0わasわら[FFecr Oρ 1770υSθ ″ηmυρe s/sわ m οFcO″むcO/osrry/77

丁he effect on lnouse irwrlune systems of cow's co10Strumproduced 6 to 7 days after parturition

By Yuki OHASH11,Kenil∪ CHIDA2,Mlhoko KAWASAK12 and Hallme OTAN11

lGraduate School of Agr culture,Shinshu∪niversity,N4inamiminowa― mura,Nagano― ken 399-4598,」 apan,E― mail:

名鯉 :解 潔 l粘 :i卵鷺 耐 compan二 KOBAYASHIPhttmace� cJ Cα ,日d,battks日 ,Osaka 56み 005乙 」apan

F ve― week―old male mice were divided nto 2 groups in which they were orally given sterile saline solution(cOntrOl so―

lution)or cOW'S CO10Strum powder prepared from milk produced 6 to 7 days after partuntiOn in stenle saline so ution(co―

lostrum solution)丁 he mice were g ven the solut on once a day for 5 weeks tthe level ofintestinaltotallgG was signifi―

cantly lo1/verin the mlce given the colostrum solut on than in the mice given the control solution,and the intest nallgA and

serum lgG levels tended to be lowerin the mice given the colostrum solution tthe numbers of spleen CDll b+,CD19+,and lFN―デCD4+cells were also s gnificantly lower in mice g ven the colostrum solution DNA microarray analysis ofmRNAs extracted from Peyer's patch ce‖ s showed thatthe gene expression of proteins relating to~「 ce‖ activation of ac―

qulredimmune responses or Fc8-mediated mast ce‖ act vat on、ハノaS ObViously lo17verin the mice given the colostrum solu―

tion than in the mice given the control solution,17vhereas that of proteins relating to tt regulatory ce‖ s orintestinallnnate

imrnune system vvas noticeably higherin mice glven the colostrum solution tthese results suggestthatthe oralingestion

of co、へ/s colostrum suppresses the acquired lmmune system and type l a‖ ergic react ons,and enhances the innate im―

mune system

Zum Einfluss von Kuh… Kolostrainlilch,gewonnen an den Tagen 6 und 7 nach dem Abkalben,auf das lnlmunsystem der Maus

FOnfllVochen alte mannliche Mause wurdenin zwe Gruppen unterteilt,die entweder stenle Kochsalzlё sung(Kontroll

Lёsung)oder Kolostralmilchpulver von KOhen,gewonnen 6-7 Tage nach dem Abkalben und aufgelё stin stenler Koch―

sa zlё sung(Kolostralmllch― Lё sung)erhielten Die Lё sungen wurden den Mausen einmal pro ttag Ober einen Ze traumvon 5 Vψ ochen verabrelcht Die Level an intestinalem Gesamt lgG lagen bei den Nlausen,dle die Kolostralmilch― Lёsungerhalten hatten,signiflkant niedriger im∨ ergleich zu den卜 Иausen mit Gabe der Kontro‖ ―Lёsung Auch die intest nalen

lgA― und Serum― lgG― VVerte zelgten eine Tendenz zu niedr geren VVerten bei den Nlausen mit Gabe der Kolostralnnilch―

Lёsung D e Zahlen derin der Milz vorhandenen CDllb+― ,CD19+― und lFN―Y+CD4+― Ze‖ en waren ebenfa‖ s sign fikant

niedriger bel Mausen rnit Gabe der Kolostralrnilch― Lёsung Die DNA― 卜Иikroarray―Analyse der mRNAs,extrahiert aus denZe‖ en der Peyer'schen Platten,zelgte,dass die Genexprimierung der Proteine in Bezug auf dle丁 ―Ze‖ aktivierung der

ervvorbenen lmmunreaktion oder die Fc8 Vermittelte Nlastze‖ en― Aktivierung deutlich niedriger vvaren bei Mausen mit

Gabe der Kolostralnnilch― Lё sung im Vergleich zu den Kontro‖ tieren DemgegenObervvar die Expr mierung der Proteinein Bezug auf die丁 ―regulatonschen Zellen oder das intesjnale innate(angeborene)lmmunSystem deutlich hё her bei

卜Лausen m t∨erabreichung der Kolostralmilch― Lёsung Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin,dass dle orale Aufnahmevon Kolostralmilch von Ktthen das erworbene lmmunsystem und damit a‖ erglsche Reakt onen vom Typ l unterdrOckt

und das angeborene lmmunsystem starkt

14 Colostrum(mouseimmune svstem) 1 4 Kolostralmilch(lmmunsystem der Maus)

1. lntroduction

丁he colostrum is the early m‖ k produced during thefirst several days after parturition and contains a large

amount of anti― infectious proteins such as lg(L secre―

lory lgA, lactoferrln, and lysozyme, since mamma‖ anneonates are immunologica‖ y inlmature

On the other hand,some m‖ k proteins and their dl

gests have been demonstrated to modulate the deveト

opment ofimmune systems WoNG and WATSON(1)demonstrated that the oral ingestion of cow's vVheyproteins had an enhancing effect on the secondaryhumoral antibody response in mice OTAN er al(2,3)found that dietary cow s casein phosphopeptides

(CPP)enhanced the intestinal lgA response to perlo―nea‖ y or ora‖ y ingested antigens in piglets and mice

KITAMURA θr al(4)obserVed that the oral ingestion ofCPP by pregnant sows produced higherlevels of co―lostral lgA and lgG than in soⅥ ノS that did not lngest

CPP during pregnancy OHN∪ Kl θr aノ (5)reported thatthe oralingestion of cow'sm‖ k lgG suppressed immu―

noglobu‖ n production ln mice

Milchwissenschaft 65(1)2010

丁he concept of protecting a host vvith cow's colos―

trum is not nё w tthe oralingestion ofthe lgG― rich frac―

tion ofthe colostrum of covvs that had been immunizedvvith infectious microorganlsms has been demon―strated to provide effective protection against microor―

ganism infections in some domesticated animals(6)Recently,YosHloKA θよal(7)obserVed that the colos―trum produced during the first 4 d of pOst― parturition di―

rectly stimulated intestinal intraepithe‖ al lymphocytesto develop into tt helper l type(丁 hl),whiCh might pro―

tect animals from infectious diseases and anergic dis―

eases mediated via T helper 2 type(Th2)respOnses丁hese facts suggest that the colostrum produced dur―

ing the early days of post― parturltion is useful as an

immunomodulatory supplement for infant formula andother physiologica‖ y functional foods Hovvever, the

colostrum produced during the first 5 d of post―parturltion(pp)iS lega‖ y restricted with regard to its

use as a food and food supplementin」 apanThe aim ofthis studyis to learn the immune properties

of mice given cow's colostrum produced 6 to 7 days p p

Ohashi. Effect on mouse immune system of cow's colostrum 11

The effect on mouse immune systems of cow's colostrum produced 6 to 7 days after parturition

