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Thc Hnh Bao B Thc Phm Sn Nuu

I.GII THIU V SN PHM, NGUYN LIU

A. Gii Thiu V Hp Tht.

Trn pht trin khng ngng ca x hi vi trnh cng nghip ha ngy cngcao, con ngi ngy nay c t thi gian cho vic chun b cc mn n m bo v

mt dinh dng v v sinh an ton thc phm. Nhng mc khc, thc phm ngy

nay khng ch i hi phi p ng cc yu cu : cung cp y nng lng,

cm quan ngon, tin li v mt s dng v tn t thi gian ch bin. Chnh v th

cng ngh sn sut hp ra i v ngy nay chng tr nn v cng ph bin.

Mt trong nhng loi thc phm ng hp chim t trng cao trong cc sn phm

thc phm ng hp l hp tht, ngy nay cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm

ny t mt trnh cao v ngi ta c th ch bin ra cc sn phm ngon, hp

v sinh v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm trn cc dy chuyn cng ngh hin

i.

hp tht l cc sn phm ch bin t tht v cc nguyn liu ph liu khc,

chng c nm nm gia v hp khu v ca ngi tiu dng ng thi cng

c tit trng lm chn v khi s dng ch cn m np hp l c th ssng ngay.

TIU CHUN TCVN 5450 1991 V HP THT - THT TRONG

NC ST THT

1. Cc ch tiu v cm quan hp qui dnh nh sau :

Tn ch tiu Yu cuTht ln Tht b

1. Dng bnngoi hpcha snphm

Hp phi sch, nhn, khng bin dng, thng, r v li mighp. Hp khng c vt en v bn, khng c vt rng ca mighp, cng nh np, y hp khng c biu hin phng. Hpkhng c dy cm c pha y hoc np, hoc n hi. Nhnhiu phi dn cht vi thn hp. Nhn in r nt, cho xy xt nh.Trn np hp cn c k hiu bng cc ch s v ng gn, nhng

khng lm hng lp thit m, k hiu cn phi r rng.2. Dng bntrong hp sau

Trn mt trong ca hp khng trng vecni, cho php c vt ennh, khng nh hng ti sn phm. Vi hp trng vecni, b mt

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khi ly snphm ra

pha trong ph u khng b bong, khng nt, khngc bt.

3. Mu sctrn b mt vtrn mt ct

Mu sc c trng ca tht ln hay b khng mui v thanhtrng. St ng mu h phch. Khng cho php c vt thm trnb mt sn phm.

4. Trng thi nhit 150C

Tht tng i chc, khng qu nh, st ng chc.

5. Dng bnngoi ca ccthnh phn

Cc khc tht kt vi nhau thnh khi

6. Mi v v c trng cho hp tittrng ca tht ln khng pmui, c mi thm c trng

ca gia v.

c trng cho hp tit trngca tht b khng p mui, cmi thm c trng ca gia v

Khi lng hp ph thuc vo cht liu, nguyn liu v sc cha ca

hp. Cho php sai lch v khi lng tnh tng hp c th nh sau :

- T tr 3 n cng 5%i vi hp 300g

- T tr 2,5 n cng 5%i vi hp t 301 500g

- T tr 1,5 n cng 2,5% i vi hp t 501 1000g

Trong mi l hp, c ly kim tra, tng s ht khi lng phi nh

hn hoc bng tng s vt khi lng.

2. Cc ch tiu ho hc ca hp qui nh nh sau :

Tn ch tiu Mc

Tht ln Tht b1.Hm lng m v sit c tch ra trng thi nng, %2. Hm lng mui n, %

- khng ln hn 40 - khng ln hn42

T 1,5 n 2

3.Cc ch tiu vi sinh ca hp qui dnh nh sau

Tn ch tiu Yu cu1. m nhit 370C Kt qu phn tch m tnh, cc ch tiucm quan ca hp khng thay i

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2. kn ca hp Hon ton3. S c mt ca vi trng gy bnh vc th gy bnh

Kt qu phn tch m tnh

4. Trc khun trong 1g Kt qu phn tch m tnh

5. Vi trng k kh dng c nha bo trong1g Kt qu phn tch m tnh cho php sc mt vi khun hiu kh sng, khi nuicy 1g trn mi trng lng

6. Vi khun hiu kh dng nha bo,phn tch bng cch pha long trong 1g

Khng ln hn 10-3

4. Qui nh v bao gi, ghi nhn, vn chuyn v bo qun

Bao b thng phm l cc hp st theo qui nh hin hnh.

