TI Nepal bulliten baisakh 2073

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k|Zgx? ug]{ u5{ . s;n] xTof u¥of], xTof u/]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, afh]sf] s;}l;t e}m–emu8f jf /L;OaL 5 jf 5}g, afh]sf] s;}l;t n]gb]g 5, afh] /S;L lkpg' x'GYof], afh} s'g} dlxnfl;t nfUg'ePsf] yfxf 5, afh] /fhgLlt ug{'x'GYof] ls eGg]h:tf algagfp k|Zgx? /flvG5g\ . o; ljGb'df cfOk'Ubf Pp6f s] tYodf :ki6 x'g'k5{ eg] afh]sf] h:t} s'g} cGo JolQmsf] xTof x'Fbf k|foM o:t} jf o;}k|sf/sf k|Zgx? ul/G5g\ . xTofsf] sf/0f s;}sf] d[To' x'g' ;dfg kl/0flt eP tfklg afh]sf] xTof / aHo}sf] dfgl;s tyf cGo efjgfTds j:t'l:ylt Pjd\ c? sltko dgf]j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fsf] leGgtfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sf]lz; gul/Fbf /fHosf] tk{maf6 ul/g] k|Zgx? s'g} ;dfg oGqdf clen]vLs/0f u/]/ /flvPsf k|Zgx?h:tf b]lvG5g\ . o;sf] cy{ /fHon] o:tf k|Zgx? oGqjt\ clen]vL/s0f ul//fv]sf] x'G5 / xTofhGo ck/fw x'Fbf k|foM o:tf k|Zgx?sf] k]6f/f] vf]n]/ ;f]Wg] ul/G5 . lbdfu ePsf JolQm tyf JolQmx?af6 kl/rflnt eP tfklg cfhsf] zf:qLo dtfg';f/ /fHo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du|df …/fHo ;+oGqÚ (State Mechanism) eGg] ul/G5 . To;f] x'Fbf /fHosf] tk{maf6 ul/g] /fHo …oflGqsÚ z}nL / k|j[lQsf b]lvG5g\ . zfob o:tf]df /fHoaf6 x'g] jf ul/g] s'g} klg sfo{df dfgjLo ;dj]bgf z"Gok|foM x'g] ub{5 Û oxfFlg/ yk hfgsf/L lng'kg]{ ljifo s] klg xf] eg] /fHoaf6 ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg aHo} tof/ / ;Ifd b]lvg' x'Gg . w]/}h;f] k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ jl/kl/ a;]sf ufpFsf a'h'|sx?af6 k|fKt x'g] u5{g\ . …cTolws kL8fdf ?g ;lsGgÚ (Extreme pain makes no cry) eGg] cj:yfdf ljlIfKth:t} b]lvg'ePsf aHo}af6 pQ/ lbg] tTk/tf k|foM ;Dej klg b]lvFb}g . /fHo o;/L dgf]j}1flgs x}l;otdf ;Ifd gx'g' eg]sf] kLl8tsf] dg lhTg g;s]sf] cy{df lng'kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tsf] dg lhTg g;Sg] o:tf] cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLn] /fHo / kLl8taLr ;]t'sf] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

u= /fHo sfo{ljlw -k|lqmof_ s]lGb|t x'g] ub{5M s'g} klg jf/bft:yndf k'Ubf /fHon] cfgf] pkl:yltsf] cflwsfl/s cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{ cfk"maf6 ul/g] sfo{nfO{ sndj4 ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf] x'g' sfg"gL b[li6sf]0fdf :jfefljs klg xf] . aHo}sf] 3/sf] cufl8 9'Ëfaf6 agfOPsf] k]6L / To;sf] cufl8kl§ df6f]n] ag]sf] cfFug / af6f] b'a}sf] sfd x'g] :yfgdf k'/fgf] u'Gb|Ldf /flvPsf] afh]sf] zj glhs} s';L{sf] cefjdf a:g ldNg] :yfgsf] vf]hL ubf{ ToxL k]6Lsf] 5]pdf a;]/ d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ul/g] sfd ul/G5 .

o:tf]df sfg"g klxnf ls kLl8tsf] dgf]an pRr kfg{ ;lsg] s'g} klg dgf]j}1flgs sfo{ klxnf elgFbf sfg"g g} klxnf] x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'r'Nsf cflb sfo{ lsg / s;/L ;DkGg ul/G5 tyf o;sf] sfg"gL x}l;ot / dxÎj s]–slt x'G5 eg]/ k"j{hfgsf/L lbg];d]t gul/Psf slt cg'ejx? w]/}hgfn] w]/}k6s dx;"; u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . lghx?nfO{ cfk"mx?af6 ug]{ ul/Psf jf u/fOPsf o:tf s'g} klg sfo{sf] cy{ / kl/0ffd s]xL yfxf geP tfklg kL8f / ;d:ofn] u|:t kLl8tx? o:tf]df h] elgG5 r'krfk ToxL u5{g\ . kLl8t eg]sf] d"ntM o:tf]df ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf x'g\, t;y{ lghx? o:tf]df ul/g] jf u/fOg] s'g} klg sfo{k|lt lghx?nfO{ ;r]t / hfgsf/ agfOg'kg]{ xf], t/ Jojxf/df To:tf] eP–u/]sf] la/n} kfOG5 . o:tf]df /fHosf] cxd\ g} k|an x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

3= /fHo / kLl8taLr ljZjf;sf] ;°6 /x]sf] kfOG5M 36gf:yndf tof/ ul/g] zj;DaGwL jf 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf pkl:yt :yfgLo JolQmx?sf] /f]xa/df tof/ ul/G5 . zjsf] j:t'ut cj:yf jf 36gf Pjd\ k|fKt k|df0f;DaGwL ljj/0f;lxtsf] d'r'Nsf 36gf:ynd} tof/ ul/g] x'Fbf o;df cGoyf eGg ;lsg] s'g} klg cj:yf /xFb}g . h] n]lvG5, tL ;asf] ;fd'Gg]df g} n]lvG5, t/ ha To:tf d'r'Nsfx?nfO{ cflwsfl/s cf}krfl/stf k|bfg ug{ ;fIfLsf] x}l;otdf ;xL jf NofKr] nfpg] cj:yfdf eg] k|foM sf]xL klg tof/ x'Fb}gg\ . cfgf cufl8 g} tof/ ePsf] d'r'Nsfk|lt cljZjf; u/]sf x'g\ eg]/ bf]if nfpgrflxF ldNb}g, t/ /fHo k|0ffnLsf] cfufdL sfo{lbzfk|lt cfz°f ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t cfwf/ / sf/0fx? cg'ej ul/;s]sf cfd–gful/s :jM:k"mt{ To:tf d'r'Nsfdf ;xL ug{ tof/ x'Fb}gg\ . To;df ;xL u/]afkt ef]ln cbfntn] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !!% gDa/adf]lhd ga'emL gx'g] ;fIfLsf] x}l;otdf lemsfpFbf :yfgLo :t/df ef]Ug'kg]{ wDsL, if8\oGq tyf k|nf]egsf] kvf{n eTsfP/ cbfntdf askq ug{ hfg' eg]sf] sltko cj:yfdf kmnfdsf] Ro"/f rkfpg';/x dflgG5 . cbfntaf6 klg ;/sf/L kIfw/ ePh:t} u/L To:tf ;fIfLnfO{ lemsfpFbf syd\ sbflrt pkl:yt gePdf s}b;Dd ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sf/0f d'r'Nsfdf ;xL ug{' eg]sf] :yfgLo:t/df cleo'Qm÷s;'/bf/sf tk{maf6 wDsL, if8oGq tyf k|nf]egsf] lzsf/ x'g'kg]{, cbfntn] lemsfpFbf cg'kl:yt eOPdf s}b;d]t ef]Ug'kg]{ tyf ;fIfL a:bfsf] Joxf]/fljk/Lt askq ul/Pdf …e"m7f] askqÚ u/]sf] cy{df b08efuL x'g'kg]{h:tf ljljw ;Defljt vt/faf6 d'Qm x'g klg d'r'Nsfdf ;xL ug{


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tof/ gx'g] ul/Psf x'g\ . cfg} cufl8 tof/ ePsf d'r'Nsfdf klg ;xL ug{ tof/ gx'g' eg]sf] /fHo / ;j{;fwf/0f gful/saLr /x]sf] …ljZjf;sf] ;°6Ú xf] . o;/L /fHon] ug]{ u/]sf] sfdk|lt ;dfhdf gsf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g' eg]sf] jt{dfg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLs} sdhf]/L xf] eg]/ hfGg / d"Nof°g ug{ tof/ geP;Dd o;k|sf/sf] b'?x cj:yf ;fdfGo dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . hfGg]–;'Gg] cyf{t\ 7"nfa8fn] ;f]emf JolQmnfO{ ;xL ug{ nufpF5g\ / tL JolQmx? ef]ln uP/ cbfntdf v/f] pqg ;S5g\ eg]/ sNkgf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . clg ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn x'G5g\ eg]/ w]/} lrQ b'vfO/xg knf{ / Û

ª= kLl8tk|lt cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/G5M 36gf:yn cflbsf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{ sfd ;dfKt ePkl5 oxfF p4[Q xTof cg';Gwfg k|s/0fdf ef8fdf lemsfOPsf] Pp6f 6«ØfS6/ cfPkl5 To;df aHo}sf] 3/af6 Pp6f k'/fgf] af]/f dfu]/ /flvG5, clg To;df /fVg afh]sf] zjnfO{ p7fOG5 . To;a]nf eg] cl3;Dd ljlIfKt cj:yfdf /xg'ePsf] aHo}sf] xf];n] sfd u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvGYof] . æ5fnfsf] h'Qf nfP/ afh]nfO{ g5f]Olbgf]:g\, afh]nfO{ :ju{ hfg' ufx|f] x'G5Æ eg]/ sf]nfxn dRrfP/ ?g yfNg'ePsf] b[Zo ;a}nfO{ ?jfpg]vfnsf] lyof] . sfg"gdf gePsf] sfo{ /fHon] ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf g} ePg . 5fnfs} h'Qf nfPsf k|x/Ln] zjnfO{ 6«ØfS6/df /fv]kl5 ah}nfO{ klg ;Fu} hfg cg'/f]w ul/G5 . afR5f–afR5Lsf] ufO{ kl5 nfu]h:t} u/L ah} klg zj glhs} a:g'x'G5 . 6«ØfS6/ c:ktfndf k'¥ofOG5 . zjk/LIf0fsf] cf}krfl/s sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 zjnfO{ c:ktfnsf] pQ/–klZrdlt/sf] kl5Nnf] efudf l;d]G6sf] e'O{+dfly /flvG5 / slt 7fpFdf /utsf] 6f6f] nfu]sf] s]xL efu RofltPsf] k'/fgf] ;]tf] sk8fn] zjnfO{ 9flsG5 . tLt]kftL / agdf/fsf] ‰ofªglhs} /x]sf] / 9nsf] b'u{Gwsf] zfob ah}nfO{ Tolt ofb gx'g ;S5 . ;b\ut ug{ nfz a'lemlnPsf] sfuhdf ah}sf] NofKr] lnPkl5 /fHo 6s6s sfof{notk{m kmls{;s]sf] ah}nfO{ ofb} x'Fb}g . ef]ln cleo'QmnfO{ s;'/bf/df ?kfGt/ ug{ log} kLl8tsf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 eg]/ ;f]Rg] k'm;{b zfob /fHonfO{ 5}g xf]nf . To;a]nf dfgjclwsf/sf] s'/f p7fpg] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf sfg"g ah}sf] xsdf lsg df}g 5g\ < ah}nfO{ lb;f–lkzfa ug{ klg ;f]Wg g;Sg] oL dfgjclwsf/sdL{ tyf jt{dfg sfg"gn] ah}nfO{ …lrof lkpg' dg 5 ah} <Ú eg]/ ;f]Wnf t < To;/L g} oL ;aaf6 bfx;+:sf/sf] nflu s]xL ;f]wk'5 unf{ t < afh]sf] zjsf] bfx;+:sf/ s;/L ul/of] xf]nf eg]/ oxfF zAbx? vr{ ug{' klg emg} kL8fbfoL x'Fbf]/x]5 Û

ck/fwkLl8tsf] k|ltlglw kfqsf] x}l;otdf k|:t't ul/Psf] k'mndtL ah}l;t /fHo tyf sfg"gn] ug]{ Jojxf/sf] lgikIf ljZn]if0f ul/Fbf cfª} l;l/ª\ª eP/ cfpF5 .

ca csf]{ yk Pshgf k|ltlglw kfqnfO{ oxfF k|:t't ug]{ w[i6tf ul/Psf] 5 .

k|ltlglw kfq @M oL kfqsf] gfd lng] jf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ljlwzf:qLo x}l;ot dl;t 5}g . o;} eg]/ rflxF sfg"gsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9fOg] u/]sf] kfOGg, t/ lxhf]cfh s;}sf] uf]Kotf;DaGwL xssf] ;Gbe{df o:tf kfqsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug{ x'Fb}g eg]/ ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}sf] k|ltkmn ;~rf/;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtfdf o; ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf g} ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d"ntM o:tf kLl8t eg]sf] of}ghGo lxF;fdf k/]sf kLl8tx? x'g\ . To:tf kLl8tx?sf] xsdf lghx?n] dof{lbt gful/s, kTgL jf cfdf aGg kfpg] cGtlg{lxt xsnfO{ k|Tofe"t ug{ lghx?sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug]{ gul/Psf] xf] . cGoyf, xfd|f] ;dfh oxL xf], hxfF c?x?sf] dfgdb{g x'g]u/L s'/f sf6\g kfP dHhf lng] dfgl;stfn] w]/}hgf u|l;t ePsf kfOG5g\ . o:tf dgf]lj1fg ePsf hgdfg;aLr o;k|sf/sf kLl8tsf] gfd, y/ Pjd\ jtg uf]Ko /fVg] jf gfd kl/jt{g ug]{h:tf sfo{ sfg"gL ljlwzf:qeGbf dfgjLo ;dj]bgf dxTjk"0f{ dflgFb}cfPsf] kfOG5 .

o; cg'R5]bdf k|ltlglw kfqsf] x}l;otdf k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] JolQmnfO{ …sÚ gfd lbP/ ljifonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;x/–ahf/eGbf clns 6f9fs} ufpFsL Pshgf o'jtLnfO{ oxfF k|ltlglw kfqsf] ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k6k6 k'm6]sf s's'{RrfnfO{ wfufn] y]u]sf] rKknn] /fd|/L 5f]Kg ;s]sf] 5}g . s'lxgf / kftfdf 6flnPsf] rf]nL, clg To:t} slt 7fpFdf RofltPsf] / 6fn]sf] kml/ofdf ;lhPsL Ps u|fdL0f afnfsf] cg'xf/df lqmd–kfp8/n] cfh;Dd slxNo} ;flxgf] ufF:g g;s]sf] eP tfklg cg'xf/df s'g} UnfgL jf pbf;L b]lvFb}g . lem;ld;] laxfg} 8f]sf], gfDnf] / ;]pnf÷;f]Q/ sf6\g v'kf{ af]s/ ag k:g afWo tL o'jtLaf6 pQm sfd ;DkGg eP/ d'lvof afsxfF k'¥ofP/ kl5 d'lvgLsf] s[kfn] k|fKt u/]sf] RofFVnf cflb lnP/ 3/ k'u]/ vfgf agfpg' kg]{ b}lgsL af]s]sL lgh o'jtL clxn] sfg"gL lzIffdf sfg"gdf 1ftf dflgG5, cyf{t\ lghn] sfg"g hfg]sL l5g\ . clxn] ;fef/ ;+:s[ltsf] sfg"gL lzIffdf …sfg"gsf] cgle1tf IfDo x'g] 5}gÚ eg]/ lgh …sÚ s'df/LnfO{ sfg"gsf] 1ftf ePsf] JolQmsf] 6fFrf nufpg} kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fdf

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clxn]sf] sfg"gL lzIff slt dxfg /x]5 t Û sf]/f gSsnLs/0f ul/Psf] sfg"gL lzIffn] …sÚ s'df/LnfO{ sfg"gsf] 1ftf ePsf] dfGotf agfP/ kLl8tnfO{ sfg"gL gh/df 3]/faGbL ug]{ ul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 .

ca kl/rosf] b[ZonfO{ k6fIf]k u/]/ x]/f}F . lg/If/, lgw{g / clt u|fdL0fd'vL eP/ klg sfg"gL 1fgdf cgle1 gePsL lgh …sÚ s'df/L b'ef{Uojz\ anfTsf/sf] lzsf/ ePdf o;k|sf/sf] lzIff k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ /fHo / jt{dfg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfcg';f/ ca lghn] anfTsf/ ePsf] :yfgsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfP/ anfTsf/ ePsf] k|df0f nf]k x'g glbg] u/L 3]/faGbL ug]{l5g\, ;Dej eP;Dd lk;fa gk]m/L, n'uf gk]m/L clg gg'xfP/ df}lvs hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ug{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo cyf{t\ k|x/L rf}sLdf k'Ug]l5g\ . ToxfF k'u]/ lghn] …cfk"m lg/If/ eP tfklg sfg"gsf] 1fg ePsf] JolQm x'Fbf df}lvs hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ug{ cfPsf] 5' . sfg"gadf]lhd hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ul/;s]kl5 cfk"mnfO{ zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f ug{ c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo rf}sLdf nluof];\Ú eGg]l5g\ . s] Jojxf/df o:t} x'G5 t < o:tf sf]/f / p8Gt] sNkgf u/]/ kLl8tnfO{ sfg"gsf] 1ftf agfOlbg] / syd\ sbflrt lghdf sfg"gsf] To:tf] 1fg ePsf] cj:yfdf klg Dofbleq hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ug{ g;s]df s;}u/L rn]sf] d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf] xsdf …lgbf]{liftfsf] nfe cleo'Qmdf hfG5Ú eGg] cbfntn] kLl8tsf] xsdf To;/L g} pbf/ x'g g;s]/ …sfg"gsf] cgle1tf IfDo x'g] 5}gÚ eg]/ xbDofbsf] cf8df d'2f g} vf/]h ug]{ ul/Psf s}of}F b[i6fGt lbg ;lsG5 . o:t}, jf:tljs cgle1tf Pjd\ :yfgLo:t/df ef]Ug afWo wDsL, if8\oGq tyf k|nf]egsf] sf/0f cbfntdf pkl:yt eP/ askq ug{ g;Sbf, …hfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ u/L askq ug{ hfx]/jfnL÷kLl8t cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ===Ú eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]/ d'2fdf c;kmntfsf] 6fFrf nufOg] ul/G5 .

dflysf cg'R5]bx?df k|:t't ul/Psf k|ltlglw kfqx?n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] cj:yfsf] lgikIf ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f ubf{ o:tf 36gfrqmsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df kLl8tx? s;/L zf]lift tyf kLl8t x'g] ub{5g\ eg]/ zAbdf zfob} j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fHo / kLl8taLrsf] o:tf] s6' ;DaGwsf] afah"b klg ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L s;'/df /fHon] cfgf] tk{maf6 lgMz'Ns cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg Pjd\ k|lt/Iff ug]{ ul/Psf] ;/sf/L cxd\sf] w]/}k6s w]/} :yfgdf rrf{–kl/rrf{ x'g] / ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . w/ftnLo cyf{t\ ;txL s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] /fHon]

lgMz'Ns cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg Pjd\ k|lt/Iffsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ul/Psf] oyfy{ v08g ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf o;/L rrf{–kl/rrf{ ul/Psf] ;TotYo hfGg ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] k|:tfjgf cWoog ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf, æg]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rnfOg] d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf / g]kfn ;/sf/lj?4 bfo/ x'g] d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;dofg's"n sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n]Æ eGg] Joxf]/f n]lvPsf] 5 . k|lt/Iff ug]{ k|of]hgdf /fHon] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{ cfjZos b]v]sf] ;TotYoleq kLl8tnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf dflgPsf] 5 jf 5}g eg]/ Tolt w]/} uDeL/ x'g cfjZos 5}g . o;af6 kLl8tsf] xslxtdf To;k|sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfd ul/Psf] xf] eg]/ bDe ug]{ xf] eg] k"mndtL aHo}nfO{ c:ktfnsf] k5fl8kl§ lghsf] kltsf] zj;lxt a]jfl/; 5f8]/ /fHo lsg sfof{no kms{G5 eg]/ k|Zg ug]{ xf] eg] /fHol;t zfob} o;sf] pQ/ xf]nf . t;y{, /fHon] lsg o;k|sf/sf] sfo{ ul//x]5 eg]/ o;sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f cfjZos kb{5 .

k|foM kmf}hbf/L s;'/ jf ck/fw j:t'tM s'g} vf; JolQmlj?4 36]sf] jf 36fOPsf] x'G5, t/ o;sf] k|ltkmn ;dfh jf /fHon] ef]Ug] x'Fbf d"ntM To;k|sf/sf] ef]ufO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ /fHon] cfjZos b]v]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;dfh tyf /fHon] ck/fwsf kl/0ffd ef]Ub} hfg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf /fHodf zflGt–;'/Iff tyf ljlwsf] zf;gdf k|ZglrGx nfUg] cj:yf /xG5 . t;y{ /fHo tyf ;dfhdf zflGt–;'/Iff sfod ug]{ k|of]hgdf s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L s;'/df /fHon] rf;f] /fVg' :jfefljs b]lvG5 . /fHo o:tf]df :jfy{s]lGb|t /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . o:tf]df /fHoaf6 x'g] jf ul/g] sfo{ kLl8tsf] xsdf x'G5 eg]/ sNkgf ug{' cfk}mFdf xfjfbf/L dflgG5 . /fHoaf6 lgMz'Ns ug]{ elgPsf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf k|lt/Iffh:tf ;a} sfo{ kLl8tsf] xsdf geP/ cfg} :jfy{s]lGb|t eP/ ul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 . o:tf] kLl8tnfO{ e¥ofª agfP/ cleo'QmnfO{ s;'/bf/df ?kfGt/0f ub}{ /fHo tyf ;dfhdf zflGt–;'/Iff tyf ljlwsf] zf;g nfu" Pjd\ sfod ug{'dfq ceLi6 /x]sf] kfOG5 .

