Strategic Approach to Recovery of FisheriesIndustry and Coastal Community

Affected by Great East Japan Disaster –

-Lessons learnt through Sumatra Earthquake and Great Indian

Ocean Tsunami Disaster in 2004 –1

食料生産管理学

Contents

Introduction

Impacts on fisheries industry and coastal community

caused by Great East Japan Disaster in 2011

How to obtain lessons learnt through recovery process of

Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004

Purpose and Contents of Symposium

2

Introduction

On March 11, 2011, a large earthquake measuring 9.0

on the Richter scale resulted from the two tectonic

plates’ movement in the Pacific Ocean floor along

coastlines of East Japan.

East Japan, especially northeast Pacific coast areas, are

the important pillars of food security of Japan, providing

the nations with agricultural and fisheries products.

Clusters of fisheries and their related industries had

extended production, processing and , with accumulated

capital, technologies, and knowledge.

3

Great East Japan Disaster: Damages to Fisheries ①

4

A fishing vessel dumped inland by

tsunami at Ayukawa fishing port

(Ishinomaki City)

Yoriiso fishing port covered with debris

(Ishinomaki City)

Yoriiso fish processing facility

damaged by tsunami (Ishinomaki

City)

Fishing

vesselsAbout 25,000 were damaged.

Fishing

Ports

319 fishing ports were damaged.

The estimation of damage is 8,230

billion yen.

Markets

Almost all markets adjacent to the

affected fishing ports were

damaged. 22 markets were

completely destroyed.

Fish

Processi

ng

Facilities

570 facilities were completely

destroyed. 113 facilities were

partially destroyed. 140 facilities

were flooded.

Damages in 7 prefectures

(Fishing vessels, Fishing Ports, Markets,

Fish Processing Facilities)

※The estimation of damages is as of May 5, 2011. (The damages are predicted to increase, as situations are more

comprehensively revealed.) ※Source: “Fishery Census 2008” (Source) Fisheries Agency

※7 prefectures

where the

earthquake

inflicted damages.

・Major damages in extensive areas mainly in 7 prefectures (Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi,

Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba) which account for 50 percent of national fishery production. The number of

persons engaged in the fishery industry in the areas is 73,948 (1/3 of the nation’s total)

・The amount of damages to aquaculture facilities is 1312 billion yen (damages to aquaculture products

are included). The damages are severe, as the stricken areas are major producers of wakame

(seaweed) and oysters.

Great East Japan Disaster: Damages to fisheries ②

Catastrophic damages to wakame (seaweed) and oyster

aquaculture, which are among the major products of the

stricken areas (especially Iwate and Miyagi Prefecture)

Damages to aquaculture

facilities were

recognized in the

following 15 prefectures.

(Hokkaido, Aomori,

Iwate, Miyagi,

Fukushima etc.)

A damaged oyster processing

facility (Ishinomaki City).

＊ The estimation of damages is as of May 5, 2011.

(The damages are predicted to increase, as situations are more

comprehensively revealed)

* Share of stricken areas in national production of

seaweeds and oysters.

5

Other

stricken

prefectures:

13 %

Others:

8 %

Others

67 % Other stricken

prefectures :

4 %

Iwate prefecture

Miyagi

pref.

35%

Production of

cultured

oysters

(2009 fiscal

year)

Miyagi

prefecture Production of

cultured

wakame

(seaweeds)

(2009 fiscal

year)

Iwat

e

pref.

35%

(Source) Fisheries Agency

For Strategic Approach

How to rehabilitate and reconstruct those affected

society and people is still a controversial issue.

What strategic and comprehensive approaches are

appropriate to fit in with local reality?

6

Suggestions and Recommendations:

1) "Towards Reconstruction: Hope beyond the Disaster” The

Reconstruction Design Council (25 June)

2) "Master Plan for Reconstruction of Fisheries" Fisheries Agency

(28 June), etc

Experiences and lessons learnt through the recovery process

in Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami may

provide a profound insight

Our questions

Tremendous efforts and donations have been put into

the rebuilding and restore of tsunami-affected coastal

society.

Is “Building back better” achieved?