Bao b vn chuyn l hp cc tng, hm g, tht y v cc mng cht do.

Trn nhn hiu hay nhn in logo trn bao b s dng vi cc ni dung sau

- Tn hp

- Khi lng tnh sn phm

- Tn nc sn xut sn phm

- Ngy, thng sn xut hay thi hn bo hnh

iu kin bo qun v vn chuyn hp phi khong nhit t 0

180C.

Tng hp cactong, hm g v hp c bc kn trong mng cht do c th t trn vn nng.

S vn chuyn hp, bao gi, trong bao b la chn trn tm ry

trong container hoc trong cc phng tin vn chuyn khc, cn c tin

hnh trong iu kin gi cho hp khi b nh hng xu ca kh quyn v

bo m c nhng yu cu v cht lng sn phm.

Thi hn bo qun hp: 24 thng tnh t ngy sn xut

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TIU CHUN TCVN 7048 : 2002 V THT HP QUI NH K THUT

1. Yu cu v nguyn liu :

Tht ti, theo qui nh ca TCVN 7046 : 2002

Tht lnh ng, theo qui nh ca TCVN 7047 : 2002

2. Yu cu v cm quan :

Yu cu v cm quan ca tht hp c qui nh trong bng sau :

Tn ch tiu Yu cu1. Trng thi c trng cho tng loi sn phm2. Mu sc c trng cho tng loi sn phm3. Mi, v c trng cho tng loi sn phm, khng c mi l v c mi

thm ca gia v

3. Cc ch tiu l ho

Cc ch tiu l ho ca tht hp c qui nh trong bng sau :

4. D lng kim loi nng

Nhm 34 TP207.6 4

Tn ch tiu Gii hn cho php1. Ch s peroxyt, s mililit natrithiasunfua ( Na2S2O3) 0,002 N dng trung ho ht lng peroxyt trong 1kgkhng ln hn

5

2. T l ci/ nc Theo tiu chun c cng b canh sn xut


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D lng kim loi nng ca tht hp c qui nh trong bng sau :

Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a1. Ch ( pb) 0,5

2. Cadimi ( Cd) 0,053. Thic ( Sn) 2504. Thu ngn (Hg) 0,03

5. Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt

Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca ca tht hp c qui nh trong bng sau

Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a1. Tng s nm men - nm mc, s khun lc trong 1g snphm

0

2. E.coli, s vi khun trong 1g sn phm 03. Staphtlococcus aureus, s vi khun trong 1g sn phm 04. Clostridium perfrigens, s vi khun trong 1g sn phm 05. Clostridium botilinum, s vi khun trong 1g sn phm 0

6. D lng thuc th y :

D lng thuc th y ca tht hp c qui dnh trong bng sau

Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a(mg/kg)

1. H tetraxyclin 0,12. H cloramphenicol Khng pht hin

7. D lng hoocmon

D lng hoocmon ca tht hp c qui nh trong bng sau :

Nhm 34 TP207.6 5

Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a(mg/kg)

1. Dietylstylbestrol 02. Testosterol 0,0153. Estadiol 0,0005


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8. c t nm mc

Hm lng aflatoxin B ca tht hp khng ln hn 0,005 mg/kg

9. Ph gia thc phm

Ph gia thc phm: Theo qui nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s

dng trong thc phm ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q BYT

B. Gii Thiu Sn Phm : SN HEO NU U

Thnh phn : tht sn heo, u trng, st c chua, ng, mui, tiu ,

hnh, ti, nc mm, cht iu v.

Hng dn s dng : n ngay, c th lm nng li trc khi dng hoc ch

bin thnh cc mn n khc

Hng dn bo qun : nhit thng, khng ni nng, m.

C. Nguyn Liu Sn Xut.

1. Tht.

Xt v mi mt ni chung tht l loi thc n rt tt, c y cc acid amin

khng thay th. Mi v thm ngon ca tht do mt s hp cht Carbonyl

( Andehyd, Ceton ), ester ca cc acid phn t thp v mt s cht trch ly to nn.

Tht l ngun dinh dng giu nng lng v l ngun cung cp Lipid, Protid xy

dng c th.

