1

prof. tariel futkaraZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi1

qarTul samwignobro enaSi, zogadad, qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi

kargadaa Camoyalibebuli brunvis kategoria

(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)

2

v.Tofuria: brunva aris saxelis forma, romelic miiReba misi sxva sityvebTan

sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad

. qarTuli enis brunvebi didi

xania aris mecnierTa kvlevis obieqti, miuxedavad amisa, specielistebi

dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan iseT ZiriTad sakiTxze, rogoricaa: "brunvaTa

raodenoba qarTulSi". azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qmnis brunvis cnebis

gansxvavebuli gaazrebani, diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli faqtebis

gaudiferencirebuli analizi da sxva faqtorebi.

mag., Sdr., brunvaTa ganmartebani:

anton kaTalikosi: "brunva aris cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa da sxvisa mimarT

mdgmoebisa erTisa da misive saxelisa”; e.i. brunva aris saxelis erTisa da imave fuZis

sxvadasxvanairad mimoxriTi cvla.

a. SaniZe: brunva aris gramatikuli kategoria, romelic aerTianebs bgeriTi

Sedgenilobisa da funqciis mixedviT gansxvavebul saxelur formebs.

arn. Ciqobava: brunva gabmul metyvelebaSi saxels akavSirebs saxelTan an

zmnasTan (saTanado Sinaarsis gadmosacemad).

3

1 naSromis mokle varianti saTauriT: "bruneba, rogorc saxelis formaTwarmoebis erT-erTi aspeqti (saxelis sinTezisa da analizis formalizebuli modelebisaTvis)" daibeWda

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas saxlobis enaTmecnierebis institutisa

da zugdidis damoukidebeli universitetis erTobliv saiubileo krebulSi, romelic

mieZRvna giorgi rogavas; Tb., 1997, gv. 157-170; gamomcemloba "qarTuli ena”. 2 morfologiuri kategoriaa brunva da ara - bruneba. 3 msjelobisaTvis ix.: SaniZe, 1980, 34; Ciqobava, 1952, 267; naida, 1949, 32; esperseni, 1958, 214; kuriloviCi, 1958, 214; bondarko, 1976...

...

ZiriTadad, sakamaToa wodebiTi da e.w. adgilobiTi brunvebis sakiTxi.

wodebiTi brunva qarTulSi Semoitana anton kaTalikosma. mas brunvad

Tvlidnen sxva Zveli gramatikosebic. pirvelad arn. Ciqobavam Seitana eWvi

wodebiTis arsebobaSi. amis Semdeg qarTul lingvistikaSi erTmaneTs

daupirispirda mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori Tvalsazrisi:

2

zogi mkvlevari wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevs, zogi - ara; kerZod:

arn.Ciqobavasa da v.Tofurias msjelobis momxreni wodebiTs brunvad ar

miiCneven, radganac, maTi azriT, es forma ver amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs

zmnasTan da brunvis niSanic axali warmoSobisaa - Sorisdebulidanaa

miRebuli4

dRes roca aqtualuria manqanuri Targmanis kompiuteruli programis

Seqmna, didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli enis saxelis formebis logikuri

paradigmis agebas sinqroniuli monacemebis mixedviT (brunvis formaTa

Camoyalibebis gzis kvleva sainteresoa enobrivi movlenebis ganviTarebis

istoriiis TvalsazrisiT)

. wodebiTs damoukidebel brunvad ar miiCnevs g. nebieriZec. misi

azriT, igi unda iyos brunvaTa sistemaSi, magram saxelobiTTan erTad,

radgan wodebiTi saxelobiTis "funqciuri variantia" (aqve aRsaniSnavia,

rom g.nebieriZe moTxrobiTsac saxelobiTis variantad miiCnevs da ara

damoukidebel brunvad).

a.SaniZes wodebiTi Seaqvs brunvaTa paradigmaSi, magram mas boloSi

aTavsebs. mis azrs iziareben: l.kvaWaZe, al.oniani, T.uTurgaiZe, l.nozaZe...

samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis sagania e.w. Tandebulian brunvaTa

sakiTxic. jer kidev m. brosem Tandebulian formebs rTuli brunvebi

uwoda da gamoyo lokaluri anu adgilobiTi brunvebi (bagasa-Sina, bagasa-

zeda). m. brosesa da zogi sxva Zveli gramatikosis kvalad, ZiriTad

brunvaTa gverdiT, a.SaniZec gamoyofs ramdenime lokalur brunvas.

5

kompiuteruli modelireba gulisxmobs iseTi konceptualuri modelis

winaswar Seqmnas, enobriv monacemTa mimarT iseTi formalizebuli wesebis

Camoyalibebas, romlebic ugamonaklisod ganmartaven leqsikur fondebSi

registrirebul sityva-formebs da SeZlebisdagvarad iwinaswarmetyveleben

virtualur enobriv erTeulebsac (kvaracxelia, CxaiZe, 1996, 30) da

.

4 Sdr.: svanur da zog sxva qarTul kiloebSic mimarTvis dros dResac o Sorisdebuli gamoiyeneba: o, RerbeT (o, RmerTo). 5 fomalizebuli wesebis Camoyalibeba unda efuZnebodes myar logikur Teoriul

debulebebsa da enis sinqroniul monacemebs; istoriuli (diaqroniuli) aspeqti

informaciis saxiT unda Sevides TiToeuli morfologiuri elementis `pasportSi".