hfx]/L b/vf:t lbOg] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf tT;DaGwdf s'g} a8fkq 6fFl;Psf] kfOFb}g . uf]Ko /flvg'kg]{ sltko uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf hfx]/L lbFbf kfngf ug{'kg]{ ljz]if k|sf/sf sfo{ljlwsf] hfgsf/L klg kLl8tnfO{ lbOg] ul/Psf] kfOGg . Toltdfq xf] /, hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg lsg kLl8t cfk"m PSn} k|x/L

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sfof{nodf hfFb}gg\ eg]/ cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5}g . lghl;t To:tf] a]nf s:tf JolQmn] ;fy lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ eg]/ hfGg] sf]lz; lsg ul/Psf] 5}g < ;fydf cfpg] JolQm s'g} ljrf}lnof t xf]Og < k|x/L sfof{nosf] d"n9f]sf kLl8td}qL agfpg ;lsg] a8fkq lsg 6fFluPsf] 5}g < uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf hfx]/L lbg sfof{noleq sf]l;t ;Dks{ /fVg'kg]{ xf] eg]/ hfgsf/L kLl8tnfO{ lbOPsf] x'g'kg]{ xf]Og / < uf]Ko /flvg'kg]{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf hfx]/L k|x/L sfof{no cufl8 e]l6g] n]vgbf; / lxhf]cfh t u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfdfk{mt\ n]lvP/ cfpg] u/]sf] tYo klg e]l6Psf 5g\ . o:tf]df s;}sf] uf]Kotfsf] cy{ s] /xnf < kLl8td}qL jftfj/0f gx'Fbf kLl8tl;t hfx]/ b/vf:t btf{ ug{ ;fydf cfPsf JolQmx?n] sltko cj:yfdf cleo'Qmx?sf] gfddf ;d]t x]/fk]m/L ug]{ ul/Psf] 36gf g;'lgPsf] xf]Og . tYodf sYo ylkFbf ck/fw k|dfl0ft ug{ sl7g x'g] ul/Psf cj:yf klg l;h{gf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

kLl8tsf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg ;lsPdf lghaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] sltko ;Defjgfdf j[l4 x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 .

oxfFlg/ Pp6f s'/f gegL x'Fb}g . Tof] s] xf] eg]– kLl8tnfO{ /fHosf] tk{maf6 sfo{ ug]{ JolQmn] …ltdLÚ jf …tkfO{+Ú elgG5 eg]/ hfGg] w[i6tf s;}af6 eP–u/]sf] kfOFb}g . j:t'tM xfdL ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L eg]sf] hldGbf/L k|yfcGtu{tsf] Joj:yf xf]Og . ;]jfu|fxL jf kL8fsf] ;/f]sf/kIf dflgg] kLl8tk|lt ;]jfefjn] ;dlk{t x'g g;s]/ cfk"mnfO{ dflns dfGg] / 7fGg] jt{dfg sd{rf/LtGqn] kLl8tk|lt cfb/efj k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf] la/n} kfOG5 . kLl8tk|lt

pQ/bfoL x'g jf agfpg g;lsg] sfo{k|0ffnL cfk}mFdf bf]ifo'Qm dfq geP/ o;af6 kLl8tsf] dg lhTg s;}nfO{ klg ;fy lbFb}g . o:tf]df kLl8tsf] dg lht]/ ;fdfGo cj:yf l;h{gf u/]/ hfx]/L b/vf:t lng' / To:tf] hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf] Joxf]/f ;xL 5 jf 5}g eg]/ hfGg ;lsg] sf]lz; u/]sf] Tolt w]/} kfO{+b}g .

k|wfg GofofwLzdf l;kmfl/z ePsf Pshgf GofofwLzn] k|x/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] Ps sfo{qmddf cleo'Qm tyf s;'/bf/x?sf] clen]vLs/0f ug{'k5{ eg]/ lbPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ s]–s] g} 7"nf] s'/f elgPsf] cy{df w]/} ;~rf/dfWodn] rrf{ u/]sf] klg Tolts} kfOof] . x'g t o:tf]df lrQ b'vfpg'kg]{ vf;} sf/0f 5}g, lsgeg] lgh / lghh:tfn] clxn];Dd ToxL cleo'Qm tyf s;'/bf/s} jl/kl/ 3'd]sf] zf:q k9]sf] x'Fbf h:tf] hfg]sf] 5, To:t} kmnfs]sf x'g\ . t/, o:tf]df kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] 5fofFdf k/]sf ck/fwsf kLl8tsf] xsdf To;/L slxNo} af]Ng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kLl8tx?sf] klg To;/L g} clen]vLs/0f ug{'k5{ eg]/ lghx?n] af]Ng hfg]sf] eP kLl8tx?sf] kIfdf s]xL a9L g} ;'wf/sf ;Defjgfx? b]vfkg]{ lyP . d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg cjlwe/ k|df0f cflb ;°ng ug]{ sfo{ ;dfKt geP;Dd kLl8tnfO{ e¥ofª agfP/ /fHon] ;+j]bgfTds bf]xg ug]{ ub{5 . cg';Gwfgpk|fGt cleof]hgsf] cj:yf cfPkl5 kLl8tnfO{ s;}n] jf:tf gug]{ tLtf];Tosf] w]/} j0f{g ug{' k/f]Og\ . To;kl5 kLl8t sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf x'G5g\ eg]/ s;}n] klg hfGg rfx]sf] kfO{+b}g . To:tf]df kLl8tsf] clen]vLs/0f ul/g'k5{ eg]/ lsg s;}n] af]Nb}gg\ < ef]ln cbfntn] vf]h]sf] cj:yfdf kLl8tx? ge]l6Psf tYox? k|z:t 5g\ . clg cbfntdf hfx]/jfnf pkl:yt gePsf] cy{df ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] tYo k|z:t 5g\ . t;y{, kLl8tsf] clen]vLs/0f ug{'k5{ eg]/ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg clws[tn] k]z u/]sf] /fo / To;df cfjZos ePdf ;'wf/ jf yk36 u/]/ cleof]u–kq /fHosf] tk{maf6 ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{noaf6 ul/G5 . ca o; ljGb'df cfOk'Ubf Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] To:tf cleof]u–kq hfx]/L b/vf:tdf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fadf]lhd g} tof/ ePsf] 5 eg]/ PsLg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g < kL8fsf] ;/f]sf/kIfnfO{ To:tf cleof]ukq b]vfpg kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ klg ca jx;sf] vfFrf] k/]h:tf] b]lvG5 . kL8fsf] j0f{g w]/}

cg';Gwfgpk|fGt cleof]hgsf] cj:yf cfPkl5 kLl8tnfO{ s;}n] jf:tf

gug]{ tLtf];Tosf] w]/} j0f{g ug{' k/f]Og\ . To;kl5 kLl8t sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf x'G5g\ eg]/ s;}n] klg hfGg rfx]sf]

kfO{+b}g . To:tf]df kLl8tsf] clen]vLs/0f ul/g'k5{ eg]/ lsg s;}n] af]Nb}gg\ <

ef]ln cbfntn] vf]h]sf] cj:yfdf kLl8tx? ge]l6Psf tYox? k|z:t 5g\ . clg cbfntdf hfx]/jfnf pkl:yt gePsf]

cy{df ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] tYo k|z:t 5g\ .

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xb;Dd hfx]/L b/vf:tdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . clg ToxL kL8f ToxL x}l;otdf cleof]u–kqdf hlgPsf] 5 jf 5}g eg]/ hfGg kfpg] xs kLl8tsf] x'g'k5{ elgFbf zfob} cGoyf x'G5 xf]nf .

clg csf]{ dxÎjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] /fHosf] tk{maf6 ;/sf/L jlsnn] ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]hg / k|lt/Iff ug]{ ub{5 / oxL cy{df s]xL xb;Dd kLl8tsf] k|ltlglwTj ;/sf/L jlsnn] ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] ul/G5, t/ ;a}eGbf cfZro{sf] s'/f s] xf] eg] s'g} klg kl/b[Zodf ;/sf/L jlsn / kLl8taLr ;fIffTsf/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf jf ;Defjgf g} x'Fb}g . kLl8tnfO{ ;/sf/L ujfxsf] x}l;otdf cbfntdf askq lgldQ pkl:yt ug]{ k|of]hgdf kLl8t, hfx]/jfnf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;fIfLl;t ;fIffTsf/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf kfOG5, t/ cleof]hgfk"j{ To:tf] ;Defjgf 7ØfDd} b]lvFb}g . o;sf] cy{, kLl8tsf] kL8f g;'gLsg} lghx?sf] ;Ifd / ;xL k|ltlglwTj ;/sf/L jlsnaf6 x'G5 jf x'g] ub{5 eg]/ Psf]xf]/f ljZjf; ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tsf] kL8fnfO{ ;xL cy{df cleof]u–kqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g, hfx]/L n]lvPsf] lx;fadf cleo'Qmx? agfOPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\, k|df0fdf cfwf/ / sf/0f ToxL d"Nodf r9fOPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eg]/ ;/sf/L jlsnn] kLl8tl;t ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ hfGg'kg]{ xf] eg]/ Go"gtd\ dfGotf klg xfd|f] sfg"gdf /flvPsf] 5}g . kLl8tsf] xsdf ;/sf/L jfl/; jf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ elgg] ;/sf/L jlsn / kLl8taLr ;Dks{;"q g} gx'g' eg]sf] lgZro klg cgf}7f] cj:yf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

clg askq ug{ pkl:yt ;fIfLnfO{ d'2fsf] tYo / k|df0f tyf cbfntL k|lqmofcGtu{t ul/g] ;f]wk'5 Pjd\ lh/x ;DaGwdf clu|d hfgsf/L lbg] sfg"gL rng klg b]lvFb}g . Ps t :yfgLo:t/d} cleo'Qm tyf lghx?sf cfkmGt Pjd\ 7"nfa8fn] lbg] wDsL, k|nf]eg tyf if8\oGqsf] kvf{n eTsfP/ cbfntdf askqlgldQ pkl:yt x'g'k5{, clg csf]{tk{m ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{noaf6 kLl8tnfO{ dfly pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf tYo, k|df0f / sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf clu|d hfgsf/L tyf k|lzIf0f glbOFbf cbfntleq sltko cj:yfdf kLl8t ;fIfLx? s'lx/f]sf] sfudf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf lghx?af6 ;/sf/L ujfxsf] wd{ lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] x'G5 eGg w]/} sl7g x'G5 . clu|d hfgsf/L u/fpg] qmddf kLl8t ;fIfLn] ef]Ug] jf ef]u]sf] :yfgLo :t/sf yk kL8fx?sf] klg hfgsf/L x'g] / …ljk/Lt ;fIfLÚ x'g] b]lvPdf dfgl;s cfTdan a9fP/ kLl8tsf] dg lhTg ;lsg] lyof] .

o; ljGb'df cfOk'Ubf yk Pp6f s] klg eGg}kg]{

x'G5 eg] cbfntL sfo{ljlwsf] k"j{;"rgf jf hfgsf/L kLl8tnfO{ lbOg] ul/Gg . t;y{, cbfntdf lghx?sf] kL8fsf] ;'gjfO{ jf ;Daf]wg x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg];Ddsf] Go"gtd\ hfgsf/L klg lghx?l;t x'Fb}g . dflys} cg'R5]bx?df elg;lsPsf] 5 ls kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf ;/sf/af6 x'g] tyf ul/g] sfo{ kLl8tsf] xslxtdf geP/ /fHosf] :jfy{s]lGb|t x'g] x'Fbf o:tf]df kLl8tnfO{ slxNo} ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf dfGg] sf]lz;} ul/Fb}g . j:t'tM kLl8tx? l;4fGttM ;w}F g} xfl//x]s} x'G5g\ .

cbfntL sf/afxL klg sltko cj:yfdf ;/sf/L kIfh:t} eP/ ;DkGg ul/G5 . ;x/ahf/ cyf{t\ ;b/d'sfd tyf sfg"gL sfo{ljlwsf] Go"gtd\ 1fg gePsf kLl8tx?n] askq ug]{ cj:yfsf] dfgl;s lrq0f zAbdf zfob} ug{ ;lsG5 . cGof}n tyf 8/n] u|:t dfgl;stfdf pkl:yt kLl8t ;fIfLn] cfgf] lg/Lxtf k|:t't ub}{df stfstf cfTdan u'dfO;s]sf] x'G5 . ljåfg\ sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 ul/g] lh/xsf] o'4 lhTg ;fIfL s;/L ;Ifd x'g ;Snfg\ eg]/ sf]xL s;}n] rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOFb}g . cfk/flws 36gfpk|fGt klg kLl8tx? sfg"gL x}l;otdf klg yk kLl8t ePsf x'g\ eg]/ ;f]e}m cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . emg\ ga'emL gx'g] ;fIfL eg]/ lemsfOg] cj:yfdf lgikIf ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/sf] c;dy{tfsf] dd{cg's"n cbfntn] ;/sf/LkIfsf] xsdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] xf] eGg] :ki6 efg x'G5 . s}b–;hfo ;d]t x'g] o:tf] sfo{ljlwdf cbfntn] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ df/df kg]{ t kLl8t g} x'G5g\ .

lxhf]cfh t e"m7f] askq u/]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]/ pN6} kLl8tnfO{ s}b ;hfo;lxt bl08t ug]{ rng b]lvg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . lghn] ljk/Lt askq ug{'kg]{ cj:yfx? sfg"gL ljifo x'g g;Snfg\, t/ :jtGq Gofokflnsf o;/L kLl8tlj?4 s7f]/ x'g' eg]sf] kLl8tzf:qLo d"No–dfGotfsf] Vofn g/fVg' xf] . o;df ;a}eGbf cfZro{hgs ljifo s] klg xf] eg] kLl8t e"m7f] askqdf bl08t x'g' Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ ToxL cfwf/ / sf/0fdf cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO{ kfpg' eg]sf] e"m7f askq;DaGwL ljlwzf:q xf]Og . oL b'O{ lgtfGt leGg ljifo x'g\, t/ ;Demfpg] s;nfO{ xf], yfxf g} ePg . klxn]–klxn] GofofwLzsf] dgdf …xl/Ú sf] af; x'G5 elgGYof], t/ cfh zfob lghx?sf] dgdf ca s]jn …sfg"gÚ dfq /xg] ub{5 Û …sfg"gÚ n] k}m;nf u5{ eg] dgdf /x]sf] …xl/Ú n] OG;fkm u5{ eGg] ul/GYof] .

;a}eGbf cfZro{hgs ljifo s] klg xf] eg] kLl8t e"m7f] askqdf bl08t x'g' Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ ToxL

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cfwf/ / sf/0fdf cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO{ kfpg' eg]sf] e"m7f askq;DaGwL ljlwzf:q xf]Og . oL b'O{ lgtfGt leGg ljifo x'g\, t/ ;Demfpg] s;nfO{ xf], yfxf g} ePg .

sltko cj:yfdf sfg"g alnof] x'G5 eg] sltko cGo cj:yfdf sfo{ljlw alnof] dflgG5 . o:tf]df kLl8tsf] kL8fsf] k|ltlglwTj g sfg"gn] u/]sf] x'G5, g sfo{ljlwn] g} ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] x'G5 . kLl8tnfO{ lsgf/fdf /fv]/ ul/g] sfo{ljlw jf k}m;nfsf] cy{ / kl/0ffd kLl8tsf] xsdf gx'g] u/]sf] tYoaf/] w]/} rrf{ ug{' cfjZos gknf{, t/ cfZro{rflxF s] s'/fdf 5 eg] d''n'sL P]gnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ dg;fon] k|:tfljt ck/fw;+lxtf, kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw;+lxtf tyf kmf}hbf/L s;"/

-;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]gsf] d;f}bf tyf k|ltj]bg, @)^& n] t ck/fwsf kLl8tsf] xslxtnfO{ l;4fGttM OGsf/ u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . kLl8tzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fsf] Go"gtd\ dfGotf / 1fg gePsf JolQm jf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 kLl8tsf] xsdf s]xL ;sf/fÎds ;f]r /fv]sf] xf]nf eg]/ sNkgf ug{' cfk}mFdf xf:of:kb dflgg ;S5 . /fHozlQml;t e'ms]/ jf ;Demf}tf u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf] o;k|sf/sf] d;f}bfn] /fHonfO{ …lhDdfjfnÚ sf] x}l;todf :yfkgf u/]sf] x'G5 . Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf kLl8tsf] xsdf s]–s;/L JofVof / Joj:yf ug{'k5{ eg]/ clnslt klg ;sf/fTds ;f]r g/fv]sf] sf/0f o;af6 kLl8tn] cfz ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 7ØfDd} /xFb}g . emg\ To;df …cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{Ú sf] k|:tfljt Joj:yf eg]sf] pN6f] ultsf] ;f]rsf] kl/0flt xf] eGg}kg]{ x'G5 . s;'/bf/af6 e/fOg] cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{ ;/sf/LjfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn ePdf cbfntnfO{ xjNbf/L lhDdf nufP/ kLl8tsf] 3/3/gfaf6 c;'npk/ u/fpg] k|:tfj eg]sf] …ljgfzsfn] ljk/Lt j'l4Ú eg]h:t} x'G5 . cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd kLl8tn] cf}ifwf]krf/ nufotdf vr{ ul/;s]sf] x'G5 eGg] 1fg

zfob d;f}bfsf/x?nfO{ yfxf gePsf] x'g;S5 . o; d;f}bfn] /fHonfO{ dflns agfP/ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kLl8tk|ltsf] /fHosf] bfloTjnfO{ z"Gos/0f ug]{ d;f}bf eg]sf] kLl8tzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fdf lg/y{s dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ck/fwkLl8t tyf kLl8tzf:q;Da4 s]xL pNn]vgLo glh/k/s k}m;nf eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg To;tk{m ;/sf/ / sfo{bnsf] Wofg ghfg' v]bk"0f{ sfo{ dflgG5 . To;df klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnts} axfnjfnf GofofwLz ;+of]hs /x]sf] sfo{bnaf6 o:tf] d;f}bf ;fj{hlgs x'g' eg]sf] /fHozlQmsf] b[li6bf]ifdf sfo{bn ;fIfL a:g'dfq 7xl/G5 .

o;}aLr ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;do–;dodf k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGtx?sf] ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf ul/g' klg a];} x'G5 . s]xL xb;Dd ;jf]{Rr cbfnt kLl8tk|lt s]xL ;sf/fTds / pbf/ x'g yfn]sf] :ki6 cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . b]xfosf k|s/0fx?df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf vf; / kLl8tzf:qLo dfGotfsf s]xL k}m;nfx?sf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

!= ;DejtM ljZjsf] Goflos Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;aeGbf klxnf] k6s …kLl8tzf:qsf] l;4fGtÚ (Doctrine of Victimology) pNn]v u/L k}m;nf u/]sf] huhfx]/} 5 . cfk"mx?af6 ePsf o:tf] k}m;nfsf] cgfb/ ug{' s;}n] ;'xfpFb}g . …p7]/ af]n] xfjfn] p8fpF5, a;]/ af]n] s;}n] ;'Gb}gÚ eGg] kLl8tk|lt o;/L cgfb/ JoQm ul//xg' Gofof]lrt / ;dof]lrt dflgFb}g .! o;df æ=== kLl8tnfO{ Gofof]lrt Jojxf/, ;xof]u, ;Ddfg, k'g:yf{kgf, dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g'kg]{ kLl8tzf:qsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of Victimology) ;d]tsf ;Gbe{df hfx]/jfnL kLl8tsf] cbfnt;dIf askq gePsf] x'Fbf hfx]/L Pjd\ k|dfl0ft aofg u|x0f ug{ gldNg] eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/l;t ;xdt x'g ;lsFb}g .Æ

@= kLl8tk|ltsf] /fHosf] cleefjsTj z"Gos/0f ePsf] dfGg] ;°L0f{ tyf cg'bf/ dfgl;stfsf] hlt g} eT;{gf u/] klg sd} x'G5 . ca aGg] sfg"gdf o;/L klg d'2f rnfpg] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ u/L xfn}dfq ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 sf];]9'Ëf aGg] u/L Ps k}m;nf ePsf] kfOG5 .@ pQm k}m;nfdf elgPsf] 5, …ck/fw t ck/fw g} xf], kLl8tn] h;/L klg Ifltk"lt{ kfpg} kb{5 . kLl8tzf:q (Victimology) cg';f/ ck/fw ug]{

klxn]–klxn] GofofwLzsf] dgdf …xl/Ú sf] af; x'G5 elgGYof], t/ cfh zfob lghx?sf] dgdf ca s]jn …sfg"gÚ dfq /xg] ub{5 Û

…sfg"gÚ n] k}m;nf u5{ eg] dgdf /x]sf] …xl/Ú n] OG;fkm u5{ eGg] ul/GYof] .

