T4-Nganh Tay Nhuom

8/14/2019 T4-Nganh Tay Nhuom

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S KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE VA MOI TRNGTHANH PHO HO CH MINH

SO TAY HNG DANX LY O NHIEM MOI TRNG TRONGSAN XUAT TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP

Tap 4 :X LY O NHIEMNGANH TAY NHUOM

Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 1998


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So tay hng dan x ly o nhiem moi trng trong san xuat tieu thu cong

nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 3

MUC LUC

M au......21. Cac van e moi trng cua nganh tay nhuom..3

1.1. S o cong nghe san xuat...31. 2. Bang tom tat cac tac nhan o nhiem chnh ..31. 3. Tnh oc hai cua thuoc nhuom hu c.51. 4. Tieu chuan kiem soat chat thai o nhiem8

2. Cac phng phap x ly o nhiem....92.1. Cac cong nghe x ly nc thai nganh tay nhuom.9

2.1.1.X ly bac I..92.1.2. X ly bac II112.1.3. X ly bac III.13

. 2.1.4. X ly bun .152.2. X ly kh thai va bien phap thc hien giam thieu

o nhiem khong kh nganh tay nhuom 162.2.1. Phng phap hap thu16

2.2.2. Phng phap hap phu.172.3. Khong che o nhiem chat thai ran.182.4. Cac ieu kien an toan lao ong trong nganh tay nhuom.182.5. Mot so bien phap s bo thc te nham giam o nhiem

nganh det nhuom.193. Cac giai phap x ly o nhiem thc tien nganh tay nhuom20

3.1. Giai phap x ly203.2. Qua trnh van hanh, bao tr he thong x ly

nc thai tay nhuom223.2.1. Chuan b hoa chat.223.2.2. Chuan b ien cho ong c22

3.2.3. Van hanh he thong .223.2.4. Bao tr233.3. Hnh anh mot so he thong x ly nc thai tay nhuom

a xay dng244. Bang khai toan kinh ph mot so thiet b chnh x ly nc thai tieuthu cong nghiep tay nhuom bang phng phap hoa ly vi qui mo theome 26


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 4

5. Danh muc cac n v t van.28

CAC T VIET TAT

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) : Nhu cau oxy hoa hocBOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) : Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa 5ngayDO (Dissolved Oxygen) : Oxy hoa tanSS (Suspended Solids) : Can l lng

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) : Tong chat ran hoa tanVS (Volitile Solids) : Chat ran bay hiDS (Dissolved Solids) : Chat ran hoa tanTCVN : Tieu chuan Viet NamKPH : Khong phat hien


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 5

LI NOI AU

Cung vi s phat trien cua xa hoi, nganh cong nghiep tay Viet

nam ang gia tang nhanh chong. Hien nay ch rieng cac c s tay nhuomtieu thu cong nghiep cua thanh pho Ho Ch Minh co khoang 75 c s taynhuom. Phat trien nganh tay nhuom nham giai quyet cong an viec lam,nang cao i song cua nhan dan. Tuy nhien cong nghiep tay nhuom thai ramot lng ln chat thai gay o nhiem moi trng. Cac c s tay nhuom chaco s au t thch ang cho cong tac x ly chat thai va cha quan tam ungmc en van e bao ve moi trng. e tien ti phat trien ben vng, cuoncam nang x ly o nhiem trong nganh tay nhuom la tai lieu can thiet. No latai lieu hng dan tong hp cho cac c quan quan ly moi trng tien hanhcac cong tac quan ly, quan trac, kiem tra... ong thi cung la c s e nv san xuat phoi hp vi cac c quan nghien cu thc hien trien khai ky

thuat x ly o nhiem nganh tay nhuom.

e co the chu ong va giam nhe chi ph trong viec khac phuc onhiem, cac c s can nam c nhng van e chnh cua cong nghe x lync thai thuoc da. Trong tai lieu se trnh bay cac giai phap x ly o nhiemphu hp vi ieu kien hien nay cua cac c s thuoc da tai thanh pho Ho ChMinh, no cung thch hp ca cho cac c s san xuat trong cac khu congnghiep tap trung.

Tai lieu nay la mot phan cua So tay hng dan x ly o nhiem moi

trng trong san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep tai Tp.HCM

CHU TR : PGS.TS. NGUYEN THIEN NHAN

BIEN SOAN : ThS. TRAN NG LONGThS. DNG TH THANH


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 6

1. CAC VAN E MOI TRNG CUA NGANH TAY NHUOM

1.1 TAC NHAN VA ANH HNG CUA CAC CHAT O NHIEM1.1.1. Nc thai:1.1.2. Kh thai:1.1.3. Nhiet1.2. TNH OC HAI CUA THUOC NHUOM HU C

Tnh oc hai cua thuoc nhuom hu c thng c th tren cac ong vat.Tnh oc cap c th tren chuot viet tat la LD50 ngha la lieu lng thuoc nhuomhu c s dung lam chet 50% solng chuot lam th nghiem, n v tnh la mg/kg.LD50 cung coi nh oc thuoc nhuom oi vi ngi.

Phan loai lieu lng gay oc (thong qua ng an uong) theo EEC co bamc nh sau:

Nhom1 Rat oc LD50 < 25mg/kg

Nhom 2 oc 25 < LD50


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 7

- Kch thch va

- Kch thch manh.

Ket qua thu c hau het tac ong cua thuoc nhuom dang khong kchthch, tr trng hp Cibacron red F -2G co kch thch da va Cibacron Navy FG kchthch tren mat.

Tom lai: phan ln thuoc nhuom hu c c xep vao nhom 1 va 2. Tuy nhien van

ton tai mot so loai thuoc nhuom hoat tnh khi tiep xuc trc tiep vi da gay d nghoac khi ht vao gay kho th dan en hen suyen.

Ngoai nhng thong so ve tnh oc cap gan ay ngi ta con phat hien raoc tnh gay ung th va nghi ng ung th. Thuoc nhuom azo la nhom ln nhat dungtrong nganh tay, chiem khoang 65% trong tong so cac loai thuoc nhuom dung enhuom va in hoa. Cau tao co goc benzidin [H2N- ........-NH2] co tac dung gay ungth. Hien nay chau Au a co lenh ngng san xuat thuoc nhuom azo. Nhng ngita van tm thay tren th trng the gii v chung san xuat tng oi re va cho hieuqua cao ac biet oi vi mau o ti va en tuyen. Nam 1988 Uy Ban MAK aphan loai nhng thuoc nhuom azo trong ieu kien kh co the phan giai ra cacarylamin gay ung th.

Da va kha nang gay ung th ngi ta chia lam hai nhom :1. Nhom MAK III A1 co kha nang gay ung th cho ngi.

2. Nhom MAK III A2 gay ung th cho ong vat th nghiem.

Thuoc nhuom azo sinh ra cac amin thm trong ieu kien kh o la cacamin sau:

+ 2,4 - Toluenediamine, 2-amino - 4 Nitrotoluene, 4,4 -diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4 - Thiodiaminline, 3,3 - Dimethoxybenzindine,Dichlorobenzidine, O - Aminoazotoluene, O-Anisidine, O-Toluidine, P-Aminoazobenzene, EC directive 76/548 Cat c2, P - Chloroamiline, P - Cresidine,3,3Dimethybenzidine thuoc nhom MAK III A2.

+ Benzindine, 4 Chloro - Toluidine thuoc nhom MAK III A1.

Theo Colour Index trong tong so132 loai thuoc nhuom trong o co ti 81loai la thuoc nhuom trc tiep, con 51 loai khac bao gom nh sau: Thuoc nhuom axit:28, thuoc nhuom phan tan: 8, thuoc nhuom baz: 7, thuoc cam mau :2, thanh phandiazo cua thuoc nhuom azo khong tan: 5, azodiation base:1.


