Strengthening Financial Infrastructure


3/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8


4/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8+ Gk|zilth|gik +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8

:+

Iudzncc Ugxgik eiz Egknkhgnc Ldudcir`dk|

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Htzzdk| xg|tn|gik ie egknkhgnc ldudcir`dk|# irdkkdxx# nkl deeghgdkh +++++++++++++++++++++ 58+: _nx |i rzi`i|d egknkhgnc lddrdkgko nkl irdkgko +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>88+8 Zdcn|gik |i oiudzk`dk| ldudcir`dk| ricgh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>?

? Gkhzdnxgko nhhdxx +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>?77

4+ Dkfnkhgko Egknkhgnc X|njgcg| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>74+> @ghzirztldk|gnc ricgh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:24+: @nhzirztldk|gnc ricgh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:2

5+ Lddrdkgko Egknkhgnc Gk|dozn|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:55+> Zicd ie egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik nkl hiirdzn|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:55+: Htzzdk| x|n|d ie zdogiknc egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:55+8 @dnxtzdx |i lddrdk gk|dozn|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:65+


5/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8+ GK\ZILTH\GIK

J :282# `nk NHG:

\fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz `tx| oziw nkl nlnr| wg|f |fd hfnkogko kddlx ie Nxgnk dhiki`gdx nx |fdldudcir+ Gk rnz|ghtcnz# nx `nk NHG dhiki`gdx ìud |iwnzl ldudcirdl dhiki` x|n|tx j:282# fgofdz cdudcx ie dhiki`gh nh|gug| nkl gkhzdnxdl egknkhgnc wdnc|f wgcc hncc eiz gkhzdnxgkoxirfgx|ghn|gik ie |fd egknkhgnc xx|d` gk |dz`x ie rzilth|x nkl xdzughdx rziugldl+ @nxxgudgkudx|`dk| zd~tgzd`dk|x |i xtrriz| oziw|f wgcc zd~tgzd gkkiun|gikx gk egknkhgko+ Fiwdudz# gkhik|znx| |i |fd fgof cdudcx `nktenh|tzgko rzilth|gug| gk |fd zdogik# ldudcir`dk| ie |fd egknkhgncxdh|iz odkdzncc fnx cnoodl gk Nxgn# cnzodc ltd |i fdnu zdotcn|gik# nkl# gk xi`d hnxdx#gkxteeghgdk| xhncd+ Ie hitzxd# |fd rzihdxx ie gkkiun|gik `tx| jd hnzdetcc `nknodl# nxdvrdzgdkhd xfiwx |fn| egknkhgnc gkkiun|gik hnk gkhzdnxd zgxax nx wdcc+ Egkncc# gk ugdw ie |fdezno`dk|dl x|n|d ie Nxgnk egknkhgnc `nzad|x# `nk ie wfghf cnha dhiki`gdx ie xhncd# egknkhgncgk|dozn|gik hnk hik|zgjt|d |i rziì|gko dhiki`gh ldudcir`dk| j zdlthgko hix|x |i jizziwdzxnkl gkudx|izx nkl gkhzdnxgko hi`rd|g|gik+

dhiki`gdx nzd dvrdh|dl |i nhfgdud ldudcirdl dhiki` x|n|tx# nkl |fgxwgcc zd~tgzd n xtjx|nk|gnc hik|zgjt|gik ezi` |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz+ \fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz rcnx nkt`jdz ie ad zicdx gk |fd rzihdxx ie dhiki`gh ldudcir`dk| nkl oziw|f# gkhctlgko enhgcg|n|gko

|fd |znlgko ie oiilx nkl xdzughdx1 dunctn|gko gkudx|`dk| rzimdh|x1 ìjgcg}gko nkl riicgkoxnugkox |i etkl rzimdh|x1 |znkxedzzgko etklx |i wfdzd |fd nzd kddldl1 ìkg|izgko |fd nh|gug|gdxie hnrg|nc txdzx1 lgx|zgjt|gko nkl ìkg|izgko zgxa1 nkl rziuglgko gkudx|izx wg|f lgudzxd xnugkoxrzilth|x+ G| gx ki dvnoodzn|gik |i xn |fn| |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz gx |fd cgedjciil ie |fd dhiki`ghxx|d`# nkl |fn| ldudcirgko n egknkhgnc gkeznx|zth|tzd hnrnjcd ie xtrriz|gko xtx|ngknjcd ciko|dz` oziw|f gk |fd zdogik gx n hzg|ghnc zd~tgzd`dk|+ @izdiudz# n `ncetkh|gikgko egknkhgnc xx|d`hnk fnud kdon|gud hikxd~tdkhdx eiz |fd zdnc dhiki`# xi xnedotnzlgko egknkhgnc x|njgcg| ezi`ji|f dv|dzknc nkl gk|dzknc zgxax gx n ad ricgh zdxrikxgjgcg|+ \fgx cdxxik fnx jddk zdrdn|dlcjzitof| fi`d nx n zdxtc| ie zdhdk| `nmiz egknkhgnc hzgxdx+

\fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz gk Nxgn fnx odkdzncc rdzeiz`dl wdcc gk xtrriz|gko |fd oziw|f rzihdxx# nxxfiwk j Nxgnx tk`n|hfdl oziw|f zdhizl+ Kikd|fdcdxx# `ngk|ngkgko n x|ziko oziw|f rn|f nkl

`dd|gko |fd kddlx ie xnudzx nkl gkudx|izx gk |fd kdv| |wi ldhnldx wgcc rziugld `nk kdwhfnccdkodx |i Nxgnx egknkhgnc xdh|iz+ \fdxd gkhctld |fd kddl |i rziì|d egknkhgnc gkhctxgik# |inhhi`ìln|d |fd nogko ie Nxgnk rirtcn|gikx# nkl |i xtrriz| ozddk oziw|f+ \fd x|tl ng`x |irziugld hi`rnzn|gud rdzxrdh|gudx ik |fd htzzdk| nkl rzixrdh|gud xg|tn|gik ie egknkhgnc `nzad|ldudcir`dk| gk NXDNK# |fd RZH# nkl Gklgn# gldk|ge |fd ad rzgizg|gdx eiz x|zdko|fdkgko egknkhgncgkeznx|zth|tzd |i rziì|d egknkhgnc ldudcir`dk| nkl zdogiknc gk|dozn|gik# nkl rzilthd ricghzdhi``dkln|gikx n| |fd kn|giknc# xtjzdogiknc nkl zdogiknc cdudcx+ \fd eitz rzgizg| nzdnxhiudzdl j |fd x|tl nzd= `nzad| ldudcir`dk|# irdkgko nkl deeghgdkh1 egknkhgnc gkhctxgik1egknkhgnc x|njgcg|1 nkl egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik+ Zdonzlgko egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik# |fd rzihdxxdkugxnodl eiz |fd NXDNK Dhiki`gh Hi``tkg| &NDH' j :2>4 hnk rziugld n ìldc eiz wgldzzdogiknc gk|dozn|gik j :282+ @dnxtzdx nkl gxxtdx hiudzdl gk |fgx zdriz| gkhctld=

>+ dunctn|gko |fd htzzdk| xg|tn|gik ie jzinl gklghn|izx ie egknkhgnc `nzad| ldudcir`dk|#

irdkkdxx# nkl deeghgdkh gk NXDNK# |fd RZH nkl Gklgn1

:+ lddrdkgko egknkhgnc `nzad|x# gkhctlgko= ldudcir`dk| ie gkeznx|zth|tzd eiz ldzgun|gudx#eizdgok dvhfnkod nkl xwnr |znkxnh|gikx1 fnzìkg}n|gik ie zdotcn|iz nkl |nv ezn`dwizax1x|zdko|fdkgko ie oiudzk`dk| ldj| `nknod`dk|1 ldudcir`dk| ie `dhfnkgx`x eiz rziì|gkortjcgh nkl rzgun|d xdh|iz egknkhgko eiz gkeznx|zth|tzd nkl i|fdz kddlx1 nkl egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik1

:NXDNK# RZH# nkl Gklgn+


6/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8n= :2>'

Ki|njc# eitz it| ie |fd egud rigk|x |ithf ik egknkhgnc xdh|iz nxrdh|x# gkhctlgko cgjdzncg}n|gik ie|znld gk egknkhgnc xdzughdx# egknkhgnc zdeiz` nkl zdotcn|gik# zdotcn|gik ie hnrg|nc eciwx# nkl zdeiz`ie |fd gk|dzkn|giknc `ikd|nz xx|d`# gkhctlgko |fd oiudzknkhd ie gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgncgkx|g|t|gikx+ \njcd > cnx it| xi`d xtoodx|dl rzgizg|gdx nkl ricgh `dnxtzdx ezi` |fd zdriz| eiz|fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz+


7/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8= Rzgizg|gdx nkl Ricgh @dnxtzdx eiz |fd Egknkhgnc Xdh|iz

Rzgizg|gdx Ricgh `dnxtzdx

Gkhzdnxd zdxgcgdkhd nongkx|egknkhgnc hzgxdx

G`rziud egknkhgnc `nzad| xtzudgccnkhd

Ldudcir cnzodz# lddrdz zdogiknc

egknkhgnc `nzad|x

Rziì|d |fd fnzìkg}n|gik ie

x|nklnzlx nkl `t|tnc zdhiokg|gik iezdotcn|gikx G`rziud zd|tzkx eiz gkudx|izx nkl

zdlthd hnrg|nc hix|x |i egz`x jx|zdko|fdkgko |fd zdogikncgk|dz`dlgn|gik ie xnugkox

X|zdko|fdk cihnchtzzdkh jikl`nzad|x nkl |fdgz gkeznx|zth|tzd

Cgjdzncg}d hnrg|nc nhhitk|x nkl hzixxjizldz egknkhgnc xdzughdx gk n rztldk|`nkkdz

Xitzhd= NLJ &:2>2=:25'

Eiz NHG# |fd iudzncc ugxgik eiz egknkhgnc ldudcir`dk| xfitcl gkhctld |fd eicciwgko eitz `ngkrigk|x=

g+ lddrdkgko# irdkgko# nkl gkhzdnxdl deeghgdkh ie egknkhgnc `nzad|x1

gg+ dvrnkxgik ie nhhdxx |i egknkhgnc xdzughdx# g+d+# egknkhgnc gkhctxgik1

ggg+ dkfnkhdl egknkhgnc x|njgcg|1 nkl

gu+ lddrdz egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik+

Ge |fdxd enh|izx nzd rziì|dl deedh|gudc# |fgx xfitcl zdxtc| gk n xfnzrc dvrnkldl xfnzd ie |fdNHG egknkhgnc xdh|iz gk |fd ocijnc egknkhgnc `nzad|+ \njcd : xfiwx itz rzimdh|gikx ie |fd xfnzd ieNHG gk |fd wizcl |i|nc gk :282 eiz eitz nxxd| hcnxxdx= jnka ldrixg|x1 hzdlg| |i |fd rzgun|d xdh|izj jnkax1 x|ihax1 nkl rzgun|d xdh|iz cihnc htzzdkh jiklx+ Eiz ncc hn|doizgdx# |fd ocijnc xfnzdxnzd dvrdh|dl |i oziw lzn`n|ghncc j :282# wg|f |fixd eiz jnka ldrixg|x zdnhfgko iudz


8/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82 :282 :2>2 :282Jnka ldrixg|xNHG >8#872 48#?56 :8+? #887 7< :+< 8+2#725 ?#:5+? 8:+7NXDNK 755 8#2:8 >+7 8+2RZH 5#5?7 :4#68> >8+< :4+6Gklgn 588 +8

X|iha nzad| hnrg|ncg}n|gikNHG >2#565


9/51



10/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 877?>776+ X|iha`nzad| hnrg|ncg}n|gik zixd gk ncc NHG hitk|zgdx# wfgcd rzgun|d jikl `nzad| hnrg|ncg}n|gik edcc ikcgk Xgkonrizd+ Fiwdudz# n`iko NHG hitk|zgdx# rzgun|d jikl `nzad| hnrg|ncg}n|gik gx fgof ikc gk@ncnxgn# wfghf tkldzcgkdx |fd xhird eiz etz|fdz ldudcir`dk| ie |fgx xdh|iz+

\njcd :+5 >5+7 >+8 >5?+>Gklikdxgn >?+6 :5+8 88+2 >+< >+4 84+4 46+5@ncnxgn >:8+> >>8+: >:8:+5 8:+7 +>I|fdzxFiko Aiko# Hfgkn >42+7 >4:+< 85266+5 >?+: >:44+:Mnrnk >74+8 >2?+: 5?+5 5?+>


11/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82 :222 :2>2

NXDNK-


12/51


wg|f |fdgz x|n|tx nx zdogiknc egknkhgnc hdk|dzx# wfgcd ji|f |fd RZH nkl Gklgn fnud `ngk|ngkdlzdcn|gudc ciw zn|gkox ie >+>4# g+d+# zdcn|gudc hcixdl+ Gklikdxgn nkl Ugd| Kn` fnud jdhi`dxgokgeghnk|c `izd irdk# wfgcd @ncnxgn nkl \fngcnkl fnud jdhi`d cdxx irdk# rzg`nzgc nx nzdxtc| ie |fdgz dvrdzgdkhdx ltzgko |fd Nxgnk egknkhgnc hzgxgx ie >77?>776+ \fgx xhizgko xtoodx|x|fzdd jzinl hn|doizgdx= irdk1 `ildzn|dc irdk1 nkl zdcn|gudc hcixdl+

Egotzd >= HfgkkG|i Gklghdx eiz @nmiz NHG Dhiki`gdx

- >+4 - > - 2+4 2 2+4 > >+4 : :+4

RZH

Gklgn

\fngcnkl

@ncnwxgn

Ugd| Kn`

Rfgcgrrgkdx

Gklikdxgn

Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn

Xgkonrizd

>775 :227

Xitzhd= HfgkkG|i &:226'+

Fiwdudz# g| gx wgldc zdhiokg}dl |fn| ld mtzd `dnxtzdx `n ki| zdcgnjc hnr|tzd |fd deedh|gudldozdd ie hnrg|nc `nzad| irdkkdxx# xgkhd nrrcghn|gik nkl dkeizhd`dk| ie ztcdx `n unz wgldc#nkl ld|ngcx ie zdotcn|gikx ki| hnr|tzdl gk |fd gkldv `n fnud xgokgeghnk| g`rcghn|gikx eiz `nzad|irdkkdxx+ Eiz dvn`rcd# nx gx lgxhtxxdl jdciw# ji|f |fd RZH nkl Gklgn zdotcn|d gkeciwx jeizdgok gkx|g|t|giknc gkudx|izx# jt| |fd RZH fnx dx|njcgxfdl x|zgh| ~ti|nx# wfgcd Gklgn fnx ki~ti|nx+

\fd nc|dzkn|gud nrrzinhf gx |i `dnxtzd |fd ld enh|i hnrg|nc `nzad| irdkkdxx jnxdl ikdx|g`n|dx ie nh|tnc hnrg|nc eciwx+ Ikd ie |fd `ngk xitzhdx gk |fgx zdonzl gx Cnkd nkl @gcdxgEdzzd||g &:225'# wfi dx|g`n|dl zn|gix |i OLR ie ozixx dv|dzknc nxxd|x nkl cgnjgcg|gdx eiz >7?2:22


13/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8>

xdhtzg|gdx# cinkx ezi` kikzdxgldk| jnkax# nkl zd`g||nkhdx1 nkl |fd zn|gi ie ieexfizd ldrixg|x |ijnka ldrixg|x+ Fiwdudz# ikc |fd cdudc ie it|x|nklgko gk|dzkn|giknc ldj| xdhtzg|gdx xfiwdl nhcdnz nkl hikxgx|dk| hizzdcn|gik wg|f gkhi`d cdudcx+ Egotzd : xfiwx |fd zn|gi ie gk|dzkn|giknc ldj|xdhtzg|gdx |i OLR eiz |fd `nmiz NHG hitk|zgdx+

Egotzd := Zn|gi ie Gk|dzkn|giknc Ldj| Xdhtzg|gdx |i OLR

Zn|gi |i OLR# $

2 4 >2 >4 :2 :4 82 84 2

Xitzhd= JGX tnz|dzc Zdugdw# Mtkd :2>># HDGH Ln|njnxd Hi+ Nungcnjcd n| www+hdgh+hi` &nhhdxxdl 7 Xdr|d`jdz :2>>'+

\fd lgx|zgjt|gik ie unctdx gx xg`gcnz |i |fn| ie |fd HfgkkG|i ld mtzd gkldv# wg|f Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1

nkl Xgkonrizd jdgko |fd ìx| irdk nkl Gklgn# \fngcnkl# nkl |fd RZH jdgko zdcn|gudc hcixdl+\fngcnkl hcdnzc jdhn`d ìzd hcixdl xgkhd |fd Nxgnk egknkhgnc hzgxgx ie >77?>776# nkl |fdRfgcgrrgkdx nkl @ncnxgn xfiwdl n xg`gcnz |dkldkh# nc|fitof ìzd `t|dl+ Ugd| Kn` xhizdx nxcdxx irdk ik |fgx `dnxtzd |fnk |fd ld mtzd `dnxtzd# xtoodx|gko |fn| |fd ld mtzd `dnxtzdx `nki| nld~tn|dc hnr|tzd |fd deedh|gud zdx|zgh|gikx ik gxxtnkhd nh|gug|+