!= ;'lgn eGg] s[i0faxfb'/ nfdflj?4 ;Demgf nfdfsf] hfx]/Ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/, hLpm df:g]–a]Rg], ;+o'Qm Ohnf;, ;Djt\ @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #@%&, lg0f{o ldlt– @)^! ;fn k'; !^ ut] /f]h ^

@= g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, efu %&, cª\s @, @)&@ h]7, d'2f– dfgj a]rlavg, afnljjfx, hah{:tL s/0fL, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;, k[i7 @^#

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JolQmsf] klxrfg ePsf] xf];\ jf gxf];\, ck/fwsf] cleof]hg ePsf] xf];\ jf gxf];\, ck/fwaf6 kLl8tn] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ kfpg'kg]{, ;f] Ifltk"lt{ oy]i6 (Adequate) x'g'kg]{, / lghsf] k'g:yf{kgf (Rehabilitation) tÎsfn x'g'kg]{ Pjd\ To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ / k'g:yf{kgf /fHon] g} ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .Ú#

#= clxn];Ddsf] dfGotf s] /xFb}cfPsf] 5 eg] /fHosf] tk{maf6 e/fpg'kbf{ Hofb} Go"g /sd e/fOg] k}m;nf x'G5 eg] kL8saf6 e/fpg'kg]{ k}m;nf x'Fbf 7"n} /sd pNn]v ul/G5 . xfn} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] Ps csf]{ k}m;nfdf …JolQmsf] kljqtf tyf kLl8t /fxtzf:qsf] ;f/ g} Judgment Law ePsf] kfOPsf]n] kLl8tzf:qsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\b} k|ltjfbL euL/y bfxfnaf6 ?= b'O{ nfv kLl8t b]jLsf /fO{nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fO lbg] .Ú$ s;'/bf/af6 o;/L e/fOPsf] /sd a/fa/ eg] /fHoaf6 kLl8tnfO{ e/fpg] u/L cbfntaf6 s'g} k}m;nf hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . /fHoaf6 g} e/fOg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePdf o;tk{m s;}n] lrGtf lng'kg]{ cj:yf kb}{g . ca cbfnt klg o:tf]df tb\g'?k g} Ifltk"lt{ /fHoaf6 e/fpg]tk{m ;hu x'Fb} hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf, sf]z]9'Ëfsf] ?kdf /x]sf kLl8ts]lGb|t plNnlvt k}m;nfx? Ifltk"lt{sf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt g} cGof}ndf b]lvG5 . /fHonfO{ cleefjsTj u|x0f u/fpg ce}m cndnh:t} b]lvPsf] dx;"; x'G5 . kLl8t sf]if agfP/ kLl8t Ifltk"lt{ e/fP/ kl5 /fHon] 7xl/Psf s;'/bf/af6 pQm /sd c;'npk/ ug{;lsg] ;f]rsf] k}m;nfn] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] b'O{ jif{leq aGg kLl8t;Dj4 sfg"gdf ;fy{s :yfg kfpg] ck]Iff ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df ljZjsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df df}lns xssf] x}l;otdf …ck/fw kLl8tsf] xsÚ nfO{ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn / g]kfnL ;a} awfOsf kfq dflgG5g\ . o;/L k|Tofe"t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! sf] Joj:yf tyf efiff o;k|sf/ /x]sf] kfOG5%–

ck/fwkLl8tsf] xsM -!_ ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ cfk"m kLl8t ePsf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf sf/afxL;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

-@_ ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] Gofo

kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

o;df b'O{ pkwf/fcGtu{t -s_ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf sf/afxL;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg] xs, -v_ ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgfsf] xs / -u_ Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg] xsx? k|Tofe"t ul/Psf 5g\ . oxfFlg/ Pp6f ljlzi6 Joj:yf s] 5 eg] …;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgf / Ifltk"lt{sf] xsÚ nfO{ …Gofo kfpg] xs;lxtÚ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 …Gofo kfpg] xsÚ nfO{ ljlzi6tf k|bfg ul/Psf] ;':ki6 x'G5 . ca kLl8tnfO{ ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . o;k|sf/sf xs k|Tofe"t ul/Fbf kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf] klg :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . 3/af/ jf a;f]af;sf] ef}lts Joj:yf tyf /sd ljt/0f ul/Psf] elgPsf] Ifltk"lt{ cfk}mFdf k"/f dflgFb}g, ha;Dd lgh kLl8tx?n] …GofoÚ kfPsf] :ki6 x'Fb}g . o;/L …GofoÚ nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] df}lns xssf] ljlzi6 efiff / efjnfO{ ;Ddfg ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . cfufdL lbgdf aGg] sfg"gn] o; ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ tb\g'?k g} cfTd;ft ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] qmdzM kLl8td}qL Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/:tDe tof/ ub}{ hfg] s'/fdf ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . o;/L …kLl8t Gofo k|0ffnLÚ sf] k|0f]tf d'n's g]kfnsf] o; ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ ljZjsf cGo b]zx?n] klg ;fef/ ug]{ ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .

cGtdf, Pp6f s] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g'k5{ eg] kLl8tsf] ;xof]uljgf ck/fw lgoGq0f / cleof]hg ;Dej gx'g], ck/fw lgoGq0f geP;Dd ;dfhdf zflGt–;'/Iffsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg gx'g], zflGt–;'/Iffsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g;lsg] / ljlwsf] zf;g gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]h:t} sNof0fsf/L /fHo :yfkgf x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf /fHo tyf Gofo k|0ffnLn] kLl8tsf] dg lhTg}kg]{ x'G5 .

t;y{, kLl8tsf] xsdf gsf]6ØfOPsf kf6fx?sf] pbf/ / ;sf/fTds ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tx?n] Gofo kfpg] k|Tofe"ltn] ;fy{stf kfPsf] cj:yfdf lgZro klg lghx? ck/fw lgoGq0f / cleof]hg u/L cleo'QmnfO{ s;'/bf/df ?kfGt/0f u/]/ ;dfhdf zflGt–;'/Iffsf] ;'Joj:yf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"t ug{ ;w}F /fHosf ;xofqL x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .9

-n]vs jl/i7 clwjStf 8f= >]i7 kLl8tzf:qL x'g\ ._

#= P]hg, k|s/0f $@, k[i7 @(!$= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g, jif{ @$, cª\s !@, k"0ff{° %%*, @)&@, c;f]h !^–#), k[i7 @&%= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f @!

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tYof°sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fhgLltsdL{ / ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ e|i6frf/Lsf] cf/f]k nufpg]x¿sf] ;+Vofdf @ k|ltzt dfq cGt/ 5 . GofofwLz / jlsndf t Ps k|ltztsf] dfq km/s b]lvG5 . o; cfwf/df g]tf / sd{rf/L klxnf], k|x/L bf];|f] / GofofwLz Pj+ jlsn t];|f] bhf{sf] e|i6frf/L b]lvP .

d'nssf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 k|fKt ;j]{If0f kmf/dx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]tf / sd{rf/Lk|lt gful/s a9L cfqmfds /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ToxLcg';f/ pgLx¿n] e|i6rf/Lsf] ;ª\uLg cfIf]k klg nufPsf x'g\ . ;j]{If0f kmf/fddf !% j6f ljleGg k]zfsdL{x¿sf] k]zf pNn]v u/]/ ;a}eGbf a9L % k]zfsdL{ tf]Sg elgPsf] lyof] . ;j]{If0fdf efu lng]x¿n] ;a}eGbf klxnf g]tf / sd{rf/LnfO{ e|i6frf/Lsf] ;"rLdf /fv] / bf];|f] gDa/df k|x/LnfO{ tf]s]sf 5g\ . g]tfx¿k|lt cfIf]k nfu]sf] *$ k|ltzt / sd{rf/Ldfly cf}+nf p7fPsf] *@ k|ltzt / k|x/LnfO{ bf]ifL b]vfPsf] ^! k|ltztsf] cfs8fn] o;} eG5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ;j]{If0fdf efu lng] dWo] Ps;o hgfdf *$ hgfn] g]tfnfO{ e|i6frf/Lsf] ku/L u'tfP eg] *@ hgfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ klg pRr sf]6Lsf] e|i6frf/L eg] . oL b'O{ k]zfsdL{k|ltsf] s6fIfkl5 gful/sx¿n] cGo ljleGg k]zfsdL{nfO{ e|i6frf/L eg]sf] tYofËsLo ljZn]if0fn] cf}NofpF5 .

5}7f}+ a9L e|i6sf] :yfg Ol~hlgo/n] kfPsf] ;j]{If0fdf b]lvof] . To:t}, ;ftf}+df Jofkf/L, pBdL, cf7f}+ gDa/df 8fS6/, gjf}+df a}+s/, b;f}+df g]kfnL ;]gf / P3f/f}+df kqsf/x¿ ePsf] b]lvof] . lzIfsnfO{ afx|f}+ / ;aeGbf sd e|i6 t]x|f} :yfgdf 8«fOe/nfO{ gful/sn] e|i6sf ?kdf cf}+NofP .

;j]{If0fdf ljleGg k];fsdL{ ;+nUg /x]sfdf ;a}eGbf

cfn]v

d'n'se/ ul/Psf] Pp6f ;j]{If0fn] zf;g ;Qf rnfpg] /fhgLltsdL{ / d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs afu8f]/ ;DxfNg] sd{rf/LnfO{ klxnf] bhf{sf e|i6frf/L x'g\ eg]/ cf}FNofPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf ## lhNnfsf ! xhf/ &) hgf ljleGg k]zfsf gful/saLr ul/Psf] ;f] ;j]{If0fn] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf k|x/LnfO{ bf];|f], GofofwLz / pgLx?nfO{ Gofosd{df ;3fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ t];|f] bhf{sf e|i6frf/L eGg] b]vfof] . To:t}, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfdf cfj4 PghLcf]sdL{nfO{ gful/sn] rf}yf] gDa/sf e|i6frf/Lsf] ;"rLdf /fv]sf 5g\ . kfFrf} gDa/df To:tf k]zfsdL{ b]lvP hf] cfk}mF e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f If]qsf lhDd]jf/ lgsfodf sfo{/t 5g\ .

of] ;j]{If0fn] d'n'ssf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfodf a:g]x?k|lt gful/sx? s:tf] wf/0ff /fVbf /x]5g\ eGg] k|ltljlDat ub{5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f–lgodg lgsfo g} gful/ssf gh/df k|d'v e|i6frf/L /x]5g\ eGg] a'lemG5 . gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ k]zfsdL{ / lgsfok|lt cfd–gful/sdf u9]sf] wf/0ffaf6 xfd|f] zf;g Joj:yfk|lt gful/ssf] r/d lg/fzf /x]5 eGg ;lsG5 .

;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt tYof°df /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ *$ k|ltztn] e|i6frf/L eg]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ *@ k|ltztn] To:tf] cfIf]k nufPsf 5g\ eg] k|x/LnfO{ e|i6frf/L eGg]x¿ ^! k|ltzt 5g\ . jlsn / GofofwLznfO{ e|i6frf/L eGg]x¿sf] ;+Vof qmdzM #^ / #& k|ltzt 5 . PghLcf]sdL{dfly cf}+nf 78Øfpg] #@ k|ltzt 5g\ eg] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfosf clwsf/LnfO{ @& k|ltztn] clws e|i6frf/L eg]/ cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

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cfn]v

x'g\ . dflg;sf] hf];Fu ;Dks{{ x'G5, p;s}af/]df p;n] w]/} hfGg] x'G5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿af/] pBdL–Joj;foLn] w]/} hfgsf/L kfPsf ;j]{If0fdf pgLx¿n] JoQm u/]sf] wf/0ffaf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 .

d'n'ssf lhDd]jf/ lgsfodf a:g]x¿af6 hjfkmb]xLljxLg sfd eO/x]sf] cj:yfsf] cfsng ;j]{If0fn] u/]sf] 5 . oxfF d'n'ssf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6 hjfkmb]xLljxLg sfd x'gyfn]sf], gful/sk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L glnOPsf] cj:yf ;j]{If0fn] cf}+NofPsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

e|i6frf/sf] hfnf]

of] ;j]{If0f d'n'ssf] ljleGg If]qdf u/L k|fKt tYonfO{ PS;;]ndf Kn6 u/L P;kLP;P; ;6j]o/sf] k|of]u u/]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;j]{If0fdf e|i6frf/ ug]{ ljleGg k]zfsdL{dWo] e|i6frf/ ug]{ k]zfsdL{x¿aLr cfk;L ldnf]dtf]sf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L dfu ul/Psf] lyPg . t/, k|fKt tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] eg] g]tf / sd{rf/L, g]tf–k|x/L, k|x/L–sd{rf/L, sd{rf/L–PghLcf]sdL{h:tf k]zfsdL{aLr e|i6frf/hGo Jojxf/df ldnf]dtf]sf] cj:yf cf}+Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;j]{If0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf !% k]zfsdL{dWo] ;a} eGbf % e|i6 k]zfsdL{ sf]–sf] x'g\ eGg] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf cfwf/df e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfaf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

s] b]lvG5 eg] ;j]{If0fdf efu lng] clwsf+zn] /fhgLltsdL{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, k|x/L, GofofwLz / jlsn tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/tnfO{ k|d'v e|i6frf/L eg]sf 5g\ / b'j} k];fsdL{nfO{ e|i6frf/L eGg]x¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo 5 .

P;kLP;P; tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;6j]o/ k|of]u u/]/ pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw s]nfpFbf /fhgLltsdL{ / sd{rf/LaLr b'j} e|i6 x'g\ eGg]x¿ &) k|ltzt b]lvG5g\ . To:t}, sd{rf/L / /fhgLltsdL{ b'j}nfO{ e|i6frf/L eGg]x¿ %@ k|ltzt 5g\ . PghLcf]sdL{ / /fhgLltsdL{aLr b'j}nfO{ cf}+nf 78Øfpg]x¿ @* k|ltzt 5g\ . sd{rf/L / k|x/L b'j}nfO{ bf]ifL b]Vg]x¿sf] ;+Vof klg %) k|ltzt 5 .

To:t}, PghLcf]sdL{ / sd{rf/L b'j}nfO{ e|i6 eGg]x¿ @& k|ltzt 5g\ . …hgwf/0ffsf] tYofª\sLo ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fhgLltsdL{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, k|x/L, jlsn, GofofwLz / PghLcf]sdL{nfO{ w]/}h;f]n] k|d'v e|i6frf/L dfg]]sf] b]lvof],Ú lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, tYof°zf:q ljefusf k|fWofks z+s/k|;fb vgfn eG5g\, …;j]{If0fsf] ;+Vofn] s'n g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;s] klg of] ;+s]t g} k|z:t xf] . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;'wf/sf k|of; ug'{ cToGt h?/L b]lvG5 .Ú

…h;–h;n] ;]jf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ xf], pgLx¿ e|i6frf/L eg]/ ;fdfGo gful/sn] eGg' /fd|f] ;°]t xf]Og,Ú vgfnn] eg]sf 5g\ .

w]/} o'jf ljBfyL{ sl/a #) k|ltzt / bf];|f] :yfgdf pBdL–Jofkf/L !^ k|ltzt ;xefuL lyP . ;du|df ;a} k]zfsdL{x¿n] /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ klxnf] gDa/sf] e|i6frf/L eg]/ cf}+NofPsf] eP klg pBdL Jofkf/Lsf] gh/df ;a}eGbf e|i6frf/L ;/sf/L sd{rf/L x'g\ . ;j]{If0fdf efu lng] ljleGg k]zfsf gful/sx¿dWo] s'g k]zfsdL{nfO{ slt dfqfsf] e|i6frf/L eg]sf 5g t < tYof° ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|d'v % e|i6frf/Lk|lt pBdL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] dt ;du| cfsngeGbf leGg klg b]lvG5 . pBdL–Jofkf/LdWo] *& k|ltzt sd{rf/L / *% k|ltzt g]tf e|i6 /x]sf] cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . To:t}, k|x/Lsf] ;du| ^! k|ltzt e|i6sf] ;"rLdf pBdL–Jofkf/Ln] yk e|i6 eg]sf 5g\ . pBdL–Jofkf/LdWo] ^# k|ltztn] k|x/LnfO{ kf]n]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t}, $@ k|ltztn] jlsn / #$ k|ltztn] GofofwLznfO{ e|i6frf/Lsf] >]0fLdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . of] tYofËsLo gh/ klg ;du|n] cf}+NofPsf] tYof°eGbf leGg xf] .

lsg pBdL–Joj;foLsf] b[i6Ldf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L cAan bhf{sf e|i6frf/L 7xl/P < pBdL–Joj;foLn] ;/sf/sf s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 sfd lng'kbf{ cltl/Qm k};f vr{g'kg]{ xfd|f] k|zf;lgs k|j[lQnfO{ pBdL–Joj;foLsf] wf/0ffn] :ki6 kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . xfdLsxfF cfd–gful/ssf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df cfgf g]tfx¿ x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] njfO{–vjfO{, Jojxf/ / k]zfnufotsf ;a} kIfdf gful/sn] yf]/ax't hfgsf/L kfPsf x'G5g\ . ljutdf p;sf] ;fdfGo b}lgsL / /fhgLltsf l;F9Lx¿ r9\b} uPkl5sf g]tfsf] hLjgz}nL / cfd–gful/saf6 cnu x'g] k|j[lQaf/] hfgsf/ gful/sn] To;} cfwf/df g]tfx¿k|ltsf] wf/0ff agfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . cjwf/0ffut of] ;j]{If0fn] jf:tjdf sf]–slt e|i6frf/L eGg] j}1flgs cfwf/ lbg g;Snf . t/, gful/ssf] gh/df g]tf, sd{rf/L, k|x/L, PghLcf]sdL{, GofofwLz, jlsn / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfok|ltsf] ljZn]if0fn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] sfnf] tl:a/ b]vfpF5 .

;fdfGo gful/ssf o:tf wf/0ffn] /fhgLltsdL{, sd{rf/L, jlsn / GofofwLz, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfodf Jofks ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] 5 . ;j]{If0fn] hf] hf]af6 ;]jf kfpg'kg]{ xf], tLg} k]zfsdL{af6 cfd–gful/s cfqmfGt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

h;nfO{ cfd–gful/sn] /fd|f];Fu lrg]–hfg]sf 5g\, ltg} k];fsf dflg;nfO{ klxnf] bhf{sf e|i6frf/L eg]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] pBdL–Jofkf/Lsf] xsdf klg To:t} cj:yf 5 . pgLx¿n] cfgf pBd–Jofkf/sf] sfd ug]{–u/fpg] qmddf hf]l8g cfpg] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ klxnf] bhf{sf e|i6frf/L eGg'sf] k5fl8 pgLx¿n] ug]{ Jojxf/s} sf/0f x'g;S5 .

uf]/vf l;8 sDkgLsf k|aGw lgb]{zs lji0f' d/x¶f eG5g\, …ljgf k};f, kmfOn ;b}{gÚ . d/x¶f Ps e'Qmef]uL pBdL


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;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf;lxt d'n'sel/sf #) lhNnfdf s'g k]zfsdL{ slt e|i6frf/L eGg] ;j]{If0fdf lhNnflkR5} klxnf]b]lv kfFrf} :yfgdf x'g]sf] cj:yf km/s– km/s kfOPsf] 5 .

d'n'sel/sf !)&! hgfsf] dtsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf !$ lhNnfdf /fhgLltsdL{ / !@ lhNnfdf sd{rf/L Ps gDAf/df e|i6frf/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / slknj:t'df /fhgLltsdL{ / sd{rf/L b'a} ;+o'Qm?kdf klxnf] ePsf 5g\ . ptf, Ko"7fgdf PghLcf]sdL{ klxnf] bl/Psf 5g\ . To:t}, bfr'{nfdf Ol~hlgo/ / kfNkfdf k|x/L klxnf] ePsf 5g\ .

e|i6frf/L jl/otfdf /fhgLltsdL{ !) lhNnfdf, sd{rf/L ( j6f lhNnf / k|x/L ^ lhNnfdf bf];|f] ePsf] kfOG5 . ;j]{If0fn] c3f{vfFrLdf PghLcf]sdL{, wgs'6fdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfo, h'Dnf / vf]6fªdf jlsn bf];|f] :yfgdf

/x]sf] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . To:t}, s}nfnLdf k|x/L / sd{rf/L tyf l;Gw'nLdf k|x/L / g]tf bf];|f] jl/otfdf 5g\ .

t];|f] :yfg cf]u6\g]df k|x/L ( lhNnfdf / GofofwLz, jlsn, /fhgLltsdL{ / sd{rf/L tLg–tLg lhNnfdf 5g\ . 88]nw'/f / l;Gw'nLdf PghLcf]sdL{ tyf bfr{'nf / wgs'6fdf Ol~hlgo/ t];|f] :yfgsf e|i6frf/L sxlnPsf 5g\ .

h'Dnfdf Jofkf/L–pBdLn] t];|f] e|i6frf/Lsf] x}l;ot kfPsf] b]lvG5 . vf]6fªdf /fhgLltsdL{ / k|x/L, ?kGb]xLdf GofofwLz / k|x/L, k;f{df k|x/L / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfo, bf]nvfdf k|x/L / PghLcf]sdL{, kfNkfdf sd{rf/L / jlsn ;+o'Qm?kdf t];|f] ePsf 5g\ . d'n'sel/sf] ;du| tYof°df /fhgLltsdL{, sd{rf/L, k|x/L, jlsn, GofofwLz, PghLcf]sdL{, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfo x'Fb} ;]gf !@ cf}+ :yfgdf b]lvG5 . d'n'sel/af6 ;]gfnfO{ e|i6frf/L eGg]x¿ !# k|ltzt eP klg bfªdf #@ k|ltztn], afFs]df @^ k|ltztn], sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / 88]nw'/fdf @% k|ltzt,

e|i6frf/ d'n'ssf] k|d'v r'gf}lt ag]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf k|j[lQ / k|s[lt km]l/Psf 5g\ .

ljutsf jif{x¿df e|i6frf/ ug]{df a9L sd{rf/L, k|x/Lnufot ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ;+nUg Ol~hlgo/h:tf k]zfsdL{ x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf lyP . clxn] cfP/

/fhgLltsdL{, lzIf0f k]zf, Gofofno / Gofo ;Dkfbgsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ jlsnx¿df of] /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 .

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;'v]{t / vf]f6fªdf @) k|ltzt / emfkf, ;nf{xL / c5fddf !^ k|ltztn] ;]gfnfO{ e|i6frf/L eg]sf 5g\ .