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 8

S khac biet ve o oc thuy sinh gia cac loai thuoc nhuom khong nhngphu thuoc vao ban chat, cau tao hoa hoc ma con phu thuoc vao hp chat trung gianva d lng cac kim loai nang trong thuoc nhuom. Lng tap chat kim loai tren phuthuoc vao nguyen lieu, ieu kien tien hanh phan ng va phng phap tinh che. Canco s phan biet gia kim loai nang la d lng v i kim loai nang la thanh phancang hoa trong phan t thuoc nhuom v loai nay thng anh hng rat t en sinhthai moi trng. Do cau truc phan t thuoc nhuom hoat tnh phc kim loai ben vngva khong giai phong ra cac kim loai nang, ngay ca khi co s dao ong manh ve pH

va nhiet o. Trong qua trnh nhuom, cac thuoc nhuom nay c gan chat vao x sibang nhng lien ket ben vng.

1.3. TIEU CHUAN KIEM SOAT CHAT THAI O NHIEM:

1.3.1 Nc thai:

Nguon Thong so n v Gia tr gii han

(TCVN 5945 - 1995)

A B C

Nhiet o OC 40 40 45

o mau Pt- Co

pH - 6-9 5,5-9 5-9

BOD5 mg/l 20 50 100

COD mg/l 50 100 400

chat ran l lng mg/l 50 100 200

NCTHAI

Dau m khoang mg/l KPH 1 5

Bui khoi mg/m3 600 400

Cl2 mg/m3 250 20

CO mg/m3 1500 500

SO2 mg/m3 1500 500

KHTHAI

NOx mg/m3 2500 1000


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 9

NH3 mg/m3 300 100

Nc thai : - A Nc thai cong nghiep co cac thong so va nong o cac thanh phanbang hoac nho hn gia tr qui nh trong cot A co the o vao cac vc nc dung lamnguon nc cap sinh hoat.

- B Nc thai cong nghiep co cac thong so va nong o cac thanh phan bang

hoac nho hn gia tr qui nh trong cot B co the o vao cac vc nc dung cho mucch giao thong thuy, ti tieu, bi loi, nuoi trong thuy san, trong trot.

- C Nc thai cong nghiep co cac thong so va nong o cac thanh phan lnhn gia tr qui nh trong cot B va khong vt qua gia tr trong cot C ch c phepo vao ni qui nh.

- Nc thai cong nghiep co cac thong sova nong o cac thanh phan ln hngia tr qui nh trong cot C th khong c phep thai ra moi trng.

1.3.2. Kh thai:

Trong o:- Gia tr trong cot A ap dung cho cac c s ang hoat ong.

- Gia tr trong cot B ap dung cho tat ca cac c s ke t ngay c quan quan ly moitrng qui nh.


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 10

2. CAC PHNG PHAP X LY O NHIEM

2.1. CAC CONG NGHE X LY NC THAI NGANH TAY NHUOMNc thai cong nghiep tay nhuom la mot trong nhng loai nc thai mang

tnh o nhiem manh va tac ong sau sac en moi trng. Cac chat thai nganh congnghiep tay nhuom cha cac goc hu c oc hai nam di dang ion va mot so kimloai nang. Nc thai cong nghiep tay nhuom rat a dang, phc tap va thanh phankhong on nh. Hai nguon nc thai gay o nhiem chu yeu la:

- Nc thai t cong oan nau : Trong cong oan nay nc thai co o pHkha cao 9-12; Ham lng COD dao ong trong khoang 1.000 - 3.000mg/l. giaioan tay ban au o mau cua nc thai len ti 1.000 Pt - Co. Ham lng cac chatran l lng 2.000mg/l; chat hoat ong be mat 10 -12mg/l. Ngoai ra con cha thuoc

nhuom tha, cac chat oxy hoa, xenlulo, sap, xut va cac chat ien ly- Nc thai trong cong oan nhuom : Thanh phan cua loai nc thai nay a

dang va khong on nh. Trong nc thai con khoang t 30 en 40 % thuoc nhuomton tai nhieu dang khac nhau lam cho o mau len en 10000 Pt - Co. Ham lngCOD thay oi trong khoang 80 - 1800mg/l, pH 2 - 14.

X ly nc thai tay nhuom co nhieu phng phap khac nhau a c apdung Viet nam va cac nc tren the gii. Moi phng phap ch at c mot hieuqua nhat nh oi vi mot vai chat o nhiem tng ng, do vay phai ket hp cungmot luc nhieu phng phap khac nhau. Cong nghe x ly nc thai nganh tay nhuomthng ng dung cac qua trnh x ly c hoc, hoa hoc va sinh hoc nham loai bo cacchat o nhiem nh : Chat ran l lng (SS), Cac chat hu c (COD, BOD), o mau,

dau m, kim loai nang.He thong x ly nc thai thong thng chia lam ba cong oan: X ly bac

mot, bac hai va bac ba. S o x ly chung trnh bay trong hnh 1.

2.1.1 .X ly bac I

X ly bac mot nham tach cac chat ran l lng, chat ran de lang ra khoinc thai. Rac, can co kch thc ln loai bo bang song chan rac. Can vo c (cat,


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 11

san, manh kim loai...) c tach ra khi qua be lang cat. X ly bac mot la bc banau cho x ly sinh hoc. Trong x ly nay thng co cac thiet b sau: Song chan rac,be lang cat, be ieu hoa, be trung hoa, be thoi kh s bo, be lang t mot.

+ Song chan rac: thng c at trc bm nc thai e bao ve bmkhong b nghet bi vai, si hoac rac ln. Song chan rac thng co kch thc khe h>15mm co the gi loai cac tap chat tho nh si vai, la cay, giay, vai vun.

Rac co the lay i bang phng phap cao rac thu cong hoac c gii.

Song chan rac thng c at di mot goc 60o vi mat phang ngang theohng nc chay. Rac sau khi thu gom co the x ly bang cac phng phap sau:Chuyen ch en bai rac, chon ngay trong khu vc x ly, ot cung vi bun a nen.

+ Be lang cat: dung e tach cac tap chat khong tan trong nc thai ma chuyeu la cat. Trong nc thai ban than cat khong oc hai nhng no se anh hng xauen cac cong oan lam sach nc thai. Vi cac tram x ly nc co lu lng t 100m3 ngay em tr len nhat thiet phai co be lang cat.

Phan loai theo hng va ac tnh chuyen ong gom co cac loai be lang nhsau: Be lang ngang, be lang ng, be lang cat co thoi kh.

+ Be ieu hoa: oi vi nganh cong nghiep tay nhuom van e ieu hoa lulng va nong o la can thiet v :

* Cac qua trnh nhuom, tay, giat c thc hien trong bon cha. Hoat ongtheo me, cheo xa la gian oan.

* Thanh phan tnh chat, nong o cua cac loai nc thai khac nhau. V dunc thai trong cong oan nhuom co gia tr pH thap, o mau cao, BOD thap. Trongkhi o nc thai cong oan ho co pH cao, o mau thap, BOD cao. Viec ieu hoa lulng nc thai cong nghiep tay nhuom co y ngha quan trong oi vi qua trnh xly hoa hoc va sinh hoc.

On nh nong o nc thai giup cho viec giam nhe kch thc cac be x ly,n gian hoa cong nghe, tang hieu qua. ong thi no co y ngha rat ln trong viec

ieu hoa nhiet o t cong oan nau nhuom trc khi i vao he thong x ly. e xaotron eu the tch nc thai, chung ta ap dung cac bien phap thoi kh hoac khuay choc.

+ Be trung hoa: co tac dung trung hoa nc thai tay nhuom co o kiemhoac axit cao. e at c hieu qua x ly cao trc khi tien hanh x ly sinh hoc cantien hanh trung hoa nc thai tao ieu kien thch hp cho s phat trien va hoat ong


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 12

phan huy cua vi sinh vat. Qua trnh trung hoa co the dien ra lien tuc hoac gian oantheo me.

