‘tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/’ - Burma Library · TarkapawTk usnfqHawGudk aMumufvef hchJzl;w,f? ‘ tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/’ စစ္ခ႐ိုနီမ်ား

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usnfqHawGudk aMumufvef hchJzl;w,f?tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/‘ ’စစခ႐နမားႏင ထငးကမၸဏတ႕၏ ညစညမးေသာေကာကမးေသြးတြငးဘနးေခာငး၊ ထားဝယခ႐င၊ ျမနမာ

ေအာကတဘာ ၂၀၁၅ဆကသြယရန - [email protected]

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2 bef;acsmif;ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfa&;tpD&ifcHpm 2015

qufoG,f&ef -qufoG,f&ef - [email protected]

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xkwfjyefxm;onfh oHo,jzpfzG,f pDrHudef;wpfck ........................................................................................... 17

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jrefrmEdkifiHwGif o,HZmwxkwf,laom vkyfief;rsm;\ yGihfvif;jrifomrI ......................................... 25

jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom Oya'aMumif;&mrsm; ................................................................................................................... 26

xdckdufysufpD;rI jzpfyGm;Edkifajcrsm; ............................................................................................................................... 27

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ed*kH;ESihf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; ................................................................................................................................................... 41

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okawoe enf;em

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ckESpftvkduf pDrHudef;vkyfaqmifrI tcsdefZ,m;


2011 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif; odkYr[kwf 2012 ckESpf tapmydkif;

East Star ukrÜPDu uGrf;acsmif;BuD;aus;&Gm vkyfuGuf 2 twGif;&Sd aus;&Gmom;rsm;\ pdkufysdK;ajray:wGif &Gmom;rsm;\ oabmwlnDcsufr&bJ ajr{u 60 ay:wGif [if;vif;zGihf owåKwGif;azmfjcif; tBuD;pm;vkyfief; pwifcJhonf/

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pufwifbm 2012bef;acsmif;rS urf;½dk;wef;ay:&Sd o&ufacsmif;NrdKUe,f&Sd (qDa'gqdyfurf;) txd o,f ,l ydkYaqmifa&;vrf;azmuf&ef vkyfydkifcGihfudk weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&tzGJUrS arzvm;0g; ukrÜPDodkY csay;cJhonf/

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Zefe0g&D 2013 Thai Asset ukrÜPDu KNU \ cGihfjyKcsufr&SdbJ vrf;azmufjcif;vkyfief; pwifonf/

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rwf 2014ukrÜPDtaeESihf vuf&Sd vkyfief;vkyfudkifaeaom 60 {uxuf xyfwdk;vkyfudkifrnfr[kwf [lonfh oabmwlnDcsufudk KNU Nrdwf-xm;0,fc½dkif wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? East Star ukrÜPDESihf aus;&Gmol aus;&Gmom;rsm; vufrSwfa&;cJhonf/

Edk0ifbm 2014owåKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk qefYusifonhftaeESihf aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;u Thai Asset ESihf East Star wdkY\ vrf;rsm;udk ydwfqdkYcJhonf/ odkYaomf East Star ukrÜPD\vrf;udk KNLA u jyefzGihfay;cJhonf/

Zefe0g&D 2015

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Zlvdkif 2015

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&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&Sdraeonhf rdwfzufpD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIjzihf East Star ukrÜPDudk arzvm;0g; ukrÜPDu ¤if;wdkYudk,fpm; vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcGihfay;xm;onf/ East Star ukrÜPDonf KNLA wyfr[m 4 ESihf eD;uyfaom qufqHa&;&Sdonhf xdkif;ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonf/ East Star ukrÜPDonf jrefrmtpdk;& owåKwGif;ukrÜPDxHrS rnfonhfygrpfrQ wdkuf½dkuf&&SdcJhjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; txufygvkyfuGufokH;ckü vkyfief;vkyfudkif&ef2011 ckESpfwGif KNU Nrdwf-xm;0,fc½dkifxHrS vkyfief;vkyfydkifcGihfvufrSwf &&SdcJhonf/ xdkYtwl KNU rl0g't& KNU A[dktvkyfrIaqmifaumfrwD cGihfjyKcsufvdktyfaomfvnf; East Star ukrÜPDonf ¤if;aumfrwDxHrSvnf; rnfonhfvkyfydkifcGihfrQ wdkuf½dkuf&&Sdjcif;r&Sday/ East Star taejzihf KNLA wyfr[m(4) ESihf aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;aMumihf vkyfief;rsm; taumifxnfazmf&efcGihfjyKcsuf &&SdcJhjcif;omru ¤if;wdkYtm; tumtuG,fay;EdkifrI&Sdonfudk aumif;rGefpGmod&Sdxm;onf/