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e|i6frf/ d'n'ssf] k|d'v r'gf}lt ag]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf k|j[lQ / k|s[lt km]l/Psf 5g\ . ljutsf jif{x¿df e|i6frf/ ug]{df a9L sd{rf/L, k|x/Lnufot ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ;+nUg Ol~hlgo/h:tf k]zfsdL{ x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf lyP . clxn] cfP/ /fhgLltsdL{, lzIf0f k]zf, Gofofno / Gofo ;Dkfbgsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ jlsnx¿df of] /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 . gful/s ;j]{If0fn] $ gDa/sf e|i6 k]zfsdL{df PghLcf]sdL{ / % cf}+ gDa/df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfonfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5 . ;dfh ;]jfsf gfddf d'n'ssf ufpF–ufpFdf km}lnPsf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfk|ltsf] o:tf] wf/0ff cfk}mFdf dfq ;d:of xf]Og . o;n] ;dfhdf e|i6 cfr/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u5{ . To:t}, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfok|lt ljZjf; /xFb}g .

e|i6frf/sf ljleGg cfofd 5g\ . Pp6f k/Dk/fb]lv rNb}cfPsf] /sd jf sldzg lnP/ dfq sfd ug]{ u/fpg] . cyf{t\, cfly{s k|efjsf andf lgod–sfg"gx¿ ldRg] k|j[lQ . kl5Nnf] jif{x¿df ;f]em} /sdsf] v]nf gb]lvg] t/ gLltut e|i6frf/sf sfd x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;sx¿sf] zLif{ txaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sltko gLltut e|i6 cfr/0f ;fdfGo gful/ssf] gh/df klg cfpFb}g . xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;/sf/L cg'bfgdf rn]sf cfof]hgfx¿ e|i6frf/s} sf/0f ylnPsf k|z:t pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\ . tYo, tYof° cfgf]cg's"n yk36 u/]/ /fHosf]ifsf] k};f s'DNofpg] k|j[lQ lzIff / :jf:yh:tf If]qdf k|z:t e]l6Psf 5g\ .

s] b]lvG5 eg] /fhgLltnfO{ /fhgLltsdL{x¿n] dx+uf] agfPsf 5g\ / /fhgLltdf anafx'df ljZjf; ug]{x¿sf] a9f]Q/L ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhn] e|i6frf/nfO{ ;+:yfutdfq u/]sf] 5}g, ;Ddfg klg u/]sf] 5 . k};f sdfpg'nfO{ k|ult u/]sf] 7fGg] ;fdflhs ljZjf;sf k5fl8 e|i6frf/ df}nfO/x]sf] 5 / To;n] d'n'snfO{ g} w/f;foL agfO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;fdfGo gful/sn] ;xh} a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . o; sf/0f e|i6frf/ eg]sf] s] xf] / o;n] s;/L ;Lldt dflg;nfO{ dfnfdfn / cfd–gful/snfO{ g/fd|/L lk/f]N5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ clt cfjZos 5 .

ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf / ;/n hLjgz}nLn] e|i6frf/ k|j[lQdf w]/} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5 . elgG5– …d'xfg ;kmf ePdf r'xfg cfk}mF ;kmf x'G5Ú o; cy{df xfd|f] ;dfhsf] d'xfgdf b]lvPsf] /fhgLlt / /fhgLltsdL{df Jofks ;'wf/ cfjZos 5, ToxfF ;'wf/ eof] k|zf;lgs–k|x/Lnufotsf If]qdf b]lvPsf e|i6 k|j[lQ cfk}mF sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg]5g\ .9

-gf]6M of] n]v, gful/s b}lgscGtu{tsf] cg';GwfgfTds lgsfo gful/s l/;r{ Ao"/f] -Pgcf/aL_ n] u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t 5 . n]vs, kf]v/]n gful/s b}lgssf] ;dfrf/

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r/df]Tsif{tfsf tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb| g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/df sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf tÎsfnLg d'Vo ;lrj nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{nfO{ lgo'Qm u¥of] .

sfsL{nfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qm kbsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/]nuQ} ;a}h;f] /fhgLlts bnsf] 7"nf] ;d"x, gful/s ;dfh / sd{rf/Ln] rsf]{ lj/f]w u/] klg pgsf] lgo'lQmnfO{ /f]Sg ;s]gg\ . vf;u/L, k|d'v bnsf zLif{ g]tf

/ sfsL{nfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ dGqLx¿ g} ;+j}wflgs lgol'QmnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ lgsfo cyf{t\ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfdf /x]sfn] pgsf] lgo'lQmdf lj/f]]wsf :j/x¿n] vf;} c;/ u/]gg\ .

lgo'lQm ePsf] emG8} b'O{ jif{;Dd tNnf] txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/afxL u/]/ pRr txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ t;f{pFb} cfPsf sfsL{n] @( hgfdfly ;DklQ 5fglag ul//x]sf] ;"rL ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] /fhgLlts txdf 7"nf] cfz°f / t/Ë NofPsf] 5 . 5fglagsf] bfo/df NofOPsf clwsf+z g]tf, k|zf;s / gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿sf] ;"rL x]bf{ ljutdf sfsL{sf] …lgo'lQmsf] lj/f]wdf plePsfx¿Ú g} 5g\ .

k|d'v bnsf zLif{ g]tf / sfsL{nfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ dGqLx¿ g} ;+j}wflgs lgol'QmnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ lgsfo cyf{t\ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfdf /x]sfn] pgsf] lgo'lQmdf lj/f]]wsf :j/x¿n] vf;} c;/ u/]gg\ .

pgGtL; hgf /fhgLlt1, k|zf;s / gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfdfly cs"t ;DklQ sdfPsf]

cf/f]kdf 5fglag ;'? u/]kl5 clVtof/sf] rrf{ a9]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotofM ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmsf] ;DklQ hfFra'em clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unufotsf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]qs} ljifo xf] . tyflk, h6Ln /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf s'g hudf hfFra'em / cg';Gwfg x'Fb}5 < eGg] k|Zg eg] uDeL/ 9Ën] p7]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ul7t Ps bh{geGbf a9L ;/sf/L lgsfo eP klg cg';Gwfgsf ;fy} d'2f bfo/ ug]{ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|fKt clVtof/n] g} /fhgLlts txsf] e|i6frf/LnfO{ tx nufpF5 eGg] cfd–ljZjf; 5 . ;"o{gfy pkfWoofo k|d'v cfo'Qm /x]sf a]nf cfof]un] s]xL pRr kb:y ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / g]tfx¿sf] ;DklQdfly ;kmn cg';Gwfg u/L s/afxL rnfPsf] lyof] . sfnfGt/df tL cg';GwfgnfO{ cbfntn] klg 7x/ u/]kl5 clVtof/k|lt hgljZjf; emg} a9]sf] lyof]] . )^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 emG8} ^ jif{;Dd ;+j}wflgs?kn] lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lsf] cefjdf sd{rf/L g]t[Îjdf ;~rflnt cfof]un] ;'8fgnufotsf s]xL sd{rf/L ;+nUg e|i6frf/sf d'2f bfo/ u/] klg /fhgLlts txdf ePsf e|6frf/hGo sfo{sf] 5fglag ug{ ;s]g .

/fhgLlts bnx¿aLr clVtof/sf] g]t[Îj ug]{ JolQmsf] ljifodf dt}Sotf gxF'bf jiff}{+;Dd /f]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm k|lqmof u}/–/fhgLlts elgPsf JolQmsf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ul/Psf] r'gfjL ;/sf/s} kfnfdf eof] . ;jf]{Rr cbftnsf tTsflng k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] r'gfjL ;/sf/n] @)^@÷)^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf]

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s]xLn] t pgnfO{ clVtof/df lgo'Qm ug{ x'Fb}g eg]/ cleofgsf] cu'jfO{ g} u/]sf lyP . clxn] 5fglagdf k/]sfx¿n] ljutdf sfsL{nfO{ ;d]t clVtof/n] ;DklQ 5fglag u/]sf] / zfxL ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf cfGbf]ngdfly bdg u/]sf nufot sf/0fx? b]vfP/ lj/f]w u/]sf lyP .

lj/f]wsf] cu|klª\Qmdf g]skf Pdfn]sf g]tfx¿ lyP eg] sfª\u|]; / dfcf]jfbLsf bf];|f] txsf g]tfx¿n] klg lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP . sfsL{ lgo'lQmsf] lj/f]wdf cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:o ljho kf}8]n, ;'/]Gb| kf08]nufotnfO{ 5fglagsf] bfo/fdf NofOPsf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf sgsdl0f bLlIft -h;n] ;'?d} nf]sdfg lj/f]wL cleofgsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP_ nfO{ klg ;DklQ 5fgaLgsf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .

lgo'lQmkl5 klg ;+;b\sf] el"dsfdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:ox¿n] sfsL{ ;+;b\k|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ c8fgsf ;fy ;+;bLo ;ldltdf af]nfP/ hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfnufotsf

ljifodf clVtof/n] u/]sf lg0f{onfO{ lnP/ jfbljjfb;d]t u/]sf lyP . af/Daf/ kqfrf/ ubf{ klg pkl:yt gePkl5 hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;+;b\sf] cy{;ldltdf Pdfn] ;f+;b kf08] / sfsL{aLr ;fdfGo ljjfb g} ePsf] lyof] .

5fglagsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf clwsf+z k"j{ k|zf;sx¿ sfsL{sf] ;dsIfL /x]sf 5g\, hf] /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] ;dodf pgLlj?4 cfGbf]ngd} plqPsf lyP . sfsL{ d'Vo;lrj x'Fbf pgsf h'lgo/ /x]sf ljBfw/ dlNns, z+s/ sf]O/fnfnufotn] lj/f]w g} u/]sf lyP . sf]O/fnf / dlNnskl5 /]UdL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/df ;xefuL eP / sfsL{nfO{ clVtof/ k|d'v agfpg gx'g] wf/0ff dGqLkl/ifb\df ;d]t /fv] . h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ ;b:osf ?kdf dgf]gog gu/L c?nfO{ g} ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] sfsL{sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ ;b/ ug{

;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df /x]sf dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:oafx]ssf ^ hgf dGqLnfO{ 5fglagsf] bfo/fdf /flvPsf] 5 .

cGo d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ g5f]Osg hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn eO;s]kl5 ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ sfsL{sf] kbfjlw ;lsg' cufl8 g} d'Vo;lrjsf] ?kdf lj:yflkt u/]sf ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ dfq 5fglagsf] bfo/fdf pEofOPsf] 5 . o;n] sd{rf/L If]qdf klg st} cg';'Gwfg k|ltzf]waf6 k|]l/t t xf]Og eGg] cfz°f pAhfPsf] 5 .

nfdf] ;do clVtof/leq ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;DklQ 5fglag ug{ ul7t ljz]if dxfzfvfdf /x]/ sfd u/L xfn k"j{jt\ e"ldsfdf kmls{Psf k|zf;sx¿n] 5fgljgsf 3]/fdf /flvPsf !( hgfsf] ljifodf s'g} ph'/L k/]sf]af/] cgle1tf k|s6 u5{g\ . ;f] dxfzfvfdf sfsL{ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] ?kdf cfof]udf hfg'eGbf klxn] g} tLg ;o %) eGbf a9L JolQmlj?4 ph'/L k/] klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs gfdx¿ gofF /x]sf] atfOG5 . Tolta]nf ph'/L k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] xsdf eg] cfof]u df}g 5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f ;°ng ug{ cfof]un] tof/ kf/]sf] !# kfg] kmf/fd e/]sf sltko sd{rf/L / t/fO{d"nsf g]tfx¿sf] gfd;d]t cgf}krfl/s?kdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] ;Dkltsf] 5fglag / sf/afxL ;DaGwdf s]xL tYo aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g .

csf]{ ;+of]u s] 5 eg] b]z ef/tLo c3f]lift gfsfaGbLaf6 k|tfl8t eO/x]sf] a]nf gfsfaGbLsf] lj/f]wdf plqPsf g]tf, k"j{k|zf;s / gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿ g} 5fglagdf k/]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf] lj/f]wdf v/f] plePsf sgsdl0f bLlIftb]lv ef/tsf] g]kfndflysf] Jofkfl/s Psflwsf/ tf]8\g rLg;Fu ;Ldf hf]l8Psf] s]?ª gfsf v'nfpg kxn sbdL lng] /;'jfsf ;f+;b hgf{bg 9sfnnfO{ s'g} cf/f]k gv'nfO{ clVtof/ af]nfpg'nfO{ w]/}n] clVtof/n] ef/tLo k|efjdf sfd u/]sf] cfz°f u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotofM k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgn] bf]ifL ;fljt ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt k|df0f / cfwf/ :yflkt ul/;s]kl5 dfq cf/f]lktsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/G5 . t/, o;k6s clVtof/n] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f g} ;°ng Pjd\ cWoog gu/L pgLx¿nfO{ 5fglagsf] bfo/df NofPsf] egL k|rf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cfof]un] e|i6frf/;DaGwL cg';Gwfgk4ltnfO{ lsg pNnª\3g u¥of] < ;f]rgLo 5 .

ph'/L / cf/f]kaf/] s]xL ;"rgf glbO{ sfg"g aflx/ uP/ clVtof/n] ;Dklt ljj/0f dfu u/]sf] eGb} cf/f]kLdWo]sf bLlIftn] t ;DklQ 5fglag /f]Sg dfu u/]/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 xfn] . cbftnn] l/6dfly ;'g'jfO{ ub}{ dfu u/]adf]lhd 5fglag /f]Sg cfb]z t u/]g, t/ clVtof/dfly uDeL/ k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 . @( k';df k|wfg GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7 / GofofwLz cf]dk|sfz ld>sf]

;fdfGotofM k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgn] bf]ifL ;fljt ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt k|df0f / cfwf/ :yflkt ul/;s]kl5 dfq cf/f]lktsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/G5 . t/, o;k6s clVtof/n] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f g} ;°ng Pjd\ cWoog gu/L pgLx¿nfO{ 5fglagsf] bfo/df NofPsf] egL k|rf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df

cfof]un] e|i6frf/;DaGwL cg';Gwfgk4ltnfO{ lsg pNnª\3g u¥of] < ;f]rgLo 5 .


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Ohnf;n] cfof]unfO{ JolQmut ;DklQ ljj/0f dfu ubf{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof ckgfpg eg]sf] 5 . ‘sfg"gsf] clVtof/L / k|of]hg gv'nfO{ s;}nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] gfddf cGo s'g} sf/afxL ug{ ldNb}g’ clVtof/n] cfb]zdf eg]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ clVtof/sf] cg';Gwfg ;xL lyPg eGg] g} xf] . JolQmsf] ;fj{hlgs k|lti7f / uf]klgotfnfO{ Vofndf /fv]/ s;'/ k'li6 x'g] cj:yfdf dfq} aofgsf nflu af]nfOg] k/Dk/fnfO{ lsg ;fj{hflgs ul/Psf] xf]– k"j{ k|d'v cfo'Qmx¿;d]t cfZrfo{df 5g\ . )%* kl5 ;"o{gfy pkfWofosf] ;dodf clxn] pRr txdf /x]sf y'k|} g]tf / sd{rf/Lsf] ;DklQ b'O{ tLg jif{;Dd cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] lyof], u}/–sfg"gL k'li6 x'g] cfwf/ gb]lvPkl5 pgLx?;Fu ;DalGwt d'2f aflx/ NofOPsf] lyPg– uf]kfgLotfsf sf/0f .

5fglagdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf af/]df k|d'v cfo'Qm sfsL{ / csf{ cfo'Qm /fhgf/fo0f kf7safx]s kfFrhgf cfo'Qmx¿ -s]za a/fnafx]s afFsL rf/hgf hf] ;'zLn sf]O/fnf ;/sf/sf] ;dodf bnLo efua08fsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm ePsf lyP_ n] 5fglag k|lqmofaf/] cgle1tf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . nf]sdfg lgs6x¿n] cs't ;DklQ;DaGwL x]g]{ lhDd]jf/L k|d'v cfo'Qm sfsL{ / cfo'Qm kf7s;Fu ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg cfjZos g/x]sf] eg]/ arfp ul//x]sf 5g\ .

dfly pNn]lvt s]xL tYox¿n] k|d'v cfo'Qm sfsL{sf] e"ldsfdfly z°f ug]{ k|Zf:t cfwf/ lbPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ k|d'v cfo'Qm st} k"jf{u|x / l/;OjL ;fFWg] lx;fan] dfq k|:t't ePsf t xf]Ogg\ < eGg] rf;f] ;a}lt/ 5 . g]kfndf klxn]b]lv g} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug{ ul7t lgsfox¿ /fhgLlts zq'nfO{ tx nufpg k|of]u ePsf] ;Gbe{df clxn]sf] sf/afxL klg To;s} lg/Gt/tf t x}g < eGg] lrGtf vf;u/L /fhgLlts If]qdf AofKt 5 . k~rfotsfnLg ljz]if k|x/L, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f cfof]u xf];\ of @)%* kl5 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u klg o:tf cf/f]kaf6 c5'tf] 5}g . cg';Gwfgdf cAan dflgPsf k"j{k|d'v cfo'Qm pkfWofonfO{ klg Pdfn] Ot/sf vf;u/L g]kfnL sf+u|];;Da4 g]tfx¿nfO{ dfq nlIft eO{ sf/afxL u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, pkfWofon] u/]sf] ;a}h;f] cg';GwfgnfO{ cbfntn] 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] .

o; ;Gbe{df cfof]usf] clxn]sf] sbdk|lt z°f ug]{ k|z:t} 7fpF eP klg /fhgLlts If]q e|i6frf/d'Qm eg] 5}g . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6g/g]zgnn] s]xL jif{cl3 u/]sf] Pp6f cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ Ps e|i6 lgsfosf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf /x]sf JolQmsf nflu k"jf{u|x / l/;OaL :jLsfo{ ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . tyflk cs't ;DklQ sdfPsf] cf/f]k nfu]sfx¿n] klg k|ltzf]wsf] efjn] x]g'{eGbf

u/]/ hfg ;s] ;+j}wflgs lgsfok|ltsf] dof{bf / ;Ddfg sfod x'g]5 . t/, ;+j}wflgs cËh:tf lgsfodf lgo'lQm / l;kmfl/;df cfwf/ / dfkb08af/] eg] bnx¿n] a]n}df ;f]Rg h?/L 5 . o;n] s]xL xb;Dd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k|efjsfl/tf / ul/dfdf ;doqmddf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sg]5 .

ljut b'O{ jif{df clVtof/n] u/]sf sf/afxL / cg';Gwfg cbfntsf] cfFvfdf Psbd} lkmtnf] ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . k"jf{~rn / kf]v/f ljZjljBfnodf ePsf] elgPsf] e|i6frf/ 5fglag ;DaGwdf bfo/ ul/Psf ;a} d'2fdf clVtof/n] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;s]g . sdhf]/ k|df0fsf] hudf d'2f bfo/ ePsf] lgisif{;lxt ljz]if cbfntn] cf/f]kLnfO{ ;'?d} ;fdfGo tfl/vdf 5f]8\g] / kl5 ;kmfO{ lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . /Ë]xft kqmfp ul/Psf] elgPsf JolQmx¿sf] xsdf ;d]t cbfntn] clVtof/af6 lgotjz km;fPsf] lgisif{;lxt cf/f]lktnfO{ ;d]t ;kmfO{ lbPsf] 5 . o;n] clVtof/sf] cg';Gwfg Ifdtf / lgot b'a}df uDeL/ k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 . o;n] st} clVtof/n] jf:tljs e|i6frf/sf

d'2fx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ k"jf{u|x jf l/;O{jL ;fFWg] Wo]on] dfq d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] t 5}g < eGg] ;+zo pAhfPsf] 5 . uDeL/ cfz+sfsf aLr ;'? ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] cg';Gwfgdf klg cf/f]kLnfO{ cs't ;DklQ sdfPsf] k'li6 ug{ ;s]g jf sdhf]/ cg';Gwfgsf] hudf cbfntn] ;kmfO{ lbPdf cfof]usf nflu k|To'Îkfbs x'g]5 . oltdfq x}g, cf/f]k k'li6 ug{ g;s] cfof]usf] g]t[Îjsf] k"jf{u|xL ePsf] 5n{Ë x'g]5 .

lgZro g} clVtof/h:tf zlQmzfnL ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ul/df pRr txsf e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL u/]/} a9\g] xf] . t/ cg';Gwfgsf] gfddf ;:tf] k|rf/afhLdfq} ePdf o;n] tL lgsfosf] ljZj;gLotf / cl:tÎjd} k|Zg p7fpg ;S5g\ . kl5Nnf] cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf s'g} /fhgLlts k"jf{u|x gePsf] k'li6 ug{ klg clVtof/n] clxn] p7fPsf] d'2fnfO{ tYo / k|df0fn] k|dfl0ft ug]{ r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 .9

