeblad pirvel rigSia gasaTvaliswinebe-li is mosalodneli safrTxeebi, romlebic saqarTvelospirvel respublikas sami mimarTulebidan emuqreboda. ammxriv, gansakuTrebiT angariSgasawevia: 1)Crdilo kavkasiissrulad gasabWoebis dasruleba da CrdiloeTis sazRvrismTel perimetrze ruseTTan damezobleba; 2)aRmosavleTiT,imave sabWoTa ruseTis interesTa monur Semsrulebladqceuli gasabWoebuli azerbaijani da somxeTi; 3)samxreT-dasavleTiT, saqarTvelos istoriuli mteri da sabWoTaruseTis mier `megobrad~ aRiarebuli _ osmaleTi. am uka-nasknelis mxridan saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi mwvavereaqcia qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebis mier baTum_ arTvi-nis okrugebis dakavebam (1920 wlis 5 ivlisi) gamoiwvia. ma-rTalia, gaRizianebis es forma im etapze diplomatiursferos (notebis gacvla) ar gacdenia, magram, osmaleTi mo-qmedebis dasawyebad Sesaferis moments eloda. am SemTx-vevaSi, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi sabWoTa ruseTis mtru-li piziciacaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. cnobilia, rom Crdil-oeli mezoblis amocanas saqarTvelos gasabWoeba da amie-rkavkasiis regionSi erTiani sabWouri rgolis Sekvra war-moadgenda. imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTa ligaSisaqarTvelos gawevrianebis mcdelobis ukanasknel imedsacwertili daesva (1920 wlis 16 dekemberi), bunebrivad ismebakiTxva: qveynis damoukideblobis gadasarCenad saqarTve-los maSindeli xelisufleba ra gzas unda dadgomoda.miTumetes, nebismieri nivTieri daxmarebisgan dasavleTevropis saxelmwifoebi Tavs maqsimalurad ikavebda. aRniS-nuli kiTxva, mmarTvel politikur elitasa da damfuZnebe-li krebis deputatebsac awuxebda. isini kargad xedavdnen,rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos dauZinebeli mtrebis (ruseT-osmaleTi) daaxloebis da garigebis procesi daCqarebulitempiT mimdinareobda. amis Sesaxeb qarTveli istorikoseb-is bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul samecniero SromebSi xaz-

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gasmiTaa miTiTebuli. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis gadarCenisalternatul gzaze miniSneba arcerT maTganSi ar aris ga-keTebuli. isini mxolod saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ma-RalCinosanTa `Secdomebze~ saubroben. iseTi STabeWdile-ba iqmneba, TiTqos, osmaleTis diplomatebis farisevluriqmedebebis droulad gaSifvris SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo,ruseT_ osmaleTis agresias gadaurCeboda, anda ukiduresSemTxvevaSi maTTan dapirispirebisas gamarjvebuli gamovi-doda. istorikosTa es nawili, damoukidebeli saqarTve-los xelisuflebis mxridan daSvebuli zogierTi Sec-domebis gafetiSebiT imdenad aris gatacebuli, rom veracnobierebs: 1)antantis saxelmwifoTa erTiani ZaliT mow-yobil intervenciaze gamarjvebuli sabWoTa ruseTis Sesa-Zleblobebs; 2)dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis mierdamarcxebuli osmaleTis ardaCoqebas da sabWoTa ruseTis-gan misi fexze advilad wamoyenebis faqtors. am fonzeTuki ganvixilavT saqarTvelos sakiTxs, arsebuli realo-ba erTaderTi daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva;evropisgan mitovebuli da zurgSeqceuli saqarTvelo, imetapze udidesi ekonomikuri da cocxali Zalis potencia-lis mqone ori uZlieresi mtacebelis (ruseT- osmaleTi)pirispir martod- marto aRmoCnda. Tuki im periodis doku-menturi masalebis obieqtur Sefasebas movaxdenT, naTeligaxdeba, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samomavlo bedisgadawyvetis gasaRebi evropis saxelmwifoebma sabWoTaruseTs gadasca. es faqti osmaleTis xelisufalT kargadhqonda gacnobierebuli. imavdroulad, sabWoTa ruseTis mokav-Sireobasac angariSs uwevda. aqedan gamomdinare, amierkavkasi-is regionSi samoqmedo gegmas ruseTis xelisuflebis war-momadgenlebs ̀ uTanxmebda.~ yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnuladdiplomatiuri urTierTobis aseT fons qmnida. amis erT-erT damadasturebel faqtad osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTaministris ahmed muhTar beis mier 1920 wlis 15 dekembersCiCerinisadmi gagzavnili nota gamodgeba. igi sabWoTa ruse-Tis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisgan moiTxovda,raTa saqarTvelo_ ruseTs Soris mosalodneli saomarimoqmedebis dawyebamde winaswar ganesazRvraT momxdar faqt-Tan mimarTebaSi osmaleTis xelisufalTa pozicia. es do-kumenti aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelosTan damok-