Cau tao be trung hoa co the ket hp vi be lang. The tch can lang phuthuoc vao nong o pH, cac ion kim loai, lieu lng hoa chat, the tch cac bong cantao thanh. Trong cong nghe x ly nc thai cong nghiep tay nhuom nc thai coinh c trung hoa neu pH = 6,5 - 8,5. Ban chat cua phng phap trung hoa la phanng trung hoa axit hoac kiem hay muoi co tnh axit hoac kiem.

Tac nhan trung hoa thng c s dung e x ly nc thai axit la a voi,a olomit, voi, cac loai xut va soda. Tac nhan trung hoa kiem la CO2, H2SO4... Cacyeu to c s e la chon tac nhan va phng phap trung hoa thch hp cho nc thaila :

- Lng nc thai can c x ly.

- Loai nc thai cha axit hoac kiem.

- Yeu cau tac nhan trung hoa re tien, de kiem.

- Thiet b n gian, de van hanh...

Mot so phng phap trung hoa thng c s dung nh:

- Tron nc thai cha axit va kiem lai vi nhau.- Cho qua lp em a voi, x ly bang voi trung hoa axit.

- Trung hoa bang NaOH, Na2CO3.

- Suc kh CO2.

- Trung hoa bang H2SO4.

Can lu y rang nc thai cua nganh tay nhuom thng co s khac biet tnhchat nc thai cac cong oan khac nhau. Do o phng phap tron lan dong ncthai co tnh axit vi dong mang tnh kiem la phng phap n gian va re tien nhat.Qua trnh tron nc thai co the la gian oan hay lien tuc, thc hien trong mot ngan

hay nhieu ngan lien tiep co khuay tron. Tuy nhien e ap dung thanh cong bien phapnay phai co nhng nghien cu chi tiet ve che o xa cac loai nc thai, lu lng xacung nh thanh phan cua chung. ong thi phai co s tnh toan ieu hoa dong thaie phan ng trung hoa cac dong thai dien ra mot cach thuan li. Tuy theo che othai bien ong cua lu lng va chat lng nc thai, dong nc thai a i cungphai c ieu hoa lu lng cung nh nong o trong cac thiet b ieu hoa e ambao che o lam viec on nh. Sau khi tron lan hai dong thai co pH khac nhau ma opH cua dong thai cha phu hp th phai cho them hoa chat.


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 13

2.1.2.. X ly bac II

X ly bac hai la qua trnh phan huy cac hp chat hu c bi cac hoat ongphan huy cua cac vi sinh vat. Cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc hieu kh c ap dungcho nganh cong nghiep tay nhuom la be bun hoat tnh, be loc sinh hoc, be tiep xucquay, ho sinh hoc. Qua trnh sinh hoc dien ra trong moi trng hieu kh la cac chathu c hoa tan trong nc thai c cac loai vi sinh vat hieu kh oxy hoa bang oxyhoa tan trong nc, phan ng oxy hoa co the bieu dien nh sau:

CxHyOzN + (x+y/4-z/3-3/4) O2 x CO2 + (y-3) / 2 H2O + NO3 + H

CxHyOzN + O2 + NH3 C5H7NO2 + H2O + CO2 + H

C5H7NO2 + 5 O2 CO2 + NH3 + 2 H2O + H

NH3 + O2 HNO2 + O2 HNO3

CxHyOzN la ac trng cho chat thai hu c, C5H7NO2 la cong thc cau tao cua tebao vi sinh. Cac vi sinh vat tham gia phan huy ton tai di dang bun hoat tnh.

a. Be bun hoat tnh

Phng phap x ly nay chat thai hu c c oxy ho a bi cac vi sinh vattrong be aerotank. Bun trong be la he vi sinh vat phc tap bao gom vi khuan, xakhuan, vi nam, ong vat nguyen sinh, vi tao... Vai tro c ban trong qua trnh lamsach nc la cac vi sinh vat, c 1g bun hoat tnh co cha 108 - 1014 te bao vi sinh.

Vi khuan co trong bun hoat tnh thuoc cac dang Alaligenes,Achromobacter, Pseulomonas, Corynebacterium co the chia vi sinh vat trong bunhoat tnh lam 8 nhom :

1. Alaligenes - Achromobacter

2. Pseudomonas

3. Enterobacteriecae

4. Athrobacter bacilus

5. Cytophagaflavolbacterium

6. Pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas

7. Achromobacter

8. Hon hp.

VSV

VSV

VSV


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 14

Nc thai c chay lien tuc vao be aerotank, kh c a vao khuay troncung vi bun hoat tnh va cung cap oxy cho vi sinh vat phan huy cac chat hu c. Visinh vat tang trng va ket thanh bong. Hon hp bun nay khi ra en be lang II clang xuong, khoang 50% bun c quay tr lai e gi on nh mat o vi sinh vatphan huy.

Be aerotank thng oi hoi cheo chay nut, do o chieu dai cua be ln hnnhieu lan so vi chieu rong. e at hieu qua x ly cao, can am bao nhu cau dinh

dng e vi sinh vat phat trien toi u trong be aerotank, ham lng BOD, N, P trongnc thai can am bao ty le BOD5: N: P bang 100:5:1 hay COD : N: P bang 150:5:1.Hoat ong cua be earotank co tai trong thch hp vao khoang 0,3 - 0,6kgBOD5/m3ngay, ham lng bun MLSS 1500 - 3000mg/l, thi gian lu 4 - 8h, ty soF/M = 0,2 - 0,4, thi gian lu cua bun la 10 - 15 ngay. Hieu qua x ly loai BOD5 cuabe at t 45 en 50%.

Mot dang cai tien cua phng phap bun hoat tnh la phng phap thong khtang cng, con goi la mng oxy hoa. Trong phng phap nay co the tang hamlng MLSS len en khoang 3000 - 6000 mg/l vi thi gian lu khoang 8 en 16hvi o suc kh cao hn. Hieu qua x ly loai BOD5 at t 50 - 63%. X ly nc thaibang bun hoat tnh se kh c nhieu BOD nhng oi hoi kch thc cong trnh ln,s giam sat chat che, thi gian lu cua nc keo dai hn.

b. Be loc sinh hoc

Nguyen tac hoat ong dien ra nh sau: Nc thai chay qua gia the, chathu c trong o b phan huy bi he vi sinh vat gan tren gia the nh o ma nc thaichay qua c lam sach. Sau mot thi gian lp vi sinh vat b bong ra va lp mihnh thanh. Gia the co the bang a soi hoac chat deo. Kch thc cua a co ngknh trung bnh la t 25 en 100mm chieu cao t 4 - 12m. Nc thai c phan boeu tren mat lp vat lieu bang he thong quay hoac voi phun. Quan the vi sinh vatbam dnh tren gia the tao nen mang nhay sinh hoc co kha nang hap phu va phan huychat hu c trong nc thai.

Th t sap xep cac lp vi sinh vat trong gia the nh sau: Lp mang nhay

ben ngoai khoang 0,1 - 0,2 mm la loai vi sinh vat hieu kh. Lp gia la vi sinh vathieu kh tuy tien. Lp trong la vi sinh vat k kh. Nguyen tac cua s sap xep nay lachieu day vi sinh vat lp ngoai hap thu het oxy, do o nc thai tham vao lp bentrong khong con oxy.

S phat trien cua cac vi sinh vat lam cho chieu day ngay cang tang len,chat hu c b phan huy hoan toan pha ngoai vi sinh va t song gan be mat gia thethieu nguon chat dinh dng se dan en tnh trang phan huy noi bao mat kha nang


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nghiep

Ngant tay nhuom 15

bam dnh va b tach ra khoi gia the. Mang vi sinh tach ra khoi gia the nhieu hoac tphu thuoc vao tai trong hu c va tai trong thuy lc. Tai trong thuy lc anh h ngen toc o ra troi va oi chat cua mang nhay.

Nc sau x ly c thu qua he thong thu nc at ben di. He thong thunc nay co cau truc ro e tao ieu kien cho khong kh lu thong trong be. Sau khira khoi be nc thai vao be lang t II e loai bo cac mang vi sinh vat tach ra khoigia the.