3

romlebic maqsimaluri sizustiT da naklebi operaciebiT SeZleben enobriv

formaTa sinTezsa da analizs.

warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania saxelTa brunebis amsaxveli iseTi

normalizebuli wesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic martivad da zustad

moaxdenen Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis sityvaformaTa sinTezsa da

analizs.

meti sicxadisaTvis, postulatebis saxiT warmovadgenT Cveni Semdgomi

msjelobisaTvis amosaval debulebebs:

1. gramatikuli kategoria aris urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul

formaTa sistema. erTgvarovani gramatikuli kategoriis aucilebeli niSania

mniSvnelobisa da formis erTianoba, rogorc bilateraluri enobrivi

niSnisa; sxvanairad Tu vityviT: Tuki urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul

mniSvnelobaTa ganyenebuli erToba simetriuladaa asaxuli erTi sityvis

formaTa rigiT, saqme gvaqvs gramatikul kategoriasTan (morfemaSi formisa

da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve benvenisti, 1974, 136; jorbenaZe, 1980,

92; oniani, 1989, 40 da sxva).

2. brunva aris morfologiuri kategoria, romelic sxvadasxva gramaTa

saSualebiT asaxavs sagnis (movlenis) mimarTebas sxva saganTan (movlenasTan),

an raime moqmedebasTan: mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos sintaqsuri an semantikuri

(posesiuri, lokaluri); sxvanairad: brunva iseTi morfologiuri

kategoriaa, romelic gramatikul da semantikur mimarTebebs gamoxatavs

(nebieriZe, 1991, 186).

3. konkretuli brunva (gramema) aris morfologiuri yalibi,

romelic konteqstis mixedviT gamoxatavs konkretul sintaqsur Tu

semantikur funqcias;

sxvanairad: brunva aris saxelis myari formawarmoebiTi yalibi (fuZe

+ brunv. niSani), romelsac erTi lqsikuri erTeulis farglebSi aqvs

sintaqsur da semantikur funqciaTa sakuTari speqtri.

Sdr. iarceva, 1991: `Конкретный падеж представляет собой специфическое для

данного языка соответствие между набором синтаксич. (или семантич.) функций

существительного и набором морфологич. показателей;". Sdr. Smidtis (1960)

4

ganmarteba: "bruneba ewodeba gramatikuli formis cvlilebis sistemas

nominaciur sazRvrebSi"... Sdr. vinogradovi (1972, 139): `Падеж - это форма

имени, выражающая его отношение к другим словам в речи".

4. morfemis zusti ganmarteba SeuZlebelia (glisoni, 1959, 93);

kvlevis am etapze Cven safuZvlad viRebT h. glisonis Sexedulebebis

safuZvelze SemuSavebul Semdeg ganmartebas: morfema aris mniSvnelobis

mqone iseTi umciresi morfologiuri elementi (erTeuli), romlis

Semdgomi danawevrebiT Zireulad Seicvleba (daiSleba) misi

mniSvneloba (Sdr. iarceva, 1991). formis mixedviT morfema aris martivi

(-ma, -s, -iT, -o...) da rTuli6

rTulia morfema, Tuki mis elementTagan erT-erTs dakarguli aqvs

semantika (-nar-, -evin-, -ebin-...)

anu Sedgenili; Tu gramatikul

mniSvnelobasac gaviTvaliswinebT, sasurvelia gairCes Sedgenili morfema

da rTuli morfema:

Sedgenilia morfema, Tuki misi elementebi avtonomiurad inarCuneben

sakuTar semebs, magram maTi erTianoba qmnis Tvisobrivad axal gramatikul

mniSvnelobas (-iviT, T-idan, -isTvis...);

7

a) morfema, romelic msazRvrelis gareSec gvxvdeba winadadebaSi,

Tandebulad ver CaiTvleba; Sdr.:

.

Semdgomi msjelobis gasaadvileblad zogadi StrixebiT kidev erTxel

SevexebiT zmnisarTTa, TandebulTa da formamawarmoebel afiqsTa gamijvnis

sakiTxs (vrclad ix. futkaraZe, 1986):

Cveni azriT, samecniero literaturaSi Tandebulebis saxeliT

(b.jorbenaZis mixedviT - `Tandebuli-morfemoidi" - jorbenaZe, kobaiZe,

beriZe, 1988) cnobili elementebi aerTianebs Tvisobrivad (rangobrivad)

gansxvavebul sam jgufs:

6 `rTuli morfemis" Sesaxeb ix. kuriloviCi, 1962, 180; Sdr. esperseni, 1958, gv. 214. 7 T. uTurgaiZis azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi fuZeSi gadairicxeba (uTurgaiZe, 1983,

1-8); Cveni azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi erwymis misive msgavs axal sufiqss

(dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 138); Serwymis Sedegia analogiac: mag. gurulSi -neb-

(danebi, Zmanebi) analogiiT gadadis nasesxeb sityvebSic: badiS-neb-i, angeloz-nebi... -n

fuZeSi rom iyos Sesuli, am tipis magaliTebi ar gveqneboda... asevea kauzativis niSnebic

