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www.thecochranelibrary.com
The Cochrane Library
Wiley
程世仁 Gary Cheng
Nov 19 2014
www.thecochranelibrary.com
• Archie Cochrane 是當時英國內科醫師及著名的流行病學專家,他對於流行病學發展的偉大貢獻,以致 Cochrane Collaboration 以他的名字命名以表達對他的敬意
Professor Archibald Leman Cochrane, CBE FRCP FFCM, (1909 - 1988)
• 1972年出版的著作- Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services 明確的提出以下重要論述
– 由於資源終將有限,因此應該使用已被證明有明顯效果的醫療保健措施
– 來自於隨機對照試驗(Randomised Controlled Trials, RCTs)的證據,比其他任何證據更為可靠
CBE 司令勛章(不列顛帝國勳章第三級)
FRCP 皇家內科醫師學會會員
FFCM 皇家內科醫學院公共生醫學科院士
www.thecochranelibrary.com
The Cochrane Collaboration 標識在說明一個實際
由七個隨機對照試驗所產生的系統評論
圖表提供早產孕婦隨機對照試驗的系統評論結果。
第一個試驗於1972年發表,試驗結果透露
corticosteroid的治療能夠降低嬰兒因為早產所出現
的併發症。1991年,更多試驗結果也陸續發表,同
時也更加強這項治療方式的說服力-可減少 30%到
50%的死亡機率
由於直到 1989年才有相關的系統評論資料及隨機
對照試用被出版報導,大部份的產科醫師無從得知
這項治療方法的效用,也因此許多早產兒無辜地受
難及死亡(並浪費許多無效的醫療資源)
The Cochrane Collaboration Logo
www.thecochranelibrary.com
醫學界重要的出版品 The Lancet、New England
Journal of Medicine、British Medical Journal and
the Journal of the American Medical Association
一致推崇 Cochrane Reviews 是目前最具參考價
值的系統評論 (“gold standard” ),同樣的評價也
出現在其他不同領域地醫學專業期刊中
系統性回顧(systematic review)是一種整理醫學文獻的研究報告,運用明確的方法進行完整的文獻搜尋和個別研究的嚴格評讀,再運用適當的統計學技巧結合這些有效的研究。系統性回顧通常包含了五個活動,分別為”形成一個回顧的問題”、”找出研究的證據”、”選擇適當的研究”、”評估研究的品質”、”萃取出當中的資料以及統整做出結論 ” ( Khan,
Ter Riet, Glanville, Sowden, & Kleijnen, 2001)。
www.thecochranelibrary.com
The Cochrane Library is a collection of Evidence-Based Medicine databases:
• The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews)
• The Cochrane Database of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews)
• The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials)
• The Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies)
• Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments)
• NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations)
It also contains information about The Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Collaborative Review Groups
WHAT IS THE COCHRANE LIBRARY?
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)
Acute Respiratory Infections Group Airways Group Anaesthesia Group Back Group Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Breast Cancer Group Colorectal Cancer Group Consumers and Communication Group Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group Drugs and Alcohol Group Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group Epilepsy Group Eyes and Vision Group Fertility Regulation Group Gynaecological Cancer Group Haematological Malignancies Group Heart Group Hepato-Biliary Group HIV/AIDS Group Hypertension Group Incontinence Group
Infectious Diseases Group Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Group Injuries Group Lung Cancer Group Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group Methodology Review Group Movement Disorders Group Multiple Sclerosis Group Musculoskeletal Group Neonatal Group Neuromuscular Disease Group Oral Health Group Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Prostatic and Urologic Cancers Group Renal Group Schizophrenia Group Sexually Transmitted Diseases Group Skin Group Stroke Group Tobacco Addiction Group Upper Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Diseases Group Wounds Group
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o DARE是唯一收錄經過嚴格審核標準的系統評論摘要資料庫;每一筆摘要包括總結概述,以及審核標準的說明
o 對於忙碌的決策者是重要的參考資料,並且可以用於回答有關特殊療法效用的問題