Thnh phn dinh dng ca tht thay i theo :

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V tr ca ming tht trn c th sc vt

Trng lng ca con vt

Ging v loi ca sc vt

Thnh phn ch yu ca tht l Protid chim 15 21% v glucid < 0.5%

Lng nc trong tht thay i rt nhiu v ph thuc vo lng m c trong tht,

tht cng nhiu nc cng t m.

Tht c th tiu ha tt nht trong c th l tht c t s Protid : Lipid = 1 : 1. Tht

heo l ngun nguyn liu chnh trong vic ch bin thc n hng ngy ca ngiVit Nam, so vi tht b th lng protid trong tht heo thng t hn v lng

lipid thng nhiu hn. Ngoi ra, tht heo cng cung cp y cc acid amin

khng thay th, cc khong cht cn thit v phn ln nng lng cho cc hot

ng sng ca con ngi.

2. u trng Lt.

u trng Lt l mt loi u cha hm lng protein cao, c bit

chng cn cha nhiu cc vitamin nhm B, vitamin E, folate, cc mui

khong nh st, phospho, magie, kmDo , vai tr ca u trng Lt

trong mn sn heo nu u khng ch gp phn to ra gi tr cm quan

mi ca mt mn n ch bin t tht heo m cn gp phn cung cp cc

thnh phn dinh dng quan trng trong khu phn n ca con ngi.

3. C Chua.

C chua l mt loi rau qu lm thc phm. Qu ban u c mu

xanh, chn ng mu t vng n . C chua c v hi chua v l mt

loi thc phm b dng, giu vitamin C v A.

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Trong c chua c cha rt nhiu cht dinh dng c li cho c th

nh carotene, lycopene, vitamin v kali. Tt c nhng cht ny u

rt c li cho sc kho con ngi. c bit ci loi vitamin B,

vitamin C v beta carotene gip c th chng li qu trnh oxy hoca c th, gim thiu nguy c t vong do bnh tim mch v ung

th.

4. Gia v

Mui :

To v mn, hon thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, l mt gia vkhng th thiu trong ch bin thc phm.

Mui l mt loi gia v quan trng hng u cho con ngi, c s dng

rng ri trong ch bin cc mn n thng ngy v cng nghip.

Bt ngt :

L mononatriglutamat, c dng lm cht iu v trong cc sn

phm ch bin t tht. Bt ngt c t gi tr v dinh dng v phi dng vi

liu lng ti a cho ngi l 120mg/kg th trng cho mi la tui.

ng :

C tc dng to v ngt cho sn phm, lm du v mn ca mui cho

hng v hi ha. Ngoi ra, ng cn l cht ph gia lm gim hot tnh

ca nc, chng lin kt vi phn t nc bng lin kt ion hoc lin kt

hydro, bin nc t do thnh nc lin kt, v vy sn phm s tng bnvng i vi cc loi vi sinh vt khi bo qun v do sn phm c hm

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lng nc cao, cu trc sn phm s tr nn mm du hn. S to thnh

cc cht kh trong qu trnh ch bin gp phn to mu cho sn phm.

ng s dng l ng ct trng, kh, ti, tinh th ng u, ha

tan hon ton trong nc, v ngt, khng c v l, khng tp cht.

T I U C H U N V I T N A M TCVN 7270 : 2003

NG TRNG V NG TINH LUYN YU CU V SINH

1. 1. Phm vi p dng

- Tiu chun ny qui nh cc yu cu v sinh i vi ng trng v ng tinh

luyn .

2. 2. Tiu chun vin dn

- TCVN 6329 : 2001 (CAC/RM 4-1969) ng Xc nh sunfua dioxit ( theo

phng php ca Monier-Williams.

- TCVN 7274 2003 Xc nh asen trong sn phm ng tinh luyn bng phngphp o mu.

- TCVN 7275 : 2003 Xc nh asen v ch trong ng trng bng phng php

quang ph hp th nguyn t.

- TCVN 7276 : 2003 Xc nh ch trong sn phm ng bng phng php so mu.

- ICUMSA GS2/3-41: 1998 Sugar Enumeration of total mesophilic bacteria( ng nh lng tng s vi khun hiu kh).

- ICUMSA GS/2/3-47: 1998 Sugar Enumeration of yeast and mould ( ng

nh lng nm men v nm mc).

- AOAC 971.20 Copper and Nickel in tea Atomic absorption spectrophotometric

method ( ng v Niken trong ch. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t).