-n]vs zdf{ sf7dfG8' kf]i6 b}lgsdf cfj4 kqsf/ x'g\ ._

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lzIffljb\, ;dfhzf:qLx? g} x'G5g\ . logn] ;+ljwfg / P]g–sfg"gsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm, k'glg{o'lQm;d]t kfpg] ub{5g\ . To;/L lgo'lQm kfpg] b]zsf ;Ddflgt kbflwsf/Lx?n] ul/a /fHosf] sf]ifaf6 bf]xf]/f] ;]jf–;'ljwf lnG5g\ / /fHon] e'StfgL u5{ eGg] s'/f hgtfnfO{ ljZjf; nfUb}g . t/, s;}n] s'g} klg axfgfdf pSt bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf lnP jf lnPsf x'g\ eg] tL ck/fw dfgl;stfsf u}/lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx? g} x'g\ eGg' c;Eotf gxf]nf . tfklg To:tf ;Ddflgt kbsf kbflwsf/Lx?n];d]t /fHosf]ifaf6 bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf lnO/x]sf] eGg] ;dfrf/ cfpg' cToGt nHhfhgs ljifo xf] . ;/sf/s} cWoogdf o:tf] tYo ;fj{hlgs x'g cfPsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] tL kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ k]G;g jf gofF ;'ljwf s'g} Ps 5gf}6 u/L lng] / lnPsf] ;'ljwf lkmtf{ u/]df pGd'lQm lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] cleofgsf] k|f/De ug{ ;s]sf]df dGqL /]vf zdf{sf] kxnnfO{ d'/L d'/L wGojfb lbg} kb{5 . tfklg o;/L pGd'lSt lbFbf g]kfnsf] P]gsfg"g ghfg]sf jf b]z / hgtfk|lt s'g} lhDd]jf/L gePsf JolQmx?nfO{ ;Ddflgt kbdf cj;/ lbPsf] cy{ nfUb5 eGg] cfd hgtfsf] a'emfO x'g] 5 / hfg]/ ck/fw u/]sfx?nfO{ g} cfd dfkmL lbPsf] 7xl/g] 5 . t;y{ To:tf JolQmx?sf] kftnf] g}ltstfnfO{ d"n cfwf/ agfP/ kbd'Qm u/L gofF lgo'lQm ug{' cfd ?kdf kl/jt{gsf/L sfo{ x'g] b]lvG5 . kSs} klg oL cEof; r'gf}tL k"0f{ 5g\ t/ clt cfjZos x'g eGg] dgg ug}{ kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; ljZjs} e|i6 d'n'sx?sf] gfddf hf]l8gfn] w'ldn ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs d'n's 3f]lift eP klg hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o x'g] / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf eGbf cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd gug{ / gug{ elgPsf] sfd rflxF ug{sf nflu pT;'s x'g] k4lt pRr 5 . o;}sf nflu g} /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs txaf6 /fd|f] xf]Og, xfd|f] dfG5]sf] a9L vf]hL ul/G5 eGg] hgwf/0ff 5 . pRr g]t[Îj txaf6 cg'lrt bafa lbg] tyf ul/g] b]z / hglxtsf sfddfeGbf bnut jf j}olSts :jfy{df pRr rf;f] /flvg] x'Fbf k|zf;g k"0f{tM c;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 . n]gb]g, eg;'g / /fhgLlts :jfy{ jf efua08fdf cfwfl/t lgo'lQm tyf cj;/ kfpg] ePsfn] jf sfof{no k|d'v;d]t x'g] cj;/sf] k|flKt log} ;Demf}tfdf x'g] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgk|zf;g geO{ zlSt / elStsf] u'0fufg / nfenfutdf rn]sf]n] h3Go cfk/flws q'6Lx? g]kfndf x'g] ub{5g\ eGg ;lsG5 .

bf]xf]/f] ;]jf–;'ljwfsf] k|flKtM ck/fw dfgl;stfsf] k/fsfi7fM g]kfndf dfq xf]Og ljZjdf g} ;+j}wflgs cfof]u, kl/ifb\, ;ldlt jf sfo{bn tyf ljleGg ul7t cfof]ux?df ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf] 1fgaf6 bLlIft eO{ ;]jf lgj[Qx?nfO{ g} pkof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?df ;–;Ddfg ?kdf lgo'St ul/G5 . o;/L clwsf+z JolStÎjx? k]G;gjfnf pRr k|zf;s, k|fWofks, Gofoljb\, k|zf;gljb\,

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sfh ck/fw tyf s'zf;gM g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cg'ej cfzf nfUbf] 5}g . hgtfsf] ;]jfeGbf cfgf] ;]jf;'ljwfdf a9L Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ pRr kb:y g]t[Tj 5 . b]z jf ljb]zdf tNnf] txsf lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg' kg]{ cj;/ klg cfkm}F bu'g]{ jf xTofpg] gkfP t'xfP/ csf]{nfO{ df}sf glbg] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/sf] lzsf/ /xL cfPsf] 5 eGg] cgluGtL pbfx/0f dGqL, ;lrj / ;x;lrj jf kx'Fr ePsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] e|d0f tyf cj;/n] :ki6 ub{5 . oxL qmddf k|zf;g If]qdf df}nfPsf] P]g–sfg"gn] aGb]h u/]sf] ;dofjlwsf] sfh ljs[lt / sfdljxLg cj:yfdf /fHosf] ;]jf;'ljwf ef]Ug] ck/fwL ;+:sf/nfO{ pRr g]t[Tjaf6 ul/Psf] k|f]T;fxgsf] ljifo hf]l8P/ ;fj{hlgs ?kd} 5tf5'Nn x'g cfPsf] 5 . of] ljs[ltsf] hfnf] olQ alnof] /x]5 ls sltko sfof{nodf kb:yfkgf ePsf lgoldt sd{rf/LeGbf sfh a;]sfx?sf] xflh/L /lh:6/ 7"nf] x'g' c:jfefljs nfUb}gYof] . o:tf xflh/ ug]{ / 6fk s:g] -xf6f_ sd{rf/Lx?sf] klg sdL b]lvFb}g . of] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{df s'g} Ps JolQm, kbflwsf/L / :jod\ ;'ljwf lng] jf dfUg] / lbg]x?dWo]sf dfq bf]ifL x'g\ eGg] nfUb}g . t/ ;a} kbflwsf/Ln] s]xL g s]xL kmf]xf]/ x6fpg]eGbf ykyfk kfb}{ hfg] qmdrflxF kSs} ePsf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 g} cf cfkm\gf] :jfy{df sfd ePsf] 5 eGg] nfUb5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wfg]{ tyf glthfd'vL agfpg]eGbf laufg]{ / wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{ k|j[lQdf g]t[Tjsf] an / k|f]T;fxg k'Ubf ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;fv g} l;l4Psf] cg'ej ePsf] 5 . o:tf] sxfnL nfUbf] cj:yfsf] cGt ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] vfFrf] 5 / ;fdfGo k|+zf;g dGqfno gLltut / sfg"gL ?kdf bl/nf] tyf ;d:t sd{rf/Lsf] nflu ljZjfl;nf] cleefjs x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 .

b'u{d lhNnfsf k|foM ;a} sfof{nox?, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf sfof{nox? tyf gu/kflnsfx?df clt cfjZos kb vfnL x'g], t/ st} cgfjZos sd{rf/L 6gf6g el/e/fp x'Fbfx'Fb} / s'g} sfdsfh ug]{ ljifo g} gePsf] cj:yfdf klg jf sfh a;L sfdsfh xTofpg] p2]Zon] eg;'g, kx'Fr / n]gb]gsf cfwf/df sfh v6fpg] tyf vl6g] ;+:sf/n] P]g–sfg"gsf] tLg dlxg] k|fjwfgsf] lvNnL p8fOof] . nfUbYof], ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] u7g g} b]zdf c/fhstf / e|i6 ;+:sf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu ePsf] xf] . s'g} ;f]r / k|ltj4tf gePsf dGqLx?sf] g]t[Tj tyf b'O{–rf/ dlxg] ltx'g\ rv'jf 6'l/i6 -cl:y/ jf

l56f] l56f] ;?jfdf /dfpg] t/ s'g} sfd ug]{ ;f]r tyf k|ltj4tf gePsf_ k|zf;g ;]jfsf ;lrj tyf ;x;lrjx?n] b]zsf] k|zf;gnfO{ l5of–l5of kf/]sf lyP / kfb}{ 5g\ eGbf b'Mv nfUb5 . tfklg ;TonfO{ hlt 5f]k] klg n'Sbf]/x]g5 .

dGqL /]vf zdf{n] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf kb axfn u/]s} lbgb]lvsf] cys k|of;af6 d'n's e/ 5l/P/ ljleGg dGqfno tyf ljefuaf6 j}wflgs tyf cj}wflgs ?kdf zlQmjfnf kbflwsf/Ln] cfgf jf kfos kg]{ u/L ;'ljwfsf nflu cf;kf;df sfh /fv]sf jf cj;/ lbP/ xflsd jf kx'Frdf a;fP/ n]gb]g u/]sf emG8} @ xhf/eGbf a9L JolQmx?nfO{ k6s–k6ssf] r]tfjgLaf6 lkmtf{ ug{, u/fpg afWo kf/]sf] cj:yf b]lvof] . o; sfo{df clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] rf;f] / lgb]{zg klg ;'zf;g axfnLdf s]xL ;xof]uL ;fljt ePsf] kfOof] . olt sfd xFbfx'Fb} klg P]g–sfg"gsf] lvNnL p8fpg] u/L cjlw gtf]lsPsf] sfh n]Vg] / v6fpg] ck/fwL g} x'g\ . t/, ljs[t sfd ug]{ / /fHosf] P]g–sfg"gsf] pN6f] rNg] h'g;'s} txsf jf dGqfnosf pRr k|zf;sx?sf] j}1flgs / j:t'lgi7 d"Nof+sg x'g' kb{Yof] . ;f] cfwf/df ck/fwLx? bl08t gePsf]df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jofks b'?kof]u ePsf] 7xb{5 . o;y{, tL pRr kb:y x'F eGb} b]z / hgtfk|lt u2f/L ug]{x?sf] Gofo;+ut d"Nof+sg x'g' kb{5 . /fHonfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs cf8df hgtf / b]zk|lt u2f/L ug]{x?n] ;hfo kfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu eljiodf s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbdf axfn x'g gkfpg] u/L sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL ;fj{ef}d hgtfaLr ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ug{' ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf kfg'{ kb{5 . o;f] ul/Pdf eljiodf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] clgoldttf / ckf/blz{tf ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ / ;'zf;gsf] nflu k|ltj4 x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf pkfo vf]Hb} dGqL zdf{M sd{rf/L ;?jf tyf hgtfsf] ;]jf;'ljwfdf ;fdfGo

g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wfg]{ tyf glthfd'vL agfpg]eGbf laufg]{ / wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{ k|j[lQdf g]t[Tjsf] an / k|f]T;fxg k'Ubf ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;fv g} l;l4Psf] cg'ej ePsf] 5 .


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k|zf;g dGqfnosf] Wofgfsif{0f x'Fbf dGqL /]vf zdf{n] slDtdf /fhkq cglª\s[t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jfdf s]Gb| wfpg gkg]{ agfPsL 5g\ . :yfgLo txsf hgtfn] ;]jf gkfpg] u/L kbg} vfnL x'g] u/L s]Gb|af6 ul/g] ;?jfdf lgoGq0f ug{ lhNnf txdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf If]qLo txdf If]qLo k|zf;ssf] sfof{non] cfkm" dftxtsf sfof{nox?df ;?jf, kb:yfkg u/L sfdsfh ug]{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sbdnfO{ Ps sbd k|ultzLn dfGg' kb{5 . s]Gb|df ;a}nfO{ b'Mv lbP/ :jfy{ ;fFWg]x?sf] ufnfdf emfk8 xflgPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . of] sbd ;fx|} ;d;fdlos tyf b]z ;+3Lo df]8nsf] cEof;df uO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo txsf] cfjZostfaf]w u/L sd{rf/L tyf hgtf b'j}sf] lxt x'g] dWosf/L lg0f{o b]lvG5 . of] lg0f{on] st} sd{rf/Lsf] cefj / st} sfdljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] eL8ef8sf] cGt x'g] ljZjf; klg knfPsf] 5 . ca tf]lsPsf lgsfon] lhDd]jf/ eO{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]df st} hgzlSt y'k|f] nfUg] / st} cefj x'g] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:of gb]lvPnf eGg ;lsG5 .

efjL lbgsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g If]qsf r'gf}lt tyf k|efjsf/L ljsNkx?M d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cu'jfO geO{ s'g} klg sfo{of]hgfsf] glthfsf] cfwf/ vf]Hg ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr kfg]{ d'Vo tÎj sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg, sfdsf] cfwf/df cj;/ tyf k'/:sf/ Pjd\ plrt k[i7kf]if0f g} xf] . g]kfndf oL kIfdf ;j{;fwf/0f sd{rf/Ln] Gofo cg'e"t ug]{ u/]sf] kfOFb}g . o;y{, tkl;nsf s'/fdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

!_ dGqfnout ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf] ;xdlt / To;sf ljz]iftfaf/] 5nkmn rnfpg] .

@_ sd{rf/L kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x?sf] kf/bzL{ ljt/0f / Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/ v8f ug]{ Pjd\ s'g sd{rf/L s'g ;dodf sxfF /xL ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ x'G5 < ;f]sf]

cg'dflgt clen]vsf] ;'lglZrt x'g] cfwf/af/] jx; rnfP/ lgrf]8df k'Ug] .

#_ ljBdfg zfvf clws[t, pk;lrj, ;x;lrjh:tf kbdf v'nf, cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{sf k/LIff k|0ffnL tyf sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmofn] b]z a'em]sf, sfd u/]sf / cg'ejL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u¥of] jf sfdrf]/, 7u / sfd} gu/L l;4fGt /6]sf JolQmx?dfq lelqP, jx; x'g' / sfdsf] plrt d"Nofª\sg u/L k7gkf7g;d]t ub}{ ;'zf;gdf hf]8 ug]{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 5gf}6 k4ltsf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{ < cWoog tyf jx;sf] vfFrf] 5 .

$_ Pp6f of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ;]jf k|j]z ePkl5 af/Daf/ ;f]xL of]Uotfsf] >]0fLnfO{ tyf gofF xfl;n u/]sf] of]UotfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ a9'jf ubf{ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an gp7\g] tyf tL hxfFsf ToxL x'g] / sfof{nodf eGbf aflx/ kxF'r ePsfx?n] :yfg / cj;/ kfpg] k4ltnfO{ s;/L kf/bzL{ / j}1flgs agfpg ;lsG5 < cWoogsf] vfFrf] 5 .

%_ k|zf;gsf] 9fFrfdf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/L rflxG5 eGg] ;§f ;+u7g lgdf{0f ubf{ PsLs[t ;]jf k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jf lbg] u/L hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfP/ r':t, b'?:t / ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ;+/rgf agfpg] k4lt cfjZos kb{5 .

^_ lghfdtL k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] h]i7tfsf] g]t[Îj Ifdtf, of]hgf / pmhf{xLg b]lvG5 eg] o'jfk':tf hf] v'nfaf6 g]t[Îjdf k'u]sf 5g\, pgdf cxd\, Psn dgf]k/L / cg'zf;gxLgtf pRr b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;dGjo / ;xeflutfsf] cefj x'Fbf sd{rf/L k|zf;g c:tJo:t b]lvG5, o;sf] lgsf; l56f] vf]Hg' cfjZos 5 .

&_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;]jf / ;]jfaf6 kfPsf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/sf] kf/blz{tfljgf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g / sf;d" / JolQmsf] ;]jfk|jfxsf ;"rsaf/] / k[i7kf]if0f cflbsf] clen]vsf] ;'lglZrttf s;/L ug]{ < yk jx;sf] vfFrf] 5 .

*_ dflg;sf] nflu hfuL/ klxnf] geO{ hLjg / 3/u[x:y klxnf] ePsfn] zf/Ll/s c:j:ytf, kfl/jfl/s ;d:of, k|fs[lts ljklQ tyf ljljw ;d:of cfOnfU5g\ / s]xL ;do Joj:yfkg ug{ sfh cflbsf] ;'ljwf klg x'g' kb{5 . t/, P]g–sfg"gs} alv{nfk x'g] u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg gug]{ / lg/Gt/ sfh /fVg], P]g–sfg"gnfO{ g6]/]/ cjlw gtf]lsPsf] sfh n]Vg] ck/fw k|zf;gaf6 x'g' b'Mvb\ s'/f xf], o;nfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ug]{ tyf To:tf u}/–lhDd]jf/

pRr g]t[Îj txaf6 cg'lrt bafa lbg] tyf ul/g] b]z / hglxtsf sfddfeGbf bnut jf j}olSts :jfy{df pRr rf;f]

/flvg] x'Fbf k|zf;g k"0f{tM c;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 .


a}zfv @)&# . 23

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kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lg?T;flxt jf kbaf6 cIfdtfsf] k|df0fdf x6fpg]eGbf a9'jf ug]{ h'g ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5, To;nfO{ klg vf]hL ug]{ / lgsf; lgsfNg] jx;sf] yfngL cfjZos b]lvG5 .

(_ sfof{nosf] ;DklQsf] clen]v, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g tyf e'mqf k'/fgf ;fdu|Lsf] ;dodf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlw tyf plrt ;b'kof]u / glthfd'vL geO{ cgfjZos vr{ x'g]k4ltsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ / ;dodf sfd geP b08–;hfosf] ;'lglZrttf cfjZos 5 .

!)_ sfof{nox?df kmf]g hyfefjL k|of]u x'g] ePsfn] nua's l;:6ddf hfg] jf df]afOndf sfdsf cfwf/df vr{ lbg], uf8L vl/b / ;]jf–;'ljwfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr s;/L lbg] jf k|fOe]6 sDkgLl;t ;Demf}tf u/L oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf Nofk6k, sDKo"6/ cflbsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 sfof{non] lnPsf] nfeaf/] klg clen]v /flvg' kb{5 .

!!_ sfof{nox?df vfhf, vfgfh:tf cltly ;Tsf/ Joj:yfsf] / d;nGb vr{sf] cf}lrTo tyf ;b'kof]usf] cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF gLltaf/] jx; ug{' cfjZos 5 .

!@_ kb ;f]kfgk4ltn] bafPsf] dfgl;stf, xflsd, sfo{qmd k|d'v / n]vfsf kbflwsf/L ldn] h] klg ug{ ;Sg]k4lt ePsfn] lkmN8 tf]sL eQf vfg]afx]ssf sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{df slt lbg;Dd sfhdf vl6P/ eQf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfOg] xf], ;f] :ki6 kf/L ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr kfg]{ u/L cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfhsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 / To;/L vl6g] sfhaf6 s]–s] pknlAw eof] < clen]v b]lvg] u/L sfof{nodf /fVg'kg]{ cg'e"lt ub{5g\ eg] tyf sfheQfdf ;d]t cfos/ lng] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

!#_ ;a} ju{, ;d"xsf ;dfj]zL sd{rf/L k|j]zn] kxF'r / clwsf/ :yflkt u/] klg ljz]if u/L b[li6ljxLg tyf ckfËx?nfO{ sfdsfh u/fpg] jftfj/0f gePsfn] sfdsf] k|s[lt vf]hL ljleGg of]hgf lbg] jf pgLx?nfO{ k|zf;gsf] If]qeGbf pko'Qm /f]huf/L jf Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg ldnfP/ sd{rf/L, lzIfs, k|fWofkssf ;§f, jlsn, ;+uLt / jfBjfbglt/ cfslif{t jf a;]/ vf]h–cg';Gwfgdf s]lGb|t ug]{ r'gf}lt 5 . o;sf] klg lgsf; x'g}kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!$_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox?df sfo{qmdcg';f/ c:yfoL kb l;h{gf u/L ljleGg txsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ b'u{ddf kb:yfkgf u/L jiff}{+–jif{;Dd b'u{dsf] ;'ljwf s]Gb|df a;fO{ u/fP/ k|zf;gsf] pkxf; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df lgodg

u/L :yfoL kbaf6 g} sfd u/fpg] / c:yfoL kb t'?Gt x6fpg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

!%_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cy{, u[x, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] bfbflu/L / ljleGg dGqfno tyf ljefux?df sfo{qmd zfvfsf] bfbflu/Ln] ;du| k|zf;goGq k|efljt /x]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5, o:tf] ljs[t ;+:sf/sf] sf/0f s] xf] < vf]h u/L ;dfg ;xeflutf / ;fdflhs Gofosf cfwf/ ljsf; x'g' clgjfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

!^_ cltl/Qm ;dodf cltl/Qm sfd ug]{ ljefuLo :jLs[lt lnPsf] egL sfof{nodf cN5L ug]{, t/ cGoq sfd ug]{ s';+:sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfqmfGt 5, o;sf] clen]v v8f u/L tyf sdfOcg';f/sf] cfos/ lng] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

!&_ sd{rf/Lsf] ;DklQ clen]v /fvL ;do ;dodf cBfjlws u/fO{ cfjZos k/] 5fgljg u/L pRr g}ltszLn / cg'zf;gdf /x]sfnfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf cg'zf;gxLgnfO{ sf/afxL ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ug]{k4lt / ;+oGq x'g} kb{5 .

!*_ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5'§} Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfgaf6 Joj:yf ePsf !# j6} cfof]udf lglZrt cjlw sfd u/L Ps–cfk;df ;?jf, a9'jf / lhDd]jf/L kfpg] Joj:yf x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 / clxn]sf] h:tf] u[x, cy{, clVtof/ Pp6} x'g\ egL ;?jf ug]{k4lt q'6Lk"0f{ 5 / ;RofOg' kb{5 .

!(_ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] sfd / s'g} klg sfof{nosf n]vfsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd kf/bzL{ gePsf] / dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] ljefun] ;d]t u'kr'kdf sfuhftsf cfwf/df n]gb]gnfO{ k|d'v agfO{ n]vf–k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] u'gf;f] lg/Gt/ cfO/xG5 . o;y{ sf]n]lgsf / dxfn]vfsf] k/LIf0fnfO{ v'nf / j:t'lgi7 agfpg cfjZos 5 eg] p;sf] k|ltj]bgn] cf}FNofPsf a]?h' ;DalGwt tTsfnLg sfof{no k|d'v / n]vfk|d'v Pjd\ ;+nUg kbflwsf/Laf6 c;'npk/ ug]{k4lt ga;];Dd ;'ljwf ef]Ug] gef]Ug]sf aLr åGå x'g] / k|zf;lgs ;'zf;g ;Dej b]lvFb}g .

@)_ ;fj{hlgs kbfg';f/ e"ldsf lgjf{x gug]{ k|zf;g, n]vf, k|fljlws tyf h'g;'s} ;]jf–;d"xsf lhDd]jf/L kfPsf k|yd JolQmnfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL clen]vj4?kdf lhDd]jf/Laf6 cnu ug]{ jf k|yd JolQmsf] bhf{ glbg] gLltn] dfq ;'zf;g sfod x'g;S5 .