Egknkhgnc Deeghgdkh

\fd `dnxtzdx ie egknkhgnc xdh|iz deeghgdkh xfiwk gk \njcd 5 &kd| gk|dzdx| `nzogk# hix| |igkhi`d zn|gi# cink |i ldrixg| zn|gi# zd|tzk ik nxxd|x# nkl zd|tzk ik d~tg|' nzd ki| nx hcixdchizzdcn|dl wg|f gkhi`d cdudcx nx |fd xg}d `dnxtzdx gk \njcd 8+ Nx gk \njcd 8# \njcd 5 xfiwx |fd`dlgnk unctdx eiz |fd eitz gkhi`d ozitrx gk :22?# nkl |fd hi`rnznjcd nudznod ln|n eiz |fd|fzdd xtjzdogikx ie NHG nkl |fd |i|nc gk :22> nkl :226+ 8

8

Ln|n eiz :222 nzd ki| nungcnjcd+

_fgcd |fd egzx| |fzdd `dnxtzdx

odkdzncc zgxd wg|f gkhi`d# |fdzd gx cg||cd iz ki hfnkod gk |fd kd| gk|dzdx| `nzogk iz hix||igkhi`d zn|gix+ \fd zn|gix eiz zd|tzkx ik nxxd|x nkl d~tg| nzd nh|tncc fgofdx| gk ciw gkhi`dhitk|zgdx1 |fd gkhzdnxdl hi`rd|g|gik nkl hnrg|nc lddrdkgko |fn| nhhi`rnk fgofdz gkhi`dcdudcx rzdxt`njc fdcrx |i lzgud |fd` liwk+
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14/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8:

\njcd 5= @dnxtzdx ie Egknkhgnc Xdh|iz Deeghgdkh nkl Gk|dozn|gik

Trrdz Ciwdz

Fgof @gllcd @gllcd Ciw :22> :226

Kd| gk|dzdx| nzogk 2+25 2+25 2+25 2+2: 2+28 2+28Hix| |i gkhi`d zn|gi 2+52 2+46 2+4? 2+42 2+?< 2+45

Cink |i ldrixg| zn|gi >+22 2+62 2+64 2+52 2+78 2+64

Zd|tzk ik nxxd|x &$' >+42 >+72 >+52 :+22 2+6< >+86

Zd|tzk ik d~tg| &$' >5+2 >4+2 >4+2 :>+2 >4+8 -8+6

jiklx)OLR 2+ 2+>7 2+2? 2+28 2+>> 2+>2

@dlgnk zn|gi j gkhi`d hcnxx :22? NHG-

OLR0 Ozixx Li`dx|gh Rzilth|

Ki|d=-

Xitzhd= Jdha nkl Ld`gzothAtk| &:227' nkl Jnkaxhird ln|njnxd# nungcnjcd n|=

Xg`rcd nudznod+

www+jnkaxhird+hi`&nhhdxxdl ?@nzhf :2>2'+

Nxgnk rdzeiz`nkhd gk |fgx hn|doiz gx ldhgldlc `gvdl+ Gk ncc |fzdd xtjzdogikx# |fd kd| gk|dzdx|`nzogk hfnkodl cg||cd iudz |fd rdzgil# nkl gx x|gcc hcixd |i |fn| ie |fd ciw gkhi`d cdudc+ \fd hix||igkhi`d nkl cink|ildrixg| zn|gix `ix|c edcc gk :226# dxrdhgncc gk |fd RZH# hcixd |i iz gkxi`d hnxdx ciwdz |fnk |fd ciw gkhi`d cdudc+ Ie hitzxd# |fd cn||dz rziudl |i jd n oiil |fgkoltzgko |fd egknkhgnc hzgxgx# nx g| `dnk| `gkg`nc ldrdkldkhd ik wficdxncd xitzhdx ie etklgko gk`ix| hitk|zgdx+ Zd|tzkx ik nxxd|x nkl d~tg| g`rziudl `nzadlc jd|wddk :22> nkl :226 gk |fdRZH nkl Gklgn# jt| nzd x|gcc ~tg|d ciw hi`rnzdl wg|f ocijnc cdudcx# wfgcd |fn| eiz NXDNK wnxkdon|gud gk :226+ \fd odkdzncc ciw cdudc ie egknkhgnc deeghgdkh gk :226 rigk|x |i |fd kddl eizetz|fdz egknkhgnc zdeiz`# ldxrg|d g`rziud`dk|x jd|wddk :22> nkl :226+

Egknkhgnc Xitklkdxx nkl Oiudzknkhd @dnxtzdx

Ozdn| x|zgldx fnud jddk `nld gk g`rziugko egknkhgnc xitklkdxx xgkhd |fd >77?>776 Nxgnk

hzgxgx+ Hnrg|nc nld~tnh zn|gix nh|tncc edcc ik nudznod xi`dwfn| jd|wddk :222 nkl :227# jt|wdzd n| fgof cdudcx+ Ik |fd i|fdz fnkl# kikrdzeiz`gko cinkx &KRCx' gk |fd zdogik edcclzn`n|ghncc ezi` nk tkwdgof|dl nudznod ie >$ ie |i|nc cinkx gk :222 |i ikc 8+


15/51


\njcd ?= @dnxtzdx ie Egknkhgnc X|njgcg| nkl Oiudzknkhd

Hitk|z :222 :227 :222 :227 :222 :227 :222 :227

NXDNK- >5+< >4+5 >

Gklikdxgn :>+5 >?+4 >6+6 8+6 2+8 2+8 2+6 2+5@ncnxgn >:+4 >4+< 8+6 2+< 2+8 2+< 2+4

Rfgcgrrgkdx >5+: >4+6 >5+5 2+2 2+4 2+4

Xgkonrizd >7+5 >5+4 8+< :+8 :+2 >+6 >+< >+5

\fngcnkl-- >>+7 >8+6 >?+? 4+? 2+4 2+8 2+4 2+2

Ugd| Kn` 2+? 2+5 2+< 2+8+4 >2+2 >+5 2+8 2+: 2+< 2+8

Gklgn >>+> >8+: >:+? :+< 2+> 2+8 2+: 2+2

NHG- >4+8 > 8+4 2+: 2+: 2+2 2+2

I|fdzx

Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn >?+6 >5+5 5+> >+4 >+? >+6 2+7 >+4

Aizdn >2+4 >+4 2+5 2+2 >+< 2+2

\ngrdg#Hfgkn-- >>+< >+: >+> 2+6

Hnrg|nc nld~tnh

zn|gi# $ Ztcd ie Cnw!

Cinkx# $ ie

\i|nc

Zdotcn|iz

~tncg|!

Ki|d= - Tkwdgof|dl nudznod1 -- :226 ln|n gkx|dnl ie :2271 !Xhncd ezi` :+4 |i !:+4+

Xitzhdx= G@E Ocijnc Egknkhgnc X|njgcg| Zdriz|# Nrz :2>21

\fd _izclwgld Oiudzknkhd Gklghn|izx &_OG' rzimdh| wdjxg|d

f||r=))gkei+wizcljnka+izo)oiudzknkhd)wog)gkldv+nxr &nhhdxxdl >4 Nrzgc :2>>'+

^tncg|n|gud `dnxtzdx ie oiudzknkhd nkl zdotcn|iz deeghgdkh fnud xfiwk `thf cdxx dugldkhdie rziozdxx+ Eiz dvn`rcd# eiz NHG nx n wficd# |fd _izcl Jnkax gklghdx eiz Zdotcn|iz ^tncg|nkl Ztcd ie Cnw &ezi` g|x xtzud ie _izcl Oiudzknkhd Gklghn|izx' wdzd ji|f x|njcd jd|wddk:222 nkl :227+ G`rziud`dk|x gk xi`d hitk|zgdx wdzd rnz|c ieexd| j ld|dzgizn|gik gk \fngcnklnkl Gklgn+

8+: _nx |i rziì|d egknkhgnc lddrdkgko nkl irdkgko

Jnkax fnud jddk |fd wizafizxd ie |fd Nxgnk dhiki`gh oziw|f ìldc# rnz|c jdhntxd |fdhitcl jd gkectdkhdl j ricgh`nadzx |i cdkl gk cgkd wg|f ldudcir`dk| ricgh ijmdh|gudx# nklrnz|c jdhntxd |fd hitcl ldudcir ciko|dz` zdcn|gikxfgrx wg|f jizziwdzx nkl |fdzdj dvdzhgxddeedh|gud iudzxgof|+ Fiwdudz# |fd Nxgnk egknkhgnc hzgxgx ie >77?>776 fgofcgof|dl rzijcd`x iegknld~tn|d jnka oiudzknkhd nkl zdotcn|gik+ \fgx cdl ji|f |i nk iudzfntc ie jnkagko xdh|izxnkl |i n zdhiokg|gik ie |fd kddl |i ldudcir jikl `nzad|x nx n xrnzd |gzd eiz egknkhgko ltzgko|g`dx ie hzgxgx+ Kt`dzitx gkg|gn|gudx fnud jddk tkldz|nadk |i rziì|d jikl `nzad|ldudcir`dk|# gkhctlgko |fd Nxgnk Jikl Etkl Gkg|gn|gud &NJ@G' nkl Nxgnk Jikl Etklx &NJE'# jt|etz|fdz wiza kddlx |i jd likd gk |fgx nzdn eiz Nxgnk jikl `nzad|x |i nhfgdud |fdgz ri|dk|gnc#rnz|ghtcnzc wg|f zdonzl |i hizrizn|d jiklx+ Rziozdxx gk |fgx nzdn hnk jd nhfgdudl gk n kt`jdzie lg`dkxgikx# gkhctlgko g`rziugko |fd gkeznx|zth|tzd zdcn|dl |i xdhtzg|gdx nkl eizdgok dvhfnkod&EV' `nzad|x1 rziì|gko hiudznod j hzdlg| zn|gko nodkhgdx1 ldudcirgko `dhfnkgx`x |i xtrriz|gkeznx|zth|tzd egknkhgko# d|h+1 x|zdko|fdkgko oiudzk`dk| ldj| `nknod`dk|1 dkfnkhgko |fd NJ@Gnkl NJE rziozn`x1 g`rziugko egknkhgnc irdzn|gko deeghgdkh# gkhctlgko rn`dk| xx|d`x#hcdnzgko nkl xd||cd`dk|1 nkl nllzdxxgko xdh|iznc hi`rd|g|gik gxxtdx+


17/51


\njcd 7= Lgx|zgjt|gik ie Rdzhdgudl Jikl@nzad|Zdcn|dl Jnzzgdzx j Hitk|z

Kt`jdz ie xtzud zdxrikldk|x zdriz|gko rzijcd`xRzijcd` RZH FAO GKL GKI @NC RFG XGK \FN UGD \i|ncCnha ie ldzgun|gud gkx|zt`dk|x 2Cnha ie zdri irdzn|gikx > > > > < 6Cnha ie xdhtzg|gdx cdklgko : :

Xd||cd`dk| ie EV |znldx 8 > > : 8 : : > >:EV hnxf zdrn|zgn|gik zdx|zgh|gikx > > 5 : 8 6 8 : 6 < 4 >2 < 8 >Cdonc mtzgxlgh|gik > > :\nvdx : 5 4 : : >?Gkudx|iz zdogx|zn|gik 4 8 > > > < >4Cdonc xx|d` lgeedzdkhdx > > :Lgzdh| nhhdxx |i cihnc xd||cd`dk| : > > > 4

Ki|d= FAO 0 Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn= GKL 0 Gklgn1 GKI 0 Gklikdxgn1 @NC 0 @ncnxgn1 RFG 0 Rfgcgrrgkdx1 XGK 0 Xgkonrizd1 \FN0 \fngcnkl1 nkl UGD 0 Ugd| Kn`+

Xitzhd= NLJ &:2>2'# nt|fiz dx|g`n|dx+

_g|fficlgko |nvdx nkl zdx|zgh|gikx ik EV hikudz|gjgcg| nkl zdrn|zgn|gik wdzd nìko |fd jnzzgdzxìx| ezd~tdk|c `dk|gikdl+ G| gx g`riz|nk| |i ki|d |fn| xi`d ie |fdxd jnzzgdzx encc ìzd gk |fdrziugkhd ie |fd rtjcgh xdh|iz &zdotcn|gikx nkl |nvdx'# wfgcd i|fdzx encc gk |fd rziugkhd ie |fdrzgun|d xdh|iz &xd||cd`dk| rzihdltzdx# d|h+'+ \fdzdeizd# deeiz|x |i zdlthd xthf jnzzgdzx `tx| jdlgzdh|dl |i ji|f xdh|izx+ Gklikdxgn fnx |fd cnzodx| kt`jdz ie rdzhdgudl jnzzgdzx# eicciwdl j\fngcnkl# |fd RZH# nkl |fd Rfgcgrrgkdx+ Gk hik|znx|# Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 @ncnxgn1 nklXgkonrizd fnud udz ciw kt`jdzx ie rdzhdgudl jnzzgdzx+

@dhfnkgx`x |i xtrriz| gkeznx|zth|tzd egknkhgko# d|h+

Nxgnx gkeznx|zth|tzd gkudx|`dk| kddlx nzd `nxxguddx|g`n|dl j NLJ)NLJG n| TX,6 |zgccgik

jd|wddk :2>2 nkl :2>2 &NLJ)NLJG :227'+ Fiwdudz# xi`d dhiki`gdx gk |fd zdogik enhdxgokgeghnk| egxhnc hikx|zngk|x |fn| witcl ki| ncciw |fd` |i rziugld xteeghgdk| egknkhd eiz xthfrzimdh|x+ Egxhnc hikx|zngk|x hnk jd zdcnvdl gk xdudznc wnx= gkhzdnxdx gk iudzxdnx ldudcir`dk|nxxgx|nkhd &ILN'1 rtjcgh etklgko ezi` zdogiknc gkx|g|t|gikx1 nkl gk|zilth|gik ie rzgun|d hnrg|nc#d+o+# ugn rtjcghrzgun|d rnz|kdzxfgrx &RRR'+ Xgkhd cnzod gkhzdnxdx gk ILN rzijnjc hnkki| jddvrdh|dl iudz htzzdk| cdudcx# |fd jtzldk wgcc fnud |i encc ik zdogiknc rtjcgh etklgko nkl RRRx+Zdogiknc rtjcgh etklgko gx lgxhtxxdl jdciw gk Xdh|gik 5+8+

\fd hizd |nxa ie x|zth|tzgko n RRR rzimdh| gx |i zdhikhgcd |fd gk|dzdx|x ie unzgitx rnz|gdx ezi` |fdrzgun|d nkl rtjcgh xdh|izx+ \fdxd rnz|gdx gkhctld gkudx|izx# cdkldzx# nkl hik|znh|izx ik |fdrzgun|d xdh|iz xgld nkl |fd oiudzk`dk| nkl i|fdz dk|g|gdx ik |fd rtjcgh xdh|iz xgld+ Ikd ie |fdri|dk|gnc jdkdeg|x ie RRRx gx dkhitznogko |fd rtjcgh xdh|iz |i gldk|ge rzimdh| zgxax nkl hikxgldzzgxa |znkxedz gk n wn |fn| fdcrx |i nuigl xtjx|nk|gnc hix| iudzztkx+ Ik |fd i|fdz fnkl# rzgun|d

xdh|iz gkudx|izx nkl cdkldzx gkuicudl gk n RRR rzimdh| fnud hnrg|nc n| zgxa# nkl |fdzdeizd nozdn|dz egknkhgnc gkhdk|gud |i dkxtzd |fn| |fd xdzughd gx rziugldl nx zd~tgzdl gk |fd hik|znh|+@izdiudz# cdkldzx `n rziugld jdkdeg|x |fzitof gkldrdkldk| ltd lgcgodkhd nkl hik|zic ie |fdrzimdh|# jdhntxd |fd wnk| |i dkxtzd |fn| |fd rzimdh| gx ugnjcd# nkl |fn| ncc ijcgon|gikx gk nhik|znh| hnk jd xnedc etcegccdl+

RRRx# wfgcd xitklgko rzi`gxgko# nzd hi`rcdv nkl hix|c+ &Xdd Kgxfg}nwn Q:2>>P eiz n oiillgxhtxxgik+' Zgxa nccihn|gikx nzd hfnccdkogko jdhntxd ie |fd rtjcgh kn|tzd ie gkeznx|zth|tzdxdzughdx rziugxgik nkl gkfdzdk| tkhdz|ngk|gdx iudz |fd ciko |dz`+ \fdzd gx n rdzhdr|gik ie RRRx


18/51


jdgko gk enuiz ie rzgun|d rzieg| n| |fd rtjcghx dvrdkxd + Lgeeghtc|gdx ncxi nzgxd ezi` |fd lgeedzdk|n||g|tldx ie gkudx|izx# |fd oiudzk`dk| nkl cdkldzx# nx wdcc nx |fd odkdznc rtjcgh+ RRRx nzdd~tgrrdl wg|f udz hi``dzhgnc nkl hik|znh|tnc x|zth|tzdx nkl irdzn|giknc `ilncg|gdx# jt| n| |fdxn`d |g`d nzd dv|zd`dc ricg|ghnc# dxrdhgncc gk |fd g`rcd`dk|n|gik x|nod+

X|zdko|fdk oiudzk`dk| ldj| `nknod`dk|

Oiudzk`dk|x kddl |i g`rziud |fdgz ldj| `nknod`dk| |i xtrriz| |fd cg~tglg| ie |fdgz jikl`nzad|x+ Zgxaezdd jdkhf`nzax nzd nk gk|doznc nkl kdhdxxnz zd~tgzd`dk| eiz rzghgko nklfdlogko gk |fd hizrizn|d jikl `nzad|+ Tc|g`n|dc# |fd zgxaezdd oiudzk`dk| jikl rziugldx |fdjdkhf`nza eiz hzdlg| xrzdnlx+ \ftx# g| gx hzg|ghnc |i zdhiokg}d |fn| nld~tn|d cg~tglg| `tx| jd`ngk|ngkdl nhzixx n znkod ie `n|tzg|gdx# gzzdxrdh|gud ie egxhnc zd~tgzd`dk|x &Jn||dk# Fionk# nklX}gcnog :227'+

