36
www.thecochranelibrary.com The Cochrane Library Wiley 程世仁 Gary Cheng Nov 19 2014

The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

The Cochrane Library

Wiley

程世仁 Gary Cheng

Nov 19 2014

Page 2: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

• Archie Cochrane 是當時英國內科醫師及著名的流行病學專家,他對於流行病學發展的偉大貢獻,以致 Cochrane Collaboration 以他的名字命名以表達對他的敬意

Professor Archibald Leman Cochrane, CBE FRCP FFCM, (1909 - 1988)

• 1972年出版的著作- Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services 明確的提出以下重要論述

– 由於資源終將有限,因此應該使用已被證明有明顯效果的醫療保健措施

– 來自於隨機對照試驗(Randomised Controlled Trials, RCTs)的證據,比其他任何證據更為可靠

CBE 司令勛章(不列顛帝國勳章第三級)

FRCP 皇家內科醫師學會會員

FFCM 皇家內科醫學院公共生醫學科院士

Page 3: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

The Cochrane Collaboration 標識在說明一個實際

由七個隨機對照試驗所產生的系統評論

圖表提供早產孕婦隨機對照試驗的系統評論結果。

第一個試驗於1972年發表,試驗結果透露

corticosteroid的治療能夠降低嬰兒因為早產所出現

的併發症。1991年,更多試驗結果也陸續發表,同

時也更加強這項治療方式的說服力-可減少 30%到

50%的死亡機率

由於直到 1989年才有相關的系統評論資料及隨機

對照試用被出版報導,大部份的產科醫師無從得知

這項治療方法的效用,也因此許多早產兒無辜地受

難及死亡(並浪費許多無效的醫療資源)

The Cochrane Collaboration Logo

Page 4: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

醫學界重要的出版品 The Lancet、New England

Journal of Medicine、British Medical Journal and

the Journal of the American Medical Association

一致推崇 Cochrane Reviews 是目前最具參考價

值的系統評論 (“gold standard” ),同樣的評價也

出現在其他不同領域地醫學專業期刊中

系統性回顧(systematic review)是一種整理醫學文獻的研究報告,運用明確的方法進行完整的文獻搜尋和個別研究的嚴格評讀,再運用適當的統計學技巧結合這些有效的研究。系統性回顧通常包含了五個活動,分別為”形成一個回顧的問題”、”找出研究的證據”、”選擇適當的研究”、”評估研究的品質”、”萃取出當中的資料以及統整做出結論 ” ( Khan,

Ter Riet, Glanville, Sowden, & Kleijnen, 2001)。

Page 5: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

The Cochrane Library is a collection of Evidence-Based Medicine databases:

• The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews)

• The Cochrane Database of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews)

• The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials)

• The Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies)

• Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments)

• NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations)

It also contains information about The Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Collaborative Review Groups

WHAT IS THE COCHRANE LIBRARY?

Page 6: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)

Acute Respiratory Infections Group Airways Group Anaesthesia Group Back Group Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Breast Cancer Group Colorectal Cancer Group Consumers and Communication Group Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group Drugs and Alcohol Group Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group Epilepsy Group Eyes and Vision Group Fertility Regulation Group Gynaecological Cancer Group Haematological Malignancies Group Heart Group Hepato-Biliary Group HIV/AIDS Group Hypertension Group Incontinence Group

Infectious Diseases Group Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Group Injuries Group Lung Cancer Group Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group Methodology Review Group Movement Disorders Group Multiple Sclerosis Group Musculoskeletal Group Neonatal Group Neuromuscular Disease Group Oral Health Group Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Prostatic and Urologic Cancers Group Renal Group Schizophrenia Group Sexually Transmitted Diseases Group Skin Group Stroke Group Tobacco Addiction Group Upper Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Diseases Group Wounds Group

Page 7: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o DARE是唯一收錄經過嚴格審核標準的系統評論摘要資料庫;每一筆摘要包括總結概述,以及審核標準的說明

o 對於忙碌的決策者是重要的參考資料,並且可以用於回答有關特殊療法效用的問題

o 內容廣泛地涵蓋與健康相關的治療方法及超過 3000筆各種領域的摘要內容,包括診斷測試、公共衛生、健康促進、藥理學、外科醫學、心理學等

o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供

o 收錄 6,312筆資料

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews)