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idebulebis sabolood dazustebisaTvis osmaleTi morigigarigebis winadadebas sTavazobda mis `mokavSire~ sabWoTaruseTs. am faqtiT, osmaleTis xelisufalni ruseTis dip-lomatiur korpuss pirdapir mianiSnebda, rom bedis sas-wors im qveynis sasargeblod gadawonida, saidanac met sa-rgebels miiRebda. aseTi politikuri vaWrobis paralelu-rad, ukan dasaxev gzasac itovebda da saqarTvelos mmarTv-el wreebTan diplomatiur farisevlobas agrZelebda. amisSesaxeb Tavis mogonebebSi n.Jordania garkveviT miuTiTebsda osmaleTis elCis qiazim beis mier masTan saubarSi kat-egoriuli formiT gakeTebuli gancxadebis Sinaarssac gad-moscems. `Cveni interesia_ uTqvams qiazim beis_ saqarTve-los damoukidebloba da am miznis misaRwevaT ar daver-idebiT omsac bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg. aseTia Cveni mTavro-bis azri.~ amasTan dakavSirebiT igive n.Jordania wers: `esiyo pirdapir Cveni gakeTeba, vinaidan vicodiT ra did mniS-vnelobas aZlevs moskovi osmaleTis neitralobas.~16

dokumenturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom sabWoTa ruse-Tis xelisufalni da gansakuTrebiT meTerTmete armiis sard-loba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi osmaleTis poziciasmarTlac uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. amis Sesax-eb dawvrilebiTaa saubari XI armiis sardlis general hek-keris mier kavkasiis revoluciuri samxedro sabWos Tavmj-domaris s.orjonikiZisadmi saidumlod gagzavnil moxsenebiTbaraTSi. CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi imavedokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg opera-ciebi SesaZlebelia mxolod im pirobebSi Tu kiazim kara-beqiris (qemalisturi Turqebi) jarebi daicaven garkveulmegobrul neitralitets, radgan, im SemTxvevaSic Tu am op-eraciisTvis dainiSnebian meTerTmete armiis garda, mTli-anad mecxre armia da meore armiis kavaleria, Cvens sardlo-bas ar eyoleba sakmarisi Zalebi Turqebis winaaRmdeg jebi-ri rom SevqmnaT... Cven Turqebis Sesakaveblad unda davay-enoT Zalebi, romlebic erT qveiT diviziaze da erTikavaleriis brigadaze mcire ar iqneba. am SemTxvevaSiac kiCveni operacia yazax_ wiTeli xidis mimarTulebiT da Sorsac,Tbilisisken, Seferxebuli iqneba. qarTuli jaris nawileb-is mier seriozuli winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni jare-bi SeiZleba katastroful mdgomareobaSi Cavardnen... aseT