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3. 3. Yu cu v sinh

3.1 D lng SO2 :

Mc ti a: 70mg/kg

3.2 Cc cht nhim bn :

- Asen (As) 1mg/kg

- ng (Cu) 2mg/kg

- Ch (Pb) 0.5mg/kg

3.3 Vi sinh vt :

Tn ch tiu Yu cu

1. Tng s VSV hiu kh. CFU/10g, khng ln

hn200

2. Nm men, CFU/10g, khng ln hn 10

3.Nm mc, CFU/10g, khng ln hn 10

4. Phng php th

4.1 Xc nh SO2, theo TCVN 6329: 2001 ( CAC/RM 4-1969).

4.2 Xc nh asen trong sn phm ng tinh luyn bng phng php so mu,

theo TCVN 7274: 2003.

4.3 Xc nh asen v ch trong ng trng bng phng php quang ph hp th

nguyn t, theo TCVN 7275: 2003.

4.4 Xc nh ch trong sn phm ng bng phng php so mu, theo TCVN

7276: 2003.

4.5 nh lng tng s vi khun hiu kh, theo ICUMSA GS2/3-41:1998.

4.6 nh lng tng s nm men, theo ICUMSA GS/2/3-47:1998.

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4.7 nh lng tng s nm mc, theo ICUMSA GS/2/3-47:1998.

4.8 Xc nh ng trong sn phm ng bng phng php quang ph hp th

nguyn t, theo AOAC 971.20.

C hnh tm, ti :

Dng nh ph gia p vo thc phm sng lm gim mi tanh ca

tht, c v to hng thm c trng.

Mui Nitrite Nitrate :

Nitrite v Nitrate c cho vo thc phm ch bin t tht vi mc

ch gi c mu ca tht trong qu trnh ch bin nhit nhm to ra

sn phm c cht lng cm quan tt. Ngoi ra, chng cng c tc dng

khng khun v c xem l cht bo qun thc phm v chng c dng

vi liu lng gii hn theo tiu chun ca B Y T ban hnh.

C ch gi mu ca tht l do cc mui Nitrate v Nitrite c khnng kt hp vi myglobin trong tht to thnh notrosomyoglobin, hp cht

mu ti. c mu hng p pH ca tht nn khong 5.6 6.

II.QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN

1. S Cng Ngh Ch Bin.

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2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

Chun b

Nhm 34 TP207.6 12

C

Chuau trng Hp

Sn

Heo

Ra Sch Ra Sch Ra Sch Ra Sch

Xay nhuyn Ngm Cht ming Sy kh

Nu xt

Xp hp

Chan nc xt

Ghp np

Tit trng

Lm ngui

Bo n

Dn nhn

Sn

phm

Np

Nhn

Gia

v


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Tht: ra v lm sch nguyn liu tht loi tr vi khun pht trin trong qu

trnh ch bin.

Trong cng nghip cn qua giai on r ng : nu s dng tht qua lnh ng

th phi lm tan gi trc khi a ch bin. Tan gi nhm mc ch a nhit

ca khi tht n nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo.

u trng Lt: ra sch, ngm qua m.

Hp v np: ra x bng, ra nc, sy kh

Ct ming

Tht sn sau khi ra sch, ro v cht thnh tng ming va n d nh

lng v xp hp.

Xp hp

Chun b hp: trc khi cho sn phm vo, hp phi c kim tra phm cht v

ra sch. Hp st phi c ra bng nc x phng long lm sch tp cht,

bi bn v du m cn dnh v hp khi gia cng.Sau khi ra xong hp c em

i sy kh. Cho sn phm vo hp:cn iu chnh cho t l tht/u l 30g utrong mt hp.

Rt nc st

Sau khi phn ci gm tht v u c cho vo hp th a i rt nc st, lng

nc st cho vo hp theo t l ci/nc l 60/40 trong mt hp c khi lng

tnh 180g.

Rt nc st nhm mc ch lm tng v ngon cho sn phm. Nhit dung dch

rt ln hn 850C bi kh.

Nc st c chun b trc t cc nguyn liu :

Mui: 1,7g

ng: 2,3g

MSG: 0,6g Hnh bm: 1,5g

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III.KT QU.

nh gi cm quan:

Ch tiu nh giT l ci/nc 60/40Cu trc Sn v u mm,nc st snhMu sc Nc st c mu vng cam ca mu iuMi Mi thm ca tht chn v uV Hi mn,v bo

Nhn xt :

Hp sn nu u trn, b phng di y hp, sn mm, mi thm,

u mm v bo, nc st snh v c mi thm nhng v li hi mn.