Rehabilitation and rebuilding programs effectively

worked for those who survived in order to empower to

reshape the future and redevelop their way of life ?

(BRR 2009)

Lessons learnt can be adopted in the recovery of Great

East Japan Disaster in 2011

7

Damage and Loss by Sumatra Earthquake and Great Indian

Ocean Tsunami

8

Community center for evacuation, Aceh in Sumatra

Seven years have passed!

On 26th December 2004, a Sumatra earthquake

and a series of great tsunamis heavily struck to

many parts of Asian coastal communities.

This disaster caused an unprecedented loss of

life, and damaged a foundation of coastal

communities.

In the wake of disaster, an enormous number of

affected people lost their livelihood, society, and

culture. 9

Coastal communities were seriously damaged

Major parts of coastal area affected were fishing

communities, and many of the victims were fishers and

their families.

Economic loss in fisheries industry was massive.

Livelihood of fishing village was been destroyed.

Sustainable resource management was lost or

damaged.

FAO (2005) declared that fishers and local people have

rights to access marine resources as it was always in the

past. 10

Damage and loss

11

Unit: person

Nation Dead Victems

Indonesia 167,540 566,898

Sri Lanka 35,322 519,063

India 16,269 647,599

Thailand 8,212 n/a

Others (10 countries) 555 34,700

Total 227,898 1,768,260

Table 1 Lost of Life and Victems

(source)Jayasuriya, S. & McCawley, P. 2008. Reconstruction after a Major Disaster;　Lessons fromthe Post-Tsunami Experience in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, ADB Institute Working PaperNo.125

Towards Sustainable Growth of Fisheries Industries and Coastal

Community

12

Toward Self-reliance

Most of tsunami-affected countries had an emergency

support and a 2~5 year recovery plan. Most of supports

have already terminated.

First stage: emergency support was provided.

Second stage: temporary housing or reconstruction of

permanent houses was started.

Last stage: development of physical and social

infrastructure was undertaken.

Enormous effort to support recovery of livelihood with

microfinance, technical assistance and capacity building

program. These would ensure the long-term

sustainability of any program activities.

13

Fig. Recovery Process: Livelihood Improvement and Development of Social Capital

“Build back better” in tsunami-affected community

Immediately after the disaster, donors provided emergency

support. They prepared houses, and shifted to physical and

social infrastructure. While decreasing involvement,

people and society increase self-dependence.

(Source) Author illustrated by referring to Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR, 2005),.

2010

Self-dependency

Donor support

14

Final goal of people in affected society

Restoration of livelihood and its sustainability

Means of production such as fishing boats and

gears were provided and/or reinvested by

themselves. Fisheries facilities and processing plants

were also repaired and rebuilt.

Guarantee of permanent houses and stable

community

This could not be overemphasized, although the

location became a problem in connection with a zoning

policy, etc.

15

Confusion and Conflict in Restoration and Reconstruction

Confusion and conflict the process of restoration

and reconstruction originated from peculiar

characteristics of fishers’ livelihood, social

classes, and fisheries industry.

Research and study on fisheries industry and

fishing community are much less, in comparison

with agricultural sector and rural society.

A plan for restoration and reconstruction, made

with adoption of top-down approach, always

became a controversial issue. 16

Declaration on conservation and zoning by LGU: in Phannga, Thailand17

Ex. Zoning coastal area, relocation of communities, etc.

A zoning policy on coastal areas affected by

tsunami was the most severe conflict.

Many countries took enforcement measures on

removing any structures including temporary

houses and plants, outside a certain fixed

distance from the seashore.

Illegally building houses and plants were

regarded as a social right and custom.

Introduction of the coastal zone management

and enforcement of laws caused conflicts.

18

Right: All houses were cleaned up.

Fishers are not allowed to resettle.

Left：New settlement for fishers

from the beach (below).

Fishers have to move to the

higher elevated area.

(Thailand)

20

Ground zero in Aceh: Ulele was completely destroyed by tsunami.

New houses were constructed close to the sea. Evacuation center

Was constructed with JICA’s support.