;+3Lo ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Joj:yfkgsf gjLg ljsNkx?M sd{rf/Lsf] sfd–sf/afxL / plrt


. a}zfv @)&#24

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d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ 5f]6f] sfo{ k|lqmof / tTsfn pknAw x'g] glthf xf] . t;y{, ;/sf/L ;+/rgf e2f, cgfsif{s / lgoGq0f aflx/ gxf];\ eGgfsf nflu tkl;nsf kIfsf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

!_ ;+3Lo cEof;df s]Gb| txsf k|To]s dxfzfvfdf ;x;lrjsf cGtu{t sDtLdf @ hgf lgb]{zs -pk;lrj:t/_ tyf PsLs[t ;]jf tflnd lnPsf $ hgf zfvf clws[t / PsLs[t ;]jf tflnd kfPsf * hgf sfof{no ;xfos -lzIff, k|zf;g, sDKo"6/, n]vf, sfg"g, Ol~hlgol/ª tyf ljljw ;]jf ug{ ;Sg] ljifo ;d"xsf tyf tflnd lnPsf clws[t tyf sfof{no ;xfos_ / sfof{no ;xof]uL @ hgf / cGo sd{rf/L;lxtsf] ;+u7g tflnsf nfu" ug]{ .

@_ dGqfnob]lv h'g;'s} ;lrjfno jf sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;x;lrj:t/sf kbflwsf/L tyf k"0f{sfnLg cfof]u jf kl/ifb\df /xg] cWoIf / ;b:o;d]tn] !–! hgf vl/bf/ jf gfoa–;'Aaf:t/sf lghL ;lrjsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / lgo'Qm lghL ;lrjnfO{ s/f/ ;'ljwfadf]lhdsf] e'QmfgL ug]{ . t/, :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ j}olQms kL=P= agfpg gkfpg] lgod nfu" ug]{ .

#_ dxfn]vf tyf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no cfk}mFn] cfjZos n]vfsf sd{rf/L v6fpg] jf sDKo"6/fOh u/L ;]jf lbg] / lng] ePsfn] k|To]s sfof{nodf n]vf Joj:yfkg tyf clen]vsf nflu ! jf @ hgfnfO{ n]vf;DaGwL cfjZos tflnd lbO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ dxfzfvfs} PsLs[t ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

$_ k|To]s dxfzfvfnfO{ cfgf] sfo{k|s[lt / sfo{ ;Dkfbg glthfsf cfwf/df kl/0ffd ;fj{hlgs ug{ oftfoft ;'ljwf k|aGw / rfns lgo'lQm s/f/ ;Demf}tf ug]{ jf v'nf ahf/af6 jflif{s ;Demf}tf u/L lng] lg0f{osf] clwsf/ lbg] / k|To]s dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf zfvfcg';f/ !–! j6f uf8Lsf] ;'ljwf lbg] . lhNnf jf cGo sfof{nosf]] uf8L k|d'v kbflwsf/Lsf] j}olQms ;'ljwfsf nflu geO{ ;du| ;]jf k|0ffnLsf nflu x'g] k|aGw ldnfpg] .

%_ pRrkb:y kbflwsf/Lsf nflu uf8Lsf] ;'ljwf lbFbf lghn] ug]{ sfd–sfdsf] glthf, k|of]u ePsf] dfOn]h tyf sfdsf] juL{s/0fcg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g] u/L ahf/af6 k|lt:kwf{df uf8L ef8fdf lng] jf kb k|fKt u/]s} lbg Psk6s kb cf]xbfcg';f/ -tNnf] kbsf] ;'ljwfsf] k'/fgf] uf8L lkmtf{ u/L gofF kfpg] u/L_ lghnfO{ hLjge/sf nflu -kl5 lkmtf{ gug]{ u/L_ tf]lsPsf] dfkb08sf] dx]Gb|f lhk, df]6/;fOsn gofF

vl/b u/L pknAw u/fpg] .

^_ tf]lsPsf] ;+u7g tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf :yfoL sd{rf/Lafx]s cfof]u, kl/ifb\ tyf ;lrjfnosf nflu dGqfno:t/df dGqLnfO{ * hgf, ;lrjnfO{ # hgf, cfof]u / kl/ifb\df ;a} kbflwsf/Lsf nflu % hgf;Dd cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cg';f/ sfof{no ;xof]uLb]lv pk;lrj:t/;Ddsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghL ;lrjsf ¿kdf sfd nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . t/, :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghL ;lrjfnodf yk /fVg gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

&_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf ljleGg k|lzIf0f tyf tflnd s]Gb|x?sf nflu 5'§} Joj:yf ug]{ .

s_ ljifolj1 tyf tflnd k|lzIfsx¿ k|foM ljljw If]qaf6 lemsfpg'kg]{ / ;w}+ tflnd k|lzIf0fsf sfd gx'g] ePsfn] :yfoL k|s[ltsf] k|lzIfsn] klg tf]lsPsf] ljifo k|lzIf0f ubf{ tnasf] @% k|ltzt yk k|f]T;fxgeQf kfpg] gLlt agfpg] .

v_ ;/sf/L cf]xbf / kbdf /x]sfx¿n] kbLo / lj1tfsf] x}l;otn] k|lzIfs x'Fbf %) k|ltzt yk k|f]T;fxgeQf kfpg ;Sg], t/ ;/sf/L txaf6 s'g} ;'ljwf gkfpg] :jtGq lj1n] cfos/ s§L u/L k"/f k|lzIf0feQf k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

u_ cltly k|lzIfs tyf ljz]if cfdlGqt k|lzIfsn] tf]lsPsf] eQfdf ztk|ltzt bf]Aa/ k|lzIf0feQf kfpg] u/L tflnd k|lzIf0f k|efjsf/L¿kdf rnfpg] Joj:yf s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf tx;Dd ldnfpg] .

3_ :yfoL b/aGbLdf / k|lzIfs lgo'lQm gug]{ tyf k|lzIfsx¿sf] /f]:6/ ;"rL tof/ kf/L lgj[Q k|zf;s, k|fWofks, lj1 lzIfsx¿af6 ;xof]u lng] gLlt a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] / cg'ejLn] klg /fHosf] sfddf ;l/s x'g kfpFbf ;Gtf]if k|fKt ug]{ ePsfn] ;f]cg';f/ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

*_ kf7Øqmd tyf kf7Øk':ts / ljljw k|fljlws sfdsf] ;Dkfbg klg ahf/ k|lt:kwf{df u/fOg] ePsfn] ;Lldt dfqfdf ;/sf/L b/aGbLsf lj1x¿ lgo'Qm ug]{ . ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xdf /x]sf ljifo lj1x¿nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ cfOkg]{ sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf dfq sfhdf /fvL sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg] / e/;s ;a} ;]jf ;d"xdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;w}+ Jo:t agfpg] .

(_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo l56f]–5l/tf] / sfo{ynf]nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tyf k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs k[i7kf]if0f ug{ Ifdtfo'Qm agfpg] . cfk}mF sfd lnP/ :yfgLo txdf lxF8\g] / tnsf] lgsfonfO{ r';]/ df]6fpg] geO{


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!)_ s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnf txsf] sfd–sf/afxL bf]xf]/f] gx'g] u/L ;a} vr{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ tyf hgpQ/bfoL x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!_ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] c° ef/df ;]jfu|fxL, tNnf txsf ;xof]uLx¿;d]tsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug]{ / d"Nofª\sgk4lt, j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ t'Nofpg] .

!@_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo, If]qLo sfof{no tyf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox¿df hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ubf{ sfof{nosf] sfo{ cj:yf, sfo{ k|s[lt cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm klxrfg u/L ;]jf ;d"xsf kbx¿sf] j}1flgs ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ug]{ . k|To]s sfof{nodf PsLs[t ;]jf lbg;Sg] hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ / k|To]s sfof{nodf ;xof]uL @ hgf ;jf/Lrfns ! hgf x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!#_ sd{rf/L b/aGbL rf6{ h'g;'s} ;]jf ;d"x / sfo{ k|s[ltdf ;dfg x'g] / cj;/df lje]b gug]{ .

!$_ sd{rf/Ln] sfof{nosf] gful/s a8fkqcg';f/ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;]jf–;'ljwf lbg g;s]df Ifltk"lt{ eg{'kg]{ / hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ cfwf/ :ki6 kfg]{ .

!%_ h'g;'s} ;]jf / ;d"xsf] sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbLsf] kb:yfkgfaf6 ;]jf;d"xsf] lj1tf xfl;n ug{–u/fpg dGqfnout ;]jf k|0ffnL sfo{ Jojxf/df NofP/ dGqfnok|lt ;fd"lxs hjfkmb]xL agfpg] . ;a} ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dGqfnosf] ljifoj:t'df ljz]if1 x'g] cj;/ lbg] . ;]jfsf] :t/ a9fpg] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 u/L sfvf / kfvfaf6 k|zf;gnfO{ d'Qm kf/L :yfloÎj a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] lng'kg]{ . dGqfnout ;]jf k|0ffnLcg';f/ j[lQljsf;sf] cj;/ klg ;f]xLcg';f/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ n}hfg] .

cg'ejL ;'emfjM b]zdf ;a} k|ltj4tf, jfrf, ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf / lg0f{ox? pN6fOg] d'n'sdf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs g]t[Îj;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu 5 .

s_ !( jif{b]lv g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f ;]jfdf /xFbf d}n] cg'e"t u/]sf kIfx?n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k"0f{ c;kmn, c;Ifd / hjfkmb]xLlxg 5 . To;df klg ljut $ jif{b]lv cg'kftdf k|ltlbg ! 3G6f t s] !% ldg6 klg sfdsfh gu/L hfuL/ vfPsf] ck/fwaf]wn] kLl8t .

v_ g]kfnsf # s/f]8 hgtfdWo] emG8} Ps nfvleqs} gful/s / kbflwsf/Ldf bhf{ kb{5 xf]nf . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lleq *–( xhf/leqs} 7xnf{ . b]zcg';f/sf] e]if, zf;scg';f/sf] b]z, ;]jfcg';f/sf] ;]jf–;'ljwfdf km/s x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] zfvnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;sL zf}rfnosf] af;h:t} ePsf] 5 .

u_ dfl;s #) xhf/ hlt tna a'‰g] kbsf] e"ldsf s] xf], ga'lemsg @)^( ;fpgb]lv lzIff ;]jfsf] pk;lrj kbdf cf;Lg x'Fbf ux'F|Ëf] kb ef/n] ck/fwLsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .

3_ lzIff ;]jfsf] ljBfno lg/LIfs jf zfvf clws[t x'Fbf lglZrt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] kfngf u/L dfl;s tnaeQf vfOGYof], sfd u/]/ vfP jf 7u]/ vfP, Tof] d"Nofª\sg ug]{n] hfg"g\ . t/, h] lyof] lje]bk|lt c;Gt'li6 eP klg k];fk|lt k"0f{ c;Gt'i6 x'g] / lrQ b'vfpFg] 7fpF lyPg . t/, hlxn]b]lv pk;lrj kbsf] a9'jf lnOof], Tof] lbgb]lv xflh/ u/]/ hfuL/ vfg], !–@ hgf kb:yfkgf x'g] 7fpFdf !@ hgf;Dd sfdsfh ug]{ u/L hgzlQm v6fP/ pkxf;sf] ynf] agfOPsf] 5 .

ª_ sfdljxLg pk;lrj:t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6} sfof{nodf !@ hgf;Dd ;x;lrj jf pk;lrjs} dftxtdf /fVbf a]/f]huf/eQfsf ?kdf sfof{nodf gcfO{ a}+saf6} /sd a'‰g] Joj:yf xf];\ jf k'/fg} kbdf 36'jf u/L sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof];\ jf k]G;g k'Ug] lbg lx;fa u/L cfk}mF /fHon] g} ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf gfddf k]G;gk§f 3/df k7fOb]cf];\ eGg] /fhgLlts cu'jf tyf k|zf;sx?df cfu|x 5 . nfUb5, k'/fgf] x}l;otsf] kb lkmtf{ lbg] sfg"g eP cfk"mn] vfPsf] a9L tna / cfh;Dd sfd gu/L vfPsf] /sdsf] Ifltk"lt{ ck/fwaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu /fHonfO{ lt/]/ k'/fg} kbdf @$ ;}F 3G6f sfd u/]/ ck/fw kvflnFbf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / glthfd'vL agfpg k]G;gk4lt tyf ;]jf cjlwnfO{ sfo{k|0ffnL / hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL gagfO{ pd]/sf] xb a9fpg'sf] s'g} t's 5}g . k]G;g t t'?Gt lx:;]bf/ sf]ifdf nuL sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 . o;cl3 /ftf]kf6Ldf k|sflzt k|:t't ;fdu|L n]vssf] ;xdltdf s]xL ;Dkfbg;lxt k'gM k|sfzg u/]sf 5f}+ .9

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;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg7]Ssfsf] sfd Dofbleq à;DkGg gx'g], t/ Dofb yk ub}{ hfg]Ùk"j{lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ c;'n àgug]{Ù7]Ssf Joj:yf ;dodf gx'g]Ù àDofbleq sfd ;DkGg gug]{ àlgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ sf/afxL gx'g]Ùe]l/P;gaf6 sfd yk ug]{Ù àgkfpg] d"Noj[l4 e'QmfgL àlbg] .

ah]6 cg'zf;ge}k/Ldf ah]6 /fvL vr{ u/]sf]Ù àk|fljlws, j:t'utnufotsf à;a} j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z gu/]sf]Ù;dodf vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg àgu/]sf]Ùsfg"g k|lts"n /sdfGt/ u/]sf]Ù àv'b ah]6eGbf a9L vr{ u/]sf]Ù àk'FhLut vr{ ck]lIft ?kdf ga9]sf]Ù àah]6sf] dxÎjk"0f{ lx:;f cg'bfgn] àcf]u6\g], t/ cg'bfgsf] cg'udg gu/]sf] .

cfly{s kl/;"rs Pj+ cfo–Joo

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lqjifL{o of]hgfn] ^ k|ltztsf] cf};t jflif{s cfly{s j[l4 b/ k|If]k0f u/]sf] eP tfklg ;di6Lut cfly{s a[l4 b/ @)&)÷&! / @)&!÷&@ df qmdzM %=% / #=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, cf};t d'b|fl:kmlt b/ & k|ltzt sfod ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df qmdzM (=! / &=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pRr cfoft / Go"g lgof{tsf sf/0f Jofkf/3f6f a9]/ u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf qmdzM #@=! / ##=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] / ljk|]if0f cfDbfgL u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf qmdzM @*=!& / @( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

of]hgfn] s'n /fh:j u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf @!=! k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf]df ljut b'j} cfly{s

jif{df !*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] / k'FhLut vr{ u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf ^=$$ k|ltzt x'g] nIo eP klg @)&)÷&! / @)&!÷&@ df qmdzM #=$ / $=! k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . ah]63f6f u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf )=%( k|ltzt sfod ug]{ nIo /x] tfklg b'O{ jif{df qmdzM @=@ / $=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;/L t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;du|df ;di6Lut cfly{s l:ylt ;sf/fÎds b]lvPsf] 5}g .

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a9L d"Nodf laqmL ug]{ cg'dlt lsg / s;/L <g]kfn cfon lguddfkm{t\ pknAw u/fOPsf] k]6«f]n k|lt ln6/ ?= ((÷– df laqmL–ljt/0f ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] lj/f6 cfon sDkgLnfO{ ?= !#)÷– df a]Rg ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lbPsf] ;dfrf/k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

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;dfkg ;qdf ;xefuLx?dWo]af6 d'/f/L zdf{ kj{t, tf/fgfy zdf{ DofUbL / /jLgf af]xf]/fn] af]Ng'eof] .

d'/f/L zdf{ -kj{t_M kqsf/sf :jfg'zf;gsf af/]df w]/}s'/f hfGg] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . ;LkLcfO{ @)!% sf af/]df klg hfgsf/L kfof}+ . k|lzIf0f 5f]6f] cjlwsf] ePsf] xf] ls eGg] nfUof] .

tf/fgfy zdf{ -?K;] b}lgs, DofUbL_M zdf{n] k|lzIf0fsf] clwsf+z ;do efiffdf s]lGb|t ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] cfufdL lbgdf ul/g] k|lzIf0fdf efiffsf ;fy} e|i6frf/;Da4 ljifoj:t'nfO{ cem} a9L ;do lbg / tflnd calw a9fpg klg cfu|x ug{'eof] .

/jLgf af]xf]/f -wf}nflu/L PkmPd, afun'ª_M k|lzIf0f cjlw ;fx|f] 5f]6f] eof] . kqsfl/tf k|lzIf0f cfof]hgf ug]{ 6LcfO{ g]kfn / ;xcfof]us kqsf/ dxf;+3, hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sLnfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . k|lzIf0fdf l;s]sf s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|oTg ug]{ k|ltj4tf k|s6 ub{5' .

;dfkgsf qmddf 6LPg l3ld/] / z/trGb| j:tLn] klg dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .

nIdL af:sf]6f -sf]iffWoIf, hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL_M e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cleofgn] ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ aGg pTk|]l/t u5{ . kqsfl/tf tflndn] ;xL ;"rgf ;xL 9+un] lbg ;Sg] agfpg ;xefuLx?nfO{ k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . ;~rf/ If]q / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL g]kfnn]] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;xsfo{nfO{ o;}u/L lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg] ljZjf; /fVg} k|lzIf0f cfof]hgf ug{ ;3fpg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .

sfo{qmdsf cWoIf Pj+ ;+:yfsf ;lrj /fdhL zdf{M ;a}n] tflnd 5f]6f] cjlwsf] ePsf] s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 xfdLn] klg To:t} cg'e"lt u/]sf 5f}+ . kqsfl/tf If]q ;dfhsf] kx/]bf/ ePsf] x'Fbf l;s]sf s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;lsof];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoSt ub{5' .9

afun'ªdf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] kqsfl/tf tflnd

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. a}zfv @)&#34

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] gj]{lhog b"tfjf;sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgfsf] k|f]h]S6 :6]ol/ª sld6Lsf] a}7s a;]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;efsIfdf ;DkGg ;f] a}7s @)&@ kmfu'g @) ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . a}7sdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sf]iffWoIf klßgL k|wfgfË, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs df]xg a'9fyf]sL / zfxL

gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;sf tkm{af6 k|yk ;lrj ljj]s ;f]/d / ueg]{G; P8\efOh/ 8f= ef]nfk|;fb bfxfn / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pk;lrj vf]d sf]O/fnfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . a}7sdf kl/of]hgf ;Da4 ;g\ @)!^ sf] jflif{s ah]6 / ;dotflnsf, kl/of]hgfsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!% ;lxt cg'udg Dofl6«S; / ;g\ @)!$–@)!% sf] jflif{s ljQLo k|ltj]bg af/] 5nkmn tyf cg'df]bg ul/Psf] lyof] .9

k|f]h]S6 :6]ol/ª sld6Lsf] a}7s

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6L cfO{_ g]kfnn] @)&@ df3 ( ut] g]kfn n SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x?;Fu Ps cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf o'jf ju{sf] e"ldsf ljifos pSt sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o nLnfk|;fb ;fksf]6fn] ;+of]hg ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

:gfts txsf ^) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]

;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;|f]t JolStsf ?kdf clwjStf ;aLtf e08f/L a/fn /xg'ePsf] lyof] . a/fn 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .

cGt/lqmofsf qmddf ;xefuL ljBfyL{x?n] /fv]sf lh1f;fsf] 6LcfO{ sfo{;ldlt ;b:o ;fksf]6fn] hjfkm lbg'ePsf] lyof] .9

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf o'jf cGt/lqmof

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6L cfO{_ g]kfnn] @)&@ kmfu'gdf cfa4 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . of] ;xof]u 6LcfO{ cfa4 ljleGg !% lhNnfdf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] hgr]tgf / ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{ lqmofzLn :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfx? dWo] !# lhNnfsf ;+:yfnfO{ lbOPsf] xf] .

Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lhNnfsf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu ;bfrf/ clej[l4 ug{ ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf], e|i6frf/ lj?4sf :yfgLo ph'/L ;+sng u/L ;dfwfgsf kxn ul/Psf], sfg"gL k/fdz{ pknAw u/fpg] ;Dks{ s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf], / ;/sf/L sfof{non] u/]sf] ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf cg'?ksf lqmofsnfk eP–gePsf] cg'udg ug{ Ps ;dGjo;ldlt u7g

nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ePsf lyP . tL pknlAwx?nfO{ u'Dg glbg 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfx?af6 k|jfx ug{ ;lsg] ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu To:tf] ;xof]u ;Da4 ;+:yfnfO{ 6LcfO{ g]kfns} sf]ifaf6 pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] .

Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf @)^( a}zfv tbg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ d] b]lv ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;f] kl/of]hgfsf] $% dlxg] cjlw @)&@ k';df ;lsPsf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 ;dfKt eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s sf]ifaf6 ;f] cfly{s ;xof]u Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;xof]usf] d'Vo p2]Zo Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{tsf pknlAwnfO{ u'Dg glbg' xf] .9

cfa4 ;+:yfnfO{ ;xof]u

n]]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lSt6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] @@^ cf}+ sfo{;ldlt a}7sn] cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# sf] cfoJoo n]vf–k/LIf0f ug{ kL=Pd= PG8 Pzf]l;P6\;sf rf68{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;LP kf/zdl0f cof{nnfO{ n]vf–k/LIfs lgo'St u/]sf] 5 .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] @) cf} jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efn] n]vf–k/LIfs lgo'St ug{sf nflu sfo{;ldltnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] lyof] .9

;b:otf pk;ldlt u7g6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] @@^ cf}+ sfo{;ldlt a}7sn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgsf] g]t[Tjdf ;b:otf pk;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . tLg ;b:oLo ;f] ;ldltdf 6LcfO{ sfo{;ldlt ;b:o nLnf ;fksf]6f / 8f= lrGtfdl0f of]uL ;b:o /xg'ePsf] 5 . sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] pkl;ldltnfO{ ;b:otfsf] ;lqmotf / ;b:otf yk;DaGwL ljifodf ;'emfa k]z ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 .9

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a}zfv @)&# . 35

ultljlw

e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;lqmo ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf /fli6«o ;~hfn -PG6L s/K;g PnfOG;_ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . ;~hfnsf] a}7s @)&@ kmfu'g !& ut] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;efsIfdf a;]sf] lyof] . a}7ssf ;xefuLn] d'n'sdf a9\bf] e|i6frf/ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cj:yf si6s/ /x]sf] eP klg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ g;s]sf] atfP .