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pirobebSi,... Cveni urTierTobis TurqebTan winaswari mog-varebis gareSe saSiSi iqneba saqarTvelos winaaRmdegsamxedro operaciis dawyeba.~17

sabWoTa generalis moxsenebidan motanili es amonaweriimis dadasturebaa, rom saqarTveloze ruseTis Tavdasxma-arTavdasxmis sakiTxis gadawyveta, mniSvnelovanwilad os-maleTis mmarTvel wreebTan srulyofil SeTanxmebaze iyodamokidebuli. es faqtori damoukidebeli saqarTvelosmaRalCinosnebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli. evropisa-gan mitovebuli da bedis anabarad darCenili saqarTvelospirveli respublikis mmarTveli wreebi `xavs eWidebodnen~da qveynis dauZinebeli mtrebis (ruseT- osmaleTi) urT-ierTdapirispirebas cdilobdnen. amis erT- erT dadasturebass.orjonikiZis mier S.eliavasadmi gagzavnil gamafrTxilebelSetyobinebaSi xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli. `savsebiT Sesa-Zlebelia,_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi_ rom maT (igulisxme-ba menSevikebi- l.T.) surT xelovnurad gamoiwvion omi Cvensa(igulisxmeba ruseTi- l.T.) da Turqebs Soris. am provoka-cias ar unda ahyveT.~18 aRniSnuli faqti or ZiriTad gare-moebaze migvaniSnebs: 1)sabWoTa ruseTis mier dagegmiliagresiis SeCerebis mizniT, saqarTvelos diplomatiuri wree-bi im etapze ruseT_ osmaleTis dasapirispireblad serio-zulad muSaobda; 2)saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobis mxri-dan gaweuli faruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis ga-Jonvam, sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komisariats sawi-naaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebis da osmaleTisgan nei-tralitetis dacvis garantiis miRebis SesaZlebloba misca.aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos diplomatiurma korpusma,osmaleTTan urTierTobis sakiTxSi dasaxuli amocanisSesruleba ver SeZlo. aRniSnul marcxTan dakavSirebiTn.Jordania mogvianebiT Tavis mogonebebSi werda, rom sab-WoTa ruseTis mmarTvelma wreebma ̀ ueWvelia... iyides osma-leTis neitraloba... artaanis da arTvinis daTmobiT, ra-ica damtkicda Cvenze zurgidan Tavs dasxmiT. amis SemdegmiTvlida kiazimi, rom amiT amoiwureba yvela dava CvensSoriso, TqvenTan viqnebiTo, magram misi aRaraferi gvjero-da. evropidan araferi konkretuli ar mogvdioda, aravi-Tari daxmareba. xolo osmaleTidan ki mtruli damokide-buleba. diplomatiuri muSaoba aRmoCnda unayofo.~19

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am amonaweris mixedviT kargad Cans: 1)sabWoTa ruseTma, ar-taanisa da arTvinis okrugebis osmaleTisadmi gadacemispirobiT, osmaleTi moisyida da saqarTvelos daupirispira.saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT daxarbebulma osmale-Tis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma, diplomatiur donezesaqarTvelosadmi micemuli pirobis Sesrulebas, sabWoTaruseTisgan SeTavazebuli msuye lukmis aReba amjobina.miTumetes, kargad icodnen, rom saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebiartaanisa da arTvinis okrugebs osmaleTs cocxali TaviTar dauTmobda. aqedan gamomdinare, dasaxelebuli okrugeb-is mitacebisa da samarTlebrivad gadaformebis garantad,sabWoTa ruseTi miiCnia da masTan garigebis gza airCia;2)rac Seexeba n.Jordanias mier sinanuliT naTqvam sityvebs:`diplomatiuri muSaoba aRmoCnda unayofo~, ruseT- osma-leTis dasapirispireblad saqarTvelos diplomatiuri wree-bis mier gaweul uSedego saqmianobas gulisxmobs; 3)infor-maciis `gaJonvisa~ da diplomatiuri muSaobis Cavardnas-Tan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadac konkretuli dokumenturimasalebi jerjerobiT miukvlevelia, momxdar faqtTan mima-rTebaSi mxolod varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba. amis safuZv-els Zmebis simon da budu mdivnebis osmaleTSi elCebaddaniSvnis faqti iZleva. pirveli maTgani (simon mdivani)damoukidebeli saqarTvelos interesebs icavda, xolo me-ore (budu mdivani) sabWoTa ruseTis. am faqtTan dakavSire-biT prof. l.ToiZe xazgasmiT werda: `damafiqrebelia dacalke Sesaswavli am ori elCisa da Zmis urTierToba 1921wlis im tragikul dReebSi.~20

dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT, am sakiTxis Seswavla_Sefaseba ori mimarTulebiT unda ganxorcieldes: 1)damo-ukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi uwyebisSecdomad unda CiTvalos Tu ara, osmaleTSi sabWoTa ruse-Tis warmomadgenlad budu mdivanis daniSvnidan (1920 wlisnoembris Sua ricxvebi) erTi Tvis Semdeg, misi Zmis simonmdivanis (saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1920 wlis 18 dekembrisdadgenilebiT) saqarTvelos elCad osmaleTSi gagzavnisfaqti. marTalia, TiToeuli es elCi dapirispirebuli qvey-nebis warmomadgenlobas ganasaxierebda, magram, isini Zmebiiyvnen da savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom ucxo qveyanaSi maTi urT-ierToba, dedmamiSvilobis qarTuli erovnuli tradiciis

97

CarCoSi rom moqceuliyo. zemoaRniSnuli saidumlosgamJRavnebis erT- erTi versiis sisworis damadasturebelidokumenti am mimarTulebiTac unda moiZebnos; 2)ramdena-dac saqarTvelos diplomatiuri wreebi, ruseT- osmaleTisdapirispirebisaTvis saTanado niadagis momzadebas cdilobd-nen, gamoricxuli araa, simon mdivnis osmaleTSi elCad gag-zavna garkveuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare (budu mdivan-ze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mcdelobis motivacia) Segnebul-ad rom momxdariyo. am ori sakiTxis safuZvlianad Seswav-lis gareSe naCqarevad raime saxis daskvnis gakeTeba, sinam-dvilis gayalbebis mcdelobisken gadadgmuli nabiji iqne-ba. XX saukunis 20- iani wlebis saqarTvelo_ osmaleTisurTierTobis Sesaxeb arsebul dokumentur masalaze dayrd-nobiT Seqmnil samecniero literaturaSi dadasturebu-lia, rom samxreT kavkasiis respublikebTan mimarTebaSiruseT_ osmaleTis SeTanxmeba 1920 wlis agvistosaTvisTiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiT m.svaniZe savsebiT samarTlianad wers: ruseT_ osma-leTis ̀ xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi teqsti jer kidev para-firebuli iyo 1920 wlis 24 agvistos. gadasawyveti iyo mx-olod kavkasiaSi ruseT- TurqeTis sazRvris sakiTxi. Tur-qeT_ somxeTis, e.i. TurqeT_ sabWoTa ruseTis sazRvari, fa-qtobrivad dadginda 1920 wlis 2 dekemberis gumbris xel-SekrulebiT. arsebiTad, mosagvarebeli rCeboda saqarTve-lo- TurqeTis sazRvris sakiTxi. orive mxare dainterese-buli iyo, rac SeiZleba meti teritoria egdo xelT.~21 esimis maCvenebelia, rom am or mtacebels Soris faruli br-Zola saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis xarjze mim-dinareobda. evropis wamyvani qveynebis politikurad gameZa-vebuli liderebis mxridan saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi`orsaxovani ianusis~ diplomatiuri kursis oficialu-rad gasjaroebam, ruseT- osmaleTs dasaxuli miznis mis-aRwevadxelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmna. gadamwyvet momen-tSi evropisgan zurgSeqcevis gamo, CrdiloeTisa da samxre-Tis mtaceblebs Soris moqceuli saqarTvelo_ gasaWyle-tad iyo ganwiruli. aseT umZimes pirobebSi myofi qveynis winaaRmdeg sabWo-Ta ruseTma 16 Tebervals azerbaijanidan farTomasStabi-