5

saxlTan axlos dgas; axlos dgas;

saxlis win midis; win midis...

vfiqrob, am tipis SesityvebaSic "axlos", "win" formebi ufro

damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia, vidre - leqsikuri semantikis

armqone Tandebulebi. ramdenadac, "zmnisarTi" SezRudulad

brunvacvalebadi saxelia (jorbenaZe, 1995, 24), ufro logikuria, saxlis

win tipis wyvili sintqatur wyvilad - msazRvrel-sazRvrulad ganvixiloT

da ara - Tandebulian saxelad. Sdr.: Tandebulebs ara aqvs

sityvawarmoebis unari, dasaxelebul sityva-formebs ki aqvT: win, winidan,

winamde (saxli - saxlidan - saxlamde...)8

semantikurad ”-ze darTulma micemiTma" SeiZleba gamoxatos: interesi,

adresati, Tanaoba, daniSnuleba, instrumentalisi, msgavseba, miwevniToba,

;

b) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba,

formaTwarmoebis unari, ar dasturdeba arsebiTi saxelis gareSe, magram

SenarCunebuli aqvs sakuTari maxvili, misaCnevia sakuTriv Tandebulad; mag.:

kacis mier gakeTda; mier" tipis morfemebi (garda, Sua, gamo...)

Tandebulebia.

g) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobac,

formawarmoebis unaric, maxvilic da sabolood miuerTda romelime erTi

brunvis niSans, CasaTvlelia formamawarmoebel afiqsad; mag., Sdr.:

”vfiqrob mSvenier qalze”; aq -ze elements ukve aRara aqvs leqsikuri

mniSvneloba - dakarguli aqvs zeda/zed formis semantika da faqtiurad,

micemiTis -s msgavsi funqciiT realizdeba.

-ze Tandebulian brunvis formas qarTulSi mravali funqcia

udasturdeba, kerZod: sintaqsuri: ubralo damateba, adgilis garemoeba,

miznis garemoeba, drois garemoeba, zomisa da odenobis garemoeba,

viTarebis garemoeba, gansazRvreba.

da sxv. fuZeSi moiazreba, ZiriTadad, saderivacio afiqsebi (gul-ad-i, x-is, gul-iT-ad-i da

sxv.)... 8 ver gaviziarebT T. uTurgaiZis mosazrebas, rom win, winidan, winamde... sami sxvadasxva damoukidebeli zmnisarTia.

6

gamosavlianoba, mimarTuleba, lokalizacia, adgilmyofoba sagnis zedapirze,

saganTan siaxlove, fardobiTi dro da sxva.

xSir SemTxvevaSi leqsikuri mniSvneloba sruliad nivelirebulia sxva

amgvar ”TandebulebTanac" (dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986).

vfiqrob, aSenebul-a (< aSenebul ars) tipis zmnaTa bolokiduri ”a"-s

msgavsad, -ze tipis morfemebi relatiur afiqsebad ufro CaiTvlebian,

vidre damxmare sityvebad (-iyo, -arian, -na zmnuri morfemebis Sesaxeb

msgavsi msjelobisaTis ix., foCxua, 1974, 130, Sdr. jorbenaZe, kobaiZe,

beriZe, 1988, 18, 45-46) 9

9 Tu mxolod formaluri principidan amovalT, gveqneba ori jgufi: brunvis niSanTan

Serwymuli da calke mdgomi Tandebuli...

.

brunvis niSani da masTan Serwymuli Tandebuli erTi mTlianobaa

mniSvnelobis aspeqtiTac: arc mxolod brunvis niSans da arc mxolod am

e.w. umaxvilo Tandebuls calcalke ar SeuZlia mag., daniSnulebis

gamoxatva, mag., kac-isTvis formaSi. Sesabamisad, Cven -isTvis segmentian

yalibs: fuZe+isTvis ganvixilavT rogorc damoukidebeli brunvis formas.

am brunvis formis ZiriTadi funqciaa daniSnulebis gamoxatva:

-is- warmoSobiT kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli afiqsi rom aris, xolo -

Tvis "Tavis"/Tavi saxelis istoriuli transformaciiT miRebuli, es xels

ver SegviSlis, rom sinqroniul doneze -isTvis erTiani morfema

daniSnulebis gamomxatav formaTmawarmoebel elementad CavTvaloT.

zogi mecnieri Tvlis, rom am rigis "Tandebulebs" SenarCunebuli aqvT

leqsikuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan, Tandebuli mTlian Sesityvebas aformebs

(cocaniZe, 1992, 191 da cocaniZe, 1982, 25); Sdr., a. onianis kritikuli

msjeloba: amgvar msjelobas Tu bolomde mivyvebiT, "maRali mTebiT"

SesityvebaSi -iT Tandebuli gamova (oniani, 1989, 76). g. cocaniZis azriT,

-idan, -ze tipis morfologiuri erTeulebi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone

formebad unda miviCnioT imitomac, rom SesaZlebelia, mag, "-ken

Tandebulis mniSvneloba gadmoices `mxares" zmnisarTiT" (g.cocaniZe, 1992,

191).