Page 8: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o 針對特定的疾病或其他健康照顧方面的問題給予系統評論定義,並裁定這項治療方法是否有效

o 編輯群為了做出總結而盡其所能的尋找、評估及綜合來自各種相關的、尚未出版的及非英文語系的科學研究資料。他們提供治療效果的總體結論,同時將每一項結果以一個獨特的標題標示,因此使用者可以輕易的查詢相關的原始文獻

o 系統評論與其他評論不同之處,在於他們堅持一套精密嚴格地設計來使它們的內容更廣泛,以降低誤差的機率,並確保所穫得的結果更具可信度

o 每月更新

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

(Cochrane Reviews)

Page 9: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o 資料來自MEDLINE及EMBASE書目資料庫,數百種專業醫學期刊、會議資料及其他尚未出版的臨床實驗計劃;內容包括文章標題、出版來源及文章大綱,不包含全文資料

o 大約有五分之三的內容來自MEDLINE。每個系統評論小組負責維護及更新資料內容,並由 US Cochrane Center 進行彙編及校對的工作。

o 全世界收錄最多且最大的隨機臨床實驗資料庫

o 收錄 503,826筆資料

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials)

Page 10: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o 蒐集已出版的且針對產生對照實驗的方法使用的書目資訊

After the Women’s Health Initiative: decision making and trust of women taking

hormone therapy. 「婦女健康倡導」研究與賀爾蒙替代療法

目標: 評估更年期使用賀爾蒙療法對女性健康的影響

o 資料來源包括期刊文獻、圖書和會議記錄;這些文獻是從MEDLINE和人工查找取得

o 內容包括文獻的題名、出版資訊 (書目資料),且部份案例包含有文獻摘要,但並未包含該文獻的全文

o 收錄 9,628筆資料

Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies)

Page 11: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o 收錄關於全球健康管理技術評估 (即醫療科技評估) 的資訊,包括進行中的計畫和健康技術評估單位完整的出版品的詳細資訊

Accommodative intraocular lenses for age-related cataracts. 人工水晶體對老年白內障的治療效果

o HTA 的記錄依據一套標準的結構,內容包括計畫名稱、負責的單位,並指引何處可以獲得更詳細的資訊,部份記錄則包括出版資訊和摘要,但是這兩種記錄都不提供全文

o 目的在於改善健康照顧的品質及成本效益

o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供,參考資料來源包括INAHTA及其他健康科技評論組織

o 收錄 6, 840筆資料

Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments)

Page 12: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o 收錄醫療經濟評估相關之文獻摘要,文獻主要來自重要醫學期刊及書目資料庫

o 收錄治療方式的比較、成本和治療效果等相關資料,內容同時討論文獻的品質並強調優缺點

o 超過 5000篇與成本效益評估分析有關的摘要資料

o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供

o 收錄 21,823筆資料

NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations)

Page 13: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

o Cochrane Collaboration Steering Group

任務宣言、十大原則、利益聲明

為 The Cochrane Collaboration的管理中心;由所有的會員臨選出任,每三年一任

o Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)

提供成立背景、研究領域、評選標準及編輯人員名單

o Fields

整合相關議題的 CRG內容;提供背景、目標及活動、研究領域及議題、組織架構及人員名單

o Methods Groups

o Networks - Cochrane Consumer Network

o Centres

About The Cochrane Collaboration (About; Cochrane Groups)

Page 14: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

評論文章,附有結果和討論,可能含研究的綜合分析的結果

Review 的準備大綱,包括背景、基本原理和方法

方法學研究的系統性評論文章

新增的 Protocol 或 Review 文章

已存的 Review 中有新的研究發現

Review 的結論有重要的改變

Protocol 為反映範圍改變而做了修訂

被註銷的 Review 或 Protocol,可能被認為是資訊過時或其他原因。註銷的理由會有詳細說明

含有評論的 Review。讀者可提出評論,可能會和筆者的回答與回饋一併整合入文章中

評估診斷測試(diagnostic tests)的全文review研究

Page 15: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Cochrane Clinical Answers

■ A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals

■ Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews into practical answers to common clinical questions

■ Designed to mimic the way health professionals gather information

■ New questions are continually added to ensure broad coverage across a range of medical topics

CochraneClinicalAnswers.com

Page 16: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

■ Anesthesia & pain control

■ Cancer

■ Child health

■ Complementary & alternative medicine

■ Ear, nose, & throat

■ Endocrine & metabolic

■ Heart & circulation

■ Infectious disease

Cochrane Clinical Answers includes coverage of…

■ Kidney disease

■ Lungs & airways

■ Mental health

■ Neurology

■ Orthopedics & trauma

■ Pregnancy & childbirth

■ Rheumatology

■ Skin

■ Wounds

…with more topics to come!