G`rziugko deeghgdkh= rn`dk|x# xd||cd`dk| nkl hcdnzgko xx|d`x

Egknkhgnc xx|d`xdg|fdz jnkagko iz xdhtzg|gdx `nzad|xhnkki| etkh|gik wg|fit| deeghgdk|xx|d`x eiz rn`dk|x# xd||cd`dk| nkl hcdnzgko# nx |fdxd eiz` |fd dxxdk|gnc rct`jgko ie |fdxx|d`+ \fdxd xx|d`x odkdzncc fdcl tr wdcc gk Nxgn ltzgko |fd ocijnc egknkhgnc hzgxgx+Fiwdudz# |fdzd nzd `nk wnx |fn| |fd hnk jd x|zdko|fdkdl etz|fdz+ Eiz dvn`rcd# nc|fitof ncc

`nmiz NHG hitk|zgdx dvhdr| Ugd| Kn` fnud zdnc|g`d ozixx xd||cd`dk| &Z\OX' rn`dk|xxx|d`x# |fd x|gcc kddl |i jd xtjx|nk|gncc troznldl |i fnklcd x`nccdz |znkxnh|gikx nkl unzgitxagklx ie zgxax+

Hi`rd|g|gik gxxtdx j xdh|iz

Jnzzgdzx |i dk|z gk unzgitx egknkhgnc xdh|izx zd`ngk fgof# ji|f wg|fgk hitk|zgdx nkl nhzixxjizldzx+ \fgx cdnlx |i fgofdz hix|x nkl gkdeeghgdkhgdx+ Gk ugdw ie |fd ad zicd ie |fd egknkhgncxdh|iz gk nccihn|gko xnugkox nkl gkudx|`dk|# |fgx zdrzdxdk|x n xgokgeghnk| hikx|zngk| ik oziw|frzixrdh|x gk Nxgn+

Jnkagko= Hi`rd|g|gik gk `nk jnkagko xdh|izx zd`ngkx cg`g|dl j zdotcn|gikx |fn| zdx|zgh| dk|zie eizdgok egknkhgnc gkx|g|t|gikx gk|i li`dx|gh `nzad|x+ \fgx gx dugldkhdl j |fd ciw cdudc ie dk|zie zdogiknc jnkax gk dnhf i|fdzx fi`d `nzad|x+ \njcd >2 xfiwx |fd rdkd|zn|gik ie eizdgok

jnkax gk|i n kt`jdz ie NHG `nzad|x+ G| xfiwx |fn| |fd kt`jdz ie NHGiwkdl eizdgok jnkax gxrnz|ghtcnzc ciw gk |fd RZH# @ncnxgn# |fd Rfgcgrrgkdx# nkl \fngcnkl+ \fgx kddlx |i jd nllzdxxdlnx rnz| ie |fd odkdznc egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik `dnxtzdx lgxhtxxdl jdciw+

\njcd >2= Dk|z ie Eizdgok Jnkax gk NHG @nzad|x &kt`jdz ie jnkax'

Hitk|z \i|nc Jnkaxgk X|tlCihnccIwkdl

EizdgokIwkdl

Kik-NxgnkEizdgokIwkdl

NxgnkEizdgokIwkdl

Kik-NHGIwkdl NHG Iwkdl

NXDNK 884 7< : >:> >:2 4: 56Gklikdxgn 85 >2 :5 ? >7 5 >8

@ncnwxgn :8 7 >< 6 5 > 4

Rfgcgrrgkdx 86 >7 >7 >2 7 < 4

Xgkonrizd >>7 5 >>8 57 6 :5\fngcnkl 8: >: :2 7 >> < ?

Ugd| Kn` 6? 86 6 8> >7 >:

RZH 86 8? > > 2 2 2Gklgn ?4 < >8 6 4NHG 85 >88 52 ?8

-Dvhctlgko |fzge|x+

Xitzhd= Jnkaxhird ln|njnxd# nungcnjcd n|= www+jnkaxhird+hi` &nhhdxxdl :4 @n :2>>'


19/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8?

Gk xi`d hnxdx# jnzzgdzx nìko xtjhn|doizgdx ie jnkax hnk ncxi hik|zgjt|d |i gkdeeghgdkhgdx+ Eizdvn`rcd# |fd x|n|tx ie x|n|diwkdl jnkax gk hitk|zgdx xthf nx |fd RZH nkl Gklgn# wfghf dkmig`rcghg| iz dvrcghg| oiudzk`dk| otnznk|ddx# hnk `nad egknkhgko hiklg|gikx ie rzgun|d jnkax ìzdlgeeghtc|+ Xgkhd x|n|diwkdl jnkax |dkl |i cdkl lgxrziriz|gikn|dc |i rzgizg| xdh|izx |nzod|dl j

|fd oiudzk`dk|# |fgx hnk x|nzud |fd zdx| ie |fd dhiki` ie nld~tn|d etklx+

Gkxtznkhd= \fd xg|tn|gik ie gkxtznkhd hi`rnkgdx gk NHG dhiki`gdx gx xg`gcnz |i |fn| ie jnkagko#g+d+# gkltx|z dk|z# dxrdhgncc j eizdgok gkxtznkhd hi`rnkgdx# gx cg`g|dl# cdnlgko |i dhiki`ghgkdeeghgdkh nkl fgof hix|x+

Nxxd| `nknod`dk|= _g|f |fd dvhdr|gikx ie Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 |fd RZH1 @ncnxgn1 nklXgkonrizd# |fd ldudcir`dk| ie |fd rzgun|d nxxd| `nknod`dk| xdh|iz gk NHG dhiki`gdx gx x|gcccg`g|dl+ Gk ugdw ie |fd znrgl nodgko ie rirtcn|gikx gk `nk NHG hitk|zgdx iudz |fd kdv| |wildhnldx# ld`nkl eiz nxxd| `nknod`dk| xdzughdx gx dvrdh|dl |i dvrnkl znrglc+ Hzixxjizldzhi`rd|g|gik eiz xthf xdzughdx gx dudk xhnzhdz# ltd |i dvgx|gko zdx|zgh|gikx ik hnrg|nc eciwx+

8+8 Zdcn|gik |i oiudzk`dk| ldudcir`dk| ricgh

@ix| NHG oiudzk`dk|x fnud |nadk nk nh|gud nrrzinhf |i dhiki`gh ldudcir`dk| ricgh+ Gk ugdwie |fd ad zicd ie |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz gk nccihn|gko zdxitzhdx eiz gkudx|`dk|# |fgx |iia unzgitxeiz`x# gkhctlgko lgzdh| otglnkhd ie jnka cdklgko |i rzdedzzdl xdh|izx &ie|dk wg|f g`rcghg|otnznk|ddx ie xthf cdklgko'# egknkhgnc zdrzdxxgik gk izldz |i ciwdz hix|x ie etklgko eiz rzdedzzdlxdh|izx# nkl cg`g|x ik hzixxjizldz hnrg|nc eciwx+ Xgkhd |fd odkdznc |dkldkh ie egknkhgncldudcir`dk| fnx jddk |i gkhzdnxd |fd nt|ikiìtx etkh|gikgko ie `nzad|x |i zngxd |fd deeghgdkhie zdxitzhd nccihn|gik# |fgx gkdug|njc zngxdx |dkxgikx wg|f |fd ng` ie |fd oiudzk`dk| |i gkectdkhdzdxitzhd nccihn|gik+ \fgx zngxdx |fd ~tdx|gik ie fiw |i `gkg`g}d |fdxd ri|dk|gnc hikecgh|xjd|wddk `nzad| etkh|gikgko nkl oiudzk`dk| dhiki`gh ldudcir`dk| ricgh# iz# nc|dzkn|gudc#fiw |i gldk|ge wnx |i nhfgdud n ogudk xd| ie ldudcir`dk| ricghgdx wg|f n `nvg`t` ldozdd ienccihn|gud deeghgdkh+

\fdzd nzd ki dnx xict|gikx |i |fgx lgcd``n+ \fd ìx| ijugitx nrrzinhf gx |i dcg`gkn|d enh|iz`nzad| lgx|iz|gikx |i |fd dv|dk| rixxgjcd# gkhctlgko rzghd xtjxglgdx nkl jnzzgdzx |i dk|z+ Xthf nknrrzinhf wgcc |dkl |i zdlthd |fd hiccn|dznc dhiki`gh ln`nod nxxihgn|dl wg|f dhiki`ghldudcir`dk| ricghgdx+ \fgx xtoodx|x |fn| |nzod|dl xdh|izx xfitcl jd rziì|dl ugn xtjxglgdx eizdk|z |i xrdhgegh gkltx|zgdx iz nh|gug|gdx# jt| |fn| dk|z g|xdce xfitcl ki| jd zdx|zgh|dl+ Fiwdudz#|fgx gx n xtjmdh| jdikl |fd ng`x ie |fgx rnrdz+


20/51


Hikxt`dz Egknkhd

Hikxt`dz egknkhd gx x|gcc zdcn|gudc tkldudcirdl gk ìx| NHG dhiki`gdx+ Txd ie hzdlg| hnzlx gxdvrnklgko znrglc# jt| gk xi`d hnxdx ezi` n x`ncc jnxd+ Nhhdxx |i hzdlg| eiz rtzhfnxd ieltznjcdx xthf nx nt|iìjgcdx nkl dcdh|zghnc nrrcgnkhdx zd`ngkx cg`g|dl+ Ldudcir`dk| iehikxt`dz ln|n jnxdx hnk xtrriz| |fd dvrnkxgik ie |fgx xdh|iz+

X`ncc nkl `dlgt`xg}dl dk|dzrzgxd egknkhd

X`ncc nkl `dlgt`xg}dl dk|dzrzgxdx &X@Dx' fnud jddk zn|fdz kdocdh|dl jdhntxd Nxgnk jnkaxfnud eihtxdl ìzd ik hikxt`dz cdklgko# wfghf gx cdxx hi`rcghn|dl |fnk |fd X@D jtxgkdxx+Ricgh `dnxtzdx xfitcl jd lgzdh|dl n| hzdn|gko nk dknjcgko dkugzik`dk| eiz X@Dx# j &g'ldudcirgko n hizrizn|d hzdlg| gkeiz`n|gik ln|njnxd nkl hzdlg| otnznk|dd xx|d` n| ji|f |fdkn|giknc nkl zdogiknc cdudcx1 nkl &gg' ktz|tzgko dk|zdrzdkdtzxfgr nkl |dhfkicioghnc nkl ft`nkzdxitzhd ldudcir`dk|+ Oiudzk`dk|x kddl |i hikhdr|tncg}d n jzinldz nkl cikodz|dz` jctdrzgk|eiz egknkhgnc xdh|iz zdeiz`# nkl ncgok htzzdk| ricgh `dnxtzdx |i |fgx ciko|dz` rcnk+ N jd||dzjncnkhd jd|wddk dkfnkhgko X@D cdklgko nkl dkxtzgko x|njgcg| &rztldk|gnc' hnk jd nhfgdudl|fzitof n ficgx|gh nrrzinhf |fn| x|zdko|fdkx xtrdzugxgik nkl hnrnjgcg|gdx+

\fd zn|gikncd eiz |fd oiudzk`dk|/x zicd gk enhgcg|n|gko X@Dx/ nhhdxx |i hzdlg| gx odkdzncc lznwk

ezi` zdxdnzhf xfiwgko X@Dx hik|zgjt|gik |i dhiki`gh rdzeiz`nkhd nkl |fd cgka jd|wddk hzdlg|eciw nkl dhiki`gh rdzeiz`nkhd+ G| gx wgldc jdcgdudl |fn| X@Dx rcn n hzthgnc zicd gk ldudcirgkohitk|zgdx# j fdcrgko |i nccdugn|d riudz| nkl jdgko nk g`riz|nk| hik|zgjt|iz |i gkkiun|gik nklxtx|ngknjcd oziw|f+ D`rgzghnc x|tlgdx fnud ncxi xfiwk |fn| hzdlg| |i |fd rzgun|d xdh|iz rcnx nad zicd gk dhiki`gh oziw|f &Jdha# Cdugkd# nkl Cin}n :2221 Afnk nkl Xdkfnlmg :222'+ \fgxoziw|f `n jd ltd |i X@D rdzeiz`nkhd# nx xtoodx|dl j x|tlgdx |fn| dvrcizd |fd cgka jd|wddkhzdlg| eciw nkl X@D rdzeiz`nkhd+ T|gcg}gko hzixxgkltx|z nkl hzixxhitk|z ln|n# Jdha# Cdugkd#nkl Cin}n &:222' eitkl |fn| g`rziud`dk|x gk egknkhgnc ldudcir`dk| &nx `dnxtzdl j |fd zn|giie rzgun|d hzdlg| |i OLR' fdcr nhhdcdzn|d |fd oziw|f ie X@Dx+ G| gx |fdzdeizd ki| xtzrzgxgko |fn|`nk oiudzk`dk|x fnud gk|dzudkdl gk |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz |i jiix| hzdlg| eciw |i X@Dx+

_fgcd `nzad| engctzdx rzdxdk| n hi`rdccgko zn|gikncd eiz oiudzk`dk|x |i gk|dzudkd gk egknkhd#oiudzk`dk|x xfitcl wiza wg|f `nzad| eizhdx |i hizzdh|# zn|fdz |fnk dvnhdzjn|d# dvgx|gko `nzad|engctzdx+ \fd ìx| g`riz|nk| zicd ie oiudzk`dk| gx ki| |i rziugld egknkhd# jt| |i x|zdko|fdk |fdgkx|g|t|giknc tkldzrgkkgkox ie egknkhgnc |znkxnh|gikx &NLJ :227'+ \fgx zd~tgzdx g`rziud`dk|x gkcdonc# zdotcn|iz# nkl gkeiz`n|gik gkeznx|zth|tzd |fn| tkldzrgkx |fd deeghgdk| irdzn|gik ie egknkhgncxx|d`x+

Eiz dvn`rcd# oiudzk`dk|x xfitcl hikxgldz zdeiz`gko |fdgz xtjxgl rziozn`x |i lgeedzdk|gn|djd|wddk |fd egknkhgko kddlx ie X@Dx ltd |i x|zth|tznc `nzad| engctzd nkl |fd kiz`nc dhiki`ghhhcd+ Cink otnznk|ddx ncxi kddl |i jd zdhikxgldzdl# nkl ldxgokdl gk n wn |fn| `gkg`g}dxìznc fn}nzl nkl nuiglx `nzad| lgx|iz|gikx+ N hcdnz dvg| x|zn|do witcl ncxi jd kddldl |i ncciwnt|fizg|gdx |i wg|flznw |fdgz xtrriz| xx|d`n|ghncc+

I|fdz `dnxtzdx |i g`rziud X@D egknkhgko gkhctld jtgclgko jnkax hnrnhg| gk |znkxnh|gik|dhfkiciogdx# nkl dkhitznogko gkkiun|gik xi |fn| jnkax hnk gldk|ge |dhfkiciogdx |fn| fnud n

hi`rnzn|gud nlunk|nod gk X@D dkugzik`dk|x+ \fd dk|z ie eizdgokiwkdl jnkax hitcl jddkhitznodl# nx |fd nzd ìzd njcd |i deedh|gudc txd |znkxnh|gik |dhfkiciogdx xtg|dl |i X@Dx+

\znld egknkhd# ji|f eiz li`dx|gh nkl gk|dzkn|giknc |znld# gx udz g`riz|nk| eiz X@Dx# jt| |fdx|gcc |dkl |i enhd ijx|nhcdx gk egknkhgko jdhntxd ie cnha ie ln|n# hiccn|dznc# d|h+ \i |fd dv|dk| |fn|ricghgdx hnk dnxd |fdxd ijx|nhcdx# |fgx hitcl `nad nk g`riz|nk| hik|zgjt|gik |i dhiki`ghoziw|f ri|dk|gnc j dvrnklgko |fd kt`jdz ie egz`x njcd |i dvriz| nkl g`riz|+ \fd ad gx |i egklgkkiun|gud wnx |i ht| |znkxnh|gik hix|x+


22/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8 @ghzirztldk|gnc ricgh

\fd rzg`nz hikhdzkx zdonzlgko `ghzirztldk|gnc zdotcn|gik eicciwgko |fd ocijnc egknkhgnc hzgxgxfnud jddk= &>' jnkax xfitcl ficl ìzd hnrg|nc# nx rzdugitx jteedzx fnud rziudl gknld~tn|d |incciw jnkax |i zdhiudz1 &:' jnkax xfitcl ncxi fnud cg~tglg| jteedzx xi |fn| |fd hnk wg|fx|nkl|fd lzgko tr ie ìkd `nzad|x eiz n xgokgeghnk| rdzgil1 nkl &8' jnkax xfitcl ki| jdhi`d |iicdudznodl gk izldz |i cdxxdk |fd kddl eiz lznx|gh nxxd| xncdx wfdk rzghdx nzd nz|geghgncc

ldrzdxxdl gk n hzgxgx+ \fdxd fnud ncc jddk zdecdh|dl gk |fd kdw Jnxdc 8 zdhi``dkln|gikx&Jnxdc Hi``g||dd ik Jnkagko Xtrdzugxgik :2>2'+ Hcdnzc# hdk|znc jnkax wgcc ncwnx jd |fdzd nxcdkldzx ie cnx| zdxiz| |i dkxtzd |fn| hikegldkhd gx `ngk|ngkdl gk |fd xx|d` nx n wficd gk |fddudk| ie `nzad| rzijcd`x# jt| |fd zn|gikncd eiz jteedzx gx |i zdlthd |fd eznogcg| ie |fd xx|d` nkljt |g`d eiz xict|gikx |i jd wizadl it| gk |fd dudk| ie lgeeghtc|+