7

vfiqrobT, brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli "Tandebulis" (agreTve, Cveni

terminologiiT, "sakuTriv Tandebulis”) "leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone

elementad" CaTvlisaTvis ver gamodgeba "avtonomiuri sityviT" misi

Canaclebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. brunvis martivi niSanic SeiZleba

Canacvldes; Sdr.: ded-isTvis//ded-isad//ded-iza; qalaq-s//qalaq-Si//qalaqis

mimarTulebiT... Tu rangobrivi dajgufebebis wess moviSveliebT,

aucileblad sxvadasxva rangSi moxvdeba, mag., Sdr: `Tan" da "erTad": kac-

Tan erTad mivdivarT; brunvis niSans Serwymuli Tandebuli (-Tan) da

cakle mdgom Tandebulad warmodgenili "zmnisarTi" aSkarad sxvadasxva

rangSia.

aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom morfemebis arsebuli klasifikaciis

wesebiT, brunvis niSans Serwymuli Tandebulebi ver ganixileba verc

leqsikur morfemebad, verc saderivacio morfemebad da verc nawilakTa

msgavsad, damazustebel morfemebad (Sdr. jorbenaZe, 1995, 10): brunvis

niSani+"Tandebuli" erTianad amyareben sintaqsur Tu semantikur

mimarTebebs, amitomac maTi rogorc rTuli, Serwymuli morfemebis, adgili

isev da isev mimarTebiT afiqsebSia10

amgvarad, brunvis niSanTan Serwymulma Tandebulebma ganviTarebis

rTuli gza gaiares: zmnisarTi→ calke mdgomi Tandebuli (romelic jer

naTesaobiTi brunvis formas daerTvoda sazRvrulis saxiT)→ konkretuli

semantikis mqone morfema→ brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli morfologiuri

.

nawilakebis erTi jgufic (-c, -Ra, -ve) saxelis formas awarmoebs:

daerTvis brunvis formas, ara aqvs Tavisi maxvili, sityvaSi Seaqvs Tavisi

semantika... magram maT ara aqvT brunvaTa sistemaSi erTi myari adgili, ver

asaxaven mimarTebebs da rangiTac gansxvavdebian brunvis niSnebTan

Serwymuli Tandebulebisagan.

10 b.foCxua Soris, Sua, garda, gamo... damxmare sityvebisagan acalkevebs -ken, -Si, -Tvis,

-mdis, -ze... elementebs da maT morfemebad ganixilavs (e.w. funqcionaluri leqsikisa da

morfemebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix. foCxua, 1974, 127). zmniswinebi da -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis,

-ze... elementebi da erTgvaradaa gansaxilveli: isini ar arian damoukidebeli

mniSvnelobis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi, arc saderivacio morfemebi da arc

damazustebeli afiqsebi (nawilakebi); sinqroniul doneze maT aqvT formaTmawarmoebeli

8

elementi, romelsac garkveuli semantikuri informacia11 aqvs, magram

konteqstis mixedviT sxva ganyenebuli mniSvnelobebic aRmoaCndeba; mag.,

`bunebaze Seyvareba" SesityvebaSi -ze mxolod gramatikuli mniSvnelobis

mqonea (dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 84-86, 108; Sdr. WaniSvili, 1981,

39; sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan `dacarielebis procesis" Sesaxeb ix.

foCxua, 1979, 128-129)12

yovelive zemoTqmuli, vfiqrobT, saSualebas iZleva, sinqroniul

doneze erTian, Serwymul (rTul) morfemebad gaviazroT ara mxolod

a.SaniZis mier lokalur brunvebad miCneuli formebis niSnebi (SaniZe, 1980,

73; oniani, 1989, 79; Sdr. Ciqobava, 1961, uTurgaiZe, 1979...), aramed

"brunvis niSanTan TandebulmierTebuli (enklitikuri) sxva formebic

.

e.w. lokaluri brunvebis niSanTa zmnisarTuli warmomavloba ucxo ar

aris arc sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis (ix. cercvaZe, 1965, 166).

13

fuZe+Ø/i

;

isini SeiZleba gavaerTianoT "rTuli brunvebis" saxeliT.

Sdr., martivi brunvebi:

14

SeniSvna: ”uTandebulo" -is brunvis niSania mxolod e.w. genetikur zmnebTan

(ix. uTurgaiZe, 1986, 140; Sdr.: WaniSvili, 1984, 238; ix. agreTve, futkaraZe,

1986, 39)... Cem-Tvis formaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis semantika `Cem"

fuZeSia moazrebuli

: miwa, kaci;

fuZe+m/ma/n: miwa-m, kac-ma, vi-n/aman;

fuZe+s: miwa-s, kac-s;

fuZe+s(i)/is/ Ø: wyaro-si, kac-is, Cemi;

15

elementisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani: forma, myari adgili sityvaSi da

gramatikuli Tu lokaluri (araleqsikuri) semantika. 11 morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis Sesaxeb ix. jorbenaZe, 1995, 18-19. 12 Sdr., zmniswinebi: aqvT konkretuli semantikac, magram mag., wera-dawera; wers-dawers

mimarTebebSi ukve SeZenili aqvT oden gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis unari. 13 Sdr. g.cocaniZis pozicia: igi -idan segments arc erTian rTul morfemad ganixilavs,

magram Tandebulad Tvlis. Cveni azriT, zmnisarTidan momdinare Tandebuli ar SeiZleba

saxelis fuZes uSualod erTvodes; -idan erTiani Serwymuli formaTmawarmoebeli

sufiqsia - brunvis niSania. 14 warmovadgenT mxolod saliteraturo qarTuli enis alomorfebs ("alomorfebs"

viyenebT i.naidas mixedviT. msjeloba ix. t.futkaraZe, 1986, 32).