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3 arzvm;0g;ukrÜPD? t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh &Gmom;rsm;awGUqkHrI? atmufwdkbm 2014


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East Star ukrÜPDonf wpfudk,fwnf; vkyfaqmifaejcif;r[kwfbJ xdkif;EdkifiHrS tiftm;BuD;rm;aompD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;BuD;rsm;u aemufuG,fwGif b@ma&;qdkif&m ulnDaxmufyHhrI aemufcHyg&Sdaeonf/ bef;acsmif;rS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk a&mif;cs&eftwGuf East Star ukrÜPDonf 2012 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfa&;ESihf jzefYjzL;a&;ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonhf Energy Earth ukrÜPDESihf yl;wGJ(tusKd;wl)

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tapmydkif;ü Thai Asset u 2013 ckESpfwGif vrf;pwifazmufvkyfcsdef &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;rSm axmufcHrI ay;cJhMuonf/ ukrÜPDtaeESihf ,if;vrf;azmufvkyfjcif;onf bef;acsmif;ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS ausmuf rD;aoG;rsm;o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef[k rnfodkYrQajymqdkjcif;r&SdbJ &Gmom;rsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf [k,kHMunf& avmufatmif vkyfaqmifxm;onf/ odkYaomf ,if;vrf;onf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm; ydkrdkwl;azmfa&;twGuf jzpfvmrnfqdkonfudk &Gmom;rsm; em;vnfoabmaygufvmaomtcg {u 60 vkyfuGufteD;&Sd uGrf;acsmif; BuD;aus;&GmrSm pdk;a&csdefjrihfwufvmNyD; bef;acsmif;&Gmom;rsm;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESihf vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udk qefYusif&ef pkpnf;nDnGwfvmMuawmhonf/ &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf; (bef;acsmif;a'ocHrsm;) rsm;onf 2014 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif Thai Asset ESihf East Star ukrÜPDwdkY\ vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk ydwfqdkYvdkufMuawmhonf/


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arzvm;0g; owåKwGif;ukrÜPDvDrdwufarzvm;0g; owåKwGif;ukrÜPDvDrdwufarzvm;0g; owåKwl;azmfvkyfief;onf bef;acsmif;wGif ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmf&ef w&m;0ifcGihfjyKrdefY&xm;aom jrefrmukrÜPDjzpfonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDESihf rnfuJhodkYyl;aygif;xm;onfudkrod&aom xdkif;ukrÜPDESpfcku atmufajcvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/ arzvm;0g; ukrÜPDudk 2010 ckepfwGif ukrÜPDrSwfykHwifcJhNyD; befaumufESihf &efukefNrdKUwGif tajcpdkufonf/ ukrÜPDydkif&SifrSm OD;ausmf0if;jzpfonf/ OD;ausmf0if;onf jrefrmjynfwGif owåKwl;azmfjcif;? uRef;? bPfvkyfief;? avaMumif;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifonhf tcsrf;omqkH;aom vkyfief;&Sifrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfonf/ OD;ausmf0if; Ouú|vkyfcJhzl;aom ,ckzsufodrf;vdkufNyD;jzpfonhf jrefrm arzvm;0g;bPfudk tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeu rl;,pfaq;0g; ukeful;onhftzGJUrsm;ESihfcsdwfqufum aiGc0gcsrIrsm;jyKvkyfonf[k pGyfpGJcJhzl;onf/ OD;ausmf0if;onf xdyfwef;tpdk;&ESihf ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf ywfoufqufET,frIrsm;&Sdonf/ olydkifqdkifonhf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm csif;qkukrÜPD? csif;qk arzvm;0g; Budwfom;puf½kH? TN Resources (Singapore)? yxkrfxmeDopfpuf (xdkif;EdkifiH)ESihf &efukef tJa0;avaMumif;vdkif;wdkY jzpfonf/6

East Star Company Limited

East Star Company onf KNU c½dkiftqihf cGihfjyK csufjzihf bef;acsmif;wGif {u 60 &Sdaom ajrtus,f t0ef;ay:ü owåKwl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;udk taumif txnfazmfcJhonf/ þxdkif;ukrÜPDudk 1983 ckESpf wGif wnfaxmifcJhNyD; cswfcsmA,femEGwf rdom;pku t"du&S,f,mydkifqdkifum ukrÜPD'g½dkufwmrsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ East Star Company onf 2007 ckepfwGif ausmufrD;aoG; wl;azmfjcif;pDrHudef;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif; vefzGef;a'owGif pwifvkyfaqmif cJhonf/