\fd rzdugitx Jnxdc ztcdx dkhitznodl jnkax |i xfge| rzijcd`x iee |fdgz jncnkhd xfdd|x# jt| gkrznh|ghd |fdzd wnx x|gcc dvrixtzd |i zgxa# dxrdhgncc |i |fdgz zdrt|n|gikx ge |fdgz ieejncnkhdxfdd|udfghcdx engcdl# nkl# fdkhd# ikd hnk dvrdh| |fn| nt|fizg|gdx wgcc jd addk |i `nad xtzd |fn| |fgx`gxcdnlgko xfge|gko lidx ki| ihhtz gk |fd et|tzd+ G| gx g`riz|nk| |i dkxtzd |fn| |fd ldudcir`dk| iexfnliw jnkagko lidx ki| ijxhtzd iudzncc xtrdzugxgik nkl zdotcn|gik ie gklgugltnc gkx|g|t|gikx+

Ldudcir`dk| ie zdotcn|iz hnrnhg| zd`ngkx nk g`riz|nk| gxxtd eiz `nk Nxgnk dhiki`gdx# nx

zdotcn|izx x|ztoocd |i addr tr wg|f gkhzdnxgkoc cgjdzncg}dl nkl xirfgx|ghn|dl egknkhgnc xdh|izx+\fgx nrrcgdx ji|f |i jnkax nkl i|fdz egknkhgnc gkx|g|t|gikx+

4+: @nhzirztldk|gnc ricgh

@nhzirztldk|gnc ricgh ng`x |i zdlthd egknkhgnc xx|d`gh zgxa+ Eiz d`dzogko dhiki`gdx# xthfzgxa |dklx |i d`nkn|d ezi` |fzdd nzdnx= rzihhcghncg|# g+d+# |fd |dkldkh eiz ir|g`gx` nkl zgxa|nagko |i jtgcl tr ht`tcn|gudc ltzgko nk dvrnkxgik nkl tkwgkl ltzgko n liwk|tzk1gk|dzhikkdh|dlkdxx ie `nzad|x nkl gkx|g|t|gikx1 nkl dv|dzknc xfihax |fn| |rghncc zdxtc| gkhnrg|nc eciw zdudzxncx+ \wi `nmiz nzdnx kddl |i jd nllzdxxdl+ \fd egzx| gx |i x|zdko|fdk |fdegknkhgnc xx|d` xi |fn| g| hnk wg|fx|nkl `nmiz xfihax# ji|f j dcg`gkn|gko fnugko gkx|g|t|gikxwfixd engctzd hitcl lgxztr| |fd xx|d`# nkl j hi`rdccgko gkx|g|t|gikx |i rt| gk rcnhd rcnkx eiz

fnklcgko |fd engctzd ie hizd xdzughd xtrrcgdzx gk n `nkkdz |fn| lidx ki| lgxztr| |fd xx|d`+ \fdxdhikl gx |i `nad nungcnjcd lgxhzd|giknz |iicx |fn| hnk jd txdl |i xtrrcd`dk| |fd nt|i`n|ghhitk|dzhhcghnc x|njgcg}dzx `dk|gikdl njiud nkl x|nklnzl ìkd|nz ricgh |iicx |i ji|f cg`g| |fdjtgcltr ie xx|d`gh zgxa nkl |i zdlthd |fd ri|dk|gnc eiz egknkhgnc xdh|iz cixxdx zdxtc|gko ezi`hzgxdx+ Xthf |iicx hnk |nad |fd eiz` ie cink|iunctd zn|gix eiz cdklgko iz zdxdzud zd~tgzd`dk|x&Anwng :2>>'+

\fd gkx|g|t|giknc ezn`dwiza eiz `nhzirztldk|gnc `nknod`dk| gx udz g`riz|nk|+ Nln`x &:2>2'nkl Anwng &:2>>' nluihn|d |fd dx|njcgxf`dk| ie n xx|d`gh zgxa hitkhgc iz xx|d`gh x|njgcg|


23/51


zdotcn|iz+ Xthf n hitkhgc witcl jd ie n udz fgof cdudc nkl witcl ki| ikc jd zdxrikxgjcd eizìkg|izgko nkl hiizlgkn|gko# jt| ncxi eiz dkxtzgko |fn| ji|f rzdd`r|gud nkl hizzdh|gud`nhzirztldk|gnc `dnxtzdx nzd tkldz|nadk j |fd zdxrikxgjcd nodkhgdx+ _fgcd xthf n hitkhgchitcl jd lzgudk j ikd ie |fd `ngk nodkhgdx# xthf nx |fd hdk|znc jnka# |fdzd nzd nlunk|nodx gkg| jdgko gkldrdkldk| xi |fn| hikecgh|x ie gk|dzdx| nzd zdlthdl+ Hfi &:2>2' `nadx n xg`gcnzrzirixnc# nkl gldk|gegdx ikd ie |fd `ngk |nxax ie n hzgxgx `nknod`dk| |dn` nx jdgko |zgnod

|fdzd kddlx |i jd n hi`ìk lgnokixgx nkl nk nozddl zdxrikxd# dxrdhgncc zdonzlgkohi``tkghn|gik# nhzixx ncc nodkhgdx+ Ikd nlunk|nod ie fnugko xthf n hitkhgc# zn|fdz |fnkxg`rc nxxgokgko zdxrikxgjgcg| |i |fd hdk|znc jnka# gx |fn| g| cdnudx |fd hdk|znc jnka ezdd |ihik|gktd |i ztk nk gkldrdkldk| ìkd|nz ricgh+

_nx ie zdlthgko rzihhcghncg|

Hnrg|nc nld~tnh zdotcn|gikx# rnz|ghtcnzc tkldz Jnxdc :# hnk hik|zgjt|d hikxgldznjc |igkhzdnxgko |fd n`rcg|tld ie |fd egknkhgnc nkl dhiki`gh hhcd+ Gk zgxgko `nzad|x# hnrg|nc unctdxgkhzdnxd nkl cg||cd deeiz| gx zd~tgzdl |i `dd| hnrg|nc zd~tgzd`dk|x |fn| nzd hikx|nk| |fzitof |fdhhcd+ Fiwdudz# gk liwk|tzkx# ki| ikc li cixxdx `dnk |fn| kdw hnrg|nc gx zd~tgzdl# jt| hnrg|ncunctdx |fd`xdcudx encc nkl |fd hix| ie zngxgko hnrg|nc gkhzdnxdx+ \fgx `dnkx |fn| jnkax `nfnud |i hik|znh| cdklgko gk izldz |i rzdxdzud nld~tn|d hnrg|nc# |fdzdj nllgko |i |fd lgeeghtc|gdx

eiz |fd zdnc dhiki` n| n |g`d wfdk g| gx nczdnl tkldz rzdxxtzd+ Gk nllg|gik# tkldz Jnxdc :#hzdlg| zn|gkox# wfd|fdz gk|dzkncc iz dv|dzkncc odkdzn|dl# rcndl nk dkfnkhdl zicd gkld|dz`gkgko hnrg|nc zd~tgzd`dk|x+ Fiwdudz# zn|gkox ncxi |dkl |i eicciw n hhcghnc rn|f# gk rnz|jdhntxd |fd |znha zdhizl ie |fd zn|dl gkx|g|t|gik rcnx nk g`riz|nk| rnz| gk |fd ld|dz`gkn|gik ieg|x zn|gko+ \nadk |iod|fdz# |fdxd enh|izx hnk n`rcge |fd hhcd+ \fgx wnx hcdnzc nk tkgk|dkldlhikxd~tdkhd ie Jnxdc :# d| ikd |fn| fnl jddk rigk|dl it| eiz xi`d |g`d jdeizd g| hn`d gk|ideedh| &Rdtzn nkl Miaguticcd :228'+

\fdzd nzd ncxi ìzd jnxgh zdnxikx wf |fd egknkhgnc xx|d` |dklx |i dvnhdzjn|d hhcdx gk |fdzdnc dhiki`+ Oiil |g`dx nzd cgadc |i cdnl |i n ìzd zdcnvdl n||g|tld |i zgxa &nx `dìzgdxenld |fd cikodz g| fnx jddk xgkhd rdircd wdzd dvrixdl |i n liwk|tzk'# wfgcd fdzl jdfnugizdvnhdzjn|dx xwgkox nkl dkhitznodx iudzcdklgko+ Jiktx xx|d`x `n dkhitznod zgxa |nagko gk|fd tr rfnxd nx rdircd `nad rziugxgik eiz |fd rixxgjgcg| |fn| |fd wgcc cixd |fdgz mijx gk |fdhik|znh|gik+

@ikd|nz ricgh nczdnl |dklx |i cdnk nongkx| |fd dhiki`gh hhcd+ \fd xg`rcdx| zdxrikxd gx |igk|zilthd n hitk|dzhhcghnc dcd`dk| gk|i |fd ld|dz`gkn|gik ie hnrg|nc zn|gix# zngxgko |fd` wfdkoziw|f rghax tr nkl ncciwgko |fd` |i lg`gkgxf nx oziw|f dnxdx+ Ogudk |fn| |fgx gkuicudxgkhzdnxgko hnrg|nc wfdk g| gx hfdnr jt| ki| fnugko |i li xi wfdk g| gx xhnzhd# |fgx hikudx nkg``dlgn|d jdkdeg|+ Xthf hfnkodx hnk rzijnjc jd `nld wg|fit| |fd kddl eiz kdw cdogxcn|gik gk`nk hitk|zgdx+ Jnxdc 8 gkhctldx rziugxgikx eiz xthf jteedzx# jt| |fd li ki| fnud nk dvrcghg|eiz` eiz odkdznc g`rcd`dk|n|gik n| rzdxdk|+ Edzkkld} ld Cgx nkl OnzhgnFdzzdzi &:2>2'ldxhzgjd n lgeedzdk| nrrzinhf# htzzdk|c d`rcidl gk Xrngk nkl ìzd zdhdk|c gk|zilthdl gk Rdztnkl Hici`jgn# wfdzdj rziugxgikgko eiz jnl cinkx gx rzihhcghnc+ Gk Xrngk# wfdkdudz cdklgkogkhzdnxdx ìzd znrglc |fnk kiz`nc# rziugxgikgko kddlx |i gkhzdnxd ìzd |fnk rziriz|gikn|dc

ik |fd ozitklx |fn| znrgl gkhzdnxdx nzd cgadc |i jd nhhi`rnkgdl j n ldhzdnxd gk |fd ~tncg| iecdklgko+ Gk n liwk|tzk# xthf rziugxgikx hnk |fdk jd txdl nx ldentc|x gkhzdnxd# wg|fit| |fd kddl|i gkhzdnxd hnrg|nc gk xthf lgeeghtc| |g`dx+ \ftx# |fd rziugxgikx zdecdh| |fd jdfnugiz ie |fdgklgugltnc jnkax+ Gk Rdzt# |fd rzihdxx gx zdcn|dl |i hhcghnc ecth|tn|gikx gk OLR nkl# |fdzdeizd#hikx|g|t|dx n rnz| ie `nhzirztldk|gnc x|njgcg|+

Nxgnk hitk|zgdx fnud `nld xi`d txd ie xg`gcnz hitk|dzhhcghnc rziugxgikx gk |fd rnx|+ FikoAiko# Hfgkn# eiz dvn`rcd# fnx txdl cink|iunctd zn|gix |fn| jdhi`d ìzd hnt|gitx |fd enx|dz|fd nxxd| rzghd tkldzrgkkgko |fd cink gkhzdnxdx+ Nklzg|}a d| nc+ &:227' xtoodx| n wgld znkod ie


24/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82'+

Zdotcn|gik ie gkkiun|gud egknkhgnc rzilth|x nkl xrdhgegh gkudx|iz ozitrx

\fd Nxgnk zdogik fnx ki| ztxfdl |i nlir| |fd xiz|x ie ldzgun|gud gkx|zt`dk|x# xthf nx HLIx nklhzdlg| ldentc| xwnrx# |fn| hntxdl xthf lgeeghtc|gdx gk |fd TX wfdk |fdzd wnx litj| njit| |fdunctd ie |fd tkldzcgko cinkx &Etmgg :2>2'+ \fdzd nzd# |fdzdeizd# edw g``dlgn|d hikhdzkx iudzfiw |fd xfitcl jd fnklcdl nx |fd cn|dz x|nodx ie |fd hzgxgx tkeicl &@izonk :227'+ Fiwdudz#`nk ie |fdxd gkx|zt`dk|x nzd unctnjcd `dnkx ie fdlogko nkl xrzdnlgko zgxa# nkl |fdgznlir|gik gk |fd zdogik# ikhd |fd rzdxdk| hzgxgx gx iudz# wgcc fdcr gk |fd lddrdkgko ie `nzad|x nkl|fd `nknod`dk| ie zgxa+ \fdzdeizd# |fd kddl eiz xthf rzilth|x nkl |fd g`rcghn|gikx eiz |fdgzzdotcn|gik# nciko wg|f i|fdz ri|dk|gncc ldx|njgcg}gko `nzad| nh|gikx |fn| fdcr |i fdlod nklxrzdnl zgxax# kddlx |i jd hikxgldzdl+

Eiz dvn`rcd# ìz|onodjnhadl xdhtzg|gdx fnud eiz`dl n x|njcd xitzhd ie fitxgko egknkhd gkNtx|zncgn eiz kdnzc |fgz| dnzx+ Cink riz|eicgix nzd ncc ie n fgof ~tncg| nkl fnud ki| x|zndlgk|i |fd xtjrzg`d nzdn iz ìudl iee jncnkhd xfdd|+ I|fdz hitk|zgdx |fn| fnud x|ndl wg|f |fd

cdxx dvi|gh nkl ìzd |znkxrnzdk| nxxd|jnhadl xdhtzg|gdx fnud ncxi dkmidl x|njcd `nzad|x+ Gkzdnh|gik |i |fd hzgxgx# |fdzd fnx jddk n zd|fgka |i dkxtzd |fn|# gk et|tzd# |fd nxrdh|x iexdhtzg|g}n|gik |fn| fnud cdl |i gkx|njgcg| nzd ieexd|+ Gk |fd egzx| rcnhd# |fd hikhdzk gx |fn| ncc ie|fixd gkuicudl xfitcl zd|ngk rziriz|gikn|d dvrixtzd tk|gc |fd rzgkhgrnc tkldzcgko |fd xdhtzg|fnx jddk rngl jnha+ Gk |fd rnx|# `nk ie |fixd gkuicudl fnud hiccdh|dl |fdgz eddx tr ezik| nklfnud fnl ki dvrixtzd |i nk xtjxd~tdk| ld|dzgizn|gik gk ~tncg|+ \ftx# nodk|x# izgogkn|izx nklzn|gko nodkhgdx# eiz dvn`rcd# xfitcl zdhdgud |fdgz zd`tkdzn|gik nhhizlgko |i |fd rdzeiz`nkhd ie|fdgz riz|eicgix &Migk| Xfnliw Egknkhgnc Zdotcn|iz Hi``g||ddx :227'+ \fgx wgcc fdcr ncc rnz|gdx|i dkxtzd |fd ~tncg| ie |fd nxxd|x+ Gk :227 |fd TX rzirixdl |fn| izgogkn|izx nkl xrikxizx jd


25/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 88'+ \fgx witcl oi n ciko wn |inhfgdugko |fd zd~tgzdl it|hi`d# dxrdhgncc gk hi`jgkn|gik wg|f |fd x|nklnzlg}n|gik ie `nkrzilth|x+ Nxgnk hitk|zgdx hitcl# eiz dvn`rcd# nozdd ik hi`ìk edn|tzdx eiz ìz|onodjnhadlxdhtzg|gdx &Etmgg :2>2'+

\fd nki`ncitx |zdn|`dk| ie nxxd|jnhadl xdhtzg|gdx tkldz |fd Jnxdc zdog`d nkl nxxihgn|dlnhhitk|gko rzihdltzdx |fn| dkhitznodl jnkax |i ìud xthf nxxd|x iee |fdgz jncnkhd xfdd|xxfitcl jd dkldl+ _fgcd xi`d nodk|x wdzd njcd |i hiccdh| |fdgz zd`tkdzn|gik tr ezik|# `nkjnkax lgxhiudzdl |fn| zdrt|n|gik zgxa `dnk| |fn| |fd wdzd dvrixdl |i cixxdx gk |fd xrdhgncgkudx|`dk| udfghcdx |fd fnl xd| tr |i |nad ìz|onodjnhadl xdhtzg|gdx iee |fdgz jncnkhdxfdd|x+ N hikhdk|zn|gik j egknkhgnc `nzad|x ik x|nklnzlg}dl rzilth|x witcl `nad |fdxdrzilth|x ìzd |znkxrnzdk| nkl dnxgdz |i rzghd+ Gklddl# |fd hitcl jdhi`d ìzd zdnlgc |znldlik dvhfnkodx nkl ongk x|njgcg| ezi` |fd dvgx|dkhd ie hdk|znc hitk|dzrnz|gdx+ Fdkhd# ge |fdxdx|zngof|eizwnzl `dnxtzdx nzd |nadk# ìz|onodjnhadl xdhtzg|gdx hitcl jd ldudcirdl |inlunk|nod nhzixx |fd zdogik# nxxgx|gko gk |fd egknkhgko ie x|nklnzlg}dl cinkx nkl zdlthgkojizziwdzx ldrdkldkhd ik jnkax wg|fit| gk|zilthgko nk tkwdchi`d gkx|njgcg| gk|i egknkhgnc`nzad|x+