By Yuki OHASHI 1, Kenj i UCHIDA2, Mihoko KAWASAd and Hajime OTANI 1

1Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa-mura, Nagano-ken 399-4598, Japan, E-mail: otani84@shinshu-u.ac.jp

2Research and Development Company, KOBAYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0057, Japan

Five-week-old male mice were divided into 2 groups in which they were orally given sterile saline solution (control so­lution) or cow's colostrum powder prepared from milk produced 6 to 7 days after parturition in sterile saline solution (co­lostrum solution) . The mice were given the solution once a day for 5 weeks . The level of intestinal totallgG was signifi­cantly lower in the mice given the colostrum solution than in the mice given the control solution, and the intestinallgA and serum IgG levels tended to be lower in the mice given the colostrum solution. The numbers of spleen CD11 b+, CD19+, and IFN-y+CD4+ cells were also significantly lower in mice given the colostrum solution. DNA microarray analysis of mRNAs extracted from Peyer's patch cells showed that the gene expression of proteins relating to T cell activation of ac­quired immune responses or FCE-mediated mast cell activation was obviously lower in the mice given the colostrum solu­tion than in the mice given the control solution , whereas that of proteins relating to T regulatory cells or intestinal innate immune system was noticeably higher in mice given the colostrum solution. These results suggest that the oral ingestion of cow's colostrum suppresses the acquired immune system and type I allergic reactions, and enhances the innate im­mune system.

Zum Einfluss von Kuh-Kolostralmilch, gewonnen an den Tagen 6 und 7 nach dem Abkalben, auf das Immun system der Maus

FLinf Wochen alte mannliche Mause wurden in zwei Gruppen unterteilt, die entweder sterile Kochsalzl6sung (Kontroll­L6sung) oder Kolostralmilchpulver von KLihen , gewonnen 6-7 Tage nach dem Abkalben und aufgel6st in steriler Koch­salzl6sung (Kolostralmilch-L6sung) erhielten. Die L6sungen wurden den Mausen einmal pro Tag Liber einen Zeitraum von 5 Wochen verabreich!. Die Level an intestinalem Gesamt-lgG lagen bei den Mausen, die die Kolostralmilch-L6sung erhalten hatten, signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zu den Mausen mit Gabe der Kontroll-L6sung. Auch die intestinalen IgA- und Serum-lgG-Werte zeigten eine Tendenz zu niedrigeren Werten bei den Mausen mit Gabe der Kolostralmilch­L6sung. Die Zahlen der in der Milz vorhandenen CD11 b+-, CD19+- und IFN-y+CD4+-Zelien waren ebenfalls signifikant niedriger bei Mausen mit Gabe der Kolostralmilch-L6sung. Die DNA-Mikroarray-Analyse der mRNAs, extrahiert aus den Zellen der Peyer'schen Platten, zeigte, dass die Genexprimierung der Proteine in Bezug auf die T-Zellaktivierung der erworbenen Immunreaktion oder die FCE vermittelte Mastzellen-Aktivierung deutlich niedriger waren bei Mausen mit Gabe der Kolostralmilch-L6sung im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren. DemgegenLiber war die Exprimierung der Proteine in Bezug auf die T-regulatorischen Zellen oder das intestinale innate (angeborene) Immunsystem deutlich h6her bei Mausen mit Verabreichung der Kolostralmilch-L6sung. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin , dass die orale Aufnahme von Kolostralmilch von KLihen das erworbene Immunsystem und damit allergische Reaktionen vom Typ I unterdrLickt und das angeborene Immunsystem stark!.

14 Colostrum (mouse immune system) 14 Kolostralmilch (Immunsystem der Maus)

1. Introduction The colostrum is the early milk produced during the

first several days after parturition and contains a large amount of anti-infectious proteins such as IgG, secre­tory IgA, lactoferrin , and lysozyme, since mammalian neonates are immunologically immature.

On the other hand , some milk proteins and their di­gests have been demonstrated to modulate the devel­opment of immune systems. WONG and WATSON (1) demonstrated that the oral ingestion of cow's whey proteins had an enhancing effect on the secondary humoral antibody response in mice. OTANI et al. (2, 3) found that dietary cow's casein phosphopeptides (CPP) enhanced the intestinal IgA response to perito­neally or orally ingested antigens in piglets and mice. KITAMURA et al. (4) observed that the oral ingestion of CPP by pregnant sows produced higher levels of co­lostral IgA and IgG than in sows that did not ingest CPP during pregnancy. OHNUKI et al. (5) reported that the oral ingestion of cow's milk IgG suppressed immu­noglobulin production in mice.

Milchwissenschaft 65 (1) 2010

The concept of protecting a host with cow's colos­trum is not new. The oral ingestion of the IgG-rich frac­tion of the colostrum of cows that had been immunized with infectious microorganisms has been demon­strated to provide effective protection against microor­ganism infections in some domesticated animals (6) . Recently, YOSHIOKA et al. (7) observed that the colos­trum produced during the first 4 d of post-parturition di­rectly stimulated intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to develop into T helper 1 type (Th1) , which might pro­tect animals from infectious diseases and allergic dis­eases mediated via T helper 2 type (Th2) responses. These facts suggest that the colostrum produced dur­ing the early days of post-parturition is useful as an immunomodulatory supplement for infant formula and other physiologically functional foods. However, the colostrum produced during the first 5 d of post­parturition (p.p.) is legally restricted with regard to its use as a food and food supplement in Japan.

The aim of this study is to learn the immune properties of mice given cow's colostrum produced 6 to 7 days p.p.

つ」

0わasわ′,fFFecr Oη mουsθ 力ηmυβe sysrem οFcOwむ cOノOsrrum

2. Materials and methods

丁his experiment was conducted in accordance vvith

泄『

∬ 累 l滉需 苦畠∬ :出 :::� 机 腎 琶 P(I105 and Notification No 6 of the 」apanese govern―

ment

2.ア Mattr′ als

Defined fetal bovine serum(FBS)waS Obtained from

labeled antl―mouse interferon(IFN)―γ mAb(cloneXMG1 2),biolin_labeled anti― mouse CD4 mAb(cloneRM4-5),biojn_labeled anti― mouse CDllb mAb(clone

里 熟 �l蠅 齢 憾 輔 燃

:雲芯r躙

摺呂棚 ]:闇 eヽ濡 iin智留lsよ:m

鋤』冨躍盤v:嘲鶏諾穐翠需:sI:電h�

苦恐ηi闊ξtteき :'1lξ望訥eri翼%↑きaド訟なel鵠 :

mercia‖ y available

2.2 Cο′οsrrt/m ρο″der

Colostrum powder was prepared from cow's CO10S―trum thatvvas produced 6 to 7 d after parturition Briefly,

the colostrum vvas centrifuged to partia‖ y remove the

fat,filtered vvith a membrane to partia‖ yremovelow mo―

lecular substances,heat― treated at 73° C for15 sec,and

:%著f悧ふ]‖:l響税ヽ囮T'T器冨蹴鑑7.8°/。 mineral,and 4 2・/。 moisture

2.θ Orarad/η加たrra〃ο/7

Four week― old male C3H/HeN mice were obtainedfrom」 apan SLC(ShiZuOka,Japan)After preliminarybreeding for l vveek, the mice were divided into 2

