Term Paper.pdf

1

msweavb mskvabx (1973 _K 2014) cwZ evsjv`k

Uvg ccvi

cYqY, gvQvt Zvwbqv Avdwib

Rv.we ivj t 9545722 Rv.we. iwR t 1566686

Kvm ivj t 434

Md t we

RvZxq wekwe`vjq KZK cbxZ 2009-2010 wkv eli bZzb ckci aviv Abyhvqx AvewkK welq wnmve Uvg ccviwU Dcvcbi Rb cYxZ|

Dc vcbvq t gvQv t Zvwbqv Avdwib wefvM t Abvm PZz_ el (ivwevb) miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi

ZveavqK t Rbve gvt wgRvbyi ingvb mnhvMx AavcK miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi

2

gyLe

Uvg ccvi cYqb Avgv`i cvVg GKwU AvewkK welq| GKwU Melbv agx wbe|

GKwU ^vaxb ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh| evsjv`k me c_g 1972 mvji 4

bfi^ MYcwil`i gvag msweavb cYqb Kiv nq Ges cieZxZ wewfb mgq Zv

mskvab Kiv nq| G mskvabi dj msweavbi wewfb avivq e cwieZb mvwaZ nq|

GB cwZ ev e cqvRb gUvbvi j GB MelYvagx ccvi iPbvq Dz nqwQ|

GwU GKwU weklY agx MelYvg~jK KvR hv cieZxZ mswk welq MelYvg~jK

KvRi Rb eeZ nZ cvi| msweavb mskvab AvBbi cwZ Avgiv AbZ_

RvbZ cvwi|

3

KZZv ^xKvi

ce c iPbv Kiv GKwU KwVb KvR| G aibi KvR mv`b KiZZ wMq AbKi

mvnvh I mnhvwMZvi cqvRb nq| G evcvi Avgvi ZveavqK Rbve gvt wgRvbyi

inngvb wewfb mgq civgk I mnhvwMZv w`q mvnvh KiQb| wewfb mnvqK M

cqvRbxq Z_ _K h evcK mvnvh MnnY KiwQ Ges m Rb Avwg m mKj

jLK`i KvQ Avgvi AvwiK KZZv cKvk KiwQ| ZvQvov MelYvg~jK KvR KiZ

wMq Avwg Avgvi mncvVx I evex`i AbK civgk I mnhvwMZv cqwQ Zv`i

RvbvB AvwiK abev`|

mekl GB MelYvagx Uvg ccvi Zwi KiwQ Ges G _K Avwg msweavb

mskvabx t cwZ evsjv`k G welq KvR Kivi myhvM w`q Avgvi vbi

cwiwaK cmvwiZ KiQ eY| m Rb Avwg Zveavbi wbKU KZZv cKvk

KiwQ|

4

m~Pxc

c_g Aavq t

1.1| f~wgKv

1.2| msweavbi msv

1.3| evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg

wZxq Aavq t

2.1| evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm

2.2| evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ|

ZZxq Aavq t

3.1| evsjv`ki cwZ msweavbi wewfb mskvabxmg~n|

3.2| c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973

3.3| wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973

3.4| ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974

3.5| PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979

3.6| cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj)

3.7| l mskvabx AvBb 1981

3.8| mg mskvabx AvBb 1986 (evwZj)

3.9| Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988

3.10| beg mskvabx AvBb 1989

3.11| `kg mskvabx AvBb 1990

3.12| GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

3.13| v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

3.14| qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj)

3.15| PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004

3.16| c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011

3.17| lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014

Mcw

5

c_g Aavq

1.1 f~wgKv t

AvaywbK weki mKj cKvi kvmb ee v kvmK I kvwmZi AvBbMZ

mKi Dci cwZwZ| Avi kvmK I kvwmZi ga G mywbw` mK vwcZ nqQ

mvsweavwbK wqv cwZwqvi gvag| myZivs `Lv hvQ: msweavbi gvagB ivi

kvmb ee v cwiPvwjZ I wbqwZ nq| miKvii ic msweavbi vivB wbavwiZ nq|

ZvB msweavb nQ GKwU ivi PvwjKv kw| msweavb Qvov Kvb ivB myzfve

cwiPvwjZ nZ cvi bv| ZvB msweavb cwZwU ^vaxb `ki Rb AZvekK|

1.2 msweavbi msv t

(K) g~j msv t

msweavb ejZ m me wjwLZ AwjwLZ gj weavbewjK eySvq hv ivi gZvi

eenvi I eUb ixwZK cfvweZ Ki Ges wewfb cwZvbi ga m^ wbYq Ki|

evcK A_ msweavb ejZ `ki kvmbee v wbqYKvix wjwLZ I AwjwLZ me iKg

wbqgKvbybK eySvq| G wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb A_ AvBb Gi AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb

A_ cPwjZ c_v, ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi ee v cfwZ eySvbv nq|

Prof. Herman Finer Gi gZ, The system of fundamental

political institutions is the constitution.

ivwevbx Leacock Gi gZ, Constitution is nothing but the form

of government.