Thai Asset Mining Company Limited

Thai Asset ukrÜPDonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS ausmufrD;aoG;udk xdkif;ESihf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS 0,folrsm;odkY a&mif;csonf/ ukrÜPDonf xdkif;EdkifiHta&SUydkif;c½dkifrsm; jzpfonhf cRefbl&DESihf &a,mif;rS bdvyfajr? puúL? qdk;aq;ESihf tpm;taomufvkyfief;rsm;odkY a&mif;csonf/ Thai Asset ukrÜPDonf w½kwfESihf tdE´d,&Sd t"du"mwftm;ay;puf½kHrsm; odkYvnf; a&mif;csNyD; ausmufrD;aoG;udk awmifudk;&D;,m;? xdkif0rfESihf *syefEdkifiHodkYvnf; wifydkYEdkif&ef pDpOfvsuf&Sdonf/ pufrIvkyfief;rsm;odkY wdkuf½dkufa&mif;csonhftjyif Thai Asset ukrÜPDonf EdkifiHjcm;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;wpfqihfcHa&mif;csaom ukefoG,fvkyfief;pkrsm;odkYvnf; a&mif;csonf/

Energy Earth Public Company Limited

Energy Earth trsm;ydkifukrÜPDudk 2007 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhNyD; tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? umvDrefwefrS wpfqihfcHukrÜPDjzpfonhf PT. TRI TUNGGAL PITRIATI (TPP) rS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk t"duxm;a&mif;csonf/ ukrÜPDonf xdkif;? w½kwf? tdEd,? awmifudk;&D;,m;EkdifiHrS azmufonfrsm;odkY tjcm;Mum;cHukrÜPD jzpfonhf Energy Perfect Company Limited (EPCL) rSwpfqihf a&mif;csonf/ Energy Earth ukrÜPDonf tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrS ausmufrD;aoG;udkom tm;xm;ae&rIudk a&Smif&Sm;vdkonhftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHodkY vkyfief;wdk;csJUvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ukrÜPD\ yef;wdkifjzpfonhf ]]5 ESpf? owåKwGif; 5 wGif;? aps;uGuf 5 ck}} t& owåKwGif;topfrsm;wdk;csJU&efESihf zdvpfydkif? a[mifaumifESihf xdkif0rfodkY aps;uGufwdk;csJU&efvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHodkY vkyfief;wdk;csJU vmykH&onf/ Energy Earth onf befacsmif;wGif owåKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGifyg0ifaom wpfckwnf;aom trsm;ydkifukrÜPDjzpfNyD; xdkif;EdkifiH pawmhaps;uGufwGif “EARTH” trnfjzihf &S,f,mta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfonf/7

6 http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19247 Energy Earth Annual Report 2014


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East Star ukrÜPDonf ,cifu woD;wjcm;&SdNyD; tcsif;csif;&if;ESD;cspfMunfrI&Sdonhf bef;acsmif;a'oodkY vkyfief;vkyfudkif&ef xdkif;rS tvkyform;rsmudk ac:aqmifcJhonf/ tcsKdUvkyfom;rsm;onhf owåKwGif;teD; awmifay:wGif ewf½kyfxkBuD;wpfckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ ,if;"avhESihf &if;ESD;rIr&Sdonhf a'ocHrsm;onf ,if;ewf½kyftm; aMumuf&GHUrI&SdcJhonf/


bef;acsmif;wGif owåKwGif;okH; x&yfum;BuD;rsm;aMumihf ,mOfrawmfrqrIrsm;ESihfbef;acsmif;wGif owåKwGif;okH; x&yfum;BuD;rsm;aMumihf ,mOfrawmfrqrIrsm;ESihftEÅ&m,f&SdzkefrIefY npfnrf;rIrsm; jzpfay:aeonf/tEÅ&m,f&SdzkefrIefY npfnrf;rIrsm; jzpfay:aeonf/


owåKwGif;xGuftrIdufrsm;udk uGrf;acsmif;BuD;owåKwGif;wGif tpktykHvdkuf pGefYypfxm;onf/owåKwGif;xGuftrIdufrsm;udk uGrf;acsmif;BuD;owåKwGif;wGif tpktykHvdkuf pGefYypfxm;onf/