Nt|fizg|gdx nzitkl |fd wizcl fnud fnl hikhdzkx njit| |fd ri|dk|gncc ldx|njgcg}gko deedh|x ie |fdxrdhtcn|gud nh|gug|gdx ie gkudx|iz ozitrx xthf nx fdlod etklx+ \fdgz hikhdzkx fnud x|d``dlezi` |wi gxxtdx= egzx|# |fn| xthf izonkg}n|gikx nzd cnzodc tkzdotcn|dl nkl cg||cd gx akiwk njit||fd`# nkl xdhikl# |fn| |fd `gof| rzdxdk| xgokgeghnk| zgxax |i egknkhgnc x|njgcg|+ Fiwdudz# nx |fdhzgxgx fnx ldudcirdl# g| fnx jdhi`d hcdnz |fn| fdlod etklx fnud rzdxdk|dl edw xx|d`ghrzijcd`x nkl# gklddl# gkxienz nx |fd fnud jddk ficlgko xi`d ie |fd g`rngzdl nxxd|x |fn| fnudxfiwk `nmiz cixxdx# |fd fnud gk enh| fnl n x|njgcg}gko gkectdkhd nx |fd fnud jddk njcd |injxizj |fdgz cixxdx nkl fnud ki| rziudk |i jd n xitzhd ie hik|nogik |i |fd `nzad| nx n wficd+Rzgun|d d~tg| etklx fnud ncxi jddk ct`rdl |iod|fdz wg|f fdlod etklx gk |fgx ldjn|d# jt| |fdgznh|gug|gdx fnud cg||cd iz ki|fgko |i li wg|f enh|izx |fn| cdl |i |fd ocijnc egknkhgnc hzgxgx+

Hzdlg| zn|gko nodkhgdx fnud xddk |fdgz zdrt|n|gikx jdhi`d xdudzdc lg`gkgxfdl ltzgko |fd hzgxgx+Hikegldkhd hitcl jd gkhzdnxdl j ozdn|dz |znkxrnzdkh# jt| ncxi j |fd gkhi`d ie zn|gkonodkhgdx jdgko cgkadl |i |fd rdzeiz`nkhd ie |fd nxxd|x |fd zn|d+ \fd `ngk zn|gko nodkhgdxfnud jddk xi`dwfn| cdxx nh|gud gk Nxgn |fnk `gof| fnud jddk dvrdh|dl ezi` |fd cdudc ieegknkhgnc ldudcir`dk| gk Nxgnk hitk|zgdx# nkl zdogiknc zn|gko nodkhgdx fnud ikc jddk d`dzogkoxciwc+ _fgcd |fgx `n fnud zdxtc|dl gk Nxgn fnugko jddk cdxx hntof| tr gk |fd `gxzn|gko iexdhtzg|gdx |fn| fnx jddk ldìkx|zn|dl gk |fd rzdxdk| hzgxgx# g| ncxi `dnkx |fn| Nxgnk egknkhgncnxxd|x fnud jddk ìzd lgeeghtc| |i unctd+ Fdkhd# ìugko eizwnzl# Nxgnk hitk|zgdx wgcc wnk| |ixdd zn|gko nodkhgdx ldudcir# ncjdg| wg|fgk n kdw ezn`dwiza ie hikegldkhd nkl wg|fit| |fdhikecgh|x ie gk|dzdx| |fn| fnud nzgxdk ezi` nodkhgdx nh|gko ji|f nx nlugxdzx nkl zn|dzx &Rct``dz:2>2'+

@nknod`dk| ie hnrg|nc eciwx

\fd gkeciw ie hnrg|nc rcndl nk g`riz|nk| zicd gk |fd hik|gktgko ldudcir`dk| ie |fd Nxgnk zdogik+Fiwdudz# irdk dhiki`gdx nzd utckdznjcd |i xtlldk x|irx nkl zdudzxncx# nkl kddl |i jd njcd|i hird wg|f znrgl ecth|tn|gikx gk xthf eciwx+ Xthf ecth|tn|gikx hnk jd zdecdh|dl gk rzghdx nx wdccnx gk ~tnk|g|gdx gk nk irdk dkugzik`dk|# rt||gko rzdxxtzd ik hi`rd|g|gudkdxx gk nk tr|tzk nklcdnlgko |i znrgl ldrzdhgn|gikx nkl hzdlg| x~tdd}dx wfdk |fd eciwx zdudzxd+ Eiz dvn`rcd# gk |fdNxgnk egknkhgnc hzgxgx ie >77?>776# |fdzd wnx n litjcd `gx`n|hf rzijcd` gk |fn| ki| ikc wnx|fd htzzdkh `gx`n|hfdl# jt| |fd gkeciw ie etklx wnx `ngkc xfiz| |dz`# ldxrg|d |fd enh| |fn| g|


26/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82' j ki| njnklikgko ncc hnrg|nc hik|zicx# x|dzgcg}gko `thf ie |fd hnrg|nc gkeciw |i nuigl g|odkdzn|gko gkecn|gik# nlmtx|gko ìkd|nz nkl egxhnc ricgh wfdzd ednxgjcd# nkl `nknogko |fdgz

dvhfnkod zn|dx xi |fn| ecth|tn|gikx nzd cg`g|dl+ \i xi`d dv|dk|# |fdxd zdxrikxdx nzd |fdhikxd~tdkhd ie |zgko |i dkxtzd hi`rd|g|gudkdxx nkl znrgl dvriz| oziw|f+ Fiwdudz# |fd znkodie rixxgjcd zdxrikxdx gx fdnugc needh|dl j |fd ldozdd ie irdkkdxx ie dnhf hitk|z+ Gklgn#wfghf gx ki| rnz|ghtcnzc irdk# fnx jddk njcd |i `nknod rzdxxtzdx zn|fdz ìzd dv|dkxgudc#txgko zdxdzud zd~tgzd`dk|x# eiz dvn`rcd+

\fdzd gx n ~tdx|gik ie |fd ir|g`nc xd~tdkhgko ie cgjdzncg}n|gik xthf |fn| nx `thf ie |fd jdkdeg|xezi` lddrdz hnrg|nc `nzad|x nx rixxgjcd hnk jd ij|ngkdl wg|fit| |fd liwkxgld ie tkwdchi`decth|tn|gik gk hi`rd|g|gudkdxx gk gkltx|zgdx wg|f knzziw `nzogkx+ Gk odkdznc# eizdgok lgzdh|gkudx|`dk| gx zdcn|gudc x|njcd nkl hnk jd cgjdzncg}dl zdcn|gudc dnzc wfgcd cink eciwx |dkl |i jdudz uicn|gcd nkl xfitcl jd cgjdzncg}dl cnx|# wg|f riz|eicgi eciwx gk jd|wddk+ Gk `nk hnxdx# |fd`ngk hi`rd|g|izx |i Nxgnk hitk|zgdx nzd i|fdz hitk|zgdx gk |fd zdogik# xi |fd hikhdzk gx |i xddikc cg`g|dl ecth|tn|gikx gk eizdgok dvhfnkod hzixx zn|dx+

N kt`jdz ie Nxgnk nkl i|fdz d`dzogko dhiki`gdx fnud gk|zilthdl `dnxtzdx |i lgxhitznodxfiz||dz` hnrg|nc eciwx gk nk n||d`r| |i gkhzdnxd x|njgcg| wg|fit| fnz`gko |fd rzixrdh|x eizet|tzd cikodz|dz` gkudx|`dk| eciwx+ Eiz hitk|zgdx |fn| fnud xtjx|nk|gncc cgjdzncg}dl |fd hnrg|ncnhhitk|# `nzad|jnxdl hik|zicxxthf nx |fd Hfgcdnk tkzd`tkdzn|dl zdxdzud zd~tgzd`dk|&TZZ' g`rixdl ik hnrg|nc gkeciwxfnud jddk |fd rzdli`gknk| ir|gik gk zdhdk| dnzx+ Jzn}gcg`rixdl n |nv ik egvdlgkhi`d nkl d~tg| gkeciwx gk Ih|ijdz :227 gk zdxrikxd |i xtzodx gkhnrg|nc gkeciwx nkl# gk |fd eicciwgko ìk|f# g`rixdl nki|fdz |nv ik hdz|ngk |znldx |i rzdudk|hgzhtùdk|gik+ Fiwdudz# ldxgokgko nkl g`rcd`dk|gko hnrg|nc gkeciw hik|zicx gx ki| nk dnx |nxa+Nl`gkgx|dzgko hnrg|nc hik|zicx zd~tgzdx fgofc hi`rd|dk| hitk|z zdotcn|iz nt|fizg|gdx nx |fd`tx| hikx|nk|c ciia it| eiz tkwnk|dl eciwxie|dk lgxotgxdldk|dzgko |fzitof i|fdz hfnkkdcx+Eiz |fdxd dhiki`gdx# zd|tzkgko |i |fd lnx ie lznhikgnk hnrg|nc hik|zicx iz zdhzdn|gko n xx|dìe dv|dkxgud nl`gkgx|zn|gud hik|zicx gx ki cikodz n ugnjcd ir|gik+ \njcd >> xfiwx xi`d zdhdk|hnrg|nc hik|zic `dnxtzdx nlir|dl gk Nxgn+


27/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8>= Zdhdk| Hnrg|nc Hik|zic @dnxtzdx gk D`dzogko Nxgn

RZH= Hcixdl hnrg|nc nhhitk|:22:= ÊGG gk|zilthdl:225= ^LGG cg`g|x gk|zilthdl

Gklikdxgn:2>2= Ikdìk|f ficlgko rdzgil ik XJGx &hdk|znc jnka ki|dx'

Aizdn

:2>2= Cg`g|x ik EV ldzgun|gud hik|znh|x ik li`dx|gh jnkax &42$ ie hnrg|nc' nkleizdgok jnkax &:42$'

\ngrdg#Hfgkn:227= Rzifgjg|dl txd ie |g`d ldrixg|x j eizdgok etklx:2>2= Ikdwdda ldnlcgkd eiz ìkd |i jd gkudx|dl iz zdrn|zgn|dl

\fngcnkl:225= Tkzd`tkdzn|dl zdxdzud zd~tgzd`dk|x &82$' ik cinkx# jiklx# `t|tnc etklx#xwnrx nkl kikzdxgldk| Jnf| nhhitk|x+

:2>2= >4$ wg|fficlgko |nv ik hnrg|nc ongkx nkl gk|dzdx| gkhi`d ik eizdgok jiklx

Xitzhd= Hdk|znc jnka zdriz|x nkl kdwx zdriz|x+

Dugldkhd ik |fd deedh|gudkdxx ie hnrg|nc gkeciw hik|zicx gx `gvdl &Anwng nkl \nanog :226'+Hitk|z dvrdzgdkhdx xtoodx| |fn| |fd jdx| `nzad|jnxdl hik|zicx hnk jd dvrdh|dl |i cdko|fdk|fd `n|tzg| ie gkeciwx1 jt| |fd hnk fnud cg||cd g`rnh| ik |fd iudzncc uict`d+ \fd deedh|gudkdxxie hnrg|nc hik|zic `dnxtzdx |dklx |i wdnadk iudz |g`d nx nodk|x gk |fd `nzad|x egkl wnx |ihgzhtùdk| |fd`+ N| |fd xn`d |g`d# hnrg|nc hik|zicx hnk rzilthd nludzxd deedh|x= |fd |dkl |igkhzdnxd li`dx|gh egknkhgko hix|x# zdlthd `nzad| lgxhgrcgkd# cdnl |i gkdeeghgdk| nccihn|gikx ieegknkhgnc hnrg|nc# lgx|iz| ldhgxgik`nagko n| |fd egz` cdudc# nkl hnk jd lgeeghtc| nkl hix|c |idkeizhd+

Hitk|zgdx wg|f xgokgeghnk| hnrg|nc hik|zicx hnk dnxd zdx|zgh|gikx ik hnrg|nc it|eciwx gk n cg`g|dl`nkkdz |i zdlthd kd| hnrg|nc gkeciwx+ Dnxgko zdx|zgh|gikx ik hnrg|nc it|eciwx hnk `g|gon|d |fdtrwnzl rzdxxtzd ik dvhfnkod zn|dx+ \fgx ricgh fnx jddk rtzxtdl j n kt`jdz ie Dnx| Nxgnk

dhiki`gdx# cgad Mnrnk1 Aizdn1 nkl \ngrdg#Hfgkn ltzgko dnzcgdz rdzgilx ie cnzod jncnkhd iern`dk|x xtzrctxdx+ G| fnx jddk nlir|dl j |fd RZH nkl Gklgn gk zdhdk| dnzx+ G| `tx| jd adr|gk `gkl# fiwdudz# |fn| n ìzd cgjdznc hnrg|nc it|eciw ricgh hitcl gkug|d ìzd hnrg|nc gkeciwx+

N zdhdk| ki|d j |fd G@E &G@E :2>>' |nadx n hnt|gitx nrrzinhf |iwnzl hnrg|nc hik|zicx+ G|dxxdk|gncc xddx |fd` nx n cnx| zdxiz| ikhd i|fdz ricgh `dnxtzdx xthf nx |gof|dkgko egxhncricgh# dnxgko ìkd|nz ricgh# nkl dcg`gkn|gko htzzdkh tkldzunctn|gik fnud nczdnl jddkg`rcd`dk|dl+ \fgx rnz|c zdecdh|x |fd egklgkox ie Xhfnlcdz &:226'# nìko i|fdzx# |fn| egxhncricgh |gof|dkgko hnk fdcr |i ieexd| |fd gkecn|giknz hikxd~tdkhdx ie cnzodxhncd hnrg|nc gkeciwx+Fiwdudz# gk cgof| ie |fd uicn|gcg| nkl lgxztr|gudkdxx ie hnrg|nc gkeciwx ltzgko zdhdk| hzgxdx#litj|x zd`ngk njit| wfd|fdz g| `nadx xdkxd |i nxxt`d |fd nzd rdz`nkdk| nkl nhhi`ìln|d|fd` j i|fdz `nhzidhiki`gh ricgh nlmtx|`dk|x+ Gkx|dnl# n ìzd rzinh|gud nkl `gvdl

nrrzinhf gx rzijnjc rztldk|+Zdcn|gik |i ìkd|nz ricgh ezn`dwiza

Hikudk|giknc wgxli` ik ìkd|nz ricgh gk zdhdk| dnzx hikhctldl |fn| hdk|znc jnkax xfitcleihtx ik addrgko gkecn|gik ciw nkl x|njcd# cdnlgko |i |fd wgldxrzdnl nlir|gik ie gkecn|gik|nzod|gko zdog`dx j hdk|znc jnkax+ Dudk `nk hdk|znc jnkax |fn| lgl ki| dvrcghg|c nlir| xthf|nzod|x jdfnudl nx ge |fd fnl likd xi gk rznh|ghd+ Fiwdudz# |fd dvrdzgdkhd ie |fd ocijncegknkhgnc hzgxgx xtoodx|x |fn| |fgx cdl |i nk gknld~tn|d hikxgldzn|gik ie egknkhgnc gkx|njgcg| zgxax+Gk rnz|ghtcnz# |fd `thffngcdl Ozdn| @ildzn|gik ie gkecn|gik zn|dx gk `nk dhiki`gdx `nxadl


28/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82' ki|d |fn| |fdzd nzd `nk rzijcd`x wg|f xthf nk nrrzinhf+ Hdz|ngkc n `dhfnkgx|ghnrrzinhf ie |nzod|gko egknkhgnc `nzad| cdudcx gx ki| ednxgjcd iz nrrzirzgn|d+ Kikd|fdcdxx# g| gx

hcdnz |fn| egknkhgnc gkx|njgcg| gx ki| hikxgx|dk| wg|f rzghd x|njgcg| gk |fd cikodz|dz`# xi hdk|zncjnkax `tx| gkhzdnxd |fdgz ìkg|izgko ie xthf zgxax+

5+ LDDRDKGKO EGKNKHGNC GK\DOZN\GIK

5+> Zicd ie egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik nkl hiirdzn|gik

Lddrdkgko egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik gx xddk nx n ad wn |i xtrriz| |fd rzihdxx ie dhiki`gh oziw|fnkl ldudcir`dk|+ \i jd xtzd# xi`d hitk|zgdx rtzxtdl nhfgdudl fgof oziw|f zn|dx egknkhdl`ngkc j li`dx|gh xnugkox# ki|njc Mnrnk# wfgcd egknkhgnc irdkkdxx gkhzdnxdx zgxax iegkx|njgcg| nxxihgn|dl wg|f uicn|gcd hnrg|nc eciwx nkl d`rgzghnc xtrriz| eiz |fd jdkdeg|x ie egknkhgnc

gk|dozn|gik gx x|gcc ìldx|+ Kikd|fdcdxx# nhhdxx |i ocijnc hnrg|nc `nzad|x gx xddk odkdzncc nxwiz|f |fd zgxax# ogudk |fn| xteeghgdk| gkx|g|t|giknc xnedotnzlx nzd gk rcnhd+ Hitk|zgdx wg|fxfncciwdz nkl cdxx `n|tzd egknkhgnc xx|d`x nzd cdxx rzdrnzdl eiz xthf irdkkdxx# nkl kddl |i|nad n x|nodl nrrzinhf# irdkgko tr eizdgok lgzdh| gkudx|`dk| egzx|# nkl ikc ne|dzwnzloznltn|gko |i riz|eicgi nkl cink eciwx+