:罫‖翼 :IⅢlll:i羊∬雪 1品:3:γ:札 71だ :『:ξ

trum powder dissolved in sterile saline solution with a

totalvolume of 0 5 ml(co10Strum solution)Each group

consisted of 7 mice,and the mice were given the solu―

tion once a dayfor 5 weeks.Commerclal mouse pe‖ ets

(MF,Oriental Yeast Co.,Tokyo)were cOntinuouslyava‖ able from stainless― steel feeders, and water was

開退常:1漏 :i‖肌11哩TOg躙 :♀ lT‖1誂

t月児晰i

聞肝↓:慧』隠し:♀鼎網T肥冊 r酬層記ifor 5 vveeks

2.4 Prepara″οn οrsen″η and′ρresrirlaノ θχrracォ

Serum was prepared from blood One gram ofthein―

駆『 鑑 電 瀧 漕 よ」『 品 朧 Ⅷ I::¶譜T,Tlヽwlh sea sand(lg)in 0 01 M sodium phosphate bufferatpH 7 2,containing 0 15 M sodium chloride(25 ml)

丁he ground material was centrifuged at l,200 g fOr 30

min at 4° C,and the supernatant was co‖ ected as intes―

tinal extract

2.5 Preparar′ 0′7 0rSρノθθ/7a/7σ P()〕/ert,ρ arcわ ceノ ls

Spleen and Peyer's patch ce‖ s were prepared ac―

cording to the procedure described in a previous paper

(8)

2.δ /mmυροgムοbυ〃n assay

丁he level oftotallgG and lgA in the serum and lntes―

tinal extracts was measured according to the manufac―

turers prOtocol with a Mouse lgG ELISA QuantitationK1l or a Mouse lgA ELISA Quantitation Kit(Bethyl Labo―

ratOnes,lnc,Montgomery,USA),respecjvely

2.ア Oθ〃わnc″0/7 analysた

The spleen ce‖ s vvere lncubated with mouse Fc block

for 15 min at 4?(3 before being reacted with biotin―labeled antl― mouse mAbs specific for CDllb or CD19for15 min at 4RC Ce‖ s that had already been reacted

with the biotin― labeled antibody were furtherincubated

vvith P巨 /Cy5-labeled streptavidin for 1 5 min at 4RC. FI―

矧γ卜『‖』冦惇鰺譴マ]‰認淑観」]首年::柵潔:ξぜ偲[‖:`]』∬:tttΨ計¶晶|?1腑澗淵:♀器Ⅲλl:itF論 1古議,V昆/師器肥レllla‖:鯛

::ITI兒)と1』:[他 :、II「J:i偉 1醤」讐:瞥:ii鰍::::|(1::

落:li」:i間tl闇n31黒

哩λ置|::』:針r:溝潮‖棉[llTl』 1籠

j齢鼎『哩躍%∬き1隅置亀鴫::鷲

ぜ

':「

欄le:』出::滉iξ:旭層肥:ifttl:輝regent l,and then after 15 min,the ce‖ s were washed

31♀属習陽‖」子認認i‖∬部:ll∬1:10[圃 i」::薔 :

ter incubation vvith P匿 ―labeled anti― mouse mAbs spe―cific for lL-4 orlFN― γ and vvere analyzed by means ofGuava PCA

2.8 DNハ m′croarray analysた

丁he genome― wide gene expression of Peyer's patch

ce‖ s was examined according to the procedure de―sc� bed previously(9)by usingthe Mouse Genome 430

錦 詰 :き 恐 II催ettrよ

電il:Ж 'ボ飩 t∬皇 %「

lowsi Fluorescence intensity based on the mRNAs ex―

tracted from mice given the colostrum solutlon/fluores―

cence intensity based on the mRNAs extracted frommice given the control solution

2.9 srarisたa/analysた

Data were expressed as rnean± standard devlation,

The significance of differences vvas tested with the Stu―

dent'sル test

3. Results and discussion

3.ブ ′β7η trnOgrobυ linノe1/ersゎ se″m and′ηres″na′

rracrs

The mice that vvere given the colostrum solution

Milchwissenschaft 65(1)2010

12

2. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted in accordance with

the guidelines for the Regulation of Animal Experimen­tation at Shinshu University and according to Law No. 105 and Notification No. 6 of the Japanese govern­ment.

2. 1 Materials Defined fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from

Equitech-Bio Inc. (Kerrville , USA) . RPMI-1640 medium was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical (Tokyo, Japan). Biolegend (San Diego, USA) was supplied phycoerythrin (PE)-Iabeled anti-mouse interleukin (IL)-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb, clone 11 B11) , PE­labeled anti-mouse interferon (IFN)-y mAb (clone XMG1.2) , biotin-labeled anti-mouse CD4 mAb (clone RM4-5) , biotin-labeled anti-mouse CD11 b mAb (clone M1 /70) , biotin-labeled anti-mouse CD19b mAb (clone MB 19-1), and phycoerythrin/cyanine 5 (PE/Cy5)-labeled streptavidin. Brefeldin A (BFA), ionomycin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Intra­Prep Permeabilization Reagent was bought from Beckman Coulter Inc.m Tokyo. Penicillin G potassium and streptomycin sulfate were obtained from Meiji Seika, Tokyo. Guava Viacount Reagent was purchased from Guava Technologies (Hayward, USA). Other chemicals were of the highest analytical grade com­merciallyavailable.

2.2 Colostrum powder Colostrum powder was prepared from cow's colos­

trum that was produced 6 to 7 d after parturition. Briefly, the colostrum was centrifuged to partially remove the fat , filtered with a membrane to partially remove low mo­lecular substances, heat-treated at 73°C for 15 sec , and spray-dried. The colostrum powder consisted of 49.8% protein including 11.0% IgG, 36.4% lactose, 1.8% fat , 7.8% mineral , and 4.2% moisture.

2.3 Oral administration Four-week-old male C3H/HeN mice were obtained

from Japan SLC (Shizuoka, Japan). After preliminary breeding for 1 week, the mice were divided into 2 groups in which they were orally given 0.5 ml of sterile saline solution (control solution) or 8 mg of the colos­trum powder dissolved in sterile saline solution with a total volume of 0.5 ml (colostrum solution) . Each group consisted of 7 mice, and the mice were given the solu­tion once a day for 5 weeks . Commercial mouse pellets (MF, Oriental Yeast Co ., Tokyo) were continuously available from stainless-steel feeders , and water was provided ad libitum from drinking bottles . The mice were maintained at 24 ± 2°C under 12-h light/12-h dark cycles. The blood , spleen , intestinal tract, and Peyer's patch were collected from the mice after breeding them for 5 weeks .

