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8/10/2019 Thap Hap Thu

1/68

Khi nim:Hpthkhbngchtlngl qu trnh chuyncu

tkh tpha kh vo trong pha lngthng qua qu

trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng khi chngtipxc vinhau.

Phn loi:

Hpthu vtl: khng tngtc ha hcl qutrnh thunnghch.

Hpthu ho hc: cphnngha hc

Hp th- Absorption


2/68

Cchcaqu trnh c thchia thnh 3 bc:Khuchtn cc phn tcht nhimthkh trong

khikh thinbmtcadung dchhpth.

Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh vo b mt cadung dchhpth

Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn

cch vo su trong lng chtlnghpth

Hp th- Absorption


3/68

NHIT QU TRNH

Hpthu ngnhit:

C giinhit

Hpthu khng ngnhit

Tanhit

onnhit

Hiungnhitcaqu trnh hpthtra trong stayho l hoctnh theophngtrnh.

Nhitcaphnngho tan


4/68

TRAO I CHT V L THUYT LP BIN

trao imt lng(khi lng)cht nhim tkh thivo cht lnghp th,cnphi trao icc

phntqua vng ranh gii.

Cng trao i thcph thuc vo cc yu t:nhit,p sut,nng,ha tan.

Nng phn t pha cht kh ph thuc vo hai

hintngkhuchtn: Khuchtn riv khuchtnphn t


5/68


6/68

TRAO I CHT

Cngtrao ichttpha ny sang pha kia:Phngtrnh trao icht:

ivilpbin kh:

)( AiAGGA ppkN

)( ALAiLA CCkN

i vi lp bin cht lng:

kG: Hstrao ichtpAG : p sut ring ca cht A trongkhikh

pAi : p sut ring ca cht A thucpha kh trnbmtchtlng


7/68

ng dng

X l kh nhim Lu lng kh cn x l ln

Nng cht nhim khng qu nh

Thng x l SOx, HCl, H2S, HF, Cl2, NOxaxeton, p dngphng php ny trong qu trnh x l kh

thisthiuqukinh tcao

Thu hiccc chttunhon hocchuynsangcc cng onsnxutkhc.


8/68

CHT HP TH (DUNG MI)

iu kin la chn dung dch hp th: ho tan chnlc

bay hitngithp

Tnh nmn cadung mi thp Chi ph

nhtb, khi tr lccaqu trnh cng nh, tng

tchpthv c licho qu trnh truynkhi. Cc tnh chtkhc:

Nhitdung ring, nhitngrn,tota,chi


9/68

CHT HP THPHBIN

Nc (H2O)Dung dch baz: KOH, NaOH, Na2CO3, K2CO3,

Ca(OH)2, CaCO3,

MonoEtanolAmin (OHCH2CH2NH2), Dietanolamin(R2NH), trietanolamin (R3N)

D bay hi nn tht thot nhiu

n mn ho hcLin kt vi CO2rt bn nn kh phn hy hon

nguyn


10/68


11/68

Giao dng - Crossflow

Ngc dng

PHN LOI THIT B HP TH

Phn loi theo dng chy:


12/68

THP PHUN

uim:

Vn tc dng kh trong thp cao lm cho kh nnghpthtngngk.

ngknh thp nhnn mt tinh (50 90

m3/m2

), titkimdung dchhp thnhngvnchohiusutcao.

Nhcim:

Thitbdbnmn, ihiphic lpphbov,lm tnggi thnh chtothitb

Cnphi c h thng tngiuchnh lu lngdung dchhpthphun vo thitb. Dung dchphi

cphun ukhptitdinthp.


13/68


14/68

THP PHUN


15/68

THP PHUN

Thp phun rng Thp phun dnga quay

Jet tower


16/68


17/68

CC LOI THIT B HP TH

Thp m:

Chtlngctitrn lpmrngv chyxungditorabmttcalpvtliumcho dng kh tdiiln.