Nc thai sau x ly co the tuan hoan e pha loang nc thai i vao be xly sinh hoc. Chat hu c trong nc thai se c phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat hieukh trong moi trng loc. Hieu qua x ly cua be at t 50 - 65%. Loc sinh hocthng de s dung v co tnh linh ong cao, chi ph van hanh thap va co kha nangchu ng nhng tai trong ot bien cua nc thai.

c. Be sinh hoc tiep xuc quay

Thiet b tiep xuc sinh hoc quay la mot loat cac a tron at gan nhau lambang polistyren hoac policlovinyl. Cac a nay ngap mot phan trong nc thai va coc cau quay tron vi toc o cham. Khi van hanh he thong vi sinh vat se bam vaomat a tao thanh lp tren mat t cua a. a quay tron giup cho cac vi sinh vat cothe tiep xuc c vi khong kh cung vi cac chat hu c co trong nc thai, taoieu kien e tieu thu cac chat hu c. ong thi khi a quay tao nen lc cat loai bocac mang vi sinh vat khong con kha nang bam dnh gi chung dang l lng. Ncsau khi qua thiec b c a qua be lang t II.

Cac qua trnh sinh hoc at hieu qua tot khi :

+ Vat lieu trong be c la chon mot cach can than.

+ He thong cung cap kh ay u.

+ S ket hp ong thi cua dong nc thai va dong kh thai i len.

+ Hieu qua lam sach cua be.

d. Ho sinh hoc

Co hai loai ho pho bien dung e x ly nc thai tay nhuom o la loai hotnh (khong suc kh) va ho suc kh. Ho tnh ton tai hai che o phan huy yem khphan ay va hieu kh phan be mat. Trong ho suc kh ch co qua trnh phan huy hieukh. ho tnh va ho suc kh khi co nong o chat hu c thap luon xay ra qua trnhquang hp. Qua trnh phan huy cua vi sinh vat la qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat huc phc tap thanh cac chat n gian hn va cuoi cung hnh thanh CO2, NH4+. Ngc


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Ngant tay nhuom 16

lai la qua trnh tong hp cua tao la chuyen cac chat vo c n gian thanh nhng chatdinh dng tch tu trong c the tao. Phan huy hieu kh va quang hp la hai qua trnhbo tr cho nhau. Oxy can cho qua trnh phan huy c cung cap t san pham quanghp cua tao. Tao s dung CO2 va NH4+ t san pham phan huy cua vi sinh vat cungvi cac chat khoang va nang lng mat tri e quang hp tao nen sinh khoi tao. Sctai cua ho co the at 4,5kg BOD5/ha ngay.

So vi cac phng phap khac ho sinh hoc co nhng u iem sau:

- Xay dng t ton kinh ph- Cong tac van hanh n gian.

- Nhc iem cua ho la ton dien tch xay dng.

2.1.3. X ly bac III

X ly nc thai trong cong nghiep tay nhuom thng ng dung bac cao ekh mau, o uc, mot so oc to kim loai nang va chat hu c kho phan huy sinh hoc.Trong cong oan x ly nay thng ng dung cac qua trnh hoa ly nh keo tu, taobong, lang, loc hap phu than hoat tnh, oxy hoa.

a. Qua trnh oxy hoa

Phan ng oxy hoa thng c ng dung e x ly o mau cua nc thaicong nghiep tay nhuom. Qua trnh oxy hoa kh dien ra nham bien oi cac chat ochai thanh chat t oc hai hn hoac khong oc hai. Chat co mau thanh chat khongmau hoac giam mau dang can lang hay dang kh de bay hi. Cac chat oxy hoathng dung la nc Javen (NaOCl), permanganat kali (KMnO4), NaHSO3 ,Hipochlorin canxi (Ca(ClO)2) oxy (O2), ozon (O3), chlorine (Cl2), Hypochloridesodium, Hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2).

Co the s dung chloirine dang sat sulfat e oxy hoa cac chat nhuom vakh BOD trong thuoc nhuom. ong thi Sulfur chlorine co tac dung nh la mot chattr keo tu. Lng chlorin can thiet thng la khoang 100 - 250mg/l. Tac dung autien chlorine la chat oxy hoa chat nhuom dang hu c e giam o mau.

b. Keo tu tao bong lang

Trong cong nghe x ly nc thai tay nhuom qua trnh keo tu, tao bong valang c s dung e x ly cac chat ran l lng, o uc, o mau. o mau cao la mottrong nhng ac tnh quan trong nhat cua nc thai tay nhuom can quan tam hangau trong cong tac x ly. o uc va o mau gay ra chu yeu do cac hat keo co kchthc 10-7 - 10-8 cm. Cac chat nay khong the lang hoac x ly bang phng phap locma phai s dung cac chat keo tu hoac tr keo tu e lien ket cac chat ban dang l


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Ngant tay nhuom 17

lng va thanh nhng bong co kch thc ln hn. Nhng bong can o khi lang xuongkeo theo chat phan tan khong tan.

Cac phan t keo cua nc thai hap thu cac ion tao ra t cac chat ien ly cotrong nc hnh thanh cac phan t keo tch ien. Cac phan t nay chu yeu hap thucac anion nen no mang ien tch am. Khi cho phen keo tu vao no ket hp vi cachat keo en mot kch thc va trong lng u e lang thanh can. Phan ng cua phennhom trong nc thai tay nhuom xay ra nh sau:

Al2 (SO4)3 .18 H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2 = 3 CaSO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 + 18 H2OKhi hydroxit nhom dang Al2O3 .xH2O co the bieu hien tnh axit hoac

baz. ien tch bong nhom am khi pH > 8,2. trong khoang pH < 7,6 hat keomang ien dng o la cac ion [Al(H2O)5OH]2+ , [Al(H2O)2(OH)2]+ ; [Al6(OH)12]6+ ;[Al10(OH)22]8+. Cac ion dng tao ra do thuy phan chat keo tu se ket hp vi cac hatkeo co san trong nc thai tao thanh phc khong tch ien. Chung rat de dnh vaonhau hoac bam vao cac chat ran l lng trong nc va tat ca cung lang xuong.

Chat keo tu thng la phen nhom, phen sat, voi, Ca(OH)2 , MnO2 dung dchsilicat, MnSiO4... Kha nang ket bong phu thuoc vao o pH cua moi trng. Tnh benvng cua cac hat keo la do lc tnh ien, vi keo a nc c on nh nh solvathoa lp nc bao quanh hat keo can tr s ket tu.

Chat bo tr keo tu : Silicagel hoat hoa, - polime mach ngan co kha nanglien ket cac hat hydrat nhom lai. nong o qua cao c che hnh thanh bong tua vchung mang ien tch am. Lieu dung thong thng la 5 - 10mg/l.

Chat a ien giai la nhng polime khoi lng phan t ln chung ta o caulien ket gia cac hat, nong o thng dung la 1 - 5mg/l. Co ba loai chat a ien giaicationic - Hap phu len keo am, anionic - thay the nhom ion tren cac hat keo, khongion hoa - Hap phu lien ket hydrogen gia cac be mat ran va nhom phan cc trongpolime, kitozan va alginat la nhng chat bo tr rat tot.

Thiet b keo tu: e khuay tron nc thai vi hoa chat va tao bong ngi tadung mot so loai may khac nhau. n gian nhat la may tron canh quat c gii. Nh

khuay tron nc thai chuyen ong vong va tao bong. Nh ket cau thch hp, motphan the tch khong b xao tron, ay cac bong tua xuong va c hut ra ngoai. Cothe x ly nc trong cac thiet b to hp chung am bao ba giai oan chnh : Xaotron, keo tu va lam trong nc.