To:t}, ;xefuLn] ;/sf/L ;]jf, ;fj{hlgs vl/b / /fh:j ;+sngsf If]q e|i6frf/u|:t cj:yf b]lvPsf] wf/0ff klg JoSt u/] . a}7ssf qmddf cfufdL lbgx?df ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog, k'glg{df{0f / /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f yk r'gf}tL x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ;~hfnn] u/]sf] 5 . log} s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbFb} e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;xsfo{ ;'b[9 / ;an agfpg 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] lgdGq0ffdf gful/s ;+:yfx? aLr 5nkmn u/L ;~hfn lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .

;~hfnsf] a}7n] 5nkmnkl5 u/]sf lg0f{o b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ . e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;xsfo{ ug]{, gLltut ;'wf/sf nflu /fHosf k|d'v c+ux?df cfjZos jsfnt

ug]{sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], e|i6frf/hGo ;d:of / efjL r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug{ u7aGwgsf] jsfnt ug]{ ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg], ;~hfnsf ;+:yfks ;b:osf ?kdf ;~hfnsf] klxnf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;+:yf /xg] / tL ;+:yfn] ;b:o k|ltlglw tf]Sg], ;b:otfsf] sfo{ljlw / sfo{If]q to ub}{ cGo OR5's ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;~hfn qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg], ;~hfnsf] lgoldt a}7s slDtdf @ dlxgfdf Ps k6s a}7s a:g], k|f/lDes sfo{sf nflu cfufdL a}7s ! dlxgf leq klxnf] a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{ / ;~hfn ;lrjfno / ;+of]hgsf] sfo{ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ug]{ .

a}7sdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 g]kfnsf clgn pkfWofo, uf] uf] kmfp08]zgsf s]bf/ v8\sf, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, k"j{ sd{rf/L kl/ifb\sf cRo'taxfb'/ /fhe08f/L, g]kfn gful/s ;dfhsf v]d/fh /]UdL, l;:g'kfgL g]kfnsf 6+s cfrfo{, ;"rgfsf] xssf] nflu gful/s cleofgsf 6+s cof{n / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;+jfb s]Gb|sf ljBfgfy g]kfnsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .9

e|i6frf/ lj?4 lqmofzLn ;+:yfx?sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn u7g

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] OG6]lu|6L Og klAns x]Ny kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ePsf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu 6LcfO{ gkfn / 6LcfO{ o's]aLr Ps ;Demf}tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgf l8;]Da/ @)!% b]lv d] @)!^ ;Dd -^ dlxgfsf nflu_ ;~rfng x'g] 5 . ;f] kl/of]hgfdfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljt/0f ug]{ lgMz'Ns cf}iflw ;DaGwL gLlt / Jojxf/sf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f u/L

k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/g] ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu Onfd, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, pbok'/, wg'iff, sf7df8f}+, wflbª, lrtjg, l;Gw'nL, sf:sL, u'NdL, ?kGb]xL, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL lhNnfsf lgMz'Ns cf}iflw ljt/0f ug]{ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf k|ltlglw / ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL u/fOg]ePsf] 5 . ;j]{If0f cf/ g]kfn sG;N6]G;L ;le{;sf /fdafa' g]kfnn] ug]{x'g' ePsf] 5 .9

OG6]lu|6L Og klAns x]Ny

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] Sofn]G8/ k|sflzt6LcfO{ g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)&# ;fnsf] leQ] kfqf] k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . Sofn]G8/sf nflu cfjZos

sf6{'g pknAw u/fOlbg sf6{'lg:6 Sna ckm g]kfn;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] .9

e|i6frf/ lj?4 lqmofzLn /xg] / ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yfx? cfa4tf cfufdL @ jif{sf nflu gjLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cfa4tf gjLs/0f ;DaGwdf ljleGg lhNnfl:yt ;+:yfn] k7fPsf] kqdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f tyf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug]{ sfddf ljutsf lbgx?df h:t} lqmofzLn /xg] ljZjf; JoSt u/]sf] 5 .

cfa4tf gjLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfx?df gful/s ;/f]sf/ d~r– df]/ª, ;bfrf/sf nflu ;fdflhs kxn– s}nfnL,

6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfsf] cfa4tf gjLs/0f;+sNk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'gM:yfkgf– ;'g;/L, gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3– ;'v]{t, e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cleofg– lrtjg, hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd– wg'iff, kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/– ?kGb]xL, kf/bzL{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x– ?kGb]xL, cleofg l;Gw'nL– l;Gw'nL, ;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh -;'gf;_– sf:sL, k|km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"x– sf7df8f}+, dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3– Onfd, dfgj clwsf/, jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|– pbok'/, dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfn– wflbª / ;bfrf/ cleofg– k;f{ cflb /x]sf 5g\ .9


. a}zfv @)&#36

cfh ldlt @)&@ ;fn r}t dlxgfsf] @( ut] ;f]daf/sf lbg 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] cfof]hgf / dfgj clwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/f8]s_ g]kfnsf] ;dGjodf cfof]lht ;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL xfdL ljleGg If]q / lgsfosf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx? ;Dd]ngdf ePsf] cGt/lqmofTds 5nkmn clg sfo{qmddf p7fg ePsf ljifonfO{ ;jfnsf ?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ ;bfrf/ sfod ug{ k|ltj4 5f}+ .

!= of] ;Dd]ngn] e|i6frf/ g]kfn / g]kfnL ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] /f]u xf] eGg] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .

@= of] ;Dd]ngn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] Ph]08f /fHosf] k|d'v k|fyldstf x'g'kg]{df nfdf] ;dob]lv To;f] x'g g;s]sfn] g]kfn e|i6frf/ JofKt d'n'ssf] >]0fLdf kb}{ cfPsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .

#= of] ;Dd]ng e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|ltj4tf cfjZos /x]sf]n] /fhgLlts bn ;+;b / ;/sf/ To;tkm{ cu|;/ /xg' kg]{df h?/L b]lvPsf] 7x/ ub{5 .

$= of] ;Dd]ng nfdf] ;dob]lv ;bfrf/, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ub}{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifonfO{ gful/s ;dfhn] ;zQm ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg h?/L 7fGb5 .

%= of] ;Dd]ng @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut] cfPsf] lagfzsf/L e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf] sf/0f l;lh{t kl/l:ylttkm{ bn / ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg h?/L /x]sf] 7fGb5 .

^= of] ;Dd]ng bf]nvf lhNnfdf ckf/ hn;|f]t x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o;sf] ;xL / k|efjsf/L pkof]u x'g g;s]sf], hn;|f]tsf] pkof]usf nflu ;/sf/nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] oyf]lrt Wofg k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvPsfn] ;Da4 ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 . ;fy}, ljB't\ pTkfbgn] b]zsf] bL3{sflng cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 Pj+ ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'Ug] ljZjf; klg JoSt ub{5 .

&= of] ;Dd]ng ;/sf/n] ;'? u/]sf] /fli6«o k'glg{df{0fsf] dxfcleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / 5l/tf] 9+un] ;~rfng u/L e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 7fGb5 . ;fy}, e"sDkh:t} s'g} k|fs[lts ljklQ cfPsf a]nf hgwgsf] Iflt gxf];\ eGg]df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} o; ljifodf uDeL/ x'g cfXjfg ub{5 .

*= of] ;Dd]ng g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ gful/s clwsf/nfO{ ;a} tx / lgsfox?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{Gjogdf Nofpg clt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 7x/ ub{5 .9

;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ng, rl/sf]6, bf]nvf

bf]nvf 3f]if0ff–kqldltM @)&@ r}t @(

bf]nvfdf ;DkGg ;Dd]ngsf qmddf hLjg nfdfn] ;'zf;g k|j4{gaf/] sfo{kq k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To; qmddf ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf s]lGb|t eO{ cf7a'Fb] bf]nvf 3f]if0ff–kq hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . 3f]if0ff–kqdf e"sDk kl5sf] cj:yf, /fxt tyf k'glg{df{0f, pmhf{ ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ lhNnfdf hnljB't\sf] ljsf;nufotsf ljifo ;d]l6P 5g\ . ;f] sfo{qmddf ^% eGbf a9L gful/ssf] pkl:ylt

bf]nvf / bfr{'nfdf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ng

/x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] ;xcfof]hs dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| bf]nvfsf k|ltlglwn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ ;s] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'Fb} hfg] ljZjf; JoSt u/] . k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf pkl:yt 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf e|i6frf/ afwssf ?kdf /x]sf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof]

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] rl/sf]6 / bfr{'nfdf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;Dd]ng @)&@ r}t @( ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

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gu/f}F, gu/fcf}F, g;xf}FM e|i6frf/b]zsf nflu clt pQd xf] ;bfrf/


a}zfv @)&# . 37

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cfh ldlt @)&# ;fn a}zfv )( ut] laxLaf/sf lbg 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] cfof]hgf / ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh bfr{'nfsf]] ;dGjodf cfof]lht ;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL xfdL ljleGg If]q / lgsfosf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt 5nkmn sfo{qmddf p7fg ePsf lgDg ljifonfO{ ;du| ?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ k|ltj4 5f}+ .

!= of] ;Dd]ngn] e|i6frf/ g]kfn / g]kfnL ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] /f]u xf] eGg] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .

@= of] ;Dd]ngn] /fHosf] k|d'v k|fyldstfdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] Ph]08f x'g'kg]{df ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv To;f] x'g g;s]sfn] g]kfndf e|i6frf/ a9||\b} uPsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .

#= of] ;Dd]ng e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu k|ltj4tf cfjZos /x]sfn] /fhgLlts bn, ;+;b / ;/sf/ To;tkm{ cu|;/ /xg' kg]{df h?/L b]lvPsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .

$= gful/s ;dfhn] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;bfrf/, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ub}{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5

;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ng, vn+uf, bfr{'nf

bfr{'nf 3f]if0ff–kqldltM @)&# a}zfv (

eGg] ljifonfO{ ;zQm ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg of] ;Dd]ng h?/L 7fGb5 .

%= o; jif{sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf] sf/0f l;lh{t kl/l:ylttkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} ;'zf;g tyf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g u/fpg bn / ;/sf/sf] plrt Wofg k'Ugkg]{df of] ;Dd]ng h?/L 7fGb5 .

^= bfr{'nf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf] lhNnf ePsfn] o;sf] nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?n] kf/bzL{ 9+un] pknJw ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u u/L ljsf; lgdf0f{df ;xsfo{ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 7x/ of] ;Dd]ng ub{5 .

&= of] ;Dd]ng :yfgLo:t/df k|jfx x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfP/ x/]s gful/snfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf pkof]udf ;xh jftfj/0f agfpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 7x/ ub{5 .

*= of] ;Dd]ng g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ gful/s clwsf/nfO{ ;a} tx / lgsfox?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg clt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 7x/ ub{5 .9

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] bfr{'nfsf] vn+ufdf klg ;bfrf/ k|j4{g lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh bfr{'nfsf] ;xcfof]hgfdf @)&# j}zfv ( ut] ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] * a'Fb] bfr'{nf 3f]if0ff–kq hf/L u/]sf] 5 .

gf]l6; af]8{ ;le{;6LcfO{ g]kfnn] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf;DaGwdf hfgsf/L

lbgsf nflu xfdLn] gf]l6; af]8{ ;]jf ;'? u/]sf 5f}+ .

o;sf nflu !^!*) !$$& %!!@ df ;Dks{ ug{'x'g ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .


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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;g\ @)!^ df tLgj6f ljifodf cWoog ul/g] ePsf] 5 . tL cWoogx? lgDg 5g\ M

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df ;'zf;g;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf af/]df cWoog ul/g] ePsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] pSt cWoog ug{ sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf] :s"n ckm\ n nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . cWoog g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, g}ltstf÷;bfrf/ / ;'zf;g;DaGwL gLltut k|fjwfgx? s]–s:tf 5g\ eGg]af/]df s]lGb|t x'g] ePsf] 5 .

@= bf];|f] cg';Gwfg g]kfnsf] hn pmhf{sf af/]df ul/g] ePsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;f] cWoog ug{ g]kfn Osf]gf]lds kmf]/dnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf]

5 . cWoogn] ;du| hn;|f]t pmhf{;Da4 sfg"gL / gLltut ljdz{, sfof{Gjogsf] kIf, ;DalGwt ;+:yf Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf / cg'udg;DaGwL ljifo ;d]6\g] ePsf] 5 .

#= t];|f] ;j]{If0f ;fj{{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwdf ul/g] ePsf] 5 . ;j]{If0f :yfgLo ljsf; / lzIff;Da4 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx k|jfx ;DaGwL ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t x'g] ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;j]{If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L 8f= k|sfzrGb| e§/fO{nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . of] ;j]{If0f gf}j6f lhNnf l;/fxf, /f}tx6, bf]nvf, eStk'/, a'6jn, afun'ª, bfª, afFs] / bfr{'nfdf ul/g] 5 . e§/fO{n] gf} lhNnfsf ;]jfu|fxLsf] cg'ej / cjwf/0ff ;+sng u/L ;'emfa;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{ x'g]5 .

x'g nfu]sf tLg cWoog

k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{g]kfn ;/sf/n] kl/nlIft u/]sf cfly{s ;fdflhs p2]Zo / nIfx¿ xfl;n ug{ th{'df ul/Psf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ /fh:j, vr{ / j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;d]l6Psf] ah]6 dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . g]kfndf ah]6nfO{ rfn' vr{, k'FhLut vr{ / ljQLo vr{ u/L tLg lsl;ddf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . rfn' vr{ eGgfn] tna–eQfh:tf ;fna;fnL vr{ / lgdf{0f eO;s]sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t–;Def/ vr{, Jofh vr{, lgj[lQe/0f vr{ e}k/L cfpg] vr{ eg]/ a'lemG5 eg] k'FhLut vr{ eGgfn] kF'hL lgdf{0f, kF'hL cg'bfg

cflbnfO{ hgfpF5 / ljQLo vr{n] ;/sf/L ;+:yfg / ;+:yfx¿df ;/sf/sf] z]o/ / C0f nufgL / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sf/f]af/nfO{ a'emfpF5 .

ah]6 th'{df s;sf -sf]_ nflu s'g–s'g lgsfox¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ / tL lgsfox¿n] tf]lsPsf] pQ/bfloTj s;/L lgjf{x ug]{ eGg] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, cfly{s k|zf;g P]g, lgodx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . ah]6 th'{df lbUbz{g, lgb]{lzsfx¿df klg lj:t[t?kdf JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ / ljleGg lgsfox¿sf cf–cfg} lgb]{lzsf / 5'§f5'§} P]gx¿ 5g\ . ah]6 th'{df sfo{ljlwcg';f/ k|To]s lgsfon] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ah]6 th{'df u/L k]z ug''{kg]{

;DkGg ePsf cWoog

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;g\ @)!% df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof ljifos cWoog ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:t't cWoogsf] d'Vo cg';Gwfgstf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{;lrj dfwj l3ld/]sf] g]t[Tjdf v]dk|;fb bfxfn / l8NnL k|sfz l3ld/];lxt tLg ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogsf d'Vo a'Fbfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] x'Fbf kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf] 5f}+ .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoog

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a}zfv @)&# . 39

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k|fjwfg 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfnon] s'g lgsfosf nflu slt /sd cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu 5'6ØfPsf] 5 / sfo{qmd th'{df s;sf -sf]_ gLlt s:tf] x'g] / sfo{ljlw s:tf] ckgfpg] eGg] af/]df kq k7fpg]5 . ;f] kqdf pNNf]v ePadf]lhd k|To]s lgsfon] ah]6 c+ssf] kl/lwleq /xL ;dod} ah]6 th'{df u/L k]z ug'{ kb{5 . o:t}, kq :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ k7fO{ :yfgLo ljsfz P]gsf] sfo{ljlwcg';f/ ah]6 th'{df u/L k7fpg' kb{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfof]hgfsf] xsdf 6k 8fpg Pk|f]r / :yfgLo lgsfon] sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf a6d ck Pk|f]r sf] tl/sf ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . cy{ dGqfnon] sfo{qmd tyf vr{ / vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tsf] k|:tfj;lxt ah]6 th{'df u/L ;+;b\df :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ub{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6sf] :j?k x]bf{ k|To]s jif{ vr{ a9\b} uPsf], vr{sf] 9fFrfdf klg rfn' vr{sf] c+z sl/a &) k|ltzt / afFsL /sd k'FhLut / ljQLodf a/fa/?kdf afFl8Psf] b]lvG5 . ljlgof]lht /sd vr{ gx'g], vr{ ePsf] /sddWo] k'FhLut vr{sf] 7"nf] lx:;f cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf vr{ ug]{, vr{sf] k|ltkmn klg lrQa'‰bf] gePsf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 th'{dfsf] k|lqmof, sdhf]/L o;sf sf/0f / pkfosf ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

cWoogsf] lgisif{cfly{s k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljut s]xL jif{df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . &% lhNnfdf /fh:j, vr{, C0f, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf juL{s[t tYof+sx¿ tTsfn pknAw x'G5g\ / oL tYof+sx¿ hgtfsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu pknAw u/fOG5 . gofF k|ljlwsf] ;xh hfgsf/L, pkof]u ug]{ tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] u/]sf] / sd{rf/Lx¿n] pT;fxsf ;fy efu lnPsfn] g} tYof+sx¿ cWofjlws ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] hg;xeflutfnfO{ pRr :yfg lbPsf] / ah]6 th'{df ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xeflutf /xg} kg]{ k|fjwfgn] ubf{ …jf8{ n]enÚ b]lv hg;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 . hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] OR5f cfsf+Iff / cfjZostf k|ltljlDjt x'g] lsl;daf6 cfof]hgf 5gf}6 xf];\ / ljlgof]lht /sd k|efjsf/L xf];\ eGg] kIf k|jn?kdf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf pknAwLx¿ tfl/kmof]Uo x'FbfxF'b} klg cWoogaf6 kfOPsf tn n]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

Wofgof]Uo /x]sf 5g\ .

s_ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu vr{sf] ;Ldf tf]Sbf cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts k|ultnfO{ eGbf ut cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 vr{nfO{ ;+s]tsf] ?kdf lnO{ tf]Sg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf cfof]hgfut?kdf cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ah]6 th{'df ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . utjif{ s'g} sfd gePsf cyjf sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf, ckof{Kt ah]6sf] sf/0fn] nIf k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsf / ;Gtf]ifhgs / pTs[i6 sfd ug]{ ljleGgvfn] cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ Pp6} 8fnf]df /fvL vr{ lalgof]hg ug'{ vr{af6 clws pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ l;4fGtcg's"n x'g] b]lvFb}g .

v_ ljb]zL ;xfotfsf] ;xof]udf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf cfof]hgfx¿ vr{ ljlgof]hg k':tsdf -/ftf] lstfa_ ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . t/, sfof{Gjog ubf{ ljb]zL ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ b]zsf] lgodcg';f/ ;f] b]zn] g} sfof{Gjog ug]{ -åLkIfLo ;xfotfsf] xsdf_ cfof]hgfx¿sf] vr{ ljj/0fx¿, k|ult d"Nof+sg k|fKt gx'g] ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

u_ ah]6 th'{df ubf{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs p2]Zon] k|]l/t eO{ ug]{ u/]sf] eg] tfklg k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] cfly{s / k|fljlws b[li6n] sfof{Gjog ug{ of]Uo egL cWoog u/]/ k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 dfq ah]6df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{df /fhgLlts b[li6n] cfof]hgfx¿ /ftf] lstfadf /fVg] ul/Psf]n] o;n] ubf{ w]/} cfof]hgfdf ;Lldt ah]6 ckof{Kt lsl;dn] 5l/Psf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts JolQmx¿, pRr kbsf JolQmx¿n] ah]6 th'{dfsf] clGtd r/0fdf cfof]hgfx¿sf gfd 3';fpg] kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ c:j:y k/Dk/f df}nfPsf] kfOG5 . ;Lldt hgzlQm / ah]6 w]/} cfof]hgfdf 5l/g' k/]sf]n] kF'hLut vr{ nIfcg';f/ vr{ ePsf] kfOFb}g .

3_ ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] k'FhLut vr{ ug{sf] nflu vl/b of]hgf agfO{ r/0fj4?kdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{df vl/b of]hgf gagfpg], agfOxfn] klg cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt /xg], vl/b of]hgf :jLs[t xF'bf k';–df3 nfUg] ePsf]n] cfof]hgfsf] nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /sdsf] 7"nf] c+z h]7–c;f/df x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ª_ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ubf{ ljleGg dGqfnosf] gfddf cg'bfg /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;f] dGqfnon] s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ lgsf;f lbG5 . ;f] ;+:yfn] cfk"mcGtu{tsf ;+:yfnfO{ lgsf;f lbG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿ Dfxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ kg]{ ePsf]n]


. a}zfv @)&#40

tL ;+:yfx¿n] cfly{s pQ/bfloTj k"/f u/] u/]gg\ eGg] ljifo dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] g;d]6\g] ePsf]n] hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] kx'Frb]lv aflx/ xF'bf vr{ eof]—ePg, eP lgodcg';f/ eof]—ePg eGg] ljifo cGof]nd} /xg] u/]sf] 5 .

r_ ah]6 th'{df ug]{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L tt\–tt\ dGqfno÷lgsfosf] of]hgf zfvfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . sfof{no ljefu txaf6 k|:t't ePsf sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f u/L cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k]z ug]{, arfp ug]{, yk36 ug]{ sfddf oxL dxfzfvfsf] a9L lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . of]hgf dxfzfvfsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?knfO{ x]bf{ eg] of] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ s7Lg b]lvG5 . b'O{–tLg sd{rf/Laf6 cg';Gwfg, d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f u/L ah]6 th'{dfdf uxg of]ubfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] s'/f ljZj;gLo dfGg ;lsFb}g .