2.4 Preparation of serum and intestinal extract Serum was prepared from blood . One gram of the in­

testinal tract (duodenum to rectum) consisting of its tis­sues and contents was ground for 20 min at 2 ± 1 °C with sea sand (1 g) in 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.2, containing 0.15 M sodium chloride (2.5 ml).

Ohashi, Effect on mouse immune system of cow's colostrum

The ground material was centrifuged at 1,200 g for 30 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was collected as intes­tinal extract.

2.5 Preparation of spleen and Peyer's patch cells Spleen and Peyer's patch cells were prepared ac­

cording to the procedure described in a previous paper (8) .

2.6 Immunoglobulin assay The level of totallgG and IgA in the serum and intes­

tinal extracts was measured according to the manufac­turer's protocol with a Mouse IgG ELISA Ouantitation Kit or a Mouse IgA ELISA Ouantitation Kit (Bethyl Labo­ratories, Inc, Montgomery, USA), respectively.

2.7 Cell function analysis The spleen cells were incubated with mouse Fc block

for 15 min at 4°C before being reacted with biotin­labeled anti-mouse mAbs specific for CD11 b or CD19 for 15 min at 4°C. Cells that had already been reacted with the biotin-labeled antibody were further incubated with PE/Cy5-labeled streptavidin for 15 min at 4°C. Fi ­nally, all cells were analyzed using a Guava Personal Cell Function Analyzer (Guava PCA, Guava Technolo­gies) . For the analysis of CD4+cell cytokines , spleen cells were incubated at 37 OC in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin , 100 IJg/ml streptomycin , 20 IJg/ml BFA, 2IJg/ml ionomycin , and 20 ng/ml PMA for 4 h. The surface marker antigens of the cells were reacted with biotin-labeled anti -mouse mAbs specific for CD4 (clone RM4-5) for 15 min at 4 °C and were then incubated with PE/Cy5-labeled streptavidin for 15 min at 4 °C. Intracellular cytokines were meas­ured by permeabilizing cells before incubating them with PE-Iabeled anti-mouse cytokine mAbs specific for IL-4 or IFN-y. Briefly, the cells were fi xed in IntraPrep regent 1, and then after 15 min, the cells were washed and permeabilized by incubation with IntraPrep regent 2. The cells that contained cytokines were visualized af­ter incubation with PE-Iabeled anti-mouse mAbs spe­cific for IL-4 or IFN-y and were analyzed by means of Guava PCA.

2.8 DNA microarray analysis The genome-wide gene expression of Peyer's patch

cells was examined according to the procedu re de­scribed previously (9) by using the Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara , USA). Data are shown as relative expression levels calculated as fol­lows : Fluorescence intensity based on the m RNAs ex­tracted from mice given the colostrum solution/ fluores ­cence intensity based on the mRNAs extracted from mice given the control solution.

2.9 Statistical analysis Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation .

The significance of differences was tested with the Stu­dent's t-test.

3. Results and discussion 3.1 Immunoglobulin levels in serum and intestinal

tracts The mice that were given the colostrum solution

Milchwissenschaft 65 (1) 2010

0わasわら fFFecr Oη mο υsθ ノmmυ ηe s/sわ用 OF cO〃 t cOノ Osrrum

gained body weightin a quite similar mannerto thosegiven the control solution(data nOt shown).HenCe,there is little difference in the nutritional value of the

control and colostrum solutions.

Fi9 21 Numbers of immunocompetent ce‖ s in spleens ofmice given the control(A)or co10Strum so ulon(B)☆Pく005

Flg l: lmmuno91obul n levels in serヒof mice given the contro(A)or☆P<005

st nal tracts

solut on(B)

Figure l shovvs the levels of( l intestinalimmunoglobu‖ ns tthe intestinal 1l vas signifi―

cantly lower in the mice given th m solutionthan in the mice given the control The serumlgG and intestinallgA levels also l )e lovverln

the mice given the colostrum solut l results in―

dicate that the oral ingestion of cし lυ。1[u‖ [Ouppressesimrnunoglobu‖ n production

33 /Vt/Л9わer Ofimmυ /70COmpere/7′ Oθ〃Sノρ`7,ノ

θθ/7S

Figure 2 shows the numbers of spleen CDllb+,CD19+,IFN―ブCD4+,and lL-4+cD4+cells tthe numbersof CDllb+,CD19+,and lFN― プCD4+cells were signifi―

cantly lower in the mice given the colostrum solution

than in the mice given the control solution CDllb andCD19 are typical ce‖ surface antigens of antigen―presenting ce‖ s and B ce‖ s, respectively (10, 11)lFNデ CD4+and lL-4+CD4+cells are tthl and Th2 cells,respectively,and stimulate the ce‖ ularimmune systemand the humoral immune system,respectively(12)丁hese results suggest that the suppression of immu―noglobu‖ n production caused by the ingestion of colos―

trum might be attributable to the reduction of CDll b+

and/or CD19+ce‖ numbers

3.4 Ger7θ θィρreSS′ Oρ O′ ″ηmυne sysrer7 ρrOkttns

ノρ Peyerじ ρaたわcerls

丁he m RNA extracted from Peyer's patch cells was

SubleCted to DNA microarray analysis Of about 39000genes,the fluorescence intensity of 1 40 spOts was at

least1 5-fold higherin the mice given the colostrum so―

lution than ln the mice given the control solutlon,vvhile

that of 32 spots vvas less than 0 5-fold lowerin the for―

merthanin thelatter Out ofthe genesthat shovved a

Milchwissenschaft 65(1)2010

Relative expresslon ieveis

(0010Strum/control)

0 05 10 15

とc々

ノ旅

sr繭ブ

Cd247ん′a″′

′kkb

DejFc汚

Rη′ブ2

Cc125

Leaρ2

ん′″o3Cc12ブ

Flg 3: Gene expresslon of proteins relating to immune sys―tems in Peyer's patch ce‖ s of mice glven the controlor colostrum solution

difference in expresslon between the ingestion of thecontrol solution and the colostrunn solution,the expres―

sion levels of those genes that relate to the immunesystem are shownin Fig 3 丁he levels ofと cれ ′r々,srlmブ ,

Cd2イ乙 Ma′′7, and 旅施 expression decreased to ap―proximately half oftheir control values in the mice given

the colostrum solution ln contrast, Dercr5, Rρ Fプ 28,

Cc125,とeap2,議、cθ,and Ccβ ブexpression lncreased

to more than 1 5-fold of the control values in the micegiven the colostrum solution The proteins transcribed

fromと c々 ,ノk,Stimプ ぅω 4乙 Maノ′ブ,and lkkわ are leuko―

cyte― specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), IL-2-inducible T ce‖ kinase(ltk),StrOmal interacting mole―

cule l(STIMl),丁 ce‖ receptor zeta(丁 CRzeta:CD247),m ucosa― associated― lymphold― tlssue lymphoma― trans―

location gene l(MAL丁 1), and 3-phosphoinositide―

13

含Ｅ

９ヽこｔ

うｏＥく

（ｏｏヽＥ）ｔつｏＥく

（０

９ヽ一）一ｃうｏＥく

IFN―γキCD4=

A BCD19・

１

　

　

　

　

　

　

０

（ｏＯｒヽす〇）Ｘ）

２

０

８

６

４

２

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」ΦＤＥ５ｃ一５０

A BCDllb+ 50

40

A B

Ohashi, Effect on mouse immune system of cow's colostrum

gained body weight in a quite similar manner to those given the control solution (data not shown). Hence, there is little difference in the nutritional value of the control and colostrum solutions.