o 內容廣泛地涵蓋與健康相關的治療方法及超過 3000筆各種領域的摘要內容,包括診斷測試、公共衛生、健康促進、藥理學、外科醫學、心理學等
o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供
o 收錄 6,312筆資料
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o 針對特定的疾病或其他健康照顧方面的問題給予系統評論定義,並裁定這項治療方法是否有效
o 編輯群為了做出總結而盡其所能的尋找、評估及綜合來自各種相關的、尚未出版的及非英文語系的科學研究資料。他們提供治療效果的總體結論,同時將每一項結果以一個獨特的標題標示,因此使用者可以輕易的查詢相關的原始文獻
o 系統評論與其他評論不同之處,在於他們堅持一套精密嚴格地設計來使它們的內容更廣泛,以降低誤差的機率,並確保所穫得的結果更具可信度
o 每月更新
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
(Cochrane Reviews)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o 資料來自MEDLINE及EMBASE書目資料庫,數百種專業醫學期刊、會議資料及其他尚未出版的臨床實驗計劃;內容包括文章標題、出版來源及文章大綱,不包含全文資料
o 大約有五分之三的內容來自MEDLINE。每個系統評論小組負責維護及更新資料內容,並由 US Cochrane Center 進行彙編及校對的工作。
o 全世界收錄最多且最大的隨機臨床實驗資料庫
o 收錄 503,826筆資料
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o 蒐集已出版的且針對產生對照實驗的方法使用的書目資訊
After the Women’s Health Initiative: decision making and trust of women taking
hormone therapy. 「婦女健康倡導」研究與賀爾蒙替代療法
目標: 評估更年期使用賀爾蒙療法對女性健康的影響
o 資料來源包括期刊文獻、圖書和會議記錄;這些文獻是從MEDLINE和人工查找取得
o 內容包括文獻的題名、出版資訊 (書目資料),且部份案例包含有文獻摘要,但並未包含該文獻的全文
o 收錄 9,628筆資料
Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o 收錄關於全球健康管理技術評估 (即醫療科技評估) 的資訊,包括進行中的計畫和健康技術評估單位完整的出版品的詳細資訊
Accommodative intraocular lenses for age-related cataracts. 人工水晶體對老年白內障的治療效果
o HTA 的記錄依據一套標準的結構,內容包括計畫名稱、負責的單位,並指引何處可以獲得更詳細的資訊,部份記錄則包括出版資訊和摘要,但是這兩種記錄都不提供全文
o 目的在於改善健康照顧的品質及成本效益
o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供,參考資料來源包括INAHTA及其他健康科技評論組織
o 收錄 6, 840筆資料
Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o 收錄醫療經濟評估相關之文獻摘要,文獻主要來自重要醫學期刊及書目資料庫
o 收錄治療方式的比較、成本和治療效果等相關資料,內容同時討論文獻的品質並強調優缺點
o 超過 5000篇與成本效益評估分析有關的摘要資料
o 內容由設立於英國約克大學(University of York)的 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) 所提供
o 收錄 21,823筆資料
NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
o Cochrane Collaboration Steering Group
任務宣言、十大原則、利益聲明
為 The Cochrane Collaboration的管理中心;由所有的會員臨選出任,每三年一任
o Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)
提供成立背景、研究領域、評選標準及編輯人員名單
o Fields
整合相關議題的 CRG內容;提供背景、目標及活動、研究領域及議題、組織架構及人員名單
o Methods Groups
o Networks - Cochrane Consumer Network
o Centres
About The Cochrane Collaboration (About; Cochrane Groups)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
評論文章,附有結果和討論,可能含研究的綜合分析的結果
Review 的準備大綱,包括背景、基本原理和方法
方法學研究的系統性評論文章
新增的 Protocol 或 Review 文章
已存的 Review 中有新的研究發現
Review 的結論有重要的改變
Protocol 為反映範圍改變而做了修訂
被註銷的 Review 或 Protocol,可能被認為是資訊過時或其他原因。註銷的理由會有詳細說明
含有評論的 Review。讀者可提出評論,可能會和筆者的回答與回饋一併整合入文章中
評估診斷測試(diagnostic tests)的全文review研究
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Cochrane Clinical Answers
■ A point-of-care clinical support tool for busy health professionals
■ Distills high-quality evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews into practical answers to common clinical questions
■ Designed to mimic the way health professionals gather information
■ New questions are continually added to ensure broad coverage across a range of medical topics
CochraneClinicalAnswers.com
www.thecochranelibrary.com
■ Anesthesia & pain control
■ Cancer
■ Child health
■ Complementary & alternative medicine
■ Ear, nose, & throat
■ Endocrine & metabolic
■ Heart & circulation
■ Infectious disease
Cochrane Clinical Answers includes coverage of…
■ Kidney disease
■ Lungs & airways
■ Mental health
■ Neurology
■ Orthopedics & trauma
■ Pregnancy & childbirth
■ Rheumatology
■ Skin
■ Wounds
…with more topics to come!