.

15 samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili msjelobis mixedviT (T.uTurgaiZe, 1886),

msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli naTesaobiTis yalibSi -is formanti sityvamawarmoebeli

sufiqsia da ara brunvis niSani; e.i. am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTi brunvas ar warmoadgens;

9

fuZe+Ti/iT: wyaroTi, kac-iT;

fuZe+d/ad: wyaro-d, kac-ad;

fuZe+ Ø/v/o: deda, miwa-v, kac-o.

Sdr.:

rTuli brunvebi:

myofobiTi: fuZe+sas/isas: margo-sas, mezobl-isas (dawvrilebiT ix.

futkaraZe, 1986, 63-64; ix. agreTve, jorbenaZe,

kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988, 246) Cem-sas16

fuZe+s(a)Tvis/is(a)Tvis/Tvis

Sdr. misas;

daniSnulebiTi: fuZe+sad/isad/dami: wyaro-sad, kaci-sad; Cem-dami; 17

TanaobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tan: deda-sTan, kac-Tan mas-Tan

: wyaro-sTvis, kaci-sTvis,

Cem-Tvis.

msgavsebiTi: fuZe+saviT/iviT: miwa-saviT, Cem-saviT, kac-iviT; aqve SeiZleba

ganvixiloT fuZe+ebr/isebr (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis

ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 93);

sazedao: fuZe+ze/sze: kac-ze, mas-ze;

saSidao: fuZe+Si/sSi: saxl-Si, ma-sSi; 18

mimarTulebiTi: fuZe+s(a)ken/is(a)ken: Cem-sken

, Cem-Tan;

19

TanabrobiTi: fuZe+isTana/Tana: kac-isTana, Cem-isTana (Sdr., dialeqturi

CemTana~);

, kac-isken;

marTlac, naTesaobiTi brunvis gamoyofis safuZveli gvaqvs mxolod TandebulTa win (kacis

mier, kacisken...) da "ZaRls eSinia kacisa" tipis SesityvebaSi, xolo fuZe-is tipis yalibi

warmoqmnis zedsarTavs. Tvisobrivad amave rigisaa fuZe+Tana da fuZe+Tanave (drois

"zmnisarTis" warmomqmneli) yalibebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo or SemTxvevaSic

sagnobrivi mimarTeba icvleba, tradiciuli naTesaobiTi formis msgavsad, am etapze maT

mainc brunvebis rigSi SemovitanT. 16 Cem-sas formaSi -sas analogiTaa gadmosuli arsebiTi saxelebidan. 17 sad/isad/dami/Tvis/isTvis/Tvis/iza/izda... elementebis alomorfebad miCneva SesaZlebelia

morfemaTa identifikaciis wesebidan gamomdinare: `ori elementi erTi morfemis

alomorfebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive maTgani

erTnair mimarTebaSi imyofeba Sinaarsis struqturis erTsa da imave wertilTan"

(glisoni, 1954, 124, oniani, 1989, 46). alomorfebad CaTvlisken isic gvibiZgebs, rom

qarTuli enis Tanamedrove qvesistemebSi ukve romelime maTgania gabatonebuli. 18 Sdr.: masze, masSi, masTan da miwaze, miwaSi, miwasTan/miwaTan... nacvalsaxelis `s"

garkveulwilad fuZis struqturis SenarCunebasac unda apirobebdes: aseT SemTxvevaSi

gaWirdeba -sze, -sSi, -sTan alomorfebis gamoyofa; Sdr. damoukideblad arsad dasturdeba

fuZe: "ma-" fuZe (!): man, mas, mis.

10

TanamdeviTi: fuZe+isTanave: Wam-isTanave (sawyisis brunva);

dawyebiTi: fuZe+dan/idan: wyaro-dan, saxli-dan (Sdr. Cem-gan da

dialeqturi Cem-idan);

TanxlebiTi: fuZe+(Ti)TurT/iTurT: sandroTiTurT/sandroTurT,

kaciTurT20

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis brunebis modelireba gacilebiT

martivad (naklebi operaciebiT) da zustad SeiZleba warmodgenili

yalibebis mixedviT, vidre tradiciuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelzea

SesaZlebeli; TandebulTa istoria, Tandebulisa da brunvis niSanTa

mimarTebis rTuli meqanizmi bevrad gaadidebs kompiuterisaTvis

dasamuSavebel wesebs da manqanas gauzrdis operaciebis raodenobas.

dasaxelebuli brunvebi garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba daiyos srul da

periferiul (i.iakobsoni), an abstraqtul da konkretul (e.kuriloviCi)

brunvebad, magram vinaidan qarTulSi principulad ver gaimijneba

aqtantebisa da garemoebis brunvebi, aseT dayofas arsebiT mniSvnelobas ar

vaniWebT

;

miwevniTi: fuZe+mde/amde: wyaro-mde, saxl-amde, Cem-amde;

21

19 -sken, -mde erTian formantebad rom aris enaSi gaazrebuli, Cans iqidanac, rom Cem-

fuZesTan analogiTaa gadmosuli: Sdr. agreTve: mSia - mSiasaviT da sxv. 20 kvlevis am etapze am zog sxva brunvasac pirobiTad gamovyofT; sakiTxi sistemur

analizs saWiroebs. 21 brunvaTa rTuli sistema damaxasiaTebelia kavkasiuri enebisTvisac; ix. magaliTad,

deSerievi, 1963, 415-449.