40

:§ 30 3 § 20 o E «

10

:§ g> -= C ::J 0

E «

600 Serum IgG

400

200 - '

Intestina l IgG

A

4 -

Fig. 1: Immunoglobulin levels in serL of mice given the contro l (A) or *P<O .05

Intestinal IgA

A B

stinal tracts solution (6).

Figure 1 shows the levels of ! j intestinal immunoglobulins. The intestinal II vas signifi -cantly lower in the mice given th m solution than in the mice given the control fhe serum IgG and intestinal IgA levels also t )e lower in the mice given the colostrum solut ! results in-dicate that the oral ingestion of Cl;'U~lI UII I ~uppresses immunoglobulin production.

3.3 Number of immunocompetent cells in spleens Figure 2 shows the numbers of spleen CD11 b+,

CD19+, IFN-y+CD4+, and IL-4+CD4+ cells . The numbers of CD11 b+ , CD19+, and IFN-y+CD4+ cells were signifi­cantly lower in the mice given the colostrum solution than in the mice given the control solution. CD11 band CD19 are typical cell surface antigens of antigen­presenting cells and B cells, respectively (10, 11). IFNy+CD4+ and IL-4+CD4+ cells are Th1 and Th2 cells , respectively, and stimulate the cellular immune system and the humoral immune system , respectively (12). These results suggest that the suppression of immu­noglobulin production caused by the ingestion of colos­trum might be attributable to the reduction of CD11 b+ and/or CD19+ cell numbers.

3.4 Gene expression of immune system proteins in Peyer's patch cells

The mRNA extracted from Peyer's patch cells was subjected to DNA microarray analysis . Of about 39000 genes, the fluorescence intensity of 140 spots was at least 1.5-fold higher in the mice given the colostrum so­lution than in the mice given the control solution , wh il e that of 32 spots was less than 0.5-fold lower in the for­mer than in the latter. Out of the genes that showed a

Milchwissenschaft 65 (1) 2010

13

2 IFN-'(+CD4+

IL-4+CD4+ ~ <D 0 ~ -0 ~

-8- 0 :v A B A B ..c 12 CD11b+ 50 ,.... CD19+ E :::l r+ * ~ * c 10 40 r--(jj

~ u 8 30

6 20

4

2 t", 10

0 0 A B A B

Fig.2: Numbers of immunocompetent cells in spleens of mice given the control (A) or colostrum solution (6) . *P<O.05

o Lek

/tk

Stim1 Cd247 Malt 1 Ikkb

Defer5 Rnf128

Cel25

Leap2

Mue3 Cel21

Relat ive expression levels ( colostrum/control)

05 10 15 I I r I

I I

I I I I I I I I I

I

I I I

I

"".·,.c"'" ., .• ;, ..... I . ,,'x;

1/ 2.8 -,

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Fig. 3: Gene expression of proteins relating to immune sys­tems in Peyer's patch cel ls of mice given the control or colostrum solution.

difference in expression between the ingestion of the control solution and the colostrum solution , the expres­sion levels of those genes that relate to the immune system are shown in Fig. 3. The levels of Lek, Itk, Stim 1, Cd247, Malt1, and Ikkb expression decreased to ap­proximately half of their control values in the mice given the colostrum solution. In contrast, Defer5, Rnf128, Ccl25, Leap2, Mue3, and Cel21 expression increased to more than 1.5-fold of the control values in the mice given the colostrum solution. The proteins transcribed from Lek, Itk, Stim1 , Cd247, Maltt , and Ikkb are leuko­cyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) , IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk) , stromal interacting mole­cule 1 (STIM1), T cell receptor zeta (TCRzeta: CD247) , mucosa-associated-Iymphoid-tissue lymphoma-trans­location gene 1 (MAL T1), and 3-phosphoinositide-

0わasわノ,EFFecr O月 用ουse fmmυηθ sj/Sfem OFcOw13 cOノOsFru用14

鯖籠S,器継TЪI峨瑾肌 甑teins from Dercr5,Pnf728,

齢稗珊 IⅧ[�Ⅷl

Эkine(C― C mOtif)ligand 21

6♀缶:11::::斧鼎 _kappaB by T cell Юce山

「

CD

網諾朧∫躙冒fご撃 酬 !‖

j雖:l∬ :里酬都f器梨:胤landsttaCeexγ eSdOndthe TCR/CD3 complex(13)Manl cOntrols T cell acjva―tion by regulating key molecules ln ttCR― lnduced sig―

鼎1;1職き:ft絡l[『!li11:| [lidition,lkkB iS essentialfOr rl

‰t::�翻:皿 1::誹oralingestion of the colostrum solutiOn suppresses the

on the other hand, llk iS

3t ce‖ s,and the reduction of

♀器1需器試n嬰:露

|『

38RI― mediated mast ce‖ ac―

躙昭謂TttJ鍋¥:3ιF酬≒」ll:I:『洲」I仙面onJ Юguttory attvI`選

獄ム轟‖:誓』『計8∬t古嘱results shOwn in F19 3 indic

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釧mddesthe phag∝ wCaF胤」#♀調品:「嶋照lじwhile CCL25 plays essentil

∬」♀t:l邸嵐:il撮:1♀t:ittЪ :I冦認L害昂ir謬 l♀

Defensins and LEAP-2 are antinllcrobial peptides wlth

broad― spectrum ac� vlies(22,23)Defensins play an

l脚 :1:l寵7島‖縣 懸 T::1首器 背 im‖ 1檸 洲 i

vvhile Leap2 is produced in some tiSSues including in―

testinaltissues and is known to function as the body's“natural antibiOtiCS"(23)Mucin 3 is a heaVily glycosy―

ぼ ed「∝dnthat paeds瀾司峰[蟹認 P朧 :β寓knovvn to act as an impo

These facts and the results ShoWn in Fig 3 indicate that

the oral ingestiOn of the CO10Strum solution enhancesmucosalimmunity,in particular,innate intestinalimmu―nity.Thus,the DNA microarray analysis data shoW that

!l慧|:]||‖‖‖蛹il黒

:濾里|][::::」ξ:ξ、雪[lces lnnate immunity.