CochraneClinicalAnswers.com
www.thecochranelibrary.com
■ Instant access to high-quality Cochrane evidence
■ Swift, authoritative answers to your clinical questions
■ Broad coverage across a range of medical topics
■ Practical evidence for healthcare decision-making
■ Continually updated content to deliver the latest research
■ Evidence-based answers when and where you need them
Cochrane Clinical Answers provides…
Accessible, authoritative, independent
CochraneClinicalAnswers.com
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Thanks for your attention!
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Point of Care • EMR Centric
– Short Answer
– Patient-focused
• EBM Informed
• EMR/Mobile Oriented
Clinical Discovery • Refresh/Confirm Knowledge
• Between Patients
• Office/Home/Transit
• Desktop/Mobile Oriented
Personalized Alerts, Networks, Folders, social media
Clinical Learning •Student Workflows
•General Discovery
•Book Focused
•Test/Accreditation Driven
•CME
Research •Paper Writing
•Grants/Proposals
•Time Consuming
•Desktop Oriented
Almost all clinical
information seeking
behavior falls into
four broad
categories.
Customer
understanding
projects underway
to define ‘Point of
Care’ and ‘Clinical
Learning’
Information Seeking Behavior
www.thecochranelibrary.com Clinical Research
Clinic
al
pra
cti
ce
Information Seeking Behavior
The “6S” hierarchy of organization of pre-appraised evidence
Sharon E. Straus, MD, Paul Glasziou, MRCGP, FRACGP, PhD, W. Scott Richardson, MD and R. Brian Haynes, MD. Evidence-Based Medicine, 4th Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2012; 2:34-35.
Meta Search
TRIP
SUMsearch
www.thecochranelibrary.com
PubMed/MEDLINE • What is MEDLINE/PubMed in NLM?
– What is Index Medicus?
– History of NLM and MEDLINE
– How many content do MEDLINE/PubMed have?
– MEDLINE® /PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions
• Introduction of PubMed/MEDLINE Function
– MeSH
– Preview/Index and History
– Limits
– Clinical Queries
– My NCBI
• Introduction of PubMed LinkOut for Librarian
www.thecochranelibrary.com 23
Index Medicus MEDLINE的前身為美國《醫學索引》是當前世界上最著名的大型生物醫學文獻檢索刊物,1879年創刊,由美國國立醫學圖書館(The
National Library of Medicine)編輯出版。
1.期刊索引
月刊,每年ㄧ卷,每卷十二期,每期內容分三個部份,分兩冊出版。
Part 1 :Subject Section
Part 2 : Author Section
Bibliography of Medical Reviews 2.MeSH
用於尋找IM主題檢索,每年隨IM的第一期出版。
www.thecochranelibrary.com 24
www.thecochranelibrary.com 25
NLM Programs and Services Annual Report - Fiscal Year 1997
www.thecochranelibrary.com 26
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/nlmhistory.html
1836 Library of the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army established.
1879 First volume of Index Medicus published.
1956 October 1 Act of Congress moved Armed Forces Medical Library to Public Health Service (PHS) and
rechristened it the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
1971 October MEDLINE was initiated to provide online access.
1993 October NLM's Internet World Wide Web site (www.nlm.nih.gov) appeared.
1997 June 26 Web-based access to NLM's MEDLINE became available free of charge.
1998 October MedlinePlus created to provide access to consumer health information.
2000 February 29 ClinicalTrials.gov, an online resource designed to give the public easy access to information
about research studies, was launched.
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Content of Medline/PubMed
36 data bases in PubMed
MEDLINE was most important
5200 titles from USA
自1966至現在,一億六千多萬書目資料,且每個月以
20000筆的速度增加。
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH® ).