Khc phc:

T l mui trong cng thc hi cao (1,7g/hp) lm cho v ca nc

st mn, kt qu cm quan b gim => cn iu chnh li lng mui

trong cng thc (khong 1,6g/hp).

Khi ghp m khng bi kh trit , lm cn lng kh kh nhiu

trong hp nn khi tit trng nhit v p sut cao lm bin

dng hp => rt nc st cn m bo nhit dung dch rt ln

hn 850C bi kh, ng thi kt hp vi vic sp xp li u v

sn mc ch lm nc st phn b ng u, y khng kh ra

khi hp, trnh hin tng phng hp sau khi tit trng.

Thanh trng v tit trng :

a s VSV pht trin pH trung tnh nn sn phm trung tnh phi tit trng.

pH < 4.2 : thanh trng

pH > 4.5 : tit trng

Thanh trng : l ch tiu dit cc t bo sinh dng ca VSV m khng tiu dit

bo t ca VSV.

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Tit trng : l tiu dit ht cc t bo sinh dng v cc bo t ca VSV.

IV.MT S THIT B.

Gii thiu my ghp np.

Hin nay c rt nhiu loi my ghp c cu to khc nhau, tuy nhin qu trnh to

ra mi ghp v nguyn tc truyn ng u ging nhau.

C th chia cc my ghp np lm 4 loi chnh:

- My ghp th cng : Nng sut ca my l 6 - 10 hp /pht,

cao nht khng qu 20 hp /pht.

- My ghp bn t ng : Nng sut 20 - 25 hp / pht.

- My ghp t ng : Nng sut 120 hp / pht.

- My ghp t ng chn khng.

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Cu to h thng ghp np hp kim loi (Bn t ng)

1. ng c in 6. Trc mm

2. Bnh rng 5. Mm

3. Con ln 7. C cu a con ln tin st vo my

4. Hp 8. Bn p

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My ghp np bn t ng

My ghp np t ng

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Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang

Thit b tit trng hi dng ng

Ghi ch

A Hi nng

B Nc

C Nc tho

D iu khin gi

E iu khin kh

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F Valve an ton

V. QUY TRNH SN XUT LON HAI MNH.

Tm kim loi mnh dng sn xut lon 2 mnh c

th ly t cun kim loi.

Mnh kim loi c bi trn vi 1 mng du

mng,sau dp lin tc bng my dp to khay.

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Mi khay c vut qua mt lot vng trn cng knh nh dn, lm cho khai di ra v y

khay nh li.

My xn loi b ng ra tha tht chnh xc cmt chiu cao c trng.Phn tha c th c

ti ch li.

Thn lon xn c phun hi nc kh khun

v loi b i nhng vt du cn li.Lon c lt p

ln ra nhm loi b tp cht.

Sy lon sau khi ra -> nhng chic lon sch csn vin nhm chng oxi ha ng thi to mu c

bn cho lon. Sau tip tc sy ln 2.

In trang tr,sau sy kh bng l sy.

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Sn ph bn trong lon nhm chng oxi ha, ng

thi trnh nhng tng tc gia thc phm v kim

loi, sau tip tc sy.

Gia c ming lon: lon c a qua my un

mp. y ng knh thnh lon c un m

(necking in) nh li.

To rnh ( flanging): nh lon c gp mp hng

ra ngoi. y lon cng c to rnh trong giai

on ny.

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Sn y v sn bn trong

ln 2.

Kim tra li trnh nhng vt nt v nhng khe

h bng h thng nh sng.nh sng to ra

trn thn lon. Nu c khe h hoc vt nt s

cho php nh sng vo bn trong lon.

Kim tra li bn trong lon c thc hin bi h

thng my nh qut CCD bao gm 5 camera.

Camera s 5 ghi li hnh nh phn y v phn

di ca lon.Camera s 1,2,3,4 tp trung vo

phn nh v tng ng ca chng.

Hnh nh t 5 my quay phim c so snh vi nhau vi

hnh nh c trng trong h thng my tnh.Ngay khi mt

trong 5 camera c hnh nh khng ph hp vi d liu, th

chic lon c loi b.

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Lon thnh phm c chuyn n kho

hng bng tm nng hng t ng trc

khi chuyn sang nh my (filling plant).

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