Jdikl odkdznc gk|dozn|gik wg|f ocijnc egknkhgnc `nzad|x# |fdzd nzd etz|fdz jdkdeg|x ezi` zdogikncegknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik x|drx+ NLJx Nxgn :242 x|tl &NLJ :2>>j' gldk|gegdx egknkhgnc gk|dozn|giknkl x|njgcg| nx ad nzdnx eiz hiirdzn|gik nciko wg|f |znld nkl |znkxriz| ricgh# `nhzidhiki`ghhiizlgkn|gik# nkl nhhdxx |i kn|tznc zdxitzhdx+ Egzx|# |fd x`ncc xg}d ie xi`d Nxgnk `nzad|xlgxhitznodx eizdgok gkudx|`dk|+ X|tlgdx xthf nx NLJ &:2>2' fnud xfiwk |fn| |znkxnh|gikxhix|x nzd hcixdc zdcn|dl |i `nzad| xg}d nkl cg~tglg|# nkl fgof hix|x nkl x`ncc |znkxnh|gikxhix|x hnk ld|dz gkudx|izx+ Xdhikl# Nxgnx cnzod riic ie xnugkox hitcl jd||dz jd ìjgcg}dl |iegknkhd g|x fgof kddlx eiz gkudx|`dk| gk gkeznx|zth|tzd nkl i|fdz nzdnx+ \fgzl# hiirdzn|gik gk |fdnzdn ie egknkhgnc x|njgcg| hnk zdlthd xx|d`gh zgxax gk ìzd deeghgdk| wnx+ Dtzird rziugldx |fd`ngk ìldc eiz |fd jdkdeg|x ie egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik# nc|fitof zdhdk| dvrdzgdkhd xfiwx |fd zgxaxdk|ngcdl j hcixdz gk|dozn|gik nx wdcc+

5+: Htzzdk| x|n|d ie zdogiknc egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik

G| gx odkdzncc nhakiwcdlodl |fn| egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik gk Nxgn gx x|gcc ciw# dxrdhgncc hi`rnzdlwg|f |znld gk|dozn|gik &d+o+# NLJ :2>>j'+ G| gx ìzd lgeeghtc| |i nknc}d zdogiknc egknkhgncgk|dozn|gik nx irrixdl |i odkdznc egknkhgnc irdkkdxx &ocijncg}n|gik'# wfghf wnx lgxhtxxdl gkxdh|gik 8+> njiud+ Xi`d zdxtc|x xdd` |fd irrixg|d ie wfn| ikd `gof| dvrdh|+ Cdd &:226'

dvn`gkdl |fd cdudcx ie riz|eicgi ficlgkox ie Nxgnk hitk|zgdx |i ld|dz`gkd wfd|fdz |fdzd wnx n|dkldkh eiz Nxgnk hitk|zgdx |i ficl dnhf i|fdzx egknkhgnc nxxd|x lgxrziriz|gikn|dc+ Txgko ln|nezi` |fd G@Ex Hiizlgkn|dl Riz|eicgi Gkudx|`dk| Xtzud &HRGX' :228# fd dx|g`n|dl n oznug|ìldc ie riz|eicgi gkudx|`dk| |fn| gkhctldl zdogiknc lt`` unzgnjcdx+ 5 Gk|dozn|gko Nxgn&GN' dhiki`gdx4 wnx ikc 7+5$ &>>+>$'+ Dvhctlgko Mnrnk# |fgx xfnzd wnx `thf fgofdz n| :4+8$&>5+6$'# nc|fitof |fgx gx udz `thf needh|dl j fgof zn|gix eiz Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 nklXgkonrizd+ Nc|fitof |fdxd zn|gix nzd ki| rnz|ghtcnzc fgof# dxrdhgncc wfdk Mnrnk gx gkhctldl#|fd fnud gkhzdnxdl xgokgeghnk|c xgkhd :22>+ \fd xfnzd ie gk|znzdogiknc nxxd|x &cgnjgcg|gdx' wg|fgkGN wnx ikc 4+5$ &>2+>$' gk :22># iz >4+2$ &>8+?$' wfdk Mnrnk gx dvhctldl+ Nc|fitof GN gx enzezi` `n|hfgko egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik gk |fd Dtzirdnk Tkgik &DT'# 5

\njcd >:= Gk|znZdogiknc Riz|eicgi Gkudx|`dk|

|fd gk|znzdogiknc xfnzdx iegk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc nxxd|x gk GN nzd fgofdz |fnk |fixd gk Cn|gk N`dzghn# nkl hi`rnznjcd |i

|fixd gk |fd Kiz|f N`dzghnk Ezdd \znld Nozdd`dk|+

Xfnzd ie |i|nc riz|eicgi gkudx|`dk|# $ :22> :225 :22> :225Gk|dozn|gko Nxgn &GN'>5 4+5 7+5 >2+> >>+>

GN>4 &GN>5 cdxx Mnrnk' >4 :4+8 >8+? >5+6

NXDNK >> >2+< >>+6 7+ 8+? 4+7 5+7

DT>4 52 5>+? 4?+> 5:+8

@DZHIXTZ 4+5 >+5+: >8+7 >>+6 >:+6

NXDNK0 Nxxihgn|gik ie Xit|fdnx| Nxgnk Kn|gikxKi|dx=

NXDNK!80 >2 NXDNK `d`jdz hitk|zgdx rctx Rdircd/x Zdrtjcgh ie Hfgkn# Mnrnk nkl Aizdn

DT0 Dtzirdnk Tkgik

@DZHIXTZ0 @dzhnli Hi`9k ldc Xtz &Xit|fdzk Hi`ìk @nzad|'

KNE\N0 Kiz|f N`dzghnk Ezdd \znld Nozdd`dk|

Xitzhd= Hnrnkkdccg# Cdd# nkl Rd|zg &:227'

Nxxd|x Cgnjgcg|gdx

Nki|fdz nrrzinhf gx |i dx|g`n|d |fd dv|dk| |i wfghf zdogiknc xnugkox hnk dvrcngk gkudx|`dk| gkgklgugltnc hitk|zgdx# wfghf witcl rigk| |i n `dhfnkgx` eiz zdhhcgko zdogiknc xnugkox nklxìi|fgko gkudx|`dk| nkl hikxt`r|gik+ Txgko |fd ezn`dwiza rgikddzdl j Edclx|dgk nklFizgian &>762'# Ag`# Ag`# nkl Rnza &:2>>' eitkl dugldkhd |fn| zdogiknc xnugkox wnx xgokgeghnk|

gk dvrcngkgko gkudx|`dk| gk |fd zdogik# nc|fitof ìx| ie |fgx deedh| wnx n||zgjt|njcd |i Mnrnkzn|fdz |fnk NHG hitk|zgdx+

4\fd >5 Gk|dozn|gko Nxgn dhiki`gdx nzd Jztkdg Lnztxxncn`1 Hn`jilgn1 RZH1 Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 Gklgn1 Gklikdxgn1

Mnrnk1 Aizdn1 Cni Rdircdx Ldìhzn|gh Zdrtjcgh1 @ncnxgn1 @nk`nz1 Rfgcgrrgkdx1 Xgkonrizd1 \ngrdg#Hfgkn1

\fngcnkl1 nkl Ugd| Kn`+5

\fd zn|gi eiz gk|znDT nxxd|x &cgnjgcg|gdx' ficlgkox wnx 5>+?$ &5:+8$' gk :225+


30/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8>'# Fgkimncdx nkl Rnza &:2>>' nkl Rnzankl Cdd &:2>>'+ Jnd &:2>>' eitkl |fn| |fd nudznod ocijnc gk|dozn|gik ie x|iha `nzad|x eiz nccNxgnk xn`rcd dhiki`gdx wnx :8$1 |fd nudznod zdogiknc gk|dozn|gik wnx 8>' eitkl |fn| Dnx| Nxgnk cihnc htzzdkh jikl `nzad|x |dkl |i jdxdo`dk|dl# jdgko kdg|fdz zdogikncc kiz ocijncc gk|dozn|dl+

5+8 @dnxtzdx |i lddrdk gk|dozn|gik

@dnxtzdx |i lddrdk egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik fnud `nld |fd ìx| rziozdxx wg|fgk NXDNK# `ngkcnx rnz| ie |fd NXDNK Dhiki`gh Hi``tkg| &NDH' rzimdh|+ Ad gxxtdx eiz |fd RZH nkl Gklgn

gkhctld etz|fdz irdkgko ie |fdgz hnrg|nc nhhitk|x nkl hikudz|gjgcg| ie |fdgz htzzdkhgdx+

NXDNK Dhiki`gh Hi``tkg| Rzimdh| \g`d|njcd

Nìko |fd NHG dhiki`gdx# |fd NXDNK Dhiki`gh Hi``tkg| &NDH' rzimdh| rziugldx |fd|d`rcn|d eiz ìzd dv|dkxgud zdogiknc egknkhgnc gk|dozn|gik+ \fd NDH rzimdh| gx xt``nzg}dl gk |fdNDH jctdrzgk|# zn|gegdl j NXDNK `d`jdzx gk :22? &NXDNK Xdhzd|nzgn| :22?'+ \fd n`jg|gitx|nzod| ie |fd NDH gx |i nhfgdud |fd NXDNK Dhiki`gh Hi``tkg| j :2>4 nx n zdogik wg|f ezddìud`dk| ie oiilx# xdzughdx# gkudx|`dk|# xagccdl cnjiz# nkl ezddz eciw ie hnrg|nc+ \fd jzinlng` ie |fd rzimdh| gx ji|f |i dkmi |fd xhncd dhiki`gdx ie n tkgegdl `nzad| nkl |i zdlthd |fdldudcir`dk| onr nìko g|x `d`jdz hitk|zgdx+ \i jd xtzd# |fd jctdrzgk| zdhiokg}dx gk rznh|ghd|fn| xi`d hitk|zgdx wgcc rziozdxx enx|dz |fnk i|fdzx# nkl cgjdzncg}n|gik wgcc jd likd ik nuictk|nz jnxgx# wfghf g| hfnznh|dzg}dx nx |fd NXDNK `gktx V eiz`tcn+ Zdonzlgko |fd egknkhgnc

xdzughdx xdh|iz# |fd jctdrzgk| ng`x eiz n egzx| zitkl ie cgjdzncg}n|gik j :2>4# wg|f i|fdzxtjxdh|izx iz ìldx jdgko cgjdzncg}dl j :2:2 &NXDNK Xdhzd|nzgn| :22?'+

Gk izldz |i x|zdko|fdk NXDNK hnrg|nc `nzad| ldudcir`dk| nkl gk|dozn|gik# |fd jctdrzgk| hnccx eiz|fd eicciwgko nh|gikx=

g+ Nhfgdud ozdn|dz fnzìkg}n|gik gk hnrg|nc `nzad| x|nklnzlx gk NXDNK gk |fd nzdnx ie ieedzgkoztcdx eiz ldj| xdhtzg|gdx# lgxhcixtzd zd~tgzd`dk|x# nkl lgx|zgjt|gik ztcdx1

gg+ Enhgcg|n|d `t|tnc zdhiokg|gik nzznkod`dk| iz nozdd`dk| eiz |fd hzixx zdhiokg|gik ie~tncgeghn|gik nkl dlthn|gik nkl dvrdzgdkhd ie `nzad| rziedxxgikncx1

ggg+ Nhfgdud ozdn|dz ecdvgjgcg| gk cnkotnod nkl oiudzkgko cnw zd~tgzd`dk|x eiz xdhtzg|gdxgxxtnkhd1

gu+ Dkfnkhd wg|fficlgko |nv x|zth|tzd# wfdzd rixxgjcd# |i rziì|d |fd jzinldkgko ie gkudx|izjnxd gk NXDNK ldj| gxxtnkhd1 nkl

u+ Enhgcg|n|d `nzad| lzgudk deeiz|x |i dx|njcgxf dvhfnkod nkl ldj| `nzad| cgkanodx# gkhctlgkohzixxjizldz hnrg|nc zngxgko nh|gug|gdx+ &NXDNK Xdhzd|nzgn| :22?=>?'

G| etz|fdz ki|dx |fn| |fd cgjdzncg}n|gik ie hnrg|nc ìud`dk|x gx |i jd otgldl j |fd

eicciwgko rzgkhgrcdx=


31/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 88 jdciw xfiwx |fd htzzdk| x|n|tx ie hnrg|nc nhhitk| irdkkdxx gk |fd RZH#nhhizlgko |i G@E hcnxxgeghn|gikx+ Eizdgok lgzdh| gkudx|`dk| gx dxxdk|gncc cgjdzncg}dl# jt| riz|eicgi#cink# nkl ldzgun|gud |znkxnh|gikx nzd x|gcc fdnugc hik|ziccdl# gkhctlgko ~ti|nx ik ji|f gkwnzl nklit|wnzl riz|eicgi eciwx+


32/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 88= Xt``nz\fd RZHx Htzzdk| Hnrg|nc Hik|zicx

@nzad| Gkudx|iz ozitr Gkeciwx It|eciwx

@ikd

`nzad|

Kikzdxgldk|x Ki rdz`gxxgik Ki rdz`gxxgik

Zdxgldk|x Rzgiz nrrziunc j |fd RJH

nkl XNED gx zd~tgzdl

Ki rdz`gxxgik eiz zdxgldk|x#

dvhdr| nt|fizg}dl dk|g|gdx

X|iha

`nzad|

Kikzdxgldk|x J xfnzdx nkl ÊGG Xdcc J xfnzdx# zdrn|zgn|d

ÊGG

Zdxgldk|x Xdcc F &iz K iz X' xfnzd

njzinl# zdrn|zgn|d ie ^LGG

^LGG

Jiklx nkl

i|fdz ldj|x

Kikzdxgldk|x ÊGG Ki rdz`gxxgik# dvhdr| eiz

xi`d gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhd

dk|g|# zdrn|zgn|d ÊGG

Zdxgldk|x Rzgiz nrrziunc j |fd RJH

nkl |fd XNED gx zd~tgzdl+

Jiklx gxxtdl njzinl `tx|

jd gkhizrizn|dl gk|i |fd

X|n|d dv|dzknc ldj| rcnk+

Ki rdz`gxxgik eiz zdxgldk|x#

dvhdr| nt|fizg}dl dk|g|gdx

Ldzgun|gudx

nkl i|fdz

gkx|zt`dk|x

Kikzdxgldk|x Ki rdz`gxxgik Ki rdz`gxxgik

Zdxgldk|x Irdzn|gikx gk xthf

gkx|zt`dk|x j egknkhgnc

gkx|g|t|gikx nzd xtjmdh| |irzgiz zdugdw ie

~tncgeghn|gikx nkl |i cg`g|x

ik irdk eizdgok dvhfnkod

rixg|gik+

Irdzn|gikx gk xthf

gkx|zt`dk|x j egknkhgnc

gkx|g|t|gikx nzd xtjmdh| |irzgiz zdugdw ie ~tncgeghn|gikx

nkl |i cg`g|x ik irdk eizdgok

dvhfnkod rixg|gik+

Xitzhd= G@E &:226'+

\i jd xtzd# |fd RZH fnx tkldz|nadk n kt`jdz ie x|drx |i dnxd zdx|zgh|gikx ik hnrg|nc eciwx nxrnz| ie g|x rziozn` |i gk|dzkn|gikncg}d |fd tnk+ Xi`d ie |fdxd x|drx nzd xt``nzg}dl gk \njcd>< jdciw+ \fdxd fnud jddk ng`dl rzg`nzgc n| jnka ldrixg|x# tnkldki`gkn|dl jiklgxxtnkhd# gkhctlgko j kikzdxgldk|x# nkl jikl etklx+ Xi enz# |fd cgjdzncg}n|gik ie ieexfizd txdie |fd tnk gk hnrg|nc nhhitk| |znkxnh|gikx fnx |nadk rcnhd ikc gk Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn nx n |dx|hnxd+ N ad ldudcir`dk| wgcc jd |i dv|dkl |fgx cgjdzncg}n|gik |i i|fdz iudzxdnx `nzad|x+ Nki|fdzad x|dr wgcc jd |i dkl |fd ~ti|nx ik gkwnzl nkl it|wnzl riz|eicgi eciwx+


33/51


\njcd >2 Z@J gk|dzjnka `nzad| irdkdl |i xdcdh|dl ieexfizd Z@J ficldzx

Eizdgok egz`x hnk gxxtd Z@J jiklx gk FA nkl RZH

Eizdgok egz`x hnk jizziw &cinkx' gk FA

Z@J x|zth|tzdl ldrixg|x ncciwdl gk FA

Z@J jikl etklx ncciwdl gk FAXitzhd= FXJH &:2>2'# FXJH &:2>>'+

Gklgn# ik |fd i|fdz fnkl# fnx |gof| hik|zicx ik ELG jt| ciixdz hik|zicx ik riz|eicgi eciwx+ Eizdvn`rcd# nc|fitof Gklgn fnx n xx|d` eiz zdogx|dzgko ~tncgegdl eizdgok gkx|g|t|giknc gkudx|izx&EGGx' xg`gcnz |i |fn| ie |fd RZHx ^EGG xx|d`# gk Gklgn |fdzd nzd ki iudzncc ~ti|nx ik riz|eicgigkeciwx j xthf gkudx|izx+ \njcd >4 xt``nzg}dx |fd htzzdk| x|n|tx ie hnrg|nc nhhitk| zdotcn|gikgk Gklgn+