98

ani samxedro operaciebi daiwyo. saqarTvelos istoriuliteritoriebis okupaciisa da misi mitacebis dauokebelisurviliT Sepyrobilma osmaleTma, saqarTvelos xelisu-flebisadmi Tanadgomis Sesaxeb micemuli dapireba san-agve yuTSi moisrola, mtaceblis mgluri eSvebi gamoaCinada im Znelbedobis Jams, saqarTvelos mTavrobas kategori-uli formiT 1921 wlis 22 Tebervals ultimatumi wauyena.am SemTxvevaSi igi arTvin_ artaanis okrugebidan qarTu-li samxedro SenaerTebis dauyovnebliv gayvanas moiTxov-da. aRniSnuli faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom sabWoTa ruse-Tis agresia rom ara, dasaxelebul okrugebs qarTuli jarisnawilebi akontrolebda da masze administraciul ufle-bamosilebas saqarTvelos xelisufleba axorcielebda.samxreTis mxridan axali frontis gasaxsnelad mowinaaRm-degisadmi sababis armicemis mizniT, dasaxelebuli okruge-bidan qarTulma mxarem sajariso SenaerTebis gamoyvanamoaxdina. aseTi saxis `gadawyvetilebis miReba im Tval-sazrisiT iyo ̀ gamarTlebuli~, rom im etapze qveynis gada-rCenis SesaZlebloba mxolod bolSevikuri ruseTis wins-vlis SeCerebaSi isaxeboda.~22

qarTul istoriografiaSi safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili isZiriTadi ganmapirobebeli mizezebi, ramac saqarTvelos pirve-li respublikis mTavarsardlis g.kvinitaZis brZanebis safuZ-velze (1921 wlis 24 Tebervali) Tbilisis datoveba gana-piroba. 25 Tebervals XI armiis nawilebi TbilisSi Semovi-da da misma sardlobam, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisdamyareba oficialurad gamoacxada. momxdari faqtiT dasamxreT- dasavleTidan osmaleTis sardlobis aqtiurimoqmedebiT, baTumis okrugi saqarTvelosgan Camocilebisrealuri safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. amrigad: 1)ruseT- osmaleTis interesebis urTierT damTx-

vevam da amierkavkasiis regionSi gabatonebisaTvis swraf-vam, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arseboba safrTxis qveSdaayena. mosalodneli katastrofisgan damzRvevi meqaniz-mis Seqmnis mcdeloba (amierkavkasiis sami respublikis sa-mxedro Zalebis gaerTianebis idea) im etapze uSedego aR-moCnda. amierkavkasiis regionis garSemo Seqmnili umZimesipolitikuri situaciis argaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare,somxeTisa da azerbaijanis warmomadgenlobam regionaluri

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dapirispirebis gza airCia da saerTaSoriso konferencie-bze saqarTvelos teritoriebis mitacebis mcdelobiT iyvnendakavebulni. am fonze, gareSe Zalebis mxridan mosalod-nel safrTxes nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen. 2)sabWoTaruseTisa da osmaleTis dafinansebiT saqarTveloSi moq-medi antiqarTuli organizaciebi, axladSeqmnili saxelm-wifos waqceviT da qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis dar-RveviT iyvnen dainteresebulni. Sesabamisi masalebiT da-dasturebulia, rom ̀ samuslimano saqarTveloSi~ maTi mxri-dan dagegmili gamosvlebi, samxreT_ dasavleT saqarTve-los Camocilebaze iyo gaTvlili. ramdenadac sabWoTaruseTi, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mebrZol partniors osma-leTSi xedavda, misadmi fuliTa da iaraRiT daxmarebapirvelxarisxovan amocanad qonda dasaxuli. am fonze, da-savleT evropis qveynebis axloaRmosavluri wajeq- uku-jeqis ̀ abrundis~ politikuri kursidan gamomdinare, saqa-rTvelo CrdiloeTisa da samxreTeli mtaceblebis_ ruseT-osmaleTis pirispir martod- marto aRmoCnda. inglisisdiplomatiuri wreebis ZalisxmeviT, osmaleTis saxelmwi-fos gadarCenam (servis xelSekruleba) da ruseT- osmale-Tis `megobrul~ formatSi dawyebulma molaparakebebma,saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukideblobis arseboba kiTx-viTi niSnis qveS daayena. 3)evropis saxelmwifoebidan Sepire-buli daxmarebis armiRebam da qveynis Tavdacvisunariano-bis gasaZliereblad mxolod adgilobriv resursebze dayr-dnobam, qarTuli jaris raodenobrivad gazrdisaTvis saWiroinfrastruqturis Seqmna Seaferxa. CrdiloeTidan da sam-xreTidan mosalodneli safrTxeebis garduvaloba, qarTulpolitikur speqtrs kargad qonda gacnobierebuli. mimdi-nare politikuri procesebiT aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom evro-pis qveynebma, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samomavlo bedisgadawyvetis gasaRebi sabWoTa ruseTs gadasca. dokumentu-ri masaliT dasturdeba, rom osmaleTis mxridan ̀ keTilmez-oblobis~ Sesaxeb gakeTebul gancxadebebs, saqarTvelosxelisufleba undoblad ekideboda da `samuslimano sa-qarTvelosTan~ mimarTebaSi misgan pretenziebis moxsnisgarantad oficialur dokuments iTxovda. 4)CrdiloeTisada samxreTis mezoblebis okupaciisagan qveynis gadasarCe-nad, saqarTvelos diplomatiuri korpusis mxridan ruseT-