18/68

CC LOI THIT B HP TH


19/68

CC LOI THIT B HP TH(tt)

u im:Hiu qu x l cao

Vn hnh n gin

Gi thnh thit b chp nhn cNhc im:

Kh khn trong khu ra vt liu m

D gy tc nghn vt liu m do tch t cn, lmtng tr lc qu trnh hp th

Phn phi dung dch hp th phi u khp tit din

thp


20/68

Vt liu m

m pack

L

p

m

ng

m vng raschig


21/68

Vt liu m


22/68

Vt liu ch to m Ceramic

Porcelain Stoneware - Unglazed/Glazed Alumina

High Polymers Polypropylene PVC PVDF

Ferrous - Non Ferrous Carbon Steel

Stainless Steel Aluminium, etc., Carbon Glass Standards: IS - 7087 - 1979


23/68

CC LOI THIT B HP TH

Thp mm:Thp hnh tr thngng, trong c gncc mm c

cutokhc nhau, trn pha lngv pha kh c

cho tipxc vinhau. Qu trnh chung cacthp ls tip xc pha nghch dng mc d trn mi mm

hai pha kh v lngtipxc giao dng


24/68

THP MM

uim: C thsdngcho cqu trnh chngctlnhpth.

Hiusutkhng thay inhiutheo lulnghi.

Nhcim: Khi vntckh lnc thgy nn sli cunchccc

gitlngtrong dng hitmm diln mm trn lm

gim sbin i nng to nn bi qu trnh truynkhi,lm gimhiusut.

Ngoi ra cn to gim p ln cho pha kh lm tng

cng sutmy nn kh cho thp.

THP MM


25/68

(d) Mm vi valve caps

(b) Mm van(c) Mm chp(a) Mm c l

THP MM


26/68

THP MM


27/68

Hnh: Trng thi ca cht lng khi tip xc vi mm

(a) Bi nc (b) bt (c) Nh tng (d) Bong bng (e) Bt t bo

Cht lngmang ra khng c btkh pha

dimm

Himang ra khng c git lngpha trn

cammKhng c schycachtlngthng qua

mm

Cn bnggias tn tipha hi v lng

ctipcntrn mimm.

THP MM

Bt


28/68

ng dng trong x l kh thiHp th SO2:

HpthSO2 sdngdung dchhochuynph camuikimloikimv kim loikimth.

Hpthbngnc:

S h thng x l SO2bao gm 2 giai on: Hp th kh SO2bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi

hoccho dng kh thiiqua lpvtliumrngc ti

nc. Qu trnh hpthSO2bngncdinra theophng

trnh:SO2+ H2O H

++ HSO3-

Giithot SO2ra khichthpththu hiSO2(nucn)

v ncsch


29/68

X l SO2

u im:

Cu to n gin

C th thu hi SO2dng cho cc mc ch khc

(sn xut axt H2SO4) Nhc im:

Cn lu lngnc ln, thitbhp th c th

tch lnLoiSO2ra khidung dchthchinbngcch

unnng n n1000C, cnchi ph nhitln.

X l SO


30/68

X l SO2Hp th bnghuyn ph CaCO3 (thnh phn

rn:lng= 1:10, kch thchtCaCO3 0,1mm) dinra theo cc giai on:

H2O + SO2= H2SO3

CO2+ H2O = H2CO3

CaCO3+ H2SO3= 2CaSO3 + H2CO3

CaCO3+ H2CO3 = Ca(HCO3)2

CaSO3+ H2SO3 = Ca(HSO3)2

Ca(HSO3)2+ 2CaCO3 = Ca(HCO3)2 + 2CaSO3

Ca(HCO3)2+ 2H2SO3 = Ca(HSO3)2 + 2H2CO3

X l SO


31/68

Ca(HSO3)2+ O2= Ca(HSO4)2

CaSO3 + O2= 2CaSO4

Ca(HSO4)2+ 2CaSO3= Ca(HSO3)2+ 2CaSO4

Ca(HSO4)2 + 2CaCO3 = Ca(HCO3)2+ 2CaSO4

Ca(HSO4)2+ Ca(HSO3)2 = 2CaSO4+ H2SO3

CaSO3+0,5H2O = CaSO3.0,5H2O

CaSO4+ 2H2O = CaSO4.2H2O

X l SO2

X l SO


32/68

X l SO2

MgO + SO2 = MgSO3MgO + H2O = Mg(OH)2

MgSO3+ SO2+ H2O = Mg(HSO3)2Mg(OH)2 + Mg(HSO3)2= 2MgSO3+ 2H2O

Hpthbioxitmagie hydroxit:

(Tlrn:lngtrong huynph l 1:10, pH = 6,87,5)

SO2chpthbioxitmagie hydroxit, to thnh tinh

thngmncMgSO3

.

ha tan ca sunfit magie trong ncb gii hn, nn

lngddngMgSO3.6H2O v MgSO3.3H2O rixung

thnh cnlng.


33/68


34/68

X l SO


35/68

X l SO2Nudng sodaphnngxyra:

Na2CO3+ SO2= Na2SO3+ CO2Na2SO3+ SO2+ H2O= 2NaHSO3

Kh tham gia phnngvisunfit v bisunfit lm tngnng

bisunfit.

SO2+ NaHCO3+ Na2SO3+ H2O = 3NaHSO3Dung dchhnh thnh tc dngvioxit kmtothnh sunfit

km.

NaHSO3+ ZnO = ZnSO3+ NaOH

uim:ngdngchthp th ha hc khng bay hi, c kh

nnghpthln.ngdngloiSO2cc nngkhc nhau.


36/68


37/68

X l SO2

Hpthbngamin thm:hpthSO2trong kh thicaluynkim mu (SO2

12% thtch), sdngdung dchC6H3(CH3)NH2(t

lC6H3(CH3)NH2:nc= 1:1)

Phngtrnhphnng:

C6H3(CH3)NH2 + SO2= C6H3(CH3)NHSOONH3(CH3)2C6H3

Thu hiSO2 v phchi dung dchhp th tin hnh

trong thp chng1000C


38/68

X l NO


39/68

X l NOxHp th bng kim v huyn ph:

3NO2+ Na2CO3 = NaNO3+ NaNO2+ CO2+ QPhngtrnhphnngcho qu trnh hpthN2O3bngdung

dchkimv huynph:

M2(CO3)m+ N2O3= M(NO2)m+ CO2M(HCO3)m+ N2O3= M(NO2)m+ CO2+ H2O

M(OH)m+ N2O3= M(NO2)m + H2O

Khi hp thN2O3 hotcadung dchkimgim theo tht:

KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2> Na2CO3> K2CO3> Ba(OH)2>

NaHCO3

> KHCO3

> MgCO3

> BaCO3

> CaCO3

> Mg(OH)2

H th h l


40/68

Hp th chn lchpthNO khi khng c O2trong pha kh, sdngcc

dung dchFeSO4, FeCl3, Na2S2O3, NaHCO3Phngtrnhphnngtothnhphc:

NO + FeSO3= Fe(NO)SO4

FeCl2+ NO= Fe(NO)Cl2

Khi unnng nhit95 1000C, phc phn r sinh ra

NO v hon nguyn dung dchhpth.

S dng dung dch Na2S2O3, NaHCO3, (NH2)2CO s to

thnh N2:Na2S2O3+ 6NO= 3N2+ 2Na2SO4+ 2SO2

2NaHSO3+2NO = N2+ 2NaHSO4

2(NH2)2CO+ 6NO = 5N2+ 4H2O + 2CO2

H th h l (tt)


41/68

Hp th chn lc (tt) nhit cao hn 2000C, NO lin kt vi NH3 theo

phnng:4NH3+ 6NO5N2+ 6H2O

Axit sunfuric csdnghpthNO2v N2O3

H2SO4+ 2NO2= HNSO5+ HNO22H2SO4+ N2O3= 2HNSO5+ H2O

Khu un nng hoc pha long bng nc, HNSO5 s

sinh ra NOx:HNSO5+ H2O= 2H2SO4+ NO + NO2

Tng tc gia NOx vi cht hp th hiu qu nht

nhit20400C.