34/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 84= Xt``nzGklgnx Htzzdk| Hnrg|nc Hik|zicx

@nzad| Gkudx|iz ozitr Gkeciwx It|eciwx

Eizdgok lgzdh|

gkudx|`dk|

Kikzdxgldk|x Hnk nh~tgzd tr |i >22$ x|nad# xtjmdh| |i

unzgitx xdh|iznc nkl i|fdz zdx|zgh|gikx

Eizdgok hizrizn|dx hnk

zdrn|zgn|d jdkdeg|x ne|dz

|nvdx

Zdxgldk|x Ncciwdl# wg|f unzgitx

zdx|zgh|gikx

@ikd

`nzad|

Kikzdxgldk|x Ldrixg| cg`g|x eiz KZGx \g`d cg`g|x nkl rdknc|gdx

eiz dnzc wg|flznwnc

Zdxgldk|x Jnkax ncciwdl |i

cdkl nkl jizziw

ezddc# tkldz cg`g|x+

Ki rdz`gxxgik eiz

gklgugltncx1 cg`g|x ik

jnkax

X|iha `nzad| Kikzdxgldk|x EGG zdogx|zn|gik iz rnz|ghgrn|iz ki|d &ki

cg`g|x'1 EGRJ nkl ZJG nrrziunc kddldl eiz

cnzod x|nadx1 iwkdzxfgr cg`g|x

Zdrn|zgn|d EGG

Zdxgldk|x Ncciwdl wg|fit| hdgcgko1 jt| zdx|zgh|gikx ik

txd li`dx|ghncc1 DHJx hnk jd hikudz|dl

|i d~tg|

Ki cg`g|x eiz gklgugltncx1

cg`g|x ik jnkax

Jiklx nkl

i|fdz ldj|x

Kikzdxgldk|x EGG zdogx|zn|gik iz rnz|ghgrn|iz ki|d &ki

cg`g|x'1 x|zgh| cg`g|x ik xg}d j gxxtdz

hn|doiz

Zdrn|zgn|d EGG

Zdxgldk|x Ncciwdl wg|fgk cg`g|x &DHJ= tr |i TX,422

`gccgik rdz dnz eiz hizrizn|dx# wg|f i|fdz

zdx|zgh|gikx# |ii'1 |gof|dz cg`g|x ik jnkax1

xfiz||dz` jizziwgko fgofc zdx|zgh|dl

Ki cg`g|x eiz gklgugltncx1

cg`g|x ik jnkax

Ldzgun|gudx

nkl i|fdz

gkx|zt`dk|x

Kikzdxgldk|x EGG zdogx|zn|gik1 xtjmdh| |i unzgitx cg`g|x1

htzzdkh et|tzdx ki| ncciwdl

Zdrn|zgn|d EGG

Zdxgldk|x Eizwnzl hik|znh|x ncciwdl |i hiudz dvriz|

nkl g`riz| dvrixtzdx+

Eizwnzl hik|znh|x

ncciwdl |i hiudz dvriz|

nkl g`riz| dvrixtzdx+

Xitzhd= Nt|fizx# jnxdl ik Aifcg nkl Jdcngxhf &:2>>'+


35/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82'+ \fd Nxgnk Htzzdkh Tkg|&NHT' gx ikd `nmiz hnklgln|d eiz xthf n hi`ìk jnxad|+ \fgx witcl ncxi fnud |fd nlunk|nodie rirtcnzg}gko |fd txd ie |fd NHT# wfghf hitcl dkhitznod g|x txd gk i|fdz agklx ie |znkxnh|gikxnx wdcc+ \fd dvn`rcd ie Dtzirdnk jikl `nzad|x gx gkx|zth|gud+ Fncd nkl Xrgdodc &:227' eitkl|fn| xtjxd~tdk| |i |fd cntkhf ie dhiki`gh nkl ìkd|nz tkgik gk Dtzird# |fdzd wnx n 84+8$gkhzdnxd gk |fd rzijnjgcg| ie gxxtgko gk dtzi zdcn|gud |i rzdtkgik kn|giknc htzzdkhgdx nìkokikegknkhgnc egz`x gk gk|dzkn|giknc jikl `nzad|x+ Dudk jdeizd |fd nlir|gik ie |fd dtzi# |fdldudcir`dk| ie |fd Dtzirdnk Htzzdkh Tkg| cdl |i n znrgl dvrnkxgik ie Dtzirdnk HtzzdkhTkg|ldki`gkn|dl jikl gxxtdx gk Dtzird+ \fd nlir|gik ie nk Nxgnk htzzdkh tkg| `gof| zdxtc| gkn xg`gcnz gkhzdnxd gk gxxtnkhd wg|fgk |fd zdogik+

Zdogiknc xd||cd`dk| gkx|g|t|gikx

Hzixxjizldz riz|eicgi gkudx|`dk| hitcl jd dkhitznodl j |fd ldudcir`dk| ie zdogiknc x|ihankl jikl dvhfnkodx+ Hzixxcgx|gko ie x|ihax xfitcl jd dkhitznodl nx wdcc+ Gk|dzkn|gikncxdhtzg|gdx |znkxnh|gikx# dxrdhgncc |fixd wg|fgk |fd zdogik# hitcl ncxi jd dkhitznodl jldudcir`dk| ie n zdogiknc xd||cd`dk| gkx|g|t|gik nciko |fd cgkdx ie |fixd dvgx|gko gk Dtzird+

Ldudcir`dk| ie zdogiknc egknkhgnc hdk|dzx

\fd etz|fdz ldudcir`dk| ie zdogiknc egknkhgnc hdk|dzx hnk ncxi hik|zgjt|d |i zdogiknc oziw|f# nklxfitcl jd xtrriz|dl j ricgh `dnxtzdx+ J :282# gk nllg|gik |i Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 nklXgkonrizd# @t`jng nkl Xfnkofng nzd dvrdh|dl |i d`dzod nx g`riz|nk| zdogiknc egknkhgnchdk|dzx+ Fiwdudz# |fgx ldudcir`dk| fgkodx hzthgncc ik |fd cgjdzncg}n|gik ie gk|dzkn|giknc hnrg|nceciwx gk Gklgn nkl |fd RZH# zdxrdh|gudc# rctx n fix| ie hizzdxriklgko li`dx|gh zdeiz`x |ix|zdko|fdk |fd egknkhgnc xx|d` nkl fnzìkg}d egknkhgnc zdotcn|gikx nkl |nv ztcdx+ \fixdhitk|zgdx xfitcl ldudcir n ìzd |znkxrnzdk| |g`d|njcd eiz xthf n |znkxg|gik+

\fdzd lidx ki| nrrdnz |i jd n tkgudzxncc nhhdr|dl ldegkg|gik ie |fd |dz` gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnchdk|dz &GEH'+ Kiz gx |fdzd n tkg~td ezn`dwiza ie ~tnk|g|n|gud `dnxtzdx |fn| witcl liht`dk||fdgz nh|gug|gdx nkl zdcn|gud rdzeiz`nkhd+ Xi`d zdhdk| x|tlgdx ie |fd enh|izx oiudzkgko |fdldudcir`dk| gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc hdk|dzx# wg|f n eihtx ik Nxgn# gkhctld Hfdtko nkl Wdtko&:22?' nkl Cdtko nkl Tk|dzijdzlidzx|dz &:226'+

Ie hitzxd# n hitk|z `n fnud cnzod egknkhgnc `nzad|x xg`rc nx n zdxtc| ie fnugko n cnzodli`dx|gh dhiki`+ \fd lgx|gkotgxfgko hfnznh|dzgx|gh ie nk gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc hdk|dz gx |fd


36/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8>' nzotd |fn| |fd dvriz|x ie egknkhgnc xdzughdx rziugld nhi`rzdfdkxgud `dnxtzd ie ncc gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc nh|gug|gdx hnzzgdl it| gk nk dhiki`+ \fd

etz|fdz nzotd |fn| gkwnzl eizdgok lgzdh| gkudx|`dk| gk |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz ncxi rziugldx n`dnxtzd ie |fd n||znh|gudkdxx ie |fd egknkhgnc xdh|iz gk |fn| hitk|z# nc|fitof g| lidx ki|kdhdxxnzgc lgx|gkotgxf jd|wddk n||znh|gikx ie |fd li`dx|gh egknkhgnc `nzad| nkl |fd zicd nx nkgk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc hdk|dz+

Gk |fdgz d`rgzghnc wiza# Cdtko nkl Tk|dzijdzlidx|dz &:226' egkl |fn| ji|f `nhzidhiki`gh nkl`ghzidhiki`gh)gkx|g|t|giknc enh|izx nx wdcc nx egknkhgnc `nzad| x|zdko|f nkl deeghgdkh nzdg`riz|nk| gk |fd eiz`n|gik ie GEHx+ Gk |dz`x ie n||znh|gko gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc gkx|g|t|gikx# |fdenh| |fn| ji|f Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 nkl Xgkonrizd fnud jddk it|rdzeiz`gko |fd zdogikncdhiki`gdx nkl `nk i|fdz `nmiz dhiki`gdx# gkhctlgko Mnrnk# gk |fgx zdonzl# nrrdnzx |i jddvrcngkdl# gk rnz|# j |fdgz enuiznjcd `ghzidhiki`gh)gkx|g|t|giknc dkugzik`dk|+ \fd cn||dz `n jdldxhzgjdl j xtzud gklghdx ie hi`rd|g|gudkdxx# xthf nx |fixd rtjcgxfdl gk VgkftnLiw Mikdx&:2>>'# _izcl Dhiki`gh Eizt` &_DE' &:2>>' nkl ])Wdk Ozitr &:2>>'# wfghf nzd xt``nzg}dlgk \njcd >5 jdciw+

\njcd >5= Hi`rd|g|gudkdxx)Ldudcir`dk| Xhizdx ie @nmiz Egknkhgnc Hdk|dzx

OEHG VgkftnLM _DE-

Ciklik > : :

Kdw Wiza : > >

Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn 8 < 8

Xgkonrizd < 4 > >

]tzghf 6 >: 6

Eznkaetz| >< 6 >8

Xfdk}fdk >4 :> ::

Xditc >5 :< :>'# VgkftnLiw Mikdx &:2>>'# _DE &:2>>'+

- Zn|gkox eiz hitk|zgdx zn|fdz |fnk hg|gdx+

@ix| ie |fd |ir znkagkox nzd ki| udz xtzrzgxgko iz unzgnjcd= Kdw Wiza# Ciklik# Fiko Aiko#Hfgkn1 nkl Xgkonrizd# eicciwdl j \iai+ Fiwdudz# |fd znkagkox ie Xfnkofng nzd `thf `izd

unzgnjcd# ~tg|d fgof gk |fd OEHG nkl VgkftnLiw Mikdx xtzudx# jt| `thf ciwdz gk |fd _DE#zdecdh|gko x|zgagkoc lgeedzdk| nxxdxx`dk|x ie |fd jtxgkdxx nkl gkx|g|t|giknc dkugzik`dk|+@t`jng odkdzncc znkax ~tg|d ciw# nc|fitof# nx ldxhzgjdl jdciw# |fgx `n jd xi`dwfn|`gxcdnlgko+

Nx `dk|gikdl njiud# dvriz|x ie egknkhgnc xdzughdx &gkhctlgko gkxtznkhd' xfitcl jd n oiilgklghn|iz ie ldudcir`dk| nx nk gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnc hdk|dz+ Txtncc# ikd witcl kiz`ncg}d |fgx`dnxtzd j txgko g|x zn|gi |i OLR+ Fiwdudz# |fgx hnk jd `gxcdnlgko jdhntxd ie `thf lgeedzdk|ldozddx ie irdkkdxx nhzixx dhiki`gdx# d+o+# Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 nkl Xgkonrizd nzd udz irdk#


37/51

NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8 jdciw xfiwx n xhn||dz rci| ie |fgx egotzdudzxtx |fd cdudc ie rdz hnrg|nc OLR+

Egotzd 8= Xfnzd ie Egknkhgnc Xdzughdx gk Xdzughd Dvriz|x nkl Rdz Hnrg|n OLR# :227

4

2

4

>2

>4

:2

:4

82

>#222 >2#222 >22#222

Rdz Hnrg|n OLR &TXL'

Zn|gi |i \i|nc Xdzughd Dvriz|x# $

TA

TXFAO

XGK

GKL

RZHMRKAIZ

\NR@NC

\FNRFG

GK

Ki|d= RZH 0 Rdircdx Zdrtjcgh ie Hfgkn1 FAO 0 Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 GKL 0 Gklgn1 GKI 0 Gklikdxgn1 MRK 0 Mnrnk1 AIZ 0 Aizdn1@NC 0 @ncnxgn# RFG 0 Rfgcgrrgkdx1 XGK 0 Xgkonrizd1 \FN 0 \fngcnkl1 \NR 0 \ngrdg#Hfgkn1 TA 0 Tkg|dl Agkoli`1 nkl TX 0 Tkg|dl

X|n|dx+

Xitzhd= HDGH Ln|njnxd Hi+

Egotzd 8 xfiwx |fn| |fd cdudc ie dhiki`gh ldudcir`dk| gx nk g`riz|nk| rzdlgh|iz ie |fd cdudc ieegknkhgnc xdzughd dvriz|x# jt| |fdzd gx x|gcc xtjx|nk|gnc unzgn|gik+ \fd Tkg|dl Agkoli` &TA' gx nftod it|cgdz# nkl |fd cdudcx eiz Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 |fd TX1 nkl Gklgn nzd njiud |fd |zdkl cgkd#wfgcd |fdzd gx n jgo onr wg|f nc`ix| ncc i|fdz Nxgnk dhiki`gdx# gkhctlgko |fd RZH# wfghf nzdjdciw |fd |zdkl cgkd+ I|fdz |fgkox jdgko d~tnc# |fd |zdkl cgkd xtoodx|x |fn|# ge rdz hnrg|nc OLR gk|fd RZH |zgrcdx iudz |fd kdv| |wdk| dnzx |i nzitkl ,>:#222# |fd xfnzd ie egknkhgnc xdzughdxdvriz|x witcl zgxd |i nzitkl ?$# x|gcc ikc njit| fnce ie |fd htzzdk| cdudc ie Xgkonrizd+ @izdznrgl rziozdxx witcl zd~tgzd i|fdz zdeiz`x+

Gk |fdgz zdozdxxgik d~tn|gikx txgko egknkhgnc xdzughd dvriz|x |i |fd TX nx |fd ldrdkldk|unzgnjcd# Cdtko nkl Tk|dzijdzlidzx|dz &:226' egkl |fn| cnkotnod# `dnxtzdx ie dhiki`gh

ezddli`# nkl |fd kt`jdz ie cgx|dl eizdgok hi`rnkgdx nzd xgokgeghnk| ld|dz`gknk|x ie xthfdvriz|x+ G| ncxi xdd`x cgadc |fn| hnrg|nc `nzad| irdkkdxx# |fd cdonc xx|d` nkl |fd |nv xx|d`nzd g`riz|nk| ld|dz`gknk|x nx wdcc+ Egotzd < xfiwx |fn| |fdzd gx n x|ziko hizzdcn|gik jd|wddkhnrg|nc `nzad| irdkkdxx nkl egknkhgnc xdzughd dvriz|x# nkl |fd `nmiz gk|dzkn|giknc egknkhgnchdk|dzx ncc fnud udz fgof HfgkkG|i xhizdx ie :+


38/51


:2

:4

82

>+4 >+2 2+4 2+2 2+4 >+2 >+4 :+2 :+4

HfgkkG|i Hnrg|nc @nzad| Irdkkdxx gkldv

TA

TX

FAO

XGKGKL

RZH GKI

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RFGAIZ

Zn|gi |i \i|nc Xdzughd Dvriz|x# $

MRK

Ki|d= RZH 0 Rdircdx Zdrtjcgh ie Hfgkn1 FAO 0 Fiko Aiko# Hfgkn1 GKL 0 Gklgn1 GKI 0 Gklikdxgn1 MRK 0 Mnrnk1 AIZ 0Aizdn1 @NC0 @ncnxgn# RFG 0 Rfgcgrrgkdx1 XGK 0 Xgkonrizd1 \FN 0 \fngcnkl1 TA 0 Tkg|dl Agkoli`1 nkl TX 0 Tkg|dlX|n|dx+

Xitzhd= HDGH Ln|njnxd Hi+ nkl Ng}dk`nk# Hfgkk nkl G|i &:226'+

Nx ki|dl njiud# ji|f Gklgn nkl |fd RZH xhizd ciw ik |fd HfgkkG|i gkldv n| >+>4+ Fiwdudz#|fd unzgko hi`rixg|gik ie hnrg|nc hik|zicx gk dnhf hitk|z `n dvrcngk |fd lgeedzgkordzeiz`nkhd gk |dz`x ie egknkhgnc xdzughd dvriz|x+ \fd RZH fnx dxxdk|gncc ki zdx|zgh|gikx ik

eizdgok lgzdh| gkudx|`dk|# jt| |gof| hik|zicx ik riz|eicgi nkl cink gkudx|`dk|# gkhctlgko ~ti|ncg`g|x eiz eizdgok gkx|g|t|giknc gkudx|izx+ Gklgn ik |fd i|fdz fnkl fnx |gof| hik|zicx ik ELG jt|ciixdz hik|zicx ik riz|eicgi eciwx+ \fdzdeizd# |fd HfgkkG|i gkldv rzijnjc tkldzdx|g`n|dx |fdirdkkdxx ie Gklgn wg|f zdonzl |i kikELG hnrg|nc eciwx+