www.thecochranelibrary.com 28
MEDLINE® /PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions
www.thecochranelibrary.com 29
Online Demo
• Introduction of PubMed/MEDLINE Function
– LinkOut
– MeSH
– Limit
– Subheading
– Relative articles
– Clinical Queries
– My NCBI
www.thecochranelibrary.com
MeSH 自然語言 (nature language) 與索引 (index term)
- 以索引搜尋的目的在於增加檢索專一度 (specificity) 優點
缺點
自然語言
可搜尋似是而非或未
可能會得到許多不相
經索引分類的主題
關的文獻,未考慮同
義字或時態/語系差異
索引
可透過索引可歸類相
須重複檢索較花時間
關同義字
Note
常見索引 (index term) 分類系統例如美國國家醫學圖書館
的MeSH (medical subheading)。
www.thecochranelibrary.com
以MeSH名詞搜尋並非萬無一失
- PubMed常見狀態分類 (status subset)
標籤
狀態
MeSH
篇數
as supplied by publisher
出版商提供引用
-
381428
in process
加工中
-
418151
indexed for MEDLINE
加工完畢
◎
19035076
Note
還沒加工完畢的文章,僅用MeSH名詞是搜尋不到的!!
比較新的相關字詞無法涵蓋在內。
破解: your keywords AND (inprocess[sb] OR publisher[sb] OR pubmednotmedline[sb])
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常用MeSH名詞副標題 (subheading) 組合
簡寫 副標題
用途
AE Adverse effects
不良反應相關研究
DT Drug therapy
藥物治療相關研究
DU Diagnostic use
作為診斷工具研究
PK Pharmacokinetics
藥物動力學研究
PD Pharmacology
藥理學相關研究
PO Poisoning
毒理相關研究
PC Prevention and control 預防相關研究
TU Therapeutic use
治療用途研究
varenicline/drug therapy (後面不需加上[mh])
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Relative Articles
比對相關文獻 (related citations) 功能
內建語法會根據摘要、標題與MeSH名詞,配合字元權重 算出最接近的鄰居 (neighborhood)
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Category Optimized
For Sensitive Specific
PubMed Equivalent
therapy
sensitive/
broad
99%
70%
((clinical[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]) OR clinical trials[MeSH Terms] OR
clinical trial[Publication Type] OR random*[Title/Abstract] OR random allocation[MeSH
Terms] OR therapeutic use[MeSH Subheading])
specific/
narrow
93%
97%
(randomized controlled trial[Publication Type] OR (randomized[Title/Abstract] AND
controlled[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]))
diagnosis
sensitive/
broad
98%
74%
(sensitiv*[Title/Abstract] OR sensitivity and specificity[MeSH Terms] OR
diagnos*[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosis[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnostic * [MeSH:noexp] OR
diagnosis,differential[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnosis[Subheading:noexp])
specific/
narrow
64%
98% (specificity[Title/Abstract])
etiology
sensitive/
broad
93%
63%
(risk*[Title/Abstract] OR risk*[MeSH:noexp] OR risk *[MeSH:noexp] OR cohort
studies[MeSH Terms] OR group*[Text Word])
specific/
narrow
51%
95%
((relative[Title/Abstract] AND risk*[Title/Abstract]) OR (relative risk[Text Word]) OR
risks[Text Word] OR cohort studies[MeSH:noexp] OR (cohort[Title/Abstract] AND
stud*[Title/Abstract]))
prognosis
sensitive/
broad
90%
80%
(incidence[MeSH:noexp] OR mortality[MeSH Terms] OR follow up studies[MeSH:noexp]
OR prognos*[Text Word] OR predict*[Text Word] OR course*[Text Word])
specific/
narrow
52%
94%
(prognos*[Title/Abstract] OR (first[Title/Abstract] AND episode[Title/Abstract]) OR
cohort[Title/Abstract])
clinical
prediction
guides
sensitive/
broad
96%
79%
(predict*[tiab] OR predictive value of tests[mh] OR scor*[tiab] OR observ*[tiab] OR
observer variation[mh])
specific/
narrow
54%
99% (validation[tiab] OR validate[tiab])
www.thecochranelibrary.com
實用技巧-切截字與萬用字元
切截字:$或*
可以查出所有字首
相同之關鍵字
depress $depress, depressive,
depressants, depressor……
rat$rat , rate, rationalize, ratify……
查出有相同字首且
字尾不少於特定
字母數的關鍵字
dog$1 dog, dogs…(但是不會查dogma)
其他字元:#和?( 前方最少需2個字元以上)
#:關鍵字有一個字母不確定或單複數變化
wom#n woman、women
dog# dogs(但是不會查到dog)
?:美式與英式英文的差異或不確定關鍵字是否
包含該字母
colo?r color, colour
dog? dog, dogs
www.thecochranelibrary.com
Thanks for your attention!