sed in this Study consisted of

498%pddn hdudn91:ЮttP%日ヽ誦 ¶お も♀鷲“Materials and methOdS"s

鼎』li電

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irnmunoglobulin production,

Jhough he attgen fЮe誂肥 � 器 潟 i:8酬 γ

ce‖ s through the FcγRl ar

:翻‖」器i:翼�tgII:幣]F鰤鑑熟the production ofimmuno(

鮒樹 薄 :

a‖ ergic foOd ingredlents

4. References

(1) VVONG,C VV,WATSON,D L:」 Dairy Res 62 359-

368(1995) __ ́ ′ 、′

(2)

０

０

０

０

０

OTARI,H i KITAMURA,H,PARK,M K,KIH全 早今,Y,

OSHIDA, T, KusUHARA, S, SAWADA,senschaft 55 429-432(2000)

:脳th詰 lB麗lW'6砦2非∬隅 )

蝋鵬I罷淵キ珊1着:帯1憮 :

:1:鶏171:照 ぅよT'た AK測 ,S i Food Agnc lm―

締蠅謡鞠Ⅷ襟繹蛸:

鳳 翻 閑 キOTAM,H:Mに h�SSenschJt62 450 453

i」鰭#響!鮨‖1瀧瀞踏‖砕乳

恣 扁 鍮 寵剛晟T耐3ml切[lT:説 態 3好習 讐 ,HANIDU,A,PEET,GW,ARO,P,

K:Milchwls―

丁: Bloscl

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

MilchwisSenschaft 65(1)2010

14

dependent protein kinase-1-mediated IkappaB kinase

beta (lkkB), respectively . Similarly, the transcribed pro­

teins from Defer5, Rnf128, Ce125, Leap2, Mue3, and

Cel21 are defensin related cryptdin 5, ring finger protein

128 (GRAIL), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 25

(CCL25) , liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2

(Leap2) , mucin 3, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21

(CCL21) , respectively . The activation of NF-kappaB by T cell receptor (TCR)

signaling is critical for T cell activation during the adap­

tive immune response. TCRzeta (CD247) functions as

an amplification module in the TCR signaling cascade

and is essential for assembly and surface expression of

the TCR/CD3 complex (13) . Malt1 controls T cell activa­

tion by regulating key molecules in TCR-induced sig­

naling pathways (14), while Lck is a member of the Src

family of protein tyrosine kinases and is critical for the T

cell activation triggered by receptor ligation (15) . In ad­

dition , IkkB is essential for rapid NF-kappa B activation

by proinflammatory signaling cascades (16). These

facts and the results shown in Fig. 3 indicate that the

oral ingestion of the colostrum solution suppresses the

adaptive immune response. On the other hand, Itk is

produced by T cells and mast cells , and the reduction of

Itk production reduces aliergen/lgE-induced histamine

release (17) . STIM1 is important for promoting Ca2+ in­

flux, which is essential for FCERI-mediated mast cell ac­

tivation and anaphylaxis (18) . GRAIL is expressed in

CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells , and is linked to their

functional regulatory activity (19). These facts and the

results shown in Fig. 3 indicate that the oral ingestion of

the colostrum solution reduces type I allergic reactions.

Moreover, CCL21 and CCL25 are small cytokines that

belonging to the CC-chemokinekine family . CCL21

stimulates the phagocytic activity of dendritic cells (20),

while CCL25 plays essential roles in intestinal homing

of IgA antibody-secreting cells, primarily by mediating

their extravasation into intenstinal lamina propria (21) .

Defensins and LEAP-2 are antimicrobial peptides with

broad-spectrum activities (22 , 23). Defensins play an

important role in innate immunity and are known to con­

tribute to the regulation of host adaptive immunity (22) ,

while Leap2 is produced in some tissues including in­

testinal tissues and is known to function as the body's

"natural antibiotics" (23). Mucin 3 is a heavily glycosy­

lated protein that protects epithelial membranes and is

known to act as an important intestinal barrier (24).

These facts and the results shown in Fig . 3 indicate that

the oral ingestion of the colostrum solution enhances

mucosal immunity, in particular, innate intestinal immu­

nity. Thus , the DNA microarray analysis data show that

the colostum produced 6 to 7 days after parturition sup­

presses adaptive immune responses, reduces type I al­

lergic reactions, and enhances innate immunity.

The colostrum powder used in this study consisted of

49.8% protein including 11.0% IgG, as described in the

"Materials and methods" section. OHNUKI and OTANI

(8) demonstrated that the complex of antigens and their

specific milk IgG boud to accessory cells through

FcyRilb and suppressed immunoglobulin production ,

although the antigen-free milk IgG bound to accessory

cells through the FcyRI and increased immunoglobulin

production. SUEDA and OTANI (9) reported that a diet in­

cluding antigens and their specific milk IgG suppressed

the production of immunoglobulin and the development

Ohashi, Effect on mouse immune system of cow's colostrum

of allergic syndromes through several mechanisms.

Thus , it is suggested that IgG in orally administered co­

lostrum might form antigen-antibody complexes with in­

testinal bacteria, and act strongly on the intestinal im­

mune system . Casein was also present in the colostrum powder

used in this study. Casein is digested in the gastrointes­

tinal tract and produces CPP. OTANI et at. (2 , 3) found

that CPP enhanced the intestinal IgA response. KITA­

MURA et al. (4) reported that the ingestion of CPP by

pregnant sows produced higher levels of colostral IgA

and IgG than in sows that did not ingest CPP during

pregnancy. In this study, the intestinal IgA level tended

to be lower in mice given the colostrum solution than in

the mice given the control solution , but the expression

of Ce125, which is related to important roles in the intes­

tinal homing of IgA antibody-secreting cells (21) , was

higher in the mice given the colostrum solution . The

high expression of Cel25 might be attributable to the

caseins in the colostrum. In addition, the level of Mue3

was also higher in the mice given the colostrum solution

than in the mice given the control solution . HAN et al.

(25) reported that a diet containing hydrolyzed casein

induced a significant increase of Muc3 in rats , in com­

parison to a diet containing a synthetic amino acid mix­

ture. The higher expression of Mue3 in the mice given

the colostrum solution might be attributable to caseins .

In conclusion , the authors propose that the cow's co­

lostrum produced 6 to 7 days after parturition would be

useful as a mucosal immunomodulatory and/or anti­

allergic food ingredients.

4. References (1) WONG, C. W., WATSON, D. L.: J. Dairy Res. 62359-

368 (1995) (2) OTANI , H., KITAMURA, H., PARK, M. K., KIHARA, Y. ,

OSHIDA, T., KUSUHARA, S., SAWADA, K.: Milchwis­

senschaft 55 429-432 (2000) (3) OTANI , H., NAKANO, K. , KAWAHARA, T. : Biosci.