5_ ah]6 th'{df eO{ cy{dGqLn] ;+;b\df jfrg u/]kl5 hgtfn] a'‰5g\ eGg] egfO 5 . Hfgtfn] a'‰g] lsl;daf6 gful/s ah]6 aGg] k/Dk/f g} a;]sf] 5}g . hgtfn] a'‰g] lsl;dsf] ah]6 k|:t't ePkl5 dfq hgtfn] cfgf] /fo lbg ;S5g\ .

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo

s]Gb|Lo:t/s_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] p2]Zo, nIf, gLlt, sfo{qmd, k|fyldstf / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+u7gsf] sfo{IfdtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ah]6 th'{df ul/g' kb{5 . clxn]sf] h:tf] ah]6 th'{df ug]{ tby{jfbnfO{ TofuL lbg'kb{5, /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ lg?T;fx ul/g' kb{5 .

v_ /fi6«sf] ;|f]t–;fwg, ;+u7gfTds IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ah]6sf] cfsf/ agfpg' kb{5 . ljb]zL ;xfotf pknJw ePsf]df tL ;Dk"0f{ ;fwgnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ah]6 th'{df x'g'kb{5 . ah]6df gk/]sf] s'g} klg cfof]hgfnfO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ul/g' xF'b}g .

u_ cfly{s P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;fdflhs cfly{s / k|fljlws?kdf ;DefJo /x]sf cfof]hgfx¿dfq ah]6 th'{df ubf{ ah]6 k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . of] k|fjwfg s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

3_ ah]6 th'{dfb]lv ;+;b\df ah]6 k]z ug]{ lbg;Ddsf] ah]6 Sofn]G8/df -d+l;/b]lv c;f/;Dd_ r/0fj4?kdf ;do–;Ldf tf]lsPsf]df ;f]sf] kfngf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unufot ;a} lgsfox¿n] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . gofF ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ah]6 k]z ug]{ lbg h]7 !% ut] tf]lsPsf]n] ;f]xLcg';f/ ah]6 Sofn]G8/ ;+zf]wg ul/g' kb{5 .

ª_ cfufdL ah]6df s]–s:tf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] af/]df ah]6 k|:t't ul/g'eGbf cl3 g} hgtf;dIf k|:t't u/L hgtfsf] /fo lng] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 . ;fy}, hgtfn] a'‰g] lsl;daf6 gful/s ah]6 k|:t't ul/g' kb{5 .

:yfgLo:t/ s_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf _ x¿nfO{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tf]s]sf] cg'bfg /sdsf] ;"rgf ;dod} k'Ug] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] kl/rfng ug]{ :yfgLo:t/sf] ;fwg–;|f]tsf] klg tYof+s ;dfj]z u/L ah]6 /sd -ah]6 l;lnª_ tf]lsg' kb{5 .

v_ :yfgLo:t/df hgtfsf] rfxgf, cfjZostfsf] ;e]{, d"Nof+sg j}1flgs tl/sfaf6 ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' kb{5 / cfof]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgb]{lzsf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

u_ jf8{sf] :t/af6} cfof]hgf / ah]6 th'{df ug]{ elgP klg k|fljlws 1fgsf] cefjn] ubf{ s]–s] sfd ug]{ eGg]sf] l6kf]6 / cGbfhL /sdsf] ;"rLdfq tof/ ul/G5 / dflyNnf] lgsfodf k7fOG5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf klg k|fljlw1sf] ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ ah]6 th'{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] dg;fo / :yfgLo ljsf; P]gsf] dd{cg';f/ x'gsf] nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .

3_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfly{s lhDd]jf/L k|z:t a9]sf] ;Gbe{df k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf Pshgf n]vfkfnsf] b/aGbL l;h{gf ul/g' kb{5 .

ª_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] sfd–sf/afxLsf] cg'udg / cfGtl/s n]vf–k/LIf0f ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

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e|i6frf/ lj?4cfh}af6 ;lqmo xf]cf}+ .


a}zfv @)&# . 41

k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] kxF'r ;/sf/ / ;]jfk|bfossf] nflu ;w}+ g} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ !$ j6f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfd–sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] cg'ej / wf/0ff a'‰g ( lhNnfdf ;e]{ ul/of] . ;]jfu|fxLn] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf u/]sf u'gf;f / e|i6frf/sf df}lb|s / cdf}lb|s:j?k / ;]jf k|fKt ug{ lbg'kg]{ 3';nufotsf ljifo ;d]6L ;a}nfO{ k|i6 x'g] u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

cWoogsf] lgisif{;]jfu|fxLsf cg'ejsf] cWoog ubf{ ;/sf/L ;]jfk|bfosn] sfd ;dodf ;DkGg u/]–gu/]sf], sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] cjlw, sfd ;DkGg ug{ yk /sd ltg'{ k/] gk/]sf], sfd ;DkGg ug{ t];|f] kIf ;+nUg eP–gePsf], / ;dodf sfd ;DkGg gx'Fbf x'g] ;Defljt vr{h:tf zLif{s ;d]l6Psf lyP . w]/} sfof{nox¿df w]/} 7"nf] k|ltztn] sfd ;DkGg ePsf] w]/} sfd ;dod} ;DkGg ePsf] b]lvof] . Gofokflnsfdf eg] cGo sfof{nosf] t'ngfdf sd k|ltztdf dfq ;dodf sfd ;DkGg ePsf] kfOof] . ;dodf sfd ;DkGg x'g'sf sf/0fdf lrghfgsf dflg;, s;}sf] l;kmfl/;, s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u / 3'; dfu]sf] / lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfof{nox¿dWo] Gofokflnsfdf ;aeGbf a9L 3'; lbPsf] b]lvof] . cgf}krfl/s ;DaGw / yk /sd lbPsf] ;DaGwdf sfd ;dodf x'g] eP b:t'/eGbf a9L /sd ;]jfu|fxLn] lbPsf] b]lvof] . ?= % ;o -lhNNff jg sfof{no_ b]lv ?= @% xhf/ -dfnkf]t sfof{no_ ;Dd yk /sd lbPsf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/L;Fusf] ;DaGw / t];|f] kIf;Fusf] ;DaGwsf ljifodf Gofokflnsfdf sd{rf/L;Fu ;f]emf] ;DaGw Hofb} sd / dfnkf]t sfof{nodf w]/} a9L ePsf] b]lvof] . t];|f] kIf;Fusf] ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOof] . o;Dff klg sfg"gL k/fdz{bftf Ph]G6sf] ;+nUgtf gfkL sfof{no, e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / Gofokflnsfdf cTolws kfOof] . ;]jfu|fxLsf] sfd ;DkGg gx'g'df cfjZos sfuhkq gk'Ug'–gx'g', ;/sf/L b:t'/ ltg{ k};f gx'g'–gk'Ug',

sd{rf/Ln] hfgfhfg l9nf ul/lbg' / dfu]sf] 3'; glbg' cflb sf/0fx¿ kfOPsf] 5 . dfnkf]t / gfkLsf] sfd ;dodf ;DkGg gxF'bf 3/df / kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf c;/ k/]sf] kfOof] . ;dodf sfd ;DkGg gxF'bf k/]sf] ph'/Laf/] Hofb} sd dfq rf;f] lbOPsf] b]lvof] .

;]jfu|fxLsf] wf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf s'g} sfof{nosf] sfo{k|lqmofsf] af/]df s'g sfof{non] s] sfd u5{ eGg];Dd ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf], t/ 7ØfSs} o;/L sfd ub{5 eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{ ;f]w]/, sfof{nodf ;f]wk'5 u/]/ dfq yfxf kfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] . gful/s a8fkqsf] pkof]u yf]/} ;+Vofsf ;]jfu|fxLn] dfq u/]sf] b]lvof] . w]/} ;]jfu|fxLn] gful/s a8fkq 5 eGg] yfxf ePsf] / b]v]sf] t/ Wofgk"j{s gk9]sf] b]lvof] . cTolws ;+Vofsf ;]jfu|fxLn] gful/s a8fkq k|efjsf/L gePsf] k|ltlqmof lbP / ;dodf sfd ;DkGg ug{ 3'; lbg'kg]{ afWotf cf}+NofPsf] kfOof] . ;]jf k|bfosn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] ljifodf ;]jfu|fxL c;Gt'i6 /x]sf sfof{nodf lhNnf s[lif sfof{no, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, gfkL sfof{no cflb /x]sf] kfOof] .

3';sf] :j?ksf ;DaGwdf yf]/}b]lv w]/} /sd;Dd lbg'kg]{, sd{rf/Ln] w]/} 3'; vfg] lgotn] hfgfhfg b'Mv lbg], tTsfn sfd u/fpg] egL 7"nf] /sd dfUg], x'g] ;fdfGo sfdnfO{ klg 3'; lbg}kg]{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOof] . ;]jfu|fxLsf] wf/0ffcg';f/ $# k|ltztn] lhNnfdf 3';sf] ;+Vof / dfqf al9/x]sf] wf/0ff /fv] eg] afFsLn] klxn]s} h:tf] /x]sf] eg]sf 5g\ . o;df dlxnfx¿n] eGbf k'?ifx¿n] 3'; a9]sf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] kfOof] .

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo;]jfu|fxLsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ 3'; lbg afWo kfl/g] / hfoh]yf;DaGwL sfd ;DkGg ug{ 3'; lbg]sf] ;+Vof w]/} g} kfOof] . 3';sf] dfqf al9/x]sf] / gful/s a8fkqsf] k|efjsfl/tf sd /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf lbg] sfof{nox¿sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ gePsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] xF'bf ;/sf/n] ;'zf;gsf] kIfdf k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg' cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;g\ @)!% df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ljifos cWoog klg ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:t't cWoog k|f]h]S6 l/;r{ PG8 OlGhlgol/ª Pzf]l;P6\;sf /f3j lji6n] ug{'ePsf] xf] . ;f] cWoogsf d'Vo a'Fbfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] x'Fbf kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf] 5f}+ .

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. a}zfv @)&#42

g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lj=;+= @)&@ d+l;/df g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g ljifos k|lzIf0f ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:t't ;|f]t ;fdu|L g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj afns[i0f k|;fOF / ljdnk|;fb 9sfnn] tof/ ug{'ePsf] xf] . ;f] cWoogsf d'Vo a'Fbfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] x'Fbf kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf] 5f}+ .

k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;df ;'zf;g dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{ OdfGbf/, st{Jo k/fo0f, g}lts, rl/qjfg\ hgzlQm rflxG5 . clxn] g]kfndf o:tf g}lts, rl/qjfg JolQmx¿sf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . o:tf JolQmx¿ cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . ljBfnodf cWoog ul//x]sf afnaflnsf g} ef]ln b]zsf s0f{wf/ ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}ltssf] lzIff lbg' cfjZos 5 . dfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ pd]/sf lx;fan] klg s'g} gofF s'/f a'‰g, l;Sg tyf l;sfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'g] ePsf]n] ;'zf;g, g}ltstf, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljifox¿df k|lzIf0f lbg ;Sg] u/L of] ;dGjo k|lzIf0f k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] k|lzIf0f ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{sf] d'Vo b'O{ p2]Zo 5g\ . ltgdf klxnf] g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg], st{Josf] af]w u/fpg] / c;n gful/s agfpg clek|]l/t ug]{Ù / bf];|f] ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t kIfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg], dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fk|lt ;r]t agfpg] x'g\ .

cWoogsf] lgisif{;'zf;g / g}lts lzIffsf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw 5 . JolQmnfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / u'0fjfg agfpg] cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffn] g} xf] . g}lts lzIffleq xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No–dfGotfx¿, ljBfyL{x¿n] /fi6«, ljBfno, u'?ju{ cleefjsx¿k|lt ug'{kg]{ st{Jox¿, ljBfyL{x¿sf] xs–clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/g' cfjZos 5 . P]g–sfg"gn] ljBfyL{nfO{ xs–clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . gful/ssf x}l;otn] st{Jo / pQ/bfloTjx¿ 5g\ . P]g–sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{, dtbfgdf efu lng', ;/sf/L s/ b:t'/ ltg'{, /fli6«o lxt tyf hgsNof0f x'g] sfddf ;+nUg x'g', ;fdflhs Gofodf an k'¥ofpg', :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod ug'{ cflb ljBfyL{n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{Jo x'g\ .

d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu ;'zf;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;'zf;g gePsf] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ df}nfpF5 . To; b]zsf gful/sn] sfg"gk|bQ df}lns clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut, gLltut cyjf sfo{d"ns lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf gLlt–lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofn] ;'zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df

sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, gful/s ;dfh, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, lghLIf]q / ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a[l4 ug{ ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a[l4 ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿h:t} gful/s a8fkq, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–k/LIf0f, gful/s k|ltj]bg, ;fd"lxs l/kf]6{ sf8{, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfsf] k|of]unfO{ Jofkstf lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;'zf;g sfod ug{ e|i6frf/ afwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;+:yfn] !&% b]zdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn !@^ cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( dfq cª\s kfPsf] 5 . of] ;j]{If0fn] g]kfn a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf u0fgf ePsf] 5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds b'O{ /0fgLltx¿ cjnDjg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, Gofokl/ifb\, ljz]if cbfnt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–;ldlt, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuh:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo;'zf;g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 eg] g}lts lzIffsf] cefjdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ c;Dej x'G5 . xfn d'n'sdf g}lts rl/qjfg JolQmsf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ OdfGbf/, pRr g}ltstf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] vfFrf] k"/f ug{ g}lts lzIff k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fg lbO{ d'n'ssf] nflu sd{7, of]Uo, nugzLn, OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg ;lsG5 . cgf}krfl/s?kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg of] ;dGjo ;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlw nfu" ug'{ pkof]uL x'g] / sfnfGt/df b]zn] c;n gful/ssf] ;]jf kfpg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .9

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a}zfv @)&# . 43

ultljlw

eStk'/M cf1f ;f]l;on sG;g{ g]kfn;flxTo uf]i7L

e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;, @)!% sf] ;Gbe{ kf/L cf1f ;f]l;on sG;g{ g]kfnn] eStk'/df ;flxTo uf]i7L cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;flxTosf dfWodaf6 e|i6 cfr/0fdfly k|xf/ ug{' xf] . eStk'/ af/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;efsIfdf d+l;/ @# ut] cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmddf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L, kqsf/, ljBfyL{ tyf ;flxTosf/x?sf] pNn]Vo ;eflutf /x]sf] lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf ;flxTosf/x?n] sljtf, uhn tyf n3' syfx? k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

!$ hgf ;h{sx?sf] k|:t'ltdf ljz]ifu/L e|i6frf/n] /fi6« ljsf;df kf/]sf] k|efj, ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|bfos ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf v]Kg] x}/fgL, l9nf;':tL, 3"; / clgoldtttfh:tf ljifox? p7fg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lzj/fh hf]zLsf] k|d'v cfltYodf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

bf]nvfM dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb|e|i6frf/ lj?4 afn l;h{gf

dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tg tyf ljsf; s]Gb| bf]nvfn] e|i6frf/ lj?4 cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf] ;Gbe{ kf/L afn snfsf/x?n] l;h{gf u/]sf lrqsnf ;d]l6Psf] k':ts ljdf]rg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . afnaflnsfsf /rgfx? sljtf / lrq ;d]6L k':ts k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] k':tsdf !% j6f sljtf / !! j6f lrqx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

rl/sf]6df cGtlqm{of

dfgjclwsf/ ;r]tgf tyf ljsf; s]Gb| bf]nvfn] bf]nvfsf] rl/sf]6df Pp6f cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cfof]lht pSt sfo{qm @)&@ r}t @( ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo gful/s / ;fdflhs

aLPgcfO{Pg kl/of]hgfsf lqmofsnfk6LcfO{ g]kfnn] l;/fxf, /f}tx6, bf]nvf, eStk'/, ?kGb]xL, afun'ª, afFs], bfª / bfr{'nfl:yt :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfdfkm{t\ g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; kl/of]]hgfcGtu{t ;~rflnt lqmofsnfk oxfFx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

sfo{stf{;lxt ^% hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f, lhNnfdf e"sDk /fxt ;fdu|L /sd ljt/0f, lhNnfsf] hnpmhf{nufotsf ljifo ;d]6L * a'Fb] 3f]]if0ff–kq klg hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .

/f}tx6M lqmPl6j u|'k ckm g]kfncfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f

lqmPl6j u|'k ckm g]kfn /f}tx6n] u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f @)&@ k'; !^ ut] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd /f}tx6sf] lhNnf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no uf}/sf] ;efsIfdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . /f}tx6 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no uf}/df btf{ eO{ lhNnfel/ !# ;o u};; sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .

u};;sf] kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL gePsf] u'gf;fx? a9\b} uPkl5 u};; cfrf/;+lxtf / u};;sf] cfGtl/s ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf 5nkmn cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo u};;;Da4 cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug]{–u/fpg], cfGtl/s ;'zf;g ;'b[9 ug]{, u};;sf] sfo{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] / g]t[Îj z}nLsf] ljsf; ug{' /x]sf] lyof] .

df]afOn Pnfs

lqmPl6j u|'k ckm g]kfnn] /f}tx6sf] s6xl/of uf=lj=;=df @)&@ k'; @ ut] df]afOn Pnfs ;~rfng u¥of] . To;qmddf ;f] uflj;;Fu ;DalGwt ( j6f u'gf;fx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . o; df]afOn Pnfssf] p2]Zo :yfgLo gful/snfO{ ljs[ltlj?4 u'gf;f] ug{ k|]l/t ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF k|fKt u'gf;fx?df uflj; ;lrjn] u'gf;f] g;'Gg], uflj; ah]6 vr{af/] hfgsf/L gx'g], jf8{ e]nfaf6 th'{df ul/Psf of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog gx'g], uflj; ;lrjsf] pkl:ylt lgoldt gx'g] cflb /x]sf lyP .

j:tk'/ uflj;sf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu a}7s

lqmPl6e u|'k ckm g]kfn /f}tx6n] @)&@ ;fn k'; $ ut] j:tk'/ uflj;df ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu a}7s -dlxnf


. a}zfv @)&#44

ultljlw

;d"x_ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] a}7s ug'{sf] p2]Zox? /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg', ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k|ltj4tf lng', ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L jf sd{rf/LnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL x'g bafa lbg', ;bfrf/ k|j4{g sfo{df ;xof]u ug{', gful/s / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{' / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/jfnf ljifoj:t'af/] hfgsf/L lbg] xf] .

ljBfno:t/Lo jSt[Tj snf sfo{qmd

lqmPl6j u|'k ckm g]kfnn] ljBfno:t/Lo jSt[Tjsnf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;bfrf/sf d"No tyf dfGotf k|j4{g ug]{ x]t'n] uf}/ * df /x]sf] h'4 pRr df lj df cfof]lht sfo{qmd @)&@ k'; ! ut] ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

aGb–x8\tfn / c;xh kl/l:yltsf afjh'b klg ljBfyL{x?sf] pT;fxk"j{s ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . o;df h'4 pRr dflj uf}/, dflj l6s'lnof / dflj ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfsf k|ltefjfg ;xefuLx?nfO{ k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

bfr{'nfM ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh;f+uLlts sfo{qmd

e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; @)!% sf] ;Gbe{ kf/L ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh bfr'{nfn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] uLt / gfr sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .

bfªM ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;b\efje|i6frf/ lj?4 /]l8of] gf6s

;f];n ;f]ln8fl/6L km/ 8]enkd]G6 t'n;Lk'/ bfªn] e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tf clej[l4 ug{] Wo]on] /]l8of] gf6s k|;f/0f u¥of] . …cfgf] nflu cfk}mF af]nf}FÚ zLif{ssf] gf6s t'n;Lk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo b'O{ PkmPd :6]zgaf6 @)&@ k'; !^ ut] k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] gf6sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox?df x'g] l9nf;':tL / e|i6frf/;Da4 ljifox? ;d]6]sf] lyof] . To; gf6ssf] k|d'v rf;f] :jM:km"t{?kdf :yfgLo lgsfodf e|i6frf/ lj?4 hfu/0f Nofpg' lyof] . To;df ;"rgfsf] xs, gful/s a8fkq, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf sfof{nodf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL, u'gf;f] / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] x6nfOg g+=, sfof{no k|d'vsf] e"ldsf / cfd–;d'bfosf] r]tgfdf s]lGb|t lyof] .

afFs]M afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Snae|i6frf/ lj?4 ;KtfxJofkL sfo{qmd

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ g]kfnu~h, afFs]n] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf] cj;/df e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;KtfxJofkL sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;sf p2]Zox? e|i6frf/ lj?4 cGt/f{li6«o lbj; dgfpg], c;n zf;g, hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tf / ;bfrf/ clej[l4sf nflu gful/s ax; ug]{, gful/s k[i7kf]if0f lng]{, hgdt l;h{gf ug]{, ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf / lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{ a9fpg] / ljBfyL{df hfu/0f ;+:sf/ k|j4{g ug{' cflb x'g\ .

e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] gf6s d~rg / /rgf jfrg

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ n] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/L d+l;/ !* ut] g]kfnu~hdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 Ps gf6s k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . To:t}, d+l;/ !( ut] zdz]/u~h, afFs]df e|i6frf/ lj?4 v'nf /rgf jfrg sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf zdz]/u~h uflj;sf ljleGg JolQmx?n] e|i6frf/ lj?4 /rgfx? k|:t't u/]sf lyP eg] ;f] dfu{af6 ofqf ug]{ ofq'x?n] ;d]