uGrf;acsmif;uav;prf;acsmif; (o,fbvkzdk;uvdk;) prf;acsmif;onf owåKwGif;rS atmufbufodkY pD;qif;onf/uGrf;acsmif;uav;prf;acsmif; (o,fbvkzdk;uvdk;) prf;acsmif;onf owåKwGif;rS atmufbufodkY pD;qif;onf/


trsm;aus;&Gm&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;ykHrS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; avmifuRrf;aepOf/trsm;aus;&Gm&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;ykHrS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; avmifuRrf;aepOf/


uaxmif;eD&Gm&Sd uGrf;oD;vkyfief;odkY avSjzihfc&D;oGm;aeonhf &Gmom;rsm;/ uaxmif;eD&Gm&Sd uGrf;oD;vkyfief;odkY avSjzihfc&D;oGm;aeonhf &Gmom;rsm;/

owåKwGif;trIdufykHrsm;teD; upm;cJhonhf uav;wpfOD;\ vufay:wGif ta&jym;a&m*gjzpfvmykH/owåKwGif;trIdufykHrsm;teD; upm;cJhonhf uav;wpfOD;\ vufay:wGif ta&jym;a&m*gjzpfvmykH/


Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ukvor*¾\ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\tcGihfta&; (UNDRIP) udk 2007 ckESpfwGif vufcHusihfokH;&ef oabmwlcJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHwumu vufcHxm;aom Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;taMumif;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif em;vnfoabmaygufolenf;vSNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH\ Oya'rsm;wGif Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\tcGihfta&;udk xnhfoGif;todtrSwfjyKrI r&Sday/ ,if;tpm; tpdk;&u wdkif;&if;om; 8 rsKd;ESihf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; odkYr[kwf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk 135 pkudkom todtrSwfjyKxm;onf/ ,if;odkY vlrsKd;pkrsm; pkzGJUowfrSwfxm;jcif;onf oabmxm;uGJjym;apNyD; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfum jrefrmEdkifiH\uGJjym;rI pkHvif<u,f0vSonhf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkvnf; udk,fpm;rjyKay/ u&iftygt0if wdkif;&if;om;a'ocHtrsm;tjym;onf jynfwGif;wGif vTrf;rdk;rIr&Sdjcif;? ordkif;aMumif;&Sdjcif;? bdk;bGm;pOfquf e,fajrydkifqdkifrI&Sdjcif;ESihf rdrdudk,fudk todtrSwfjyKEdkifjcif; ponhftcsufrsm;udk tokH;jyKum EdkifiHwum t,ltqudk tajccHxm;onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rlabmifudk ydkrdktokH;jyKvmMuonf/12

bef;acsmif;owåKvkyfief;onf bef;acsmif;a'owGif aexdkifaom Xmaeu&ifa'ocHrsm;\ tcGihfta&;udk csKd;azmufNyD; txl;ojzihf UNDRIP tyk'f 10 wGif azmfjyxm;onhf Xmaewdkif;&if;wdkif;om;rsm;\ vGwfvyfí BuKdwifn§dEdIif;oabmwlnDcsuf&,ljcif; (FPIC) udk csKd;azmufvsuf&Sdonf/ bef;acsmif;a'ocHrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyfESihf KNLA wdkY\ vTrf;rdk;rIudkaMumuf&GHUMuNyD; owåKvkyfief;ESihfywfoufonhf ¤if;wdkY\ oabmxm;rSwfcsufudk vGwfvyfpGmay;cGihfr&Muay/ owåKwGif;aMumihf O,smOfNcHajrqkH;½IH;cJhonhf &Gmom; rsm;onf pDrHudef;taMumif; BuKdwiftoday;olr&SdbJ ajr,mrsm;odrf;qnf;cH&NyD; oD;ESHrsm; zsufqD;cH&rSom od&SdcJhMuonf/

¤if;wdkYudk owåKwGif;tm; cGihfjyKcGihfcsay;&mwGifvdktyfonhf vlxkyg0ifrIESihf owif;tcsuftvuf yGihfvif; jrifomrIrsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ vQKdU0SufcJhum bef;acsmif;ausmufrD;aoG;ESihfywfoufí jzpfvmEdkifonhf tusKd;&v'frsm;udk vkHavmufpGmtoday;jcif; r&SdcJhay/ odkYjzpfí bef;acsmif;owåKwGif; pDrHudef;onf FPIC \ vdktyfcsufokH;&yfudk csKd;azmufcJhonf/ pDrHudef;yg tcsuftvufrsm;onf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKbJ pDrHudef;udk a&SUqufvkyfudkifonfxufpmvQif bef;acsmif;wGif ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfjcif;? vkyfief;wdk;csJUjcif;ESihf qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;tay: u&ifa'ocHrsm;\ jiif;y,fcGihfudk av;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/