CochraneClinicalAnswers.com

Page 17: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

■ Instant access to high-quality Cochrane evidence

■ Swift, authoritative answers to your clinical questions

■ Broad coverage across a range of medical topics

■ Practical evidence for healthcare decision-making

■ Continually updated content to deliver the latest research

■ Evidence-based answers when and where you need them

Cochrane Clinical Answers provides…

Accessible, authoritative, independent

CochraneClinicalAnswers.com

Page 18: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Thanks for your attention!

Page 19: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Point of Care • EMR Centric

– Short Answer

– Patient-focused

• EBM Informed

• EMR/Mobile Oriented

Clinical Discovery • Refresh/Confirm Knowledge

• Between Patients

• Office/Home/Transit

• Desktop/Mobile Oriented

Personalized Alerts, Networks, Folders, social media

Clinical Learning •Student Workflows

•General Discovery

•Book Focused

•Test/Accreditation Driven

•CME

Research •Paper Writing

•Grants/Proposals

•Time Consuming

•Desktop Oriented

Almost all clinical

information seeking

behavior falls into

four broad

categories.

Customer

understanding

projects underway

to define ‘Point of

Care’ and ‘Clinical

Learning’

Information Seeking Behavior

Page 20: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com Clinical Research

Clinic

al

pra

cti

ce

Information Seeking Behavior

Page 21: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

The “6S” hierarchy of organization of pre-appraised evidence

Sharon E. Straus, MD, Paul Glasziou, MRCGP, FRACGP, PhD, W. Scott Richardson, MD and R. Brian Haynes, MD. Evidence-Based Medicine, 4th Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2012; 2:34-35.

Meta Search

TRIP

SUMsearch

Page 22: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

PubMed/MEDLINE • What is MEDLINE/PubMed in NLM?

– What is Index Medicus?

– History of NLM and MEDLINE

– How many content do MEDLINE/PubMed have?

– MEDLINE® /PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions

• Introduction of PubMed/MEDLINE Function

– MeSH

– Preview/Index and History

– Limits

– Clinical Queries

– My NCBI

• Introduction of PubMed LinkOut for Librarian

Page 23: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 23

Index Medicus MEDLINE的前身為美國《醫學索引》是當前世界上最著名的大型生物醫學文獻檢索刊物,1879年創刊,由美國國立醫學圖書館(The

National Library of Medicine)編輯出版。

1.期刊索引

月刊,每年ㄧ卷,每卷十二期,每期內容分三個部份,分兩冊出版。

Part 1 :Subject Section

Part 2 : Author Section

Bibliography of Medical Reviews 2.MeSH

用於尋找IM主題檢索,每年隨IM的第一期出版。

Page 24: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 24

Page 25: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 25

NLM Programs and Services Annual Report - Fiscal Year 1997

Page 26: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 26

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/nlmhistory.html

1836 Library of the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army established.

1879 First volume of Index Medicus published.

1956 October 1 Act of Congress moved Armed Forces Medical Library to Public Health Service (PHS) and

rechristened it the National Library of Medicine (NLM).

1971 October MEDLINE was initiated to provide online access.

1993 October NLM's Internet World Wide Web site (www.nlm.nih.gov) appeared.

1997 June 26 Web-based access to NLM's MEDLINE became available free of charge.

1998 October MedlinePlus created to provide access to consumer health information.

2000 February 29 ClinicalTrials.gov, an online resource designed to give the public easy access to information

about research studies, was launched.

Page 27: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Content of Medline/PubMed

36 data bases in PubMed

MEDLINE was most important

5200 titles from USA

自1966至現在,一億六千多萬書目資料,且每個月以

20000筆的速度增加。

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH® ).