Biotechnol. Biochem. 67729-735 (2003)

(4) KITAMURA, H., OSHIDA, T. , OTANI , H. , WAKADUKI, S.,

KUSUHARA, S.: Milchwissenschaft 57 110-113 (2002)

(5) OHNUKI , H. , MIZUTANI , A., OTANI , H. : Int. Immuno­

pharm. 61315-1322 (2006) (6) FACON, M. , SUKURA, B. J., NAKAI , S.: Food Agric. Im­

munol. 585-91 (1993) (7) YOSHIOKA, Y., KUDO, S. , NISHIMURA, H., YAJIMA, T. , KI­

SHIHARA, K. , SAITO, K., SUZUKI , T., SUZUKI , Y. , KUROI­

WA, S. , YOSHIKAI, Y.: Int. Immunoparmacol. 5 581-

590 (2005) (8) OHNUKI , H., OTANI , H.: Milchwissenschaft 62 450-453

(2007) (9) SUEDA, Y. , OTANI, H.: Michwissenschaft, in press .

(10) ARNAOUT, M. A.: Immunol. Rev. 114 145-180 (1990)

(11) TEDDER, T. F., ZHOU, L. J., ENGEL, P. : Immunol. To-

day 15 437 -442 (1994) (12) XU, D., CHAN, W. L., LEUNG, B. P., HUNTER, D.,

SCHULZ, K., CARTER, R. W., MCINNES, I. , ROBINSON, J.

H. , lIEw, F. Y.: J. Exp. Med. 188 1485-1492 (1998)

(13) GORMAN, C. L. , RUSSELL, A. I. , ZHANG, Z., CUNNING­

HAME, G. D., COPE, A. P., VYSE , T. J.: J. Immunol. 180

1060-1070 (2008) (14) THOME, M.: Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8495-500 (2008)

(15) DENNY, M. F. , PATAI , B. , STRAUS, B. : Mol. Cell . BioI. 20

1426-1435 (2000) (16) 1I , X., MASSA, P. E. , HANIDU, A., PEET, G. W., ARO, P. ,

Milchwissenschaft 65 (1) 2010

κbrre,ノmρ ro�ng θ

“

む′θηc/OF reFrigera″ οη sysrem

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

SAVITT,A,ヽ 41scHE,S,Ll,」 ,MARC∪,K B:J BiolChem 277 45129-45140(2002)IYER,A S,A∪ GUST,A:」 lmmuno1 180 7869-7877(2008)BABA,Y,NlsHIDA,K,F∪ 」||ぅ Y,HIRANO,丁 ,HIKIDA,M,K∪ ROSAKI,丁 :Nat lrnmuno1 9 81-88(2008)MACKENZIE,D A,ScHARTNER,」 ,LIN,J,丁 IMMEL,A,」ENNENS,―C,M,FATHMAN,C G,SEROOGY,C M:JBoil Chem 282 9696-9702(2007)AsHouR,A E,丁 uRNQ∪ lST,H R,SINGH,R K,丁 ALMADGE)」 E,SttLHE M,J C iint lrnmunopharmacol7272-276(2007)HIESHIMA, K, KAWASAKl, Y, HANAMOTO, H, NAKA―YAMA,丁 ,NAGAKUDO,D,KANAMARU,A,YosHIE,0:」lmrnuno1 173 3668-36675(2004)

15

(22)SAKAMOTO,N,MuKAE,H,Fu」 ||,T,ISH‖ ,H,YosHトKAWA,S,KAKUGAWA,丁 ,SuGIYAMA,K,ヽЛz∪TA,Y,KADOTA, 」, NAKAZATO, M, KoHNO, S: Am JPhysiol Lung Ce‖ Mol PHYS10L 288 L508-513(2005)

(23)KRAUSE,A,SILLARD,R,KLEEMEIER,B,KLUVER,E,MARONDE,E,CoNE」 ○―GARCIA,J R,FoRSSMANN,WG,ScHuLZ― KNAPPE,P,NEHIS,M C,VVATTLER,F,VVATTLER,S,ANDERMANN,K: Protein Sci 12 143-152(2003)

(24)RAKHA tt A】 BoYCE,R VV,ABD EL― REHlM,D)Ku―RIEN,丁 ,GREEN,A R,PAISH,E C,RoBERTSON,」 F,ELLiS,10:Mod Patho1 18 1295-1304(2005)

(25 HAN,K S,DEGLAIRE,A,SENGUPTA,R,MouGHAN,P」 :Agnc Food Chem 56 5572-5576(2008)

Managing condensing temperature to improve the efficiency ofrefrigeration system

By B.C.KATREl and D C RA12

壇拙網%訃li鍬酬塁器:Ъ:Ъ零%聰iはユ器lil闇Ⅷ き)珊 ,varan面 ,2劉∞引�a

丁he mechanical vapourrecompression type of refrigeration system is most common in the food processing industry,in which condenser vvorking conditions greatly influence the overa‖ efficiency of the refrigeratlon system Effectiveness

ofthe refrigeration system to a great extent depends on the efficiency and economy of heat reieCtiOn by obtalning desir―

able condensing temperature lncrease in the condensing temperature results in reducing the economy ofthe refrigera―tion system Various influencing factors,including temperature and flow rate of coo‖ ng vvater,heat transfer coefficient

and heattransfer surface are very significant Hence,attempts to optimize the temperature of coo‖ ng water along vvith

the cleanliness of heattransfer surface are productive and desirable preventive operations forthe economical genera―

tion ofrefrigeration effecttowards quality and cost effective supply chain management

Zum Management der Kondensationstemperaturzur Verbesserung der Effizienz von Kilhlsystemen

Die mechanische Rekompression(Entspannung)des Dampfes in KOhlsystemen ist in der Lebensmittelverarbel―tungsindustne weit verbreitet Die Arbeitsbedingungen des Kondensator beeinflussen wesentlich die Leisり ngSfahigkeit

eines KOhisystems Die Effizienz eines Ktthlsystems hangt zu einem gro8en tte‖ ab von der Effizienz und(Dkonomie derwarmerockgewinnung durch das Erreichen der gewOnschten Kondensationstemperatur Eine Erhё hung der Kondensa―tionstemperaturfOhrt zu einer Reduktion in der VVirtschaftlichkeit des KOhlsystems Verschiedene Einflussfaktoren ein―

sch‖ e8‖ ch derttemperatur und der F‖ eBrate des Klhlwassers,des Warmetransferkoeffizienten und der VVarmeober―tragungsoberflachen sind von hoher Bedeutung Daher sind Ansatze zur optimierung derttemperatur des KOhlvvassersin Verbindung mit der Sauberkeit der Vrarmetransferoberflache prOduktiv und wOnschenswerte vorbeuoende operatio―nen zum ёkonomischen Erreichen des KOhleffektes im Sinne eines qua‖ tats_und kosteneffektiven卜 Лanagementsin der∨ersorgungskette

21 Refrigeration(effiCiency,condensing temperature) 21K口 hlsystemen(Effizienz,Kondensationstemperatur)

1. lntroduction

ln the food prOcessing industry, refrlgeration effect

is a useful uti‖ ty for chilling or cooling of products,of―

fices or storage spaces for obtainlng and maintaining

desired quality and comfort Among various refrigera―tion systems, the mechanical vapour recompressiontype refrigeration system is most popular in industry.