Sau khi keo tu nc thai c x ly tiep tuc bang qua trnh lo c. Qua trnhloc thng ng dung e loai bo can l lng trong nc thai. Cac vat lieu loc trong benh la: Cat, thach anh, vi cac cap phoi hoac dung than emtrasit. Vat lieu loc


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Ngant tay nhuom 18

thng co kch thc ng knh t 0,4 - 1,2mm. Toc o nc qua be loc trongkhoang t 5 - 8 m/h. Be loc lam viec hai che o loc va ra.

c.Hap phu:

Nc thai sau khi qua x ly sinh hoc con ton tai chat hu c kho phan huysinh hoc. V du nh chat hoat ong be mat, chat hu c mach vong. Co the x ly cacchat nay bang phng phap hap phu hieu qua cao. Ve nguyen tac cua phng phapla khi tiep xuc vi dung dch, be mat tng ran co xu hng gi cac chat tan lai. Lc

hap phu tuy thuoc vao ban chat, khoi lng phan t cua chat tan, ban chat, ien tchrieng be mat cua chat hap phu va nhiet o, pH ... Cac chat hu c co noi oi thngde b hap phu hn hp chat bao hoa, cac chat hu c thng de hap phu hn cacchat de tan trong nc. Nhng chat co nang lng t do cang ln th b hap phu cangmanh. Nang lng hap phu thng be hn so vi nang lng lien ket hoa hoc. Donang lng lien ket be nen nhiet o thng hap phu la qua trnh thuan nghch. Lucau hap phu tang nhng sau o giam dan va at en can bang.

Ky thuat hap phu gom hai loai: Hap phu tnh la chat hap phu c gi trang thai l lng nh khuay tron. Hap phu ong la loc qua thiet b co nh goi lathap hap phu. e x ly nc thai cha cac thuoc nhuom kho oxy hoa sinh hoa hoackhong the keo tu bang chat keo tu th bien phap hap phu than hoat tnh la hieu qua

nhat. Hieu qua x ly giam o mau bang phng phap nay at khoang 90%.Chu y: Khong co bien phap x ly nao thoa man het tat ca cac loai thuoc

nhuom. Bien phap x ly hieu qua nhat tuy thuoc vao loai thuoc nhuom va thanhphan hoa hoc cua thuoc nhuom.

oi vi loai thuoc nhuom sulfur, vat, va khuyech tan co the x ly bang keotu phen nhom va khong co hieu qua oi vi phng phap dung than hoat tnh.

Nc thai nhuom azoic, axit, baz,hoat tnh co the c kh mau bang thanhoat tnh. ac biet phng phap nay to ra rat hu hieu oi vi loai nc thai nhuomhoat tnh. Ozon co the kh mau hieu qua oi vi thuoc nhuom hoat tnh nhng lairat kem oi vi loai thuoc nhuom khuyech tan.

2.1.4. X ly bunBun sinh ra trong qua trnh x ly nc thai thng dang long hoac ban

ran co ham lng chat ran khoang 0,25 - 12% trong lng tuy thuoc vao cong nghex ly ap dung. Muc ch chnh cua qua trnh x ly la giam o am va ham lng cacchat hu c trong bun. Tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec thai bo hoac s dung lai.

Cac qua trnh nen, kh nc, lam kho bun nham giam o am. U va otdung e x ly chat hu c trong bun. Nen bun thc hien bang phng phap ly hoc


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Ngant tay nhuom 19

nh lang trong lc, tuyen noi, ly tam... Bun hoat tnh thng co ham lng chat ran0,8% sau khi nen ham lng chat ran co the tang len 4%.

On nh bun kh mui va giam kha nang len men co the thc hien bang cacphng phap sau:

+ Giam ham lng cac chat ran bay hi bang sinh hoc.

+ Oxy hoa hoa hoc cac hp chat hu c .

+ S dung cac hoa chat diet vi sinh vat (voi).+ Gia nhiet vi sinh.

Thong thng oi vi bun thu t qua trnh x ly hoa ly thng c x lybang phng phap co ac roi ot hoac chon lap. oi vi bun thu c t qua trnhx ly sinh hoc co the x ly bang bien phap chon lap hoac tan dung lam phan bon visinh.

2.2.. X LY KH THAI VA BIEN PHAP THC HIEN GIAM THIEU ONHIEM KHONG KH TRONG NGANH TAY NHUOM

2.2.1. Phng phap hap thu

oi vi cac kh thai gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh cua nganh taynhuom nh a neu tren can phai lap at cac thiet b thu gom va x ly kh thai.Phng phap hap thu to ra co hieu qua va gia thanh au t co the chap nhan c.Cac loai kh oc nh SOx, H2S, HCl... thoat ra t mot so cong oan cua cong nghetay nhuom. Dung dch hap thu la nc hoac kiem loang. Hieu qua hap thu kh phuthuoc vao viec s dung dung moi hap thu. Neu s dung nc hieu qua x ly ch atkhoang 50% - 60% oi vi cac kh nh SO2 , NO2. Tuy nhien neu s dung dung dchkiem loang co the at ti 85 - 90%. Nc thai ra khoi cac thiet b hap thu kh mangtnh axit hoac cha cac chat tua va muoi vo c do o can phai x ly trc khi thai ramoi trng. Cac chat kh co kha nang tham gia phan ng hoa hoc vi chat hap thutao thanh chat t tan hoac khong tan trong dung dch, khong hoac t bay hi.

Ngoai ra kh thai khi tiep xuc vi nc co tac dung ha nhiet. Nguyen ly cuaphng phap hap thu da tren s chenh lech nong o gia pha kh va pha long. Quatrnh chuyen kh o nhiem t pha kh sang pha long dien ra trong cac thiet b tua ntheo nh luat Dalton ve ap suat rieng phan va nh luat Henry ve hoa tan can bang.Thiet b hap thu s dung trong phng phap x ly gom cac loai nh sau:

a. Thap phun


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Ngant tay nhuom 20

ac iem cau tao la thap rong ben trong chat long c phun thanh hat nhotiep xuc vi dong kh can x ly. Kh thai o nhiem, bui tac dung v i nc tr thanhdang long va c dan ra he thong x ly nc thai. Kh sach c thoat ra moitrng.

- u iem cua thiet b nay la re tien, tr lc be, kch thc thiet b nho, devan hanh.

- Nhc iem ch hieu qua oi vi kh tan tot trong chat long hay de phan

ng vi tac nhan tan trong chat long, kho khan cho viec x ly chat long.b. Thiet b ra dang xyclon

Nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b nay la kh i vao cyclon tao dong xoay,chat long phun t tam cyclon tao cho he thong tao ieu kien cho pha kh va pha longtiep xuc tot. Thiet b nay thng c dung e x ly ket hp ca bui va kh de tantrong dung dch.

- u iem giong thap phun nhng kch thc thiet b nho hn.

- Nhc iem ton hao nang lng ln hn so vi thap phun.

c. Thiet b gia toc ra kh

Tai vung gia toc cua thiet b dong kh c tang toc qua khe hep co lechhng gay nen dong xoay toc o kh va co the at ti 1.500 m/phut. Dong kh phantan chat long thanh cac hat sng tao ra be mat tiep xuc ln. Do o thiet b co thex ly c ca nhng hat bui co kch thc nho nh khoi.

- u iem cua thiet b nay la hieu qua x ly cao.

- Nhc iem la hao ton ap lc, chi ph van hanh ln.

d. Thiet b dang thap a

Thiet b cau tao bi cac tang tiep xuc. Chat long i t tren xuong, kh i tdi len. Moi tang tng ng mot a hay phan t can bang tach pha. Co cac loaia nh: a li, khay va ap, bay tao bot, van noi.

- u iem cua thiet b la thi gian tiep xuc gi pha kh va long ln, hieuqua x ly cao. Thiet b de lam sach.

- Nhc iem : Thiet b at tien, hao ton ap lc ln.

e. Thap em


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Ngant tay nhuom 21

Tuy thuoc vao chuyen ong kh long ngi ta chia lam ba loai thap emnh sau:

1.Thiet b ngc dong: Kh i t thap qua vat em len nh thap, chat longi t nh thap xuong.

2.Thiet b cung chieu: Ca kh va long i vao nh thap i ra ay thap.

3.Thiet b dong cat ngang: Kh chuyen dch theo chieu ngang, chat long i

xuong qua vat em. Vat lieu em co the la nha hoac thep khong g.- u iem cua thiet b la hieu suat x ly cao thiet b ieu khien de van

hanh.