Page 28: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 28

MEDLINE® /PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions

Page 29: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com 29

Online Demo

• Introduction of PubMed/MEDLINE Function

– LinkOut

– MeSH

– Limit

– Subheading

– Relative articles

– Clinical Queries

– My NCBI

Page 30: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

MeSH 自然語言 (nature language) 與索引 (index term)

- 以索引搜尋的目的在於增加檢索專一度 (specificity) 優點

缺點

自然語言

可搜尋似是而非或未

可能會得到許多不相

經索引分類的主題

關的文獻,未考慮同

義字或時態/語系差異

索引

可透過索引可歸類相

須重複檢索較花時間

關同義字

Note

常見索引 (index term) 分類系統例如美國國家醫學圖書館

的MeSH (medical subheading)。

Page 31: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

以MeSH名詞搜尋並非萬無一失

- PubMed常見狀態分類 (status subset)

標籤

狀態

MeSH

篇數

as supplied by publisher

出版商提供引用

-

381428

in process

加工中

-

418151

indexed for MEDLINE

加工完畢

19035076

Note

還沒加工完畢的文章,僅用MeSH名詞是搜尋不到的!!

比較新的相關字詞無法涵蓋在內。

破解: your keywords AND (inprocess[sb] OR publisher[sb] OR pubmednotmedline[sb])

Page 32: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

常用MeSH名詞副標題 (subheading) 組合

簡寫 副標題

用途

AE Adverse effects

不良反應相關研究

DT Drug therapy

藥物治療相關研究

DU Diagnostic use

作為診斷工具研究

PK Pharmacokinetics

藥物動力學研究

PD Pharmacology

藥理學相關研究

PO Poisoning

毒理相關研究

PC Prevention and control 預防相關研究

TU Therapeutic use

治療用途研究

varenicline/drug therapy (後面不需加上[mh])

Page 33: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Relative Articles

比對相關文獻 (related citations) 功能

內建語法會根據摘要、標題與MeSH名詞,配合字元權重 算出最接近的鄰居 (neighborhood)

Page 34: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Category Optimized

For Sensitive Specific

PubMed Equivalent

therapy

sensitive/

broad

99%

70%

((clinical[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]) OR clinical trials[MeSH Terms] OR

clinical trial[Publication Type] OR random*[Title/Abstract] OR random allocation[MeSH

Terms] OR therapeutic use[MeSH Subheading])

specific/

narrow

93%

97%

(randomized controlled trial[Publication Type] OR (randomized[Title/Abstract] AND

controlled[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]))

diagnosis

sensitive/

broad

98%

74%

(sensitiv*[Title/Abstract] OR sensitivity and specificity[MeSH Terms] OR

diagnos*[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosis[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnostic * [MeSH:noexp] OR

diagnosis,differential[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnosis[Subheading:noexp])

specific/

narrow

64%

98% (specificity[Title/Abstract])

etiology

sensitive/

broad

93%

63%

(risk*[Title/Abstract] OR risk*[MeSH:noexp] OR risk *[MeSH:noexp] OR cohort

studies[MeSH Terms] OR group*[Text Word])

specific/

narrow

51%

95%

((relative[Title/Abstract] AND risk*[Title/Abstract]) OR (relative risk[Text Word]) OR

risks[Text Word] OR cohort studies[MeSH:noexp] OR (cohort[Title/Abstract] AND

stud*[Title/Abstract]))

prognosis

sensitive/

broad

90%

80%

(incidence[MeSH:noexp] OR mortality[MeSH Terms] OR follow up studies[MeSH:noexp]

OR prognos*[Text Word] OR predict*[Text Word] OR course*[Text Word])

specific/

narrow

52%

94%

(prognos*[Title/Abstract] OR (first[Title/Abstract] AND episode[Title/Abstract]) OR

cohort[Title/Abstract])

clinical

prediction

guides

sensitive/

broad

96%

79%

(predict*[tiab] OR predictive value of tests[mh] OR scor*[tiab] OR observ*[tiab] OR

observer variation[mh])

specific/

narrow

54%

99% (validation[tiab] OR validate[tiab])

Page 35: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

實用技巧-切截字與萬用字元

切截字:$或*

可以查出所有字首

相同之關鍵字

depress $depress, depressive,

depressants, depressor……

rat$rat , rate, rationalize, ratify……

查出有相同字首且

字尾不少於特定

字母數的關鍵字

dog$1 dog, dogs…(但是不會查dogma)

其他字元:#和?( 前方最少需2個字元以上)

#:關鍵字有一個字母不確定或單複數變化

wom#n woman、women

dog# dogs(但是不會查到dog)

?:美式與英式英文的差異或不確定關鍵字是否

包含該字母

colo?r color, colour

dog? dog, dogs

Page 36: The Cochrane Library · 2019-03-14 · Cochrane Clinical Answers A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic

www.thecochranelibrary.com

Thanks for your attention!