6

myZivs h mKj wbqgKvbyb I wewaweavb miKvi wKfve msMwVZ ne, miKvii gZvB

ev wK _vKe, wKfve G gZv cqvM Kiv ne| miKvii wewfb wefvMi ga wKfve

gZv eUY ne Ges G`i cvivwiK mKB ev wK neZv wbaviY Ki G`i

mgwMZ icKB msweavb ejv nq| e Z msweavb Kvb iv ev miKvii h_vh_ ^ic

ev cKwZ wbaviY Ki|

1.3 evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg t

evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg Zv Rvbvi Rb evsjv`ki eZgvb msweavbi

KwZcq DjLhvM wewk w`Ki AvjvKcvZ GLvb GKv AvekK|

c_gZ, evsjv`ki ivKvVvgvi ^xKwZ msweavb myfveB c` vb Kiv nqQ|

evsjv`k hnZz Kvb AivR ev c`k bB| hnZz GLvb miKvii mKj gZv

K `xq miKvii nvZ b Kiv nqQ |

evsjv`ki fMvwjK Ae vb I AvqZbi ev eZvK KvhKifveB aviY KiQ

evsjv`ki msweavb|

wZxq, msweavbB evsjv`ki mevP AvBb| evsjv`ki f~L me GB msweavbi

cvavbB ^xKZ|

ZZxqZ, miKvii wewfb Ai ga fvimvg cwZvi Pv iqQ evsjv`ki

msweavb| AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM hvZ ^ ^ cwigj AwcZ `vwqZ h_vh_fve

cvjb KiZ cvi evsjv`k msweavb mw`K wekl bRi w`qQ|

PZz_Z, weki Abvb MYZvwK ivi msweavbi bvq evsjv`g msweavbi iv

cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ mg~n wjwce Kiv nqQ| mekwgvb Avjvni Ici c~Y Av v I

wekvm RvZxqZvev`| MYZ, A_bwZK I mvgvwRK, bvqwePvi mgvRZ G 4wU gj

Av`k evsjv`ki msweavb iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnmve ^xKwZ cqQ |

7

cgZ, gwjK AwaKvii mwbek evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv `vb KiQ|

RbMYi mvgi AwaKvi, Pjvdjv mfv mwgwZ, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, evK-

^vaxbZv, mwi ^vaxbZv, agxq ^vaxbZv, ckv MnYi ^vaxbZv, `j MVbi ^vaxbZv

cfwZ gwjK AwaKvi mg~n evsjv`ki msweavb wbwZ Kiv nqQ| Riwi Ae v

eZxZ iv Rb mvaviYi Gme AwaKvi msiY eva|

lZ, evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq Ges wjwLZ|

mgZ, MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU we vwiZ wjwLZ `wjwj| msweavbwU

11wU fvM wef Ges ZvZ 153wU AbyQ`, GKwU c vebv I ZvZ 4wU Zdwmj

iqQ| GB msweavb `xN Ze`xNZi bq| wjwLZic evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv

`vb KiQ|

myZivs ejv hvq h, evsjv`ki msweavbi bgbxq cKwZ evsjv`k msweavbK mKj

hyMB KiQ myhvchvMx| Avi G K_v Avgiv Mei mv_ ejZ cvwi evsjv`ki

msweavb weki AbZg k msweavb|

8

wZxq Aavq

2.1 evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm t

^vaxbZv jvfi ci evsjv`ki MYcwil`i gvag c~Yv msweavb KvhKvix nq 1972

mvji 16 wWmi^| wK Gi c~e ^vaxbZv NvlYvKvj (1972 mvji 26 gvP) _K

^vaxbZv ARb (1971 mvji 16 wWmi^) I 1972 mvji 16 wWmi^ ch Avgiv

AeZxKvjxb y`wU msweavb cvB:

1. ^vaxbZvi NvlYv c (10 Gwcj 1971)

2. A vqx msweavb Av`k (11 Rvbyqvwi 1972)

AeZx msweavb : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb`K AeZx msweavb ej| 10

Gwcj 1971 evsjv`ki miKvii MVbi c~e GB ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb` MnY Kiv

nq| evsjv`k ^vaxbZv NvlYv mb` iPbv Kib evwivi Avwgij Bmjvg|

A vqx mvsweavwbK Av`k Rvwi: 11 Rvbyqvwi 1971 Rvwi Kib RvwZi wcZv eez

kL gywReyi ingvb|

MYcwila Av`k Rvwi: 23 gvP 1972 Rvwi Kib ivcwZ wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix|

MYcwil` Lmov msweavY:

Dvcb: 12 Avei, 1972 mvj|

Lmov msweavb MnxZ: 4 bf^i, 1972 mvj|

Lmov msweavb ^vi: 14 wWm^i, 1972 mvj|

msweavb KvhKi: 16 wWm^i, 1972|

msweavb iPbvi KwgwU:

m`m t 34 Rb

AvIqvgx jxM m`m t 33 Rb

GKgv weivax `jxq m`m t 1 Rb (myiwZ mb )

KwgwUi cavb t Wvt Kvgvj nvmb

GKgv gwnjv m`m t eMg ivwRqv evby (eivev)

9

MYcwil`i m`m msLv t

1970 mvji wWmi^ _K i Ki 1971 mvji gvP gvm ch wbevPbi RvZxq I

cv`wkK cwil` wbevwPZ m`m gvU (RvZxq cwil` 169 + cv`wkK cwil` 300)

469 Rb| G`iK wbqB MYcwil` MwVZ nq| Ze G`i ga wewfb mgq

gviv hvq t 12 Rb

cvwK vbi bvMwiK nq t 2 Rb

`vjvwj AvBb AvUK t 5 Rb

MYcwil` m`m (m`m c` evwZj):

Av`k AvIqvgx jxM _K ewntZ t 46 Rb

e`wkK mvwfm hvM`vb Ki t 1 Rb gvUt 66 Rb evwK 403 Rb m`m wbq MYcwil` KgZrciZv Pj| G`i g` 400 Rb wQjb

AvIqvgx jxM Ges 3 Rb wQjv weivax`jxq|

MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb t

1972 mvji 10 Gwcj MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb em| GB Awaekbi 34 Rb

m`mwewk GKwU Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| evsjv`ki AvBb gx

Wv: Kvgvj nvmb GB Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwUi Pqvigvb wbhy nb| GB

KwgwUZ gv GKRb weivax `jxq m`m wQjb (myiwZ mb)| 1972 mvji 17

Gwcj G Lmov kvmb Z cYqb KwgwUi c_g Awaekb em| G evcvi gvU 98wU

mycvwik GmwQj| Zvi ga gv GKwU mycvwik MnY Kiv nqwQj|

Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwU megvU 74wU eVK wgwjZ nq kvmbZi Lmov ic

cYqbi 300 NUv mgq eq Kib| wbRi avb-aviYv I mycvwiki AvjvK evcK

AvjvPbvi ci KwgwU 10 Ryb kvmbZi GKwU cv_wgK Lmov Abygv`b Kib|

Gici KwgwUi mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Abvb `ki msm`xq ee v

10

AejvKbc~eK Lmov kvmbZi wU wbicYi Rb weUb, fviZmn KqKwU `k

mdi Kib|

AZtci wZwb `k wdi Avmj 1972 mvji 12 Avei KwgwUi mekl eVK

AbywZ nq Ges KwgwU KZK GB w`b kvmbZi c~bv Lmov P~ovfve MnxZ nq|

MYcwil`i 2q Awaekb t

1972 mvji 12 Avei MYcwil`i Avei MYcwilai wZxq Awaekb em| G

Awaekb Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Lmov kvmbZ

wej AvKvi Dc vcb Kib|

1972 mvji 19 Avei G Lmov kvmbZ c_g cvV G mvaviY AvjvPbv i nq|

30 Avei ch Gi Dci mvaviY AvjvPbv PjZ _vK| 19 Avei _K 30

Avei ch 10wU eVK gvU 32 NUv ai G AvjvPbv Pj| G mgq weji Dci

gvU 163wU mskvabx c ve Avbv nq| wK gv 84wU mskvabx c ve MnxZ nq| G

mskvabx c vejvi AwaKvskB wQj msweavbi f~jwU mwKZ|

1972 mvji 4 bf^i Lmov msweavb weji Dci ZZxq I mekl Awaekb em|

GB Awaekb MYcwil`i m`mMY n wjwLZ kvmbZi g~j AbywjwcZ ^vi`vb

Kib Ges Aekl 1972 mvji 16 wWm^i MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKi

nq|

2.2 evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ t

msweavb mskvabx:

h cwqv Aejb^c~eK Kvbv iv KZK MnxZ msweavbi wewfb welq MwZkxj I

wqvkxj Ki Zvjvi Rb cwigvRb, cwieab, mskvab wKsev myhvchvMx Ki Zvjv

nq ZvK msweavb mskvab ejv nq|

msweavb mskvabx:

11

evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq GK mvaviY AvBb cYqb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq

bv| msweavb weavb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq bv| msweavb weavb iqQ h, RvZxq

msm` msweavbi h Kvb weavbK mskvab KiZ cvi Ze GRb wbwjwLZ `ywU kZ

cvjb KiZ ne|

c_gZ, msweavb mskvabi Kvbv wejB msm`i weePbvi Rb MnY Kiv hve bv|

hw` bv D