\fd nhgl |dx| eiz |fd ldudcir`dk| ie Xfnkofng nkl @t`jng nx zdogiknc egknkhgnc hdk|dzx gx etcchikudz|gjgcg| ie |fd tnk nkl ztrdd# zdxrdh|gudc# |iod|fdz wg|f xtjx|nk|gnc cgjdzncg}n|gik ie |fdhnrg|nc nhhitk| |i ncciw cnzodc tked||dzdl hnrg|nc eciwx+ Nciko wg|f |fgx# x|nklnzlx ie zdotcn|gik#oiudzknkhd# |nv nkl cdonc xx|d`x wgcc fnud |i jd jzitof| tr |i ldudcirdl hitk|z x|n|tx+Egkncc# `nhzidhiki`gh `nknod`dk| nkl zdotcn|gik nkl `nknod`dk| ie li`dx|gh egknkhgncxdh|izx wgcc fnud |i jd x|zdko|fdkdl |i n rigk| wfdzd |fd hnk hird wg|f cgjdzncg}dl hnrg|nceciwx+ \fgx cnha ie egknkhgnc ldudcir`dk| gx ne|dz ncc |fd `ngk zdnxik wf |fd RZH nkl Gklgnfnud jddk zdcth|nk| |i irdk |fdgz hnrg|nc nhhitk|x etcc# nx gx d`rfnxg}dl gk lgxhtxxgikx ie |fd

ldudcir`dk| ie @t`jng xthf nx gk FRDH &:22?'+ \fgx ncxi xtoodx|x |fn| |fdxd |wi hitk|zgdxfnud n ciko zinl |i |znudc |i nhfgdud |fgx oinc+


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NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 82' rzirixdl nk Dnx| NxgnkGkeznx|zth|tzd Gkudx|`dk| Etkl &DNGGE' |i rziugld n `dhfnkgx` |i izonkg}d |fgx etklgko nkl |ijd n rcn|eiz` eiz ldhglgko ik hzixxjizldz gkeznx|zth|tzd rzimdh|x+ \fd DNGGE witcl jd nkhfizdl|i |fd dvgx|gko Nxxihgn|gik ie Xit|fdnx| Nxgnk Kn|gikx!8 `dhfnkgx` wg|f |fd cdnldzx xt``g|jdgko |fd nrdv ie |fd ldhgxgik `nagko rzihdxx+ Fiwdudz# g| wgcc jd ~tg|d ldxgznjcd |i dv|dkl |fgxetkl |i hiudz Xit|f Nxgn nx wdcc# xi fdkhdeiz|f wd wgcc zdedz |i g| nx |fd Nxgnk Gkeznx|zth|tzdGkudx|`dk| Etkl &NGGE'+?

\fd NGGE witcl jd nk gkldrdkldk| cdonc dk|g| |fn| gx n kikrzieg| gkx|g|t|gik+ G| witcl zngxd nklcdkl etklx eiz hzixxjizldz gkeznx|zth|tzd rzimdh|x nkl witcl jd iwkdl j Nxgnk dhiki`gdx#

`tc|gcn|dznc gkx|g|t|gikx# nkl |fd rzgun|d xdh|iz+ Jdxgldx g|x hnrg|nc# g| witcl zngxd nllg|giknc etklxezi` |fd rtjcgh xdh|iz# ldudcir`dk| nodkhgdx# nkl |fd rzgun|d xdh|iz+ \fd rtzrixd ie |fd etklwitcl jd |i egcc |fd onr jd|wddk rzimdh|x |fn| zdhdgud hfdnr etklgko &|fzitof ldudcir`dk| ngl'nkl |fixd |fn| fnud |i rn |fdgz etcc hix|x &dk|gzdc egknkhdl j |fd rzgun|d xdh|iz n| hi``dzhgnczn|dx'+ Rzimdh|x hfixdk eiz etklgko hitcl jd |fixd wg|f n fgof zn|d ie hi``dzhgnc zd|tzkx iz|fixd wg|f |fd fgofdx| xihgnc jdkdeg|x+ \fd NGGE witcl gkug|d |fd rzgun|d xdh|iz |i rnz|ghgrn|d jxd||gko n ezn`dwiza eiz |fd xfnzgko ie zgxax jd|wddk |fd rtjcgh nkl rzgun|d xdh|izx+ Cgadwgxd#|fdzd witcl ncxi jd n xfnzgko ie zgxax jd|wddk hitk|zgdx+ \fd rzgun|d xdh|iz hitcl dg|fdz gkudx|lgzdh|c gk|i |fd DNGGE iz |fd etklgko hitcl jd zngxdl |fzitof |fd Nxgnk Jikl Etkl &NJE'+Nki|fdz rixxgjcd xitzhd ie etklgko gx |fd Nxgnk Jikl @nzad|x Gkg|gn|gud &NJ@G'# wfghf wnxdklizxdl j |fd egknkhd `gkgx|dzx ie NXDNK!8 &Njglgk :2>2'+

\fd NGGE hitcl jd n rcn|eiz` eiz hitk|zgdx |i hiizlgkn|d |fdgz kn|giknc gkeznx|zth|tzd

ldudcir`dk|x |fn| hitcl tc|g`n|dc jd cgkadl |i eiz` zdogiknc kd|wizax+ Gk |fgx wn#oiudzk`dk|x witcl x|gcc fnud |fd zdxrikxgjgcg| nkl iudzxgof| ie |fdgz kn|giknc gkeznx|zth|tzdrzimdh|x wfgcd `dd|gko |fd cnzodz zdogiknc oincx+ \fd rzirixnc |i riic Nxgnk egknkhgnc zdxitzhdxlidx ki| rzdd`r| |fd dvgx|gko jgcn|dznc deeiz|x |i etkl zdogiknc gkeznx|zth|tzd rzimdh|x xthf nx |fdMnrnkdxd ILN iz |fd TX,>2 jgccgik RZHNXDNK Gkudx|`dk| Hiirdzn|gik Etkl+ Gkeznx|zth|tzdrzimdh|x egknkhdl j ldudcir`dk| nglx nzd x|gcc kdhdxxnz jdhntxd |fd rziugld egknkhgko n|udz zdnxiknjcd hix|x |i |fd cdnx| ldudcirdl hitk|zgdx &Njglgk :2>2'+

Dkfnkhd`dk|x |i NJ@G# NJE# HOGE

Etz|fdz ldudcir`dk| ie Nxgnk jikl `nzad|x &|fzitof |fd Nxgnk Jikl @nzad|x Gkg|gn|gud nkl |fdNxgnk Jikl Etklx' hitcl rziugld g`riz|nk| xtrriz| |i hitk|zgdx xddagko |i gkhzdnxd gkudx|`dk|eiz oziw|f# wfd|fdz eiz gkeznx|zth|tzd iz i|fdz |rdx ie rzgun|d gkudx|`dk|+ NXDNK!8 hitk|zgdx

&NXDNK rctx |fd RZH# Mnrnk# nkl Aizdn' xfitcl nhhdcdzn|d |fd rzihdxx ie dx|njcgxfgko nHzdlg| Otnznk|dd nkl Gkudx|`dk| Enhgcg| &HOGE' |i rziugld hzdlg| otnznk|ddx eiz jikl gxxtnkhdgk zdogiknc htzzdkhgdx+ \fdxd deeiz|x nzd jdgko dv|dkldl |i `nzad|x eiz d~tg|gdx nkl ldzgun|gudxnx wdcc# tkldz |fd ztjzgh ie |fd Nxgnk Hnrg|nc @nzad|x Gkg|gn|gud &NH@G'+

?G| gx dvrdh|dl |fn| NXDNK wgcc cntkhf g|x NXDNK Gkeznx|zth|tzd Etkl gk Xdr|d`jdz ie |fgx dnz# wg|f n etklgkon`itk| ie TX,'+


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NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8745# |fd Dtzirdnk Hi``tkg| xd| tr n hdk|zncizonkg}n|gik# |fd Dtzirdnk Hi``gxxgik# wfixd |nxa g| gx |i rziì|d |fd rzihdxx ie gk|dozn|gik+I|fdz gkx|g|t|gikx fnud xgkhd jddk nlldl# gkhctlgko# ìx| ki|njc# |fd Dtzirdnk Hdk|znc Jnka+Hizzdxriklgko Nxgnk gkx|g|t|gikx# gkxienz nx |fd dvgx|# nzd x`ncc nkl fnud cg||cd riwdz jhi`rnzgxik+ Fdkhd# |i `nad xtjx|nk|gnc rziozdxx gk g`rziugko zdogiknc egknkhgnc x|njgcg|# |fdzdkddlx |i jd n xtg|njcd lzgugko eizhd+ Rct``dz &:2>2' nkl i|fdzx xtrriz| |fd gldn ie nk NxgnkEgknkhgnc X|njgcg| Lgnciotd &NEXL'# wfghf wnx egzx| xtoodx|dl gk Atziln &:226'+ \fgx dk|g|hitcl jtgcl ik dvgx|gko gkx|g|t|gikx gk |fd zdogik# gkhctlgko |fd Dhiki`gh Zdugdw nkl RicghLgnciotd &DZRL' nkl |fd Dvdht|gudx @dd|gko ie NxgnRnhgegh Hdk|znc Jnkax &D@DNR'+ \fdjil xfitcl gkhctld |fd rnz|ghgrn|gik ie egknkhd `gkgx|zgdx# hdk|znc jnkax# nkl egknkhgnc `nzad|zdotcn|izx nkl xtrdzugxizx+

Gk |fd dnzc x|nodx# xthf nk nzznkod`dk| hitcl eihtx ik gxxtdx |fn| witcl fdcr nlunkhd |fdnzdnx ie hi`ìk gk|dzdx| |fn| fnud nczdnl jddk gldk|gegdl nkl |fn| nzd cnzodc jdgko ldnc| wg|ftkldz xdrnzn|d gkg|gn|gudx# xthf nx |fd `nknod`dk| ie uicn|gcd xfiz||dz` hnrg|nc eciwx+ Rct``dz&:2>2' xddx g| gkg|gncc eihtxgko ik g`rziugko dnzc wnzkgko xx|d`x# jdgko njcd |i nxxgx| gkkdoi|gn|gikx ik hi`ìk dvhfnkod zn|d hfnkodx# nkl# rdzfnrx# fdcrgko gk hzgxgx `nknod`dk|+\fgx gx nagk |i |fd irdk `d|fil ie hiizlgkn|gik gk |fd DT# wfdzdj hitk|zgdx nozdd |fn| hdz|ngkhi`ìk ijmdh|gudx xfitcl jd |nzod|x eiz |fd `dlgt` |dz`+ G| gx dnhf hitk|zx hfighd fiw enz |ioi gk g`rcd`dk|gko nk ie |fd nozdd`dk|# jt| |fd zicd ie |fd xdhzd|nzgn| &|fd DtzirdnkHi``gxxgik gk |fd DT hnxd' gx |i ìkg|iz rziozdxx nkl rtjcgxf |fd zdxtc|x+ _fdk hitk|zgdx xdd|fd`xdcudx# gk deedh|# gk xi`d eiz` ie cdnotd |njcd# g| `n rt| rddz rzdxxtzd trik |fd`+ \fdrzijcd` wg|f |fgx nzznkod`dk| gx |fn| g| gx dnx eiz hitk|zgdx |i g`rcd`dk| `dnxtzdx |fn| dknjcd|fd` |i hcng` |fn| |fd fnud tkldz|nadk |fd kdhdxxnz nh|gikx# jt| g| gx ~tg|d lgeeghtc| |i xdd |i

wfn| dv|dk| |fdxd nh|gikx nzd wizagko gk rznh|ghd nkl wfd|fdz |fd ldxgzdl hfnkodx fnud zdncc|nadk deedh|+

\fd rzgkhgrnc ~tdx|gik gx fiw enz nk NEXL `gof| rzihddl jdikl xg`rc ìkg|izgko# lgnokixgkori|dk|gnc |fzdn|x nkl xtoodx|gko zd`dlgdx+ Ikd ie |fd rzijcd`x zdudncdl gk |fd ztktr |i |fdrzdxdk| hzgxgx gx |fn| xi`d izonkg}n|gikx# rnz|ghtcnzc |fd Jnka eiz Gk|dzkn|giknc Xd||cd`dk|x# lgllgnokixd unzgitx xitzhdx ie eznogcg|# jt| |fd fnl ki riwdzx |i nh| trik |fd`+ \fddx|njcgxf`dk| ie |fd Nxxihgn|gik ie Xit|fdnx| Nxgnk Kn|gikx !8 @nhzidhiki`gh ZdxdnzhfIeeghd gk Xgkonrizd gk :2>> gx nk g`riz|nk| x|dr gk |fgx lgzdh|gik+

_fgcd nk NEXL nx it|cgkdl j Atziln &:226' witcl ki| jd ng`dl n| |fd xiz|x ie hcixdzfnzìkg}n|gik ie egknkhgnc `nzad|x nkl |iicx gk `d`jdz hitk|zgdx nx ldudcirdl gk Dtzird nklnhhdcdzn|dl tkldz |fd Cnènctxx rzihdxx# Fxt nkl Cgni &:2>2' xtoodx| |fgx gx dvnh|c |fd zinl

g| xfitcl |nad# wg|f `n|hfgko hi``g||ddx ie Nxgnk jnkagko xtrdzugxizx# Nxgnk xdhtzg|gdx nklet|tzdx xtrdzugxizx# nkl Nxgnk gkxtznkhd nkl rdkxgik xtrdzugxizx+ \fd xdd |fdxd hi``g||ddxnx gldk|gegko nzdnx wfdzd hi`ìk zdotcn|iz nzznkod`dk|x witcl jd fdcretc+ Fiwdudz# wfgcd|fd `gof| jd njcd |i ldudcir xthf zdhi``dkln|gikx# g| wgcc x|gcc jd tr |i |fd gklgugltnc hitk|zgdx|i g`rcd`dk| xthf hfnkod+

Rct``dz &:2>2' nzotdx |fn| nk NEXL hitcl rcn nk g`riz|nk| zicd gk ldudcirgko jdx| rznh|ghdeiz xdhtzg|gdx `nzad|x gk |fd zdogik nkl gk dkhitznogko |fd ldudcir`dk| ie zdogiknc `nzad|x+


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NLJG _izagko Rnrdz 8? eiz |fd |fzdd etkh|gikncnzdnx`nhzidhiki`gh x|njgcg|# ldudcir`dk| egknkhd# nkl egknkhgnc xx|d` x|njgcg|+ \fdnrrcghn|gikx |i dnhf nzdn nzd ldxhzgjdl jdciw+

\njcd >?= Gkx|g|t|giknc En`gcgdx gk Ocijnc nkl Nxgnk Dhiki`gh Oiudzknkhd

Etkh|gik Ocijnc Gkx|g|t|gikx Nxgnk Dvn`rcdx

@nhzidhiki`gh G@E Nxgnk @ikd|nzw Etkl

X|njgcg|w Xtzudgccnkhd# hzgxgx cdklgko# &|i duicud ezi H@G@'

xwx|d gh x|njgcg|w Zdogiknc xtzudgccnkhd# hzgxgx cdklgko#

x|njgcg|w

Ldudcir`dk| _izcl Jnka Nxgnk Ldudcir`dk| Jnka

egknkhd Ocijnc rtjcgh oiilx= riudz|w# Zdogiknc ldudcir dk| rzgizg|gdx#

dkugzik dk|# eiil nkl dkdzow zdogiknc gkeznx|zth|tzd cdklgko

Egknkhgnc xwx|d` Egknkhgnc X|njgcg|w Jinzl Nxgnk Egknkhgnc X|njgcg|w Lgnciotd

x|njgcg|w Ocijnc x|nklnzlx# hiccdodx ie &|i jd hzdn|dl'

zdotcn|izx Nxgnx zdotcn|izw gkg|gn|gudxXitzhd= Nlnr|dl ezi` Anwng# Rd|zg# nkl XgxcgHgn`nzzn &:2>2'+

Gk |fd nzdn ie `nhzidhiki`gh x|njgcg|# zdogiknc izonkg}n|gikxncikoxgld |fd G@Ehitcl nh| nx*egzx| zdxrikldzx* gk |fd hnxd ie zdogiknc |fzdn|x+ \fgx hitcl nudz| |fd hzg|ghgx` |fn| |fd G@Ezdnh|x |ii xciwc jdhntxd g| zdrzdxdk|x |fd gk|dzdx|x ie hitk|zgdx it|xgld |fd zdogik# nkl g| hitcljd||dz gk|dzkncg}d xrgcciudzx n`iko hcixdccgkadl dhiki`gdx+ Ncxi# dvrdzgdkhd xfiwx |fn| |fdegknkhgnc zd~tgzd`dk|x ie n etccjciwk hzgxgx hnk jd udz cnzod# nkl |fn| ki ikd gkx|g|t|gik gx cgadc|i fnud xteeghgdk| etklx |i hik|ngk n hzgxgx+

Gk |fd nzdn ie ldudcir`dk| egknkhd# zdogiknc ldudcir`dk| jnkax nczdnl dvgx| ncikoxgld |fd_izcl Jnka# nkl |fd kdv| x|dr gx |i g`rziud |fd lgugxgik ie cnjiz jd|wddk zdogiknc nkl ocijnc

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