Student Presentation Time：10/20，10/23 and 10/27 Topic: Any things related to History of Medicine Grouping: 5-8/group, on volunteer basis The topic

Student Presentation

Time ： 10/20 ， 10/23 and 10/27 Topic: Any things related to History of

Medicine Grouping: 5-8/group, on volunteer basis The topic and list of each group and the

name(s) of presenter should be submitted before 10/17 by Email to ：

[email protected] Each presentation should be less than 10’ with

ppt, followed by 5’ discussion.

医学史简论 (3) A Brief History of Medicine

Yu Hai Zhejiang University School of Medicine

[email protected]

What is Medicine ？什么是医学

Medicine is the art and science concerned with

the maintenance of health and the

prevention, alleviation or cure of disease

（ Encyclopedia Britannica)

Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most

empiric of arts, the most scientific of the

humanities

(Edmund Pellegrino)

The Origin of Medicine

远古医学 Prehistoric Medicine ：神话和传说 mythology and legends

考古发现 archeological discovery

Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends

Asclepius is the god

of medicine and healing in

ancient Greek ， love child of

Apollo and Coronis. His mother

was killed for being unfaithful

to Apollo but the unborn child

was rescued from her womb.

Asclepius means "to cut

open.“

Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene)

and Panacea ("all-healing") Aesculapius

God of Medicine and healing

Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine

Chiron-chirurgeon-surgeon



The rod of Asclepius It symbolizes the healing arts by

combining the serpent, which in

shedding its skin is a symbol

of rebirth and fertility with the

staff, a symbol of authority

befitting the god of Medicine.

One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf

in his mouth; it placed the leaf on the head of the dead snake, which miraculously

revived. The serpent became Aesculapius‘ constant companion.

Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene) and Panacea ("all-healing")

caduceus

Caduceus Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia ， God of messenger （ Mercury ）


God of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer) - 神农氏（炎帝Yan Emperor ）

lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture,

He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value.

远古医学：神话和传说Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends

黄帝 Huangdi （ Yellow Emperor ） (2497 BC-2398

BC) is considered in Chinese Mythology to

be the ancestor of all Han Chinese Descendants of Yan & Yellow

Emperors ( 炎黃子孙， Yan Huang Zi Sun ， means Chinese)

Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been credited with the invention of the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Gōngsūn Xuānyuán ( 公孙轩辕 ).


Qibo 岐伯 -“ 歧黄之学” (medicine,

the study of Qi and Huang) Qibo is said as the minister of

Huangdi, Hangdineijin is the a book comprising the dialogues regarding medicinal problems between Huangdi and Qibo.

Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-according to sinologist Paul Unschuld

Tongjun 桐君 Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)歧

伯

桐君

Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery

The Hemudu ( 河姆渡 ) culture (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang

Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell) and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still used for traditional medicine were discovered in the Hemudu relics

Reptile

The mummified body of iceman was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991.

In his possessions a birch fungus, Piptoporus betulinus was found, which contains oils that are toxic to certain parasites, thus acting as a form of natural drug.

in the man's colon the eggs of a parasitic whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)

Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age

The fungus may be used as natural medicine

Stone age man’s medicine

Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery

Stone and bone needles were discovered considered to be used as acupuncture ( 针 - 金 metal needle

砭 - 石， stone needle

箴 - 竹， bamboo needle)

mammoth

trephination 颅骨环钻术 (Peru)

Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China 山东大汶口出土（ Neolithic age 5000 year ago ， occipital bone ）

颅骨环钻术（穿颅术） Trephination (7000-3000B.C. Neolithic period)

for both medical reasons (epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders and mystical practices by letting evil spirits escape done by wizard

Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination

Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled into the human skull to treat epidural and subdural hematomas

18th Century French1497

Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor

Prehistoric societies believed in both the natural and supernatural being able to variably cause and treat disease. It was believed that evil spirits could inhabit the body and cause illness within someone.

Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures providing medical advice and supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits

巫医 Witch-doctor

医字的演变Evolution of the

character 医

醫

毉

巫 witchwizar

d

酉wine alcohol

古代四大文明

Mesopotamia China

India

Egypt

Mesopotamia

古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt

4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglyph 3100 B.C. First dynasty


伊姆荷太普 (Imhotep） was an Egyptian polymath who

served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name.