42/68

Phng php hp th ng thi NOx, SO2

Kh thichang thiSO2v NO

2sinh ra khi t

chy nhin liuc chaluhunh.

X l ng thiSOxv NOx sdngdung dchhp

thl dung dchkimhochuynph.

Hiuquxl:

SO2khong90%

NOxkhong7090%


43/68

X l Halogen v cc hp cht ca chng

Xl cc hpchtchaFlo:

Hpthbngnc:

HF v SiF4tan nhiutrong nc. Ccphnngxyra:

H2O+ HF = H3O++ HF2-

HF = H+

+ F-

F-+ HF = HF2-

SiF4+2H2O = 4HF +SiO2

4HF + 2SiF4= 2H2SiF6

3SiF4+ 2H2O = 2H2SiF6+ SiO2

Thu c H2SiF6 10 22% dng sn xut SiO2, CaF2,

AlF, NaF, Na3AlF6.

Hiuquxl 9095%


44/68

X l Halogen v cc hp cht ca chng (tt)

Hpthbngdung dchmuiamoni :

Ccphnngxyra:HF + (NH4)2CO32NH4F + CO2+ H2O

HF + NH4HCO3NH4F+ CO2+ H2O

HF + NH3NH4F

2SiF4 + 2NaF = Na2SiF6NH4F cxl nhsau:

2NH4F +Na2CO3(NH4)2CO3+ NaF(NH4)2CO3+ H2O2NH4OH + CO2

NH4OHH2O + NH3

NaF l chtrnctch rabnglng,lc.


45/68


Hpthbngdung dchK2CO3:

Phnnghpph:HF + K2CO32KF + CO2+ H2O

Phnngphchichthpth:

2KF + Na2CO32NaF + K2CO3Hpthbngdung dchAlF3:

Dung dchcha0,560% AlF3hpthHF tothnhphc

c thnhphnthay i:mHF + AlF4= HmAlFm+3

M thay it120

AlF3phchibngcch trung ha HmAlFm+3bngAl(OH)3


46/68


Hpthphn tF2

Hpthbngdung dchNaOH 510% nhit38650C:

Phnnghpph:

F2+ 2NaOH = 0,5O2+2NaF + H2OThigian tipxc gikhong1 pht trnh tora F2O

NaF t tan trong dung dchkim. Xl NaF trckhi

ara khihthng:2NaF + Cao + H2OCaF2+ NaOH


47/68


Xl Clo v hydro clorua:

Hpthclo vicc dung dchkim:

Cl2+ 2NaOHNaOCl +NaCl + H2O

2Ca(OH)2+ 2Cl2CaCl2+ Ca(OCl)2+ H2O

Na2CO3+Cl2+ H2ONaCl + NaOCl + CO2+ H2ODung dchNaOH cdng vihm lng100150g/l

Huynph Ca(OH)2l 100110g/l

Hpthclorua hydro bngdung dchkimvnc:SdngNaOH, Ca(OH)2hocNa2CO3hpthHCl

Nhcimkhi dng nchpthbngnctosng

m cc gitaxit lng,hiuquthu hikhng cao.


48/68


Xl Brom v cc hpchtcan:

Hpthbngdung dchkim:

OH-+ Br2= Br-+ BrO- + H2O

CO3-2+ Br2+ H2O= Br

-+ BrO-+ 2HCO3-

2HCO3- + Br2= BrO-+ H2O+ 2CO2HpthFeBr2:

2FeBr2+ Br22FeBr3

HpthbngSO2:Br2+ SO2+ 2H2O2HBr + H2SO4


49/68

X l COx

Xl CO:

Hpthbng[Cu(NH3)m(H2O)n]+:[Cu(NH3)m(H2O)n]+ + xNH3 + yCO = [Cu(NH3)m (CO)y(H2O)n]+ + Q

Thngtntidngha tr1

Dung dchc tnh kimyunn ngthihpthCO22NH4OH + CO2= (NH4)2CO3 + H2O

(NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O= 2NH4HCO3

RaNitlng:y l qu trnh hp th vt l. Qu trnh ng dng

trong cng nghipni t.