100

osmaleTis dapirispirebis mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda.makiavelizmis nacadi meTodebis gamoyenebiT da osmaleT-Tan ‘megobrobis~ gamyarebis motivaciis fonis SeqmniT, sa-mxreT- dasavleTi saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebisabWoTa ruseTma savaWro sagnad aqcia. saqarTvelos winaaRm-deg saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTisad-mi osmaleTis ardapirispirebis safasurad, am ukanasknelsartaanisa da arTvinis okrugebis misakuTrebis realurigarantiebi SesTavaza.

101

miTiTebuli wyaroebi da literatura

$ 1. osmaleTi da `samxreT kavkasiis muslimanuri saxelmwifos~ Seqmnis sakiTxi

1. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #4. gv. 8- 9

2. scsia. f. 1833. aRw. 1. saq. 4. furc. 12

3. S.vadaWkoria. qarTuli social_ demokratia 1917_ 1921 wlebSi.

Tb. 2001. gv.297_ 299

4. saqarTvelos parlamentis miwis kanonebi. Tb. 1919 w. gv. 1_ 23.

5. m.sioriZe. `yarsis respublika~ saistorio moambe # 1. baTumi

1995 w. gv. 25

6. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 18

7. iqve. gv. 17- 18

8. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 23 Tebervali # 43

9. g.ivaniZe, m.ivaniZe. brZola mesxeTisaTvis 1917_ 1921. Tb. 2002. gv.

83

10. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 6

11. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 23 marti. # 66

12. v.nozaZe. saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo.

Tb.1989. gv. 48

13. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 23 marti. # 66

14. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 9

15. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 22 Tebervali. #42

16. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 19 marti. #62

17. v.nozaZe. saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo.

gv.50

18. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 21 marti #64

19. m.sioriZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.27

20. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 1 Tebervali #25

21. g.kvinitaZe. mogonebebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wlebi

1917_ 1921. Tbilisi. 1998 w. gv.131

22. g.lorTqifaniZe. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tbilisi. 1995. gv. 149

23. m.sioriZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 28

102

24. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 12

25. iqve.

26. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 25 Tebervali #43

27. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 21 Tebervali #41

28. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 23 Tebervali #43

29. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 9 Tebervali #32

30. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 22 Tebervali #42

31. iqve

32. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 11

33. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 23 Tebervali #43

34. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 19 marti. #62

35. gaz. `samuslimano saqarTvelo~ 1920 w. 30 marti #327

36. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis

krebuli 1918_ 1921. Tb 1990. gv. 276

37. g.bogveraZe. saqarTvelo_ azerbaijanis samxedro_ politikuri

urTierTobis istoria 1918_ 1920 wlebSi. quTaisi 2005. gv.145

38. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 5 marti #52

39. iqve

40. S.vadaWkoria. saqarTvelo_ somxeTis urTierTobis sakiTxi

qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi (1918_ 1920) Tb.1999. gv.75;

d..WumburiZe. saqarTvelo_ somxeTis urTierToba 1918_ 1921 wleb-

Si da qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri. Tbilisi. 1999. gv45

41. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 19

42. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 19 maisi #111

43. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 17

44. iqve

45. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 22 Tebervali #42

46. gaz. `erToba~ 1919 w. 19 marti #66

47. m.sioriZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 28

48. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi)

1919 w. #7. gv. 21

103

$ 2. ruseT_ osmaleTis aliansi da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

1. l.ToiZe. intervenciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebac,

faqtobrivi

aneqsiac. Tb. 1991. gv. 48

2. g.lorTqifaniZe. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb. 1995. gv.148

3. gaz. `erToba~ 1920 w. 1 Tebervali # 24

4. gaz. `erToba~ 1920 w. 16 marti # 61

5. gaz. `erToba~ 1920 w. 7 marti # 54

6. gaz. `erToba~ 1920 w. 2 marti # 49

7. l.ToiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 49

8. v.nozaZe. saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo.

Tb. 1989. gv.86

9. damfuZnebeli kreba. (stenografiuli angariSi) 1920 wlis 5

noemberi. # 53. gv.5

10. gr.lorTqifaniZe. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb. 1995. gv.152

11. m.svaniZe. diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba saqarTvelosa

da qemalis mTavrobas Soris. ix. qarTuli diplomatia. weliw-

deuli. #7. Tb. 2000. gv. 14412. . .3. 1959. .39313. gaz. `saqarTvelo~ 1920 w. giorgobisTvis 24. #156

14. gaz. `erToba~ 1920 w. 4 noemberi #251

15. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba (stenografiuli angariSi)

1920. 5 noemberi. #53. gv.42

16. n.Jordania. Cemi warsuli. Tb.1990. gv.123

17. iqve. gv. 123- 124

18. l.ToiZe. brZola baTumisaTvis: 1921 wlis marti. Tb. 2009. gv.19

19. k.inasariZe. patara oqros xana. miunxeni. 1984. gv.498

20. l.ToiZe. brZola baTumisaTvis: 1921 wlis marti. Tb. 2009. gv.13

21. m.svaniZe. diplomatiuri brZola baTumisa da baTumis olqi-

saTvis 1918- 1921 wlebSi. ix. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli.

#10. Tb.2003. gv.181

22. S.vadaWkoria. qarTuli social- demokratia 1917_ 1921 wlebSi.

Tb.2001. gv436- 437

104

Shota Vadachkoria

The first Republik of Georgia and the turkish expansionist politiky (January 1919- March 1921)

The comparison of the archive and press factual materials flowed that:1. till now dorrinatkig viewpoint in Geonpan historiography that the agricul-

tural reform was the mam reason of Osnan Server Bag’s revolt is not true.Furthermore, a) according to the archive materials it is obvious that the landreform based on the land law ofthe Transcaucasia Commissariat, December,16,1917 and the Transcaucasia Sejm, March, 17,1918 was not in fact carriedon. As for carrying out of the land law adopted by the Parliament of Georgiain January, 28,1919, it started only four months later after Osman Server-Bag’s “revolt“, the same year; b) the documentary materials prove that tendays before the land law was adopted by the Parliament of Georgia “TheProvisional Government of the South Caucasus“ was formed and 19 daysbefore Osman Server-Bag with Turkish askers dressed in the cothesof localresidents invaded Akhaltsikhe from Potskhovi and captured the town. 2) According to the materials gathered by the commission created for study-ing Akhaltsikhe events, we become aware that commissioners were appoint-ed on an equal footing (one Muslim and one Georgian Christian). As for theinternal problems of the Uyezd, commissioners were solving them togetherwith the council of farmers. According to the above mentioned, in the case ofrevealed mistakes, the responsibility should have been equally shared on eachmember of the Akhaltsikhe Uyezd farmers’ council and commissioners. 3) Pro-Ottoman propaganda activity of the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijanagents (Omar-Paic, Pepinov, Musakiev, Akhmedov, members of physicianSultanov’s “Charity organization“, etc) promoted in Southwest Georgia for-mation of anti-Georgian mentality among one part of Georgian Muslims liv-ing in the region. Concerning this background, on the basis of Meskhet- Jav-akheti and Batumi-Karsi regions Ottoman government was trying to formnew unite of Musim state. Its “legal justification“ from the Ottomans’ sidewas based on Soviet “Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia“ andMuslin fate. Despite the influence of the mentioned propagation on the pop-ulation, for Ottoman government to separate the Southwest Georgia from themain land was possihle only with the help and loyalty of renegade Georgianslike Server-Bag. 4) On the basis of the documentary material analyses given in the article itbecomes cear that the support and assistance of the British generals to the