- Nhc iem gia au t ln, hao ton ap lc do vat em ln.

2.2.2. Phng phap hap phu

oi vi kh thai thuoc hp chat hu c bay hi trong in pigment hoacformandehyde thoat ra trong cong oan in hoa hoan tat co kha nang b hap phu bichat hap phu chuyen t trang thai kh sang trang thai tap hp co bac t do thap. Doo phng phap x ly thch hp la hap phu.

He thong x ly kh o nhiem gom co hai loai. Loai khong tai sinh thngdung e x ly kh o nhiem gay oc cho chat hap phu va co nong o thap. Loai taisinh c dung e x ly kh o nhiem co nong o cao va khong hoac t gay oc chochat hap phu. V du nh thu hoi cac hydrocacbon.

Vat lieu lam chat hap phu co the chia lam hai loai chnh:

+ Vat lieu hap phu khong hoac t phan cc : ien hnh la than hoat tnhdung e hap phu cac hydrocacbon khong phan cc hay t phan cc.

+ Vat lieu hap phu co phan cc : Silicagel dung e hap phu hi nc, cackh phan cc... Zeolit tong hp ngoai viec tach chat o nhiem no con dung trong congnghe e lam sach kh, e tach phan oan kh theo kch thc phan t.

* oi vi c s tieu thu cong nghiep tay nhuom co the at he thong hut mieng lo hi.

2.3. KHONG CHE O NHIEM CHAT THAI RAN

Chat thai ran t cong nghiep tay vai co the thu hoi va tan dung lam nguonnhien lieu ot. oi vi cac loai thung nha, lon, hop... ng hoa chat co the tai s


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Ngant tay nhuom 22

dung hoac em ban cho dch vu. Chu y can tien hanh suc ra cac thung nay nhngni qui nh rieng. Cac loai rac thai can c thu gom va x ly tap trung bai racqui nh.

2.4. CAC IEU KIEN AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG NGANH TAY NHUOM

1. Toan the can bo va cong nhan vien trong c s san xuat phai tuyet oichap hanh moi s ch dan ve an toan lao ong, noi qui phong chay va cha chay,

phong chong oc hai hoa chat. ac biet la van e ve sinh cong nghiep. V moitrng lam viec nong bc, o am cao, cng o bc xa ln va cng o on cao anhhng rat ln en sc khoe cua cong nhan lao ong.

Di ay la mot so bien phap chong nong am am bao vi kh hau trong moitrng lam viec:

a- Nha xng phai c thong gio t nhien, li dung triet e hng gio chuao, bo tr nha xng hp ly.

b- Cach ly cum lo hi vi khu vc san xuat e tranh s lan truyen nhiet oilu va am bao an toan lao ong trong phan xng san xuat.

c- Thng xuyen kiem tra va bao dng nhng cho ro r tren he thongng dan hi va kh nong.

d- Bo tr quat mat va thong gio cho nhng ni phat sinh nhiet va ni congnhan lam viec tap trung.

e- Bo tr cac chup hut tren mai va quat nhng ni can thiet e hi am,nhiet, kh oc, bui b hut ra khoi khu vc san xuat.

2- Chong on va chan ong lan truyen bang bien phap cach ly cac cum mayphat vi khu vc san xuat. Buong at may phat c thiet kebang vat cach am vatieu am.

3- Phong nga chay no an toan lao ong: Trong nha may hau het cac

nguyen lieu eu la de bat la va phat chay, ac biet la mua kho. Phong hoa hn cuhoa la phng cham quan triet en tng ngi lao ong.

4- Trong gi lam viec cong nhan phai mac bao ho lao ong va mang cacthiet b lao ong can thiet nh gang tay, ung, khau trang... Khi lam viec trong moitrng co kh oc thoat ra phai s dung khau trang phong oc ac hieu.

5- ieu kien an toan trong khi s dung hoa chat:


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Ngant tay nhuom 23

- Khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat can phai chu y en ky thuat an toan. Trongphong lam viec phai treo bang ve ky thuat an toan va ngi lam viec phai nh ieuo.

- Khi hoa chat day ra chan tay can phai ra sach ngay bang nc sau o ralai bang dung dch soda hay axit acetic.

- Khi m chai hoa chat can chu y tranh phut hoa chat ra ngoai. Nhng napay bnh hoa chat de chay th khong c h len ngon la e m. Ngi s dung

hoa chat can nam vng c tng tnh chat cua cac chat. Hoa chat ng trong bnhphai co nhan hieu ro rang. Khi can thiet pha loang axit phai cho vao nc ma khongc cho nc vao axit.

- Trong trng hp axit b o ra ngoai phai cho cat vao roi quet don cat rakhoi phong. Dung dung dch soda ra cho o. Can than khi mang mot bnh ln axithoac kiem ac. Khi di chuyen phai co hai ngi khenh. Khi pha loang kiem phaidung gang tay cao su, knh bao hiem, oi mu. Chu y kiem ran rat de gay bong nang.Dung dch kiem ran phai e trong chai hoac bnh co nap ay kn v neu khong kiemse hut CO2 t khong kh thanh muoi cacbonat.

- Khi lam viec vi cac dung moi hu c phai than trong, tiep xuc vi chungnhieu rat co hai. Khong c un cac chat nay ma khong co nap ay.

2.5. MOT SO BIEN PHAP S BO NHAM GIAM O NHIEM NGANH TAYNHUOM

1. Quan ly tot : Cach quan ly tot cung co the giam c ham lng BOD t 5 -10%.

2. Thay the cac chat hoa hoc s dung cac cong oan khac nhau:

- Thay the xa phong che t cac chat beo bang chat tay ra tong hp co thegiam toi a ham lng BOD la 30%.

- Thay the day hi cho qua trnh oxy hoa cua thuoc nhuom trong boncha axit acetic - ducrinate.

- Thay the Na2CO3 bang chat tay ra tong hp va Na2SO4 e giam o kiemcao.

- Thay the cac chat co BOD thap (carbonxymethyl cenlulose 3%,hydroxymethyl cenlulose 3%, polyacrylic acid 1%, polyvinyl alcohol 1%) cho tinhbot.

- Thay the acid acetic bang muoi vo c nh amomium sulfat hay chloride.


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Ngant tay nhuom 24

Thu hoi nhng chat co the tai s dung nh ho tinh bot, NaOH, xa phong, dau m...


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Ngant tay nhuom 25

PHAN 3 : CAC GIAI PHAP X LY O NHIEM THC TIEN NGANH TAYNHUOM

3.1. GIAI PHAP X LY

Xay dng he thong x ly nc thai tay nhuom cho cac c s san xuat vi

qui mo nho la van e kha phc tap. Trong ttrng hp nay can phai tien hanh toanbo cac bien phap nh :

- Phan tch qua trnh san xuat tren c s tiet kiem s dung nc va tao chutrnh khep kn.

- Xac nh tnh trang nguon nc, khoi lng nc va thanh phan nc thaican lam sach.

- Kiem tra tnh hp ly cua viec xay dng cong trnh lam sach s bo.

- Phan tch kha nang quan ly va bao dng cong trnh.

ac iem cua cac c s tay nhuom tieu thu cong nghiep trong thanh pho

Ho Ch Minh la co mat bang nho, san xuat nam xen ke vi khu dan c. Qui mo sanxuat nho lng hoa chat khong nhieu. Von au t t, trnh o cong nghe thap, sanlng trung bnh ngay cua mot c s at khoang 3000m vai, lng nc thai ratng ng la 30m3. Do o viec au t cho x ly nc thai cung rat han che.