.

Cveni azriT, ara mxolod kompiuteri, aramed qarTuli enis

Semswavleli ucxoelic da Tundac qarTveli mowafec warmodgenili

yalibebiT ufro martivad iswavlis Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTuls,

vidre e.w. Tandebulebisa da brunvis niSnebis rTuli urTierTobis

istoriis gaazrebiT. brunvis martivi da rTuli niSnebis warmomavloba

codnis SeZenis ufro maRal safexurze (magistraturaSi, doqtoranturaSi)

unda miewodos dainteresebul pirs.

gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev ramdenime garemoeba:

11

1. lokalur da posesiur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli msgavsi

warmomavlobis brunvebi ara mxolod qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi,

aramed sxva iberiul-kavkasiur da indoevropul enebSic gamoiyofa;

2. yvela enaSi brunvaTa saxelwodebani ZiriTadad semantikuri

motivaciebidan momdinareobs da ara sintaqsuridan; e.i. faqtobrivad,

brunva yvela SemTxvevaSi miCneulia sintaqsur-semantikur monacemad;

3. Tu Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmoSobiT nawevars - man elements -

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad vTvliT (Tanamedrove qarTulSi is ukve

brunvis niSnadaa Camoyalibebuli), warmoSobiT `Tandebuloba" Tu

zmnisarToba ratom uSlis xels -ze, -Si, -mden, -dan... elementebis brunvis

niSnebad miCnevas? sinqroniul doneze segmentaciis dros gaumarTlebelia

istoriul faqtebze operireba (Sdr. uTurgaiZe, 1979, 118-122); brunvaTa

SemTxvevaSic ufro logikuria Sedgenil morfemaTa erTian odenobad

gaazreba; miT umetes, qarTulSi gvaqvs sxva msgavsi aRnagobis morfemebic (-

nar-, -neb-... morfemebis sesaxeb ix.: futkaraZe, 1986);

4. brunvis niSani + "Tandebuli" qarTulad metyvelisTvis erTian

morfemad romaa gaazrebuli, Cans analogiiTac; Sdr.: mSia - mSia-saviT; Cem-

- Cem-amde; aq-idan, aq-amde... Sdr.: aWaruli: ig-ze, iq-Si... veravin ityvis,

rom am tipis masalaSi -s an -a daerTvis fuZes da Semdeg Tandebuli;

5. brunvis niSani + "Tandebuli" erTiani morfema rom aris, Cans

mocemul segmentSi ganxorcielebuli fonetikuri procesis xasiaTiTac:

Cveulebriv, morfemaTa zRvarze izRudeba fonetikuri procesebi; Cvens

SemTxvevaSi, naTesaobiTi brunvis enklitikebis gamoklebiT (gasagebi

mizezebis gamo) fonetikuri procesebi imgvaradve xdeba, rogorc erTi

morfemis farglebSi: d+mde→ mde, T+gan→dgan→dan (Sdr. uTurgaiZe, 1979,

116-124).

6. e.w. Tandebulian brunvebSi brunvis niSani aramdgradia:

fuZeukumSvel saxelebTan an saerTod aRar Cans brunvisniSniseuli

elementi, an kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs: wyaro-mde, wayro-dan; kac-iviT... e.w.

iribi brunvis povnierebaze migviTiTebs mxolod msazRvreli nacvalsaxeli:

am wyaromde, am kaciviT.

12

7. rTuli brunvebi ara mxolod garemoebebad, aramed aqtantebadac

gvevlinebian ("siyvarulze saubrobs"), Sesabamisad, maTi brunvaTa rigidan

gamoricxva "mkacri" stratifikaciuli midgomis SemTxvevaSic ki

SeuZlebelia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom meTodologiuradac SeuZlebelia yvela

garemoeba (pavlemde, margomde, petredan...) zmnisarTad CavTvaloT (Sdr.

uTurgaiZe, 1984, 91-92)22

22 aseve ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac dRes, kargad tipis gaqvavebul formebSi -s, -ad CaTvlilia brunvis moqmed niSnebad (gabunia, 1993).