Reconstruction Plan

(National level)

Communitycommunity

Community

Province/ State

（Regional level)

Support &

coordination

NGOs

(abroad)

NGOs

Figure Plan for Support

conflict

Conflict

A community-based and community-driven approach to rebuild society

Supporting and donor agencies would avoid to adopt

top-down approach which might not fit in with local

reality. Communities and people would reduce over-

dependence on the donor agencies.

Not many communities could have worked effectively in

the rebuilding of society, where leaders were dead and

missing.

Local government units (LGUs) did not work effectively,

although they were expected to play an important role in

emergency and recovery activities.

22

Comprehensive approach to reconstruction of fisheries industry

Comprehensive approach is required for the recovery of

fishery industry. Donor agency and tsunami-affected

society focused more on the rehabilitation of fishing and

aquaculture, than infrastructure, processing and

marketing.

Fishers and families were target, while processers and

traders were often neglected. Small-scale fishers were

mainly supported with provision of small-scale fishing

boat, gear, and equipment.

Support to processing and marketing would have given

more impact the rehabilitation of fisheries sector, and

accelerate its reconstruction.

23

How to avoid dependency syndrome (for supporting agency and society)

A “dependency syndrome” is a wide spread phenomena

throughout the tsunami-affected areas.

Society, culture and even sprit of people have been

affected by this syndrome. Changed structure of society

and influenced people’s behaviors, after the 2004

disaster.

Local government and community heavily depended on

budget allocation and personal from central, and donors.

24

Rely on Community-based Organizations (CBOs) and People’s Organization (Pos)

Government and donor agencies encouraged people to

organize community-based organizations (CBOs) and

people’s organizations (POs), whatever the type.

Cohesion among people directly reflects the success and

failure of rehabilitation, reconstruction with self-reliance.

In Indonesia, traditional fisheries management groups act as

a representative of affected local society and people,

instead of local administrative unit (LGU).

25

Social capital works as before?

Marketing network becomes fragile. This is an obstacle

to recovery of market-oriented livelihood, such as

fisheries and aquaculture.

Technology and local knowledge are not much available

as before. People feel loss of social identity.

People had developed various forms of social networks

facilitating co-operation and mutual help. Without them,

they would be vulnerable vis-à-vis social disorders and

insecurity.

26

People’s organization and social capital

Development of social capital facilitate community-based

groups and associations.

People’s participation in the recovery process of social

network and trust among community members.

Leaders and their leadership skills are essential to create

strong community networks.

In a new settlement, fishers and people make effort to

establish people’s organization and strengthen social

capital. This is an appropriate measure to evaluate level of

restoration and reconstruction.

27

Symposium

Focus on Recovery of Livelihood and Participatory Approach to

Reconstruct Community

28

Goal of Symposium

This symposium is to identify an effective way how

affected people and coastal society could restore

livelihood and reconstruct community.

Community-based and community-driven approaches

are focused, referring to development of social capital,

strength of social networks and level of cooperation

among re-settlers in tsunami-affected coastal

communities (and in new settlements).

Lessons and experiences will be included into

suggestions and recommendations for the recovery of

fisheries industry and coastal communities affected by

Great East Japan Disaster in March 11, 2011.

Indonesia

Thailand

Phannga province (Klongkien, Ban Nam Ken)Issues: Social capital, donor dependency, struggles of

new communities, overuse of resources, impacts of

social zoning , local governance, etc.

Kurabi province （Khaotong, Ao Luk Noi))

Issues: Social capital, microfinance for livelihood,

institutional arrangement of sustainable resource

utilization, overuse of resources, recovery of

coastal environment , etc.

Banda Ache (Krungraya Bay)Issues: Social capital, donor dependency,

traditional community-based network, cultural

changes , struggles of new communities, etc.

Topics today (Thailand and Indonesia)

30

Program Symposium consists of four sessions.

1) Indonesian session

2) Thai session

3) Discussion

4) Special session for making suggestions and

recommendations.

Special sessions will be held on December 10. With

guest speakers, an executive summary with

suggestions and recommendations will be described.

December 9

yamao@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Thank you for your attention.