Da tren nhng ac iem tren cong nghe x ly nc thai oi hoi sao chova ap ng c yeu cau x ly ong thi chi ph au t va van hanh c cac nhasan xuat chap nhan. e khac phuc hien trang o nhiem do nc thai trong cac c stay nhuom tieu thu cong nghiep phng an ap dung trc mat t nay en nam 2000cho tat ca cac c s la bat buoc phai xay dng he thong x ly theo phng phap hoaly vi qui mo theo tng me. Chat keo tu s dung la phe n nhom hoac phen sat hoacPAC chat tr keo tu la polime hu c. Viec s dung, xac nh nong o chat keo tunao can phai kiem tra bang thc nghiem.

u iem cua phng an x ly hoa ly vi qui mo theo me la tiet kiem cch ph au t, de van hanh. Tiet kiem dien tch, hieu qua x ly o mau va chat ranl lng cao.

Tuy nhien hieu qua x ly cac chat hu c hoa tan co kha nang phan huysinh hoc thap.


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Ngant tay nhuom 26

Vi lieu lng phen nhom 300mg/l hieu qua x ly COD giam 35%, o maugiam khoang 85%.

Vi lieu lng phen sat 250mg/l hieu qua x ly COD giam 30%, o maugiam 90%.

S van chuyen cua cac hat tao ieu kien cho kha nang cac hat tiep xuc doo e tang hieu qua ta s dung bien phap khuay tron trong be phan ng. Ban thancua qua trnh keo tu chia lam ba giai oan

+ Giai oan Perikinetic : La giai oan cac phan t chuyen ong hon loan vahnh thanh nen cac bong nho.

+ Giai oan Octkinetic : La giai oan hnh thanh cac bong ln va dien ras van chuyen cac phan t do khuay tron.


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+ Giai oan lang hoac tuyen noi: Giai oan nay cac can bong c tach ra.

e tang cng qua trnh keo tu s dung chat tr keo tu la cac polyme. Hamlng chat keo tu va tr keo tu a vao nc x ly can c xac nh chnh xacbang thc nghiem. Lieu lng chat keo tu phu thuoc vao cac yeu to nh: Dang vanong o cac chat ban, loai chat keo tu, cach hoa tron chat keo tu...

Qua trnh lam sach nc thai tay nhuom khong nhng phai s dung chatkeo tu e ho tr qua trnh lang ong thi phai can thi gian e thc hien qua trnh

lang. Bang thc nghiem a xac nh c thi gian can thiet cho qua trnh lang lahai gi.

e thc hien phng phap x ly nay qui trnh cong nghe c trnh baytrong hnh 1 va gom cac bc nh sau (Chu ky thi gian thc hien tng me la 2h 30)

Nc thai c thu gom vao be ieu hoa, t be ieu hoa c bm len bephan ng va lang ket hp. Tai be phan ng ton tai hai giai oan :

+ Giai oan 1 cho phen nhom vao lieu lng phen la khoang 300g/m3. Batmay khuay vi van toc la 200vong/phut trong thi gian chng 20 phut.

+ Giai oan 2 ngng cho phen bo sung chat tr keo tu la polyme vao nong

o thc nghiem khoang 4g/m3 bat may khuay toc o la 20 vong/phut vi thi giankhoang 10 phut. Sau o tat may khuay e yen lang trong 2 gi. Phan nc trong danqua be loc cat va thai ra ngoai moi trng.Phan can lang cho sang be lang bun langtiep sau o thai phan nc trong phan can cho vao tui em chon lap v co cha ca cchat oc hai nen khong the dung lam phan bon cho san xuat nong nghiep c.

V du cu the oi vi c s lng nc thai t 25 -30 m3 /ngay tien hanh xly gom cac thiet b nh sau: (Do thi gian thc hien chu ky x ly khoang 2h30 nenmot ngay co the x ly c 4 me do o dien tch cac be giam c 4lan).

1. Be trung hoa: ac iem nc thai tay nhuom co nhiet o cao nen betrung hoa can co the tch ln e co thi gian cho viec giai nhiet, loai ieu kien nhieto anh hng en qua trnh ket tua be phan ng (tan dung thi gian em e ginc thai trong be ieu hoa). The tch be ieu hoa la 15m3. Kch thc be ieu hoanh sau : dai 5m, rong 3m, cao 1m.

2. Be phan ng va lang ket hp: the tch cua be la 8m3 co van xa can ayva van thao nc trong cach ay 80cm.

3. Be nen can the tch be 2 m3 muc ch dung e tang nong o can len.Phan can c cho vao tui em chon lap, phan nc trong dan sang be loc.


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4. Be loc : do nc thai sau khi lang van ton tai mot so chat l lng, nenphai dan qua be loc nham loai bo het cac chat ran l lng. Be loc co chieu cao la1m phan lam 3 lp nh sau : lp cat chieu cao khoang 40cm, lp san 10cm, lp soi10cm. Dien tch be mat khoang 0,5 m3, phan ay be co van dan nc ra moi trng.

5. Thung cha phen bang nha the tch la 100l.

6. Thung cha polyme bang nha the tch 50l.

Xac nh khoi lng can tao thanh trong qua trnh lam sach nc thai taynhuom la kho. Song khi chon ung tr sopH, muoi kim loai co the lang c hauhet. Sau khi xac nh c toan bo khoi lng cac chat ran, ham lng am co thetnh c lng can lang.

V du : Vi lu lng nc thai cua c s tay nhuom la 30 m3/ ngay.

Tong chat ran trong nc thai cha x ly la : 800 g/m3

Tong chat ran trong nc thai sau x ly la : 160 g/m3

Khoi lng chat ran c lang lai la : 30 x (800-160) g/m3 = 19,2 kg/ngay.

Khoi lng chat keo tu Al2(SO4)3 dung theo so lieu th nghiem la : 300 g/m3

Toan bo khoi lng chat keo tu la : 300 x 30 = 9000 g/ngay = 9 kg/ngay.Khoi lng san pham thuy phan la (ty khoi gia khoi lng phan t

Al2O3/khoi lng phan t Al2(SO4)3.18H2O la 0,153) : 0,153 x 9 = 1,377 kg/ngay

Tong khoi lng chat ran la : 1,377+ 19,2 = 20,577 kg/ngay.

Ham lng can sau 2h lang la 0,5%, do o the tch bun thai la : 4,1m3

Ham lng can sau khi nen la 4%, do o the tch bun thai la 0,5m3

Chu y : e xay dng mot he thong x ly tong dien tch mat bang toi thieucan la 20m2. oi vi c s san xuat co dien tch qua nho khong the xay dng che thong x ly th bat buoc phai di c s ve ni qui nh cua UBND thanh pho.

3.2. QUA TRNH VAN HANH, BAO TR HE THONG X LY NC THAITAY NHUOM

Kinh nghiem cho thay cac cong trnh x ly nc thai vi qui mo nho thngkhong ap ng theo y muon. S d nh vay chu yeu la do quan ly cong trnh khongung va khong c bao dng kp thi. Muon quan ly cong trnh tot th oi hoi


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Ngant tay nhuom 29

ngi quan ly phai co trnh o chuyen mon can thiet va nam bat c mot songuyen tac, thc hien ung cac thao tac ky thuat ve quan ly cong trnh.

3.2.1. Chuan b hoa chat.

- Hoa chat ta s dung la phen va polime.

+ Pha phen : Phen s dung la phen n, cach pha dung dch phen 10%. C

10 kg phen pha loang vi 100 lt nc sach ( ay thung hoa tron ).+ Pha chat tr keo tu : chat tr keo tu s dung la polime dang hat. S dungdung dch 0,1%. C 0,4 kg polime em pha loang vi 400 lt nc sach ( ay thunghoa tron ).

3.2.2. Chuan b ien cho ong c.

- ong CB tong xem xet lai tnh trang hoat ong cua he thong ve cac matnh : ien ap...

- Xem xet lai cac rle co trang thai san sang hoat ong khong.

- Neu khau nao cha tot can chnh lai khau o.

3.2.3. Van hanh he thong.a. Khi ong he thong.

+ Bat cong tac cho cho may bm nc thai len be phan ng bm ay beung vi cong suat thiet ke 8m3.

+ Dung van ieu chnh lng phen vao be.

+ Bat may khuay vi van toc 200vong/phut trong thi gian 20 phut.