. Cemi azriT, "petremde" tipis formebi

paradigmidan amovardnili ar aris; Sdr., "dRe" saxelis paradigmidan

amovardnilia zmnisarTi dRes: dRes Camovida da dRes Rame uTenebia;

zmnisarTs Tavisi paradgma aqvs: dRes, dReidan, dRemde (jorbenaZe, 1995,

46).

vfiqrob, manqanuri TargmanisaTvis formalizebuli wesebis SemuSavebas

STambeWdavad gaaadvilebs saxelis formaTwarmoebis procesisadmi Cveneuli

midgoma; kerZod, mag., Caiwereba Semdegi wesi:

qarTulSi daniSnuleba gamoixateba:

a) Tanxmovanze an kvecad xmovanze damTavrebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi -

fuZe+isTvis yalibiT (gaiTvaliswineba kumSvis niuansic);

b) ukvecel xmovanze daboloebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi fuZe+sTvis

yalibiT;

g) I da II piris nacvalsaxelTan: fuZe+Tvis yalibiT da a.S.

bevri sxva enisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulSi saxelTa brunebis erTi

tipi gvaqvs, magram specialistebi am erTi tipis farglebSi ganarCeven

brunebis ramdenime saxeobas; kerZod:

a. SaniZe gamoyofs brunebis sam saxeobas:

1. TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;

2. xmovanfuZiani kvecadi saxelebi;

3. fuZeukveceli saxelebi.

TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi yvela brunvis niSani srulia (saxl-i, saxl-

ma, saxl-s, saxl-is, saxl-iT, saxl-ad, saxl-o).

13

kvecad saxelebSi mokvecili an arasrulia (Zma, Zma-m, Zma-s, Zm-is, Zm-iT,

Zma-d, Zma-o).

fuZeukveceli saxelebis brunebisas icvleba brunvis niSani

naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi: ezo-s-i, ezo-T-i.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelTa brunebis tipebis a.SaniZiseuli klasifikacia

indoevropuli enebis mixedviTaa SemuSavebuli, magram am enebisTvis aseTi

klasifikaciis safuZvelia sqesis kategoria, rac qarTulSi ar gvaqvs.

amdenad, es dayofa TavisTavad logikurad sworia, magram ar aris

qarTulisaTvis adekvaturi.

arn. CiqobavasTvis amosavalia fuZesa da brunvis niSanSi momxdari

cvlilebebi; amis mixedviT igi ganasxvavebs saxelTa brunebis sam tips:

1. ukumSveli saxelebi;

2. kumSvadi da kvecadi saxelebi;

3. ukveceli saxelebi.

TanxmovanfuZian ukumSvel saxelebSi arc brunvis niSani iwvevs

cvlilebas fuZeSi da arc fuZis daboloeba moqmedebs brunvis niSanze

(saxl-i, saxl-ma..).

meore tipis anu kumSvad da kvecad saxelebSi xmovniT dawyebuli

brunvis niSani iwvevs cvlilebas fuZeSi (megobr-is, megobr-iT, megobr-ad;

mT-is, mT-iT; kld-is, kld-iT).

mesame tipis saxelebSi fuZis bolokiduri xmovani moqmedebs brunvis

niSanze, ikveceba brunvis niSniseuli xmovani (wyaro-s-i, wyaro-T-i).

am kvalifikaciaSi winaaRmdegobrivia meore jgufis gamoyofa, vinaidan

kvecadi saxelebis saxelobiT, moTxrobiT brunvaTa niSnebi fuZis gavleniT

fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdian da am mxriv mesame tipis saxelebis jgufs

miekuTvnebian; amis gaTvaliswinebiT, v.Tofuria qarTul enaSi gamoyofs

saxelTa brunebis 4 ZiriTad saxeobas: ukumSveli, kumSvadi, ukveceli da

kvecadi.

b.jorbenaZe saxelTa brunebaSi ori morfologiur tips asaxelebs:

erTfuZians (1) da orfuZians (2): erTfuZianSi igulisxmeba sami qvetipi:

1.1. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT yvela brunvis forma (kaci, qali; siyvaruli,

bedniereba...);

14

1.2. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT mxolod ori forma (-n da -T formantebiT nawarmoebi

mravlobiTis formebi: kac-n-i _ kac-T-a);

1.3. saxelebi, romelTac axasiaTebT nakluli bruneba: Sen, Tqven, Cven...

orfuZianSi warmodgenilia ori qvetipi:

2.1. saxelebi, romelTac saerTo forma aqvs saxelobiTis, moTxrobiTisa da

micemiTisaTvis, erTi mxriv, naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTisaTvis, meore mxriv: me, Cem-ze

(Cem-Tan, Cem-Si), Cem- (TandebulebiT), Cem-iT;

2.2. saxelebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli fuZeebi aqvT saxelobiTsa da yvela sxva

brunvaSi (is, es, igi...).

Cemi azriT, brunebis Taviseburebis mixedviT qarTul enaSi saxelTa

(arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi saxeli,

zmnisarTi) ramdenime jgufi unda gamoiyos:

I. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTSi dairTavs -i-s; brunebisas arc

saxelis fuZe icvleba, arc brunvis niSani: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s, kac-is...

II. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiT brunvas aformebs -i; naTesaobiT,

moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi fuZis bolo marcvlis Semqmneli a, e, o xmovnebi

ikumSeba: dedali, dedalma, dedals, dedlis...

III. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs i-s

(fuZe boloxmovniania); moTxrobiT, naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT

brunvebSi brunvis niSani reducirebulia (ma→m, is→s; iT→T, ad→d, o→v): wyaro,

wyarom, wyaros...

IV. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs

saxelobiTis i-s; brunebisas brunvis niSani ikveceba moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT

brunvebSi, xolo fuZe ikveceba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi: kibe, kibem, kibes,

kibis...

V. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi ar dairTavs brunvis niSans;

saxelobiT, moTxrobiT da wodebiT brunvebSi ikveceba brunvis niSani., naTesaobiT da

moqmedebiT brunvebSi fuZe kargavs or bolo xmovans: fanjara, fanjaram, fanjris...

VI. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma, magram naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT

brunvebSi uCveulo (/arqauli) formiT warmosdgeba: RmerTi - RvTis, ambavi - ambis, Rvino

- Rvinis...

VII. saxels ara aqvs yvela brunvis forma (SezRuduli brunebis saxelebi): Sen,

SeniT, Senamde; dRes, dReidan, dRemde; aq - aqedan - aqamde...

VIII. brunebisas saxeli avlens or fuZes: es - aman, amas; me - Cem-iT, Cem-Tvis...

samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli enis saxelis morfologiur

analizs araerTi naSromi mieZRvna, magram yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili

15

brunvaTa semantikuri mxare. am naklis Sevsebas warmoadgens b. jorbenaZis

naSromi “”brunvaTa semantikuri analizis principisaTvis qarTulSi”.

avtoris azriT, aucilebelia, gansxvavdes brunvaTa morfologiuri,

sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi; mag., micemiTi brunva formis

mixedviT gulisxmobs fuZisa da -s niSnis erTianobas (qalaq-s), sintaqsurad

igi SeiZleba iyos iribi obieqti, pirdapiri obieqti, garemoeba;

semantikurad ki miuTiTebs adresatze (amxanags dauwera), samoqmedo sagans

(saxls iSenebs), moqmedebis iaraRs (CaquCs urtyams), mimarTulebas (qalaqs

miemgzavreba), miwevniTobas (qalaqs Cavida).

daskvnis nacvlad:

specialistTa Soris azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaobaa qarTuli enis

rogorc brunvaTa raodenobis, aseve brunebis qvetipebis Sesaxeb.

warmodgenil Tu sxva axal TvalsazrisTa Soris upiratesoba unda mieniWos

im konceptualur models, romlis mixedviTac daiwereba manqanuri

TargmanebisaTvis saWiro warmatebuli programa.

damowmebuli literatura

e. benvenisti, 1974 _ Э. Бенвенист, Общая лингвистика, М., 1974 bondarko, 1976 - А.О. Бондарько, Теория морфологической категории, Л.,

1976 gabunia, 1993 - k. gabunia, zmnisarTis warmoeba da funqciebi

qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1993 glisoni, 1959-Г. Глисон, Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику, М., 1959 deSerievi, 1963 - Ю.Д. Дешериев, Сравнительно-историческая грамматика

нахскиx языков. Грозный, 1963 esperseni, 1958 - О.Есперсен, Философия грамматики. М., 1958 vinogradovi, 1972 - В.В.Виноградов, Русский язык, М., 1072 iarceva, 1990 - Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред.

В.Н.Ярцевой), М., 1990 kvaracxelia, CxaiZe, 1996 - g.kvaracxelia, l. CxaiZe, qarTuli enis

kompiuterizaciis amocanebi. modeli-96, Tb., 1996 kuriloviCi, 1958 - E. Курилович, Философия грамматики, М., 1958

16

kuriloviCi, 1962 - E. Курилович, Очерки по лингвистике (сборник статей), М., 1962

naida, 1949 - И.Наида, морфология, М., 1949 nebieriZe, 1991 - g.nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1991 oniani, 1989 - a. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1989 uTurgaiZe, 1979 - T. uTurgaiZe, Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba

qarTulSi, kreb. `arnold Ciqobavas", Tb., 1979 uTurgaiZe, 1983 - T. uTurgaiZe, saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur

enebSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1983 uTurgaiZe, 1986 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis

morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986 foCxua, 1974 - b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974

futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis

Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi.

sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis

xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1986.

futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis

warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa mixedviT,

macne, enisa da literaturis sesia, 1986, #3

SaniZe, 1953 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,

1953

Smidti, 1960 - Wilhelm Schmidt, Deutsche Sprachkunele, Berlin, 1960 Ciqobava, 1961 - arn. Ciqobava, Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis

qarTulSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t. 2., Tb.,

1961

Ciqobava, 1952 - arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952

cercvaZe, 1965 - il. cercvaZe, andiuri ena, Tb., 1965

cocaniZe, 1982 - g. cocaniZe, `gan" Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis

sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi, qarTvelur

enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, 1982

cocaniZe, 1992 - g. cocaniZe, saleqsikono masalis SerCevis

principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas, ike, XXXI, Tb.,

1992

WaniSvili, 1984 - Н.В. Чанишвили, Падеж и глагольные категории в грузинском предложении, М., 1981

WaniSvili, 1984 - n. WaniSvili, qarTuli genitivis semantika: Tsu

samecniero krebuli, I, Tb., 1984

jorbenaZe, 1980 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da

funqciuri analizis principebi, Tb., 1980 jorbenaZe, kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988 - b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe,

qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni,

Tb., 1988 jorbenaZe, 1995 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis morflogia, Tb., 1995.

17

Tariel Putkaradze

Case as one the aspects of noun formation

So-called local as well as other forms with a prepositional (enclited) case-marker are

considered in the paper to be fused (complex) morphemes. They can be united under the

name of "complex cases".