12 For more information on the state of indigenous rights in Myanmar, see the joint submission to the 23rd session of the UN Universal

Periodic Review, by the Coalition of Indigenous Peoples in Myanmar/Burma, March 2015.


bef;acsmif; ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;onf tjcm; ukvor*¾rSxkwfjyefaMunmonhf Xmae wdkif;&if;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;pGmudkvnf; csKd;azmufcJhonf/ UNDRIP tyk'f 13 wGif azmfjyxm;onhf a'ozGHUNzdK;rItwGuf a'ocHrsm;\ udk,fydkifOD;pm;ay;rIESihf r[mAsL[ma&G;cs,fydkifcGihfudk csKd;azmufum a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;\ zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf udk,fydkifvrf;a&G;cGihfudk owfrSwf&ef tcGihfta&;ray;cJhay/ owåK ukrÜPDrsm;\ bef;acsmif;&Sd avxk? ajrxkESihf a&xknpfnrf;rIonf u&ifvlxk\ tjrihfqkH; usef;rma&; tqihf cHpm;ydkifcGihf (tyk'f 24) ESihf olwdkY\ obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf; umuG,fydkifcGihf (tyk'f 29) udk csKd;azmufonf/ txl;ojzihf bef;acsmif;&Sd u&ifajray:wGif owåKwGif;xGuf npfnrf;ajrpmrsm; Oya'rJhpGefYypfrIESihf odkavSmifxm;rIonf UNDRIP tyk'f 29 udk csKd;azmufonf/13

bef;acsmif;&Sd u&ifvlxkonf ¤if;wdkY\ajr,mESihf t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf ½dk;&mt& euf½dIif;onhf qufET,frI &Sdonf/ rsKd;½dk;pOfquftvdkuf tvSnhfuspdkufysdK;a&;? ig;xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;uef (tdkif) rsm;ESihf opfawmtokH;jyKrIudk xkH;wrf;"avht&usihfokH;NyD; ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfESihf udkufnDonhf NydKifbufuif; enf;vrf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;onhf ½dk;&mwdkif;&if;aq;udk xdef;odrf;tm;ay;onf/

bef;acsmif;onf xm;0,fc½dkiftwGif; ,if;Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;udk usihfokH;qJjzpfonhf a'oESpfckwnf;&Sdonhfteuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumihf bef;acsmif; ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfjcif; vkyfief; onf a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;\ toufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkHNcHKrIudk Ncdrf;ajcmuf½kHomru a'ocHrsm;\ ½dk;&mt& ydkifqdkifonhf ajr,mudkyg xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufcGihf (tyk'f 24) ESihf ¤if;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfESihf ,Ofaus;rI todrsm;udk xdef;odrf;? csKyfudkif? umuG,f zGHNzdK;cGihf (tyk'f 31) wdkYudk csKd;azmuf½kHomru ¤if;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIwpfckvkH;ESihf vlaerIb0udk zsufqD;&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/

13 UNDRIP Article 29: “States shall take eff ective measures to ensure that no storage or disposal of hazardous materials shall take

place in the lands or territories of indigenous peoples without their free, prior and informed consent.”


uGrf;oD;ajcmuf xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;pOfwGif ulnDaeonhf uav;rsm;uGrf;oD;ajcmuf xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;pOfwGif ulnDaeonhf uav;rsm;

a&mif;cs&ef uGrf;oD;o,fvmonhf &Gmom;wpfOD;a&mif;cs&ef uGrf;oD;o,fvmonhf &Gmom;wpfOD;


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14 awGUqkHar;jref;rI 1? bef;acsmif;a'o? Zlvkdif 2013

ed*kH;ESihf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

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TarkapawT k

usnfqHawGudk aMumufvef hchJzl;w,f?tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/‘ ’စစခ႐နမားႏင ထငးကမၸဏတ႕၏ ညစညမးေသာေကာကမးေသြးတြငးဘနးေခာငး၊ ထားဝယခ႐င၊ ျမနမာ

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‘tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/’ - Burma Library · TarkapawTk usnfqHawGudk aMumufvef hchJzl;w,f? ‘ tckawmh bl'dkZmawGudk aMumufae&NyD/’ စစ္ခ႐ိုနီမ်ား