50/68

X l CO

Hpthbngdung dchclorua ng,nhm:

ngdngkhi trong kh thic O2v lnglnCO2Hpthha hcCObngdung dchc nng2050%

CuAlCl4v 89 -90% toluen

Qu trnh thpth:CuCl2+ AlCl3+ 2C6H5CH3(CuAlCl4)(C6H5CH3)2

(CuAlCl4)(C6H5CH3)2 + 2CO(CuAlCl4).2CO + 2C6H5CH3

Hi nc trong kh thi c th ph hy phc sinh ra HCl

2CuAlCl4+ H2O2HCl + CuCl + CuAlCl4.AlOCl

Cnsykh kh trckhi xl


51/68

X l CO2

Hpthbngdung dchetanolamin

Qu trnh thpth:2RNH2+ CO2+ H2O = (RNH3)2CO3

(RNH3)CO3+ CO2+ H2O = 2NH3HCO3

2RNH2+ CO2= RNHCOONH3RDung dchhpthcphchibngcch unnng.

uim: Gi r,khnngphnngcao, nnh,d

phchi.Nhc im: p sut hi cao v dung dch tham gia

phnngkhng thunnghchviCOS


52/68


53/68

X l CO2

Hpthbngdung dchkim

Thngsdngchthpthl Na2CO3

Qu trnh thpth:

Na2CO3+ CO2+ H2O = 2NaHCO3

Vn tc hp th nh, tng vn tc hp th thngdng xc tc l: metanol, etanol, ng

Dung dchchon nguynbngcch unnngbng

hinc. tng hiu qu hp th, cho vo dung dch hp th

mtlngdNaOH.


54/68

X l CO2

Hpthbngnc

Phngtrnh phnng:

CO2+ H2OH++ HCO3

-

Sdngtrong cng nghipxl kh c p sutcao.

Khnnghpthcanccao khi p sutring phncaCO2l 34 at.

uim: ktcungin,khng tnnhit,dung dch

r,nctrvikh COS, O2v cc tpchtkhc.Nhc im: Hp th H2 trong khng kh, bm cng

sutln,khnnghpththp.

H h H S


55/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp cacbonat:

Hpthbidung dchNa2CO3hocK2CO3

Phngtrnh phnng:

Me2CO3+ H2S = MeHCO3+ MeHS

Phchi: MeHS + CO2+ H2O= MeHCO3+ H2S ha tan ca K2CO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, KHCO3

khc nhau nn hpthsdngdung dchc nng

khc nhau.K2CO3tan nhiutrong ncnn csdngvinng

cao.

H h H S


56/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp photphat:

S dng dung dch cha 40 50% photphat kali

(K3PO4).

Phngtrnh phnng:

K3PO4+ H2S = K2HPO4+ KHSH2S cgiiphng nhunsi nhitto= 107 -

1150C.

uim: chthhpthH2S

H th H S


57/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp kimasen:

Dung dchkimasen tothnh theophnng:

2Na2CO3+ As2O3+ H2O = 2Na2HAsO3+ 2CO2

Phngtrnh phnng:

2Na2HAsO3+ H2S = Na4As2S5+ 6H2ONa4As2S5+ O2= Na4As2S5O2

Na4As2S5O2+ H2S = Na2As2S6O + H2O

Phchidung dchbngoxi cakhng khNa2As2S6O + O2= 2Na4As2S5O2+ 2S

H th H S


58/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp kimasen:

Ccphnngdinra trong thp hpth:

Na2CO3+ H2O = NaOH + NaHCO3Na2CO3+ H2S = NaHS + NaHCO3

Na2CO3+ 2H2S = 2NaHS + CO2+ H2ONaOH + H2S = NaHS + H2O

Phngphp sodast:

Hp th H2S bng huyn ph hydroxit st II v III.Huyn ph u chbng cch trn dung dch 10%

Na2CO3vidung dch18% sunfat st.