+ Ngng cho phen tiep tuc bo xung polime thch hp ngan phan ng (chnhpH trong be phan ng khoang 6 -7 ).

+ Bat may khuay hoat ong van toc 20vong/phut thi gian la 10 phut.

+ Tat may khuay e yen trong 2 gi.b.Kiem soat chat lng nc sau x ly.

nh ky lay mau em phan tch ( thng 1 thang 1 lan ), nc thai sau x lyphai at nc thai loai C theo TCVN 5945 - 1995 cho nc thai cong nghiep.


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Ngant tay nhuom 30

e cho he thong x ly hoat ong tot, ngi theo doi he thong x ly canthng xuyen theo doi chat lng nc thai sau khi x ly thong qua cac ch tieu sauoi vi nc thai sau x ly : COD, BOD, pH, SS, o mau, MLSS

- V tr lay mau : Nc thai ngay sau v tr ong xa sau be loc.

- The tch lay mau : 02 lt. Mau c cha trong bnh nha hay thuy tinh conap ay va c bao quan nhiet o 2 - 5oC. Mau phai em phan tch trong thigian khong qua 24h ke t khi lay mau.

3.2.4.Bao tr

Cong tac bao tr thiet b, ng ong can c tien hanh thng xuyen eam bao he thong x ly hoat ong tot, khong co nhng s co xay ra.

Cac cong tac bao tr he thong bao gom :

a. He thong ng ong :

Thng xuyen kiem tra cac ng ong trong he thong x ly, neu co ro rhoac tac nghen can co bien phap x ly kp thi.

b. Cac thiet b :

+ May bm :- Hang ngay van hanh may bm nen kiem tra bm co ay nc len c

hay khong. Khi may bm hoat ong nhng khong len nc can kiem tra lan lt cacnguyen nhan sau :

+ Nguon ien cung cap co bnh thng khong.

+ Canh bm co b chen bi cac vat la khong.

+ ong c bm co b chay hay khong.

Khi bm phat ra tieng keu la cung can ngng bm ngay lap tc va tm cacnguyen nhan e khac phuc s co tren. Can sa cha bm theo tng trng hp cuthe.

+ ong c khuay tron.

- Kiem tra thng xuyen hoat ong cua cac ong c khuay tron

- nh ky 6 thang kiem tra o bi va thay the day cu-roa.

+ Cac thiet b khac.


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Ngant tay nhuom 31

- nh ky 3 thang ve sinh xuc ra cac thiet b, tranh tnh trang ong cantren thanh thiet b (bang cach cho nc sach trong cac thiet b trong thi gian t 30 -60 phut). ac biet chu y xoi nc manh vao cac tam lang tranh tnh trang bam cantren be mat cac tam lang.

3.3. HNH ANH HE THONG X LY NC THAI DO TRUNG TAM CONGNGHE MOI TRUNG ECO A THIET KE VA XAY DNG

a. he thong x ly nc thai det nhuom quan khu 7 thanh pho ho ch minh

b. he thong x ly nc thai det nhuom ching fa khu cong nghiep tuy ha ong nai.


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Ngant tay nhuom 32

c. he thong x ly nc thai x nghiep det quan oi, cong ty 28


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Ngant tay nhuom 33

PHAN 4: BANG KHAI TOAN KINH PH MOT SO THIET B CHNH X LY

NC THAI TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP TAY NHUOM

BANG PHNG PHAP HOA LY VI QUI MO THEO ME

(Cong suat x ly 30m3/ngay)

Khai toan (x1000)TT

Hangmuc

thiet b

Kch

thc

So

lng

Vatlieu

Betong

Thep Composit

1 Be ieuhoa

V = 15m 3

dai = 4mrong = 2,5mcao = 1,5m

1 Betongcotthep

23.000 37.000 45.000

2 Be phanng kethp lang

V = 8 m 3

dai = 2,5mrong = 2,5mcao = 1,2m

1 13.000 20.000 25.000

3 Be langbun

V = 4 m 3

dai = 2,5mrong = 2mcao = 0,8m

1 7.000 8.200 10.000

4 Be loccat

V = 0,5m 3

S = 0,5m2cao = 1m

1 1.000 2.000 2.500

5 Vat lieuloc

500


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Ngant tay nhuom 34

6 Bmnc thai

1 3.000

7 Canhkhuay

1 Inox 2.000

8 Mo tkhuay

1 2.500

9 Tui loc d = 0,5mr = 04m

10 Vaitonghp

150

10 Thungngphen

V = 100l 1 Nha 150

11 Thungngpolyme

V = 50l 1 Nha 100

Tong cong 52.400 75.600 90.900

Tren c s nghien cu cong nghe va thc te kinh nghiem xay dng hethong x ly cho cac c s tay nhuom tieu thu cong nghiep chung toi thay: Xay dnghe thong x ly vi vat lieu la thep la toi u v :

- He thong nay rat tien li cho viec sa cha va bao hanh so vi he thongx ly co vat lieu bang be tong.

- Viec di di he thong co the c rat thch hp oi vi ac iem cua cac cs san xuat nho tay nhuom hien ang nam trong thanh pho.

- Gia chi ph cho he thong mc trung bnh.


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Ngant tay nhuom 35

PHAN 5 : DANH MUC CAC N V T VAN

TT

Ten n v a ch Chc nang

1 Trung tam congnghe moi trng

ECO

18A Cong HoaQ.Tan Bnh.

Tel: 8425760

Nghien cu, phat trien va ngdung cong nghe moi trng

2 Vien cong nghehoa hoc

1 Mac nh Chi,Q.1.

Tel:8228041

Nghien cu,ng dung cac congnghe x ly moi trng. T vanve cong nghe hoa chat x lymoi trng.

3 Cong ty thiet bvat t KHKT VietKhoa

522 E1 NguyenTri Phng, Q.10.Tel: 8625215

Kinh doanh cac thiet b vat tkhoa hoc ky thuat, xet nghiemy te.

4 Cong ty TNHHthng mai Van

An

7 Mai Th Lu,Q.1.

Tel: 8295816

Kinh doanh cac thiet b x lync

5 Cong ty TNHHMinh Tam

189A CongQuynh, Q.1.Tel: 8396181

Kinh doanh thiet b x ly nccap, nc thai, dung cu phantch, hoa chat phuc vu nganhnc. Nha trao oi Ion.

6 Ca hang hoachat Viet Hong

136B To HienThanh, Q.10.Tel: 8650783

Cung cap cac vat t hoa chat,dung cu th nghiem. Nha traooi Ion.

7 Ca hang hoachat cong nghiep

Hoang Giang

2 L Gia, Q.10.

Tel: 8650922

Ban cac vat t, hoa chat congnghiep.

8 Cong ty vat tkhoa hoc - Congnghiep

11-12 HaiThng Lan Ong.Tel: 8552531

Vat t hoa chat phuc vu congnghiep. Hoa chat xet nghiem.Cac thiet b th nghiem.

9 Cong ty Sai GonINSTRUMENT

45 Pasteur, Q.1.

Tel: 8230204

Bm nh lng mi. Vat tthiet b phong th nghiem. Thietb o lng phan tch nc.


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Ngant tay nhuom 36

10 Phan vien nghiencu KHKT baoho lao ong

85 Cach MangThang 8, Q.1.

Tel: 8322588

Cung cap quat cong nghiep,quat hut gio.Cac he thong hutgio x ly kh thai. Cac d andung cu bao ho lao ong canhan

11 Cong ty thiet bbao ho lao ong

5 Nguyen VanNghi, Q. Go Vap.Tel: 8946017

Khao sat, che tao cac thiet bhut hi oc. Quat gio congnghiep. Cac thiet b bao ho laoong ca nhan.

12 Khu ban vat tien may

1A Ly Thc hienThng Kiet Q.Tan Bnh.

Cung Cap may bm cac loai .Moteur va Moteur giam toc.Hoa chat. Cac loai quat hut gio.

Documents

T4-Nganh Tay Nhuom