The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of Medicine


The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation technique

Brain- sinuses ethmoidal


CT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the cause of death (gangrene after breaking

his left leg )

Tutankhamun

(1341–1323

BC)


2000-1500 BC 纸草 (Papyrus)文献 The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of

incantations and foul applications meant to turn away

disease-causing demons, and also includes 877

prescriptions. Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and

details anatomical observations and the examination,

diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous

ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but

is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical

information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC.

Imhotep is credited as the original author of the

papyrus text.

古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt Other information

comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the accompanying inscriptions.

A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)

A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical polio-derived equinovarus

18th Dynasty1405-1356 BC

Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of Kom Ombo.

古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon

Cradle of civilization 5000-4000 B.C Sumer 2000 B.C. Babylon 7th century Islamic Sassanid

Empire (Iraq)

The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil


Well developed astronomy,

mathematics and medicine

The most extensive Babylonian

medical text, however, is

the Diagnostic Handbook written

by the physician Esagil-kin-apli,

If a patient could not be cured

physically, the Babylonian

physicians often relied on

exorcism to cleanse the patient

from any curses. 楔形文字 cuneiform (arrowheaded characters; wedge-shaped characters)


Code of Hammurabi (the sixth Babylonian king1792-1750 B.C) contained 282 laws ， law 215~240 is concerned about physicians, barbers and architect etc.

Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901

古印度的医学 Ancient India

Indus Valley Civilization

back to c.3300 BC Four period of ancient

Indian medicine:

1. Veda

2. Brahman

3. Buddhist

4. Hindu 。

古印度的医学 Ancient India Indian Medicine vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC

Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD

Islamic period 1300-1600 AD

Western Medicine 1600 AD-

Sanskrit

The three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pita,

Kapha) and the 5 great elements (Ether,

Water, Fire, Earth, Air) from which they are

composed (Vata= air+ether,

Pita=fire+water, Kapha=earth+water).

Body constitutions are depends the

proportion of different doshasTaj Mahal Mausoleum

古印度的医学 Ancient India

Sushruta (Around 800 BC) was an

ancient Indian surgeon and is the

author of the book Sushruta Samhita,

in which he describes over 300

surgical procedures and 120 surgical

instruments and classifies human

surgery in 8 categories, so he is

horned as the father of surgery.

妙闻 Sushruta

印度鼻成形术

Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi （ 1546 － 1599 ） with skin flap from forearmIndian rhinoplasty first developed

by Sushruta

中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine

《山海经》 Shanhaijing,

an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and warring period (770-221 BC)

137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and 54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects

Nipples as eye Navel as mouth


《黄帝内经》 The Huangdi

Neijing (Inner Canon of Huangdi) compiled

in warring states period （ 475-221 B.C ） is

the fundamental doctrinal source

for Chinese medicine

The work is composed of two texts each of

eighty-one chapters or treatises in a

question-and-answer format between

Huangdi and his ministers.

素问灵枢（ suwen and lingshu ）

《神农本草经》 Shennong Bencaojing

First compiled in Western Han Dynasty (202BC-26AD)

This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese

pharmacopeia.

It includes 365

medicines derived

from minerals,

plants, and animals.

”


Changshan (Radix dichroa)-malaria

Dahuang (Chinese Rhubarb)-catharsis

Huanglian (rhizoma coptidis, berberine)-diarrhea


哲学基础 - “ 阴阳五行” Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory


Zhang Zhongjing ( 张仲景 ), “the Hippocrates of China”, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage ( 伤寒论） , which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. 张仲景 150-219


Hua Tuo ( 华佗） Eastern Han physician (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp ( 麻沸汤） . Hua‘s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out.


Huangfu Mi ( 皇甫谧）， the Jin Dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing ( 针灸甲乙经 ), ca. 265 AD.

皇甫谧（ 215 － 282 ）


Li Shizhen ( 李时珍 ) (1518-1593 AD) created “Bencao Gangmu.” ( 本草纲目） It contains 1892 herbs, classified in 6 sections, 52 scrolls,

and 60

categories.

李时珍 1518 － 1593 ）

Origin of Medicine

Egypt Babylon India China

Greek Rome

Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic)

Renaissance

Pre-modern medicine

Modern medicine TCM

ThanksThanks

Documents

Student Presentation Time：10/20，10/23 and 10/27 Topic: Any things related to History of Medicine Grouping: 5-8/group, on volunteer basis The topic