This type of system mainly lnvolves throttling,evapora―

tion, compression and condensation unit operatlons.丁he refrigerants used in ‖quid state at high pressure

and amblent temperature,when throttled lo lovv pres―

sure, the ‖quid converts into llquid― vapour phase tolower down the evaporation temperature for extracting

Milchwlssenschaft 65(1)2010

heat from the water or air through heat exchangerknown as evaporator tthe refrigerant leaving theevaporator is in low pressure vapour state containingadded heat received in the evaporator This addedheat is required to be relected in the atmospherethrough mechanical compression fo‖ owed by conden―sation in heat exchanger popularly knovvn as con―denser How effectively this added heat is relected inthe atmosphere genera‖ y depends on many factors in―

cluding the condenslng temperature lA/ith this vlewthis study vvas undertaken to evaluate the effects ofatmospherlc condenser coo‖ ng vvater temperature onthe efflclency of refrigeratlon system.

Katre, Improving efficiency of refrigeration system

SAVITT, A., MISCHE, S., li , J., MARCU, K. B.: J. BioI. Chem . 277 45129-45140 (2002)

(17) IYER, A. S. , AUGUST, A.: J. Immunol. 1807869-7877 (2008)

(18) BABA, Y., NISHIDA, K., FUJII, Y., HIRANO, T., HIKIDA, M., KUROSAKI , T. : Nat. Immunol. 981-88 (2008)

(19) MACKENZIE, D. A., SCHARTNER, J ., liN, J., TIMMEL, A. , JENNENS, -C , M., FATHMAN, C. G., SEROOGY, C. M.:J. Boil. Chem. 282 9696-9702 (2007)

(20) ASHOUR , A. E., TURNQUIST, H. R., SINGH, R. K., TAL­MADGE, J. E., SOLHEIM, J. C.: Int. Immunopharmacol. 7272-276 (2007)

(21) HIESHIMA, K., KAWASAKI , Y., HANAMOTO, H. , NAKA­YAMA, T. , NAGAKUDO, D., KANAMARU , A. , YOSHIE , 0 .: J. Immunol. 1733668-36675 (2004)

15

(22) SAKAMOTO, N., MUKAE, H. , FUJII, T. , ISHII, H., YOSHI­KAWA, S. , KAKUGAWA, T., SUGIYAMA, K., MIZUTA, Y., KADOTA, J., NAKAZATO, M., KOHNO, S. : Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. PHYSIOL. 288 L508-513 (2005)

(23) KRAUSE, A. , SILLARD, R., KLEEMEIER, B, KLUVER, E., MARONDE, E., CONEJO-GARCIA, J. R. , FORSSMANN, W. G., SCHULZ-KNAPPE, P. , NEHlS, M. C., WATTLER, F. , WATTLER, S., ANDERMANN , K.: Protein Sci . 12 143-152 (2003)

(24) RAKHA. E. A., BOYCE, R.W ., ABD EL-REHIM, D. , Ku­RIEN, T., GREEN, A. R., PAISH, E. C., ROBERTSON, J. F., ELLIS, I. 0 .: Mod. Pathol. 18 1295-1304 (2005)

(25 HAN, K. S., DEGLAIRE, A. , SENGUPTA, R., MOUGHAN, P. J.: Agric . Food Chem. 565572-5576 (2008)

Managing condensing temperature to improve the efficiency of refrigeration system

By B.C. KATRE1 and D.C. RAI2

1 Patna Dairy Project, Phulwarisharif , Patna-801505, India. E-mail : suchitqm@sify.com. 2Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying , Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, 221005 India

The mechanical vapour recompression type of refrigeration system is most common in the food processing industry, in which condenser working conditions greatly influence the overall efficiency of the refr igeration system. Effectiveness of the refrigeration system to a great extent depends on the efficiency and economy of heat reject ion by obtaining desir­able condensing temperature. Increase in the condensing temperature results in reduc ing the economy of the refrigera­tion system. Various influencing factors, including temperature and flow rate of cooling water, heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer surface are very significant. Hence, attempts to optimize the temperature of cooling water along with the cleanliness of heat transfer surface are productive and desirable preventive operations for the economical genera­tion of refrigeration effect towards quality and cost effective supply chain management.

Zum Management der Kondensationstemperatur zur Verbesserung der Effizienz von Ki.ihlsystemen

Die mechanische Rekompression (Entspannung) des Dampfes in Kuhlsystemen ist in der Lebensmittelverarbei­tungsindustrie weit verbreitet. Die Arbeitsbedingungen des Kondensator beeinflussen wesentlich die Leistungsfahigkeit eines Kuhlsystems. Die Effizienz eines Kuhlsystems hangt zu einem groBen Teil ab von der Effizienz und Okonomie der Warmeruckgewinnung durch das Erreichen der gewunschten Kondensationstemperatur. Eine Erh6hung der Kondensa­tionstemperatur fuhrt zu einer Reduktion in der Wirtschaftlichkeit des Kuhlsystems. Verschiedene Einflussfaktoren ein­schlieBlich der Temperatur und der FlieBrate des Kuhlwassers , des Warmetransferkoeffizienten und der Warmeuber­tragungsoberflachen sind von hoher Bedeutung . Daher sind Ansatze zur Optimierung der Temperatur des Kuhlwassers in Verbindung mit der Sauberkeit der Warmetransferoberflache produktiv und wunschenswerte vorbeugende Operatio­nen zum 6konomischen Erreichen des Kuhleffektes im Sinne eines qualitats- und kosteneffektiven Managements in der Versorg u ngskette.

21 Refrigeration (efficiency, condensing temperature)

1. Introduction

In the food processing industry, refrigeration effect is a useful utility for chilling or cooling of products, of­fices or storage spaces for obtaining and maintaining desired quality and comfort. Among various refrigera­tion systems, the mechanical vapour recompression type refrigeration system is most popular in industry. This type of system mainly involves throttling , evapora­tion , compression and condensation unit operations . The refrigerants used in liquid state at high pressure and ambient temperature, when throttled to low pres­sure , the liquid converts into liquid-vapour phase to lower down the evaporation temperature for extracting

Milchwissenschaft 65 (1) 2010

21 Ki.ihlsystemen (Effizienz, Kondensationstemperatur)

heat from the water or air through heat exchanger known as evaporator. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is in low pressure vapour state containing added heat received in the evaporator. This added heat is required to be rejected in the atmosphere through mechanical compression followed by conden­sation in heat exchanger popularly known as con­denser. How effectively this added heat is rejected in the atmosphere generally depends on many factors in­cluding the condensing temperature . With this view this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of atmospheric condenser cooling water temperature on the efficiency of refrigeration system.