105

“Government of Karsi“ was a far-reaching policy. The policy first of all aimedto weaken Georgia and together with Lasistan, unite the Southwest Georgiawith Armenia and thus, help Armeniato possess passage to the Black Sea.With the help of comparison of the facts from the archive materials and thememoire iteratore, it becomes obvious that Armenian - British mterests werethere in Server-Bag’s “revolt“. For hidmg the truth it was intentionally wrappedin the Muslim robe.

5) the coincidence of the Ottoman – Russian interests and the striving forthe domination in the South Caucasus region put under the threat the inde-pendence of the Georgian state. An attempt to find a certain mechanism foravoiding the catastrophe (idea of uniting military forces of the three SouthCaucasian republics) had no result at that time. The representatives of Arme-nia and Azerbaijan, not taking into consideration the extremely difficult po-litical situation in the South Caucasus region, have chosen the regional con-frontation and at the international conferences were busily occupied to ap-propriate territories of Georgia. On this background they paid less attentionto the possible threats.6) The organizations which were carrying on activities against Georgia with

the financial support of the Soviet Russia and Ottomans aimed to weakennewly formed state and disintegrate the unity of the country. The unrests inthe “Muslim Georgia”, organized by them, aimed separation of the south -western Georgia from the rest of the country. This is confirmed by the rele-vant materials. Assistance of the Ottoman Empire in arms and finances was aprimary goal of Russia, as Russia saw the empire as a partner in the fightagainst Georgia. On the background of the political course of the westernEuropean countries, Georgia found itself face to face one in front of the north-ern and southern predatory countries – Russia and Ottomans. With the effortsof the Great Britain diplomatic circles the Ottoman’s state was saved (Servetreaty). Russia and Ottomans in a “friendly” format began negotiations. Theseprocesses have called into question the independence of Georgia.7) Georgia had not received the promised military aid from European coun-

tries and it used only local resources for strengthening the defense capabilitythat prevented the creation of the infrastructure needed to increase the num-ber of troops in the Georgian army. The Georgian political figures knew well,that the threats from the North and from the South were inevitable. The polit-ical processes of those days showed well that the European countries gavecompletely Russia the possibility of solving the future of independence of theGeorgian state. Documentary materials prove that the government of Georgiadistrusted the Ottomans’ announcements about “good - neighborhood”. In

106

connection with “Muslim Georgia”, government of Georgia demanded anofficial document as a guarantee. 8) The attempt of diplomatic corps of Georgia to set up Russia and Ottomansagainst each other, to save the country from the occupation of the northernand southern neighbors, failed. Using well - established techniques of Machi-avellianism and creating background for strengthening “friendship” with theOttoman Empire, Soviet Russia used historical territory of the south-easternGeorgia as an object of trade. In the case of a military operation against Geor-gia as the price of neutrality, Russia offered the Ottoman Empire real guaran-tees to appropriate Artaani and Artvini districts.

107

108

Sinaarsi

1. osmaleTi da ̀ samxreT kavkasiis muslimanurisaxelmwifos~ Seqmnis sakiTxi ____________________- 3

2. ruseT_ osmaleTis aliansi da damoukidebelisaqarTvelo ____________________________________ 64

3. miTiTebuli wyaroebi da literatura __________ 101

4. reziume (inglisur enaze) ____________________- 104

5. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis ruka ________ 107

SoTa ilias Ze vadaWkoria

saqarTvelos pirveli respublika da osmaleTis eqspansiuri politika

(1919 wlis ianvari _ 1921 wlis marti)

Tbilisi 2015

saaRricxvo- sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sabeWdi qaRaldi 60 X 84 1/ 16