H th H S


59/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp sodast:

FeSO4+ Na2CO3+ H2OFe(OH)2+ Na2SO4+ CO2

Cho khng kh qua dung dchoxi ha st(II) thnh

st(III)

4Fe(OH)2+ O2+ H2O4Fe(OH)3Hp thH2S theo ccphnng:

H2S+Na2CO3NaHS + NaHCO3

3NaHS + 2Fe(OH)3Fe2S3+ 3NaOH + 3H2O3NaHS + 2Fe(OH)32FeS + S + 3NaOH + 3H2O

H th H S


60/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp sodast:

ti sinh dung dch,cho khng kh qua n:

2Fe2S3+ 6H2O + 3O24Fe(OH)3+ 6S

4FeS + 6H2O + 3O2$Fe(OH)3+ 4S

NaHCO3+ NaOHNa2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Khi ti sinh, 70% H2S chuyn thnh phn tS, phn

cn li ( dng NaSH) b xi ha thnh Na2S2O3 vH2O

2NaHS + 2O2Na2S2O3+ H2O

H th H S


61/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp hydroquinonkim

Hp thH2S bngdung dchkimhydroquinon (l

chtxc tc)

Qu trnh dinra nhsau:

H2S + Na2CO3NaHS + NaHCO3NaHS + H2O ++ S + NaOH

Phnngph:

2NaHS + 2O2Na2S2O3+ H2OS tch ly Na2S2O3 v NaHCO3 lm gim kh nng

hp th do gim nng Na2CO3 v gim ph mi

trng.


62/68

H th H S


63/68

Hp th H2S

Phngphp hpthbngetanolamin

HpthH2S v CO2hpthbngmonoetanolamin vtrietanolamin.

Sdngdung dch1520% monoetanolamin lith

hn do dung dch c kh nng hp th cao, dphchi.

Qu trnh dinra nhsau:

H2S + 2(OH-CH2CH2-NH2)(HO-CH2-CH2-NH3)2S(HO-CH2-CH2-NH3)2S + H2S = 2(OH-CH2CH2-NH2-SH)

nhit 25 400C phn ng t tri sang phi,

1050

Cphnngtheo chiungcli.

Mt s h thng l kh thi n gin


64/68

Mt s h thng x l kh thi n gin

Xl khthilhi:

Kh thil hido tduFO (3% S)

STT Thnh phn n v Kt qu

1

2

3

4

5

Nhit

Bi

SO2

NOx

CO

0C

mg/m3

mg/m3

mg/m3

mg/m3

140200

5001000

7005.000

400700

50100

Ngun: S tay hng dn X l khi l hi S KHCN & MTTp.HCM


65/68

T h t thit b h th


66/68

Tnh ton thit b hp th

Cnbngvtcht- mass balanceLu lng lng, nng pha lng

ng hc: ng lm vic operating line

Kch thc thit b:ng knh, chiu cao

Tr lc ca thit b tnh thit b ph nh

bm, qut


67/68

Trnh t tnh toan

La chn dung mi hp th

ng cn bng v ng lm vic.

Lng dung mi cn thit.

S n v truyn khi v chiu cao mt n v truyn

khi ct m hoc xc nh s mm thc t v khong

cch mm.

Chiu cao

ng knh

Tr lc

Dng bi ton


68/68

Dng bi ton

Thng s bit:Nng pha kh, lu lng pha kh, nng

pha lng u vo.

Thng s khng ch.

Nng pha kh u ra.

Yu cu xc nh.

ng knh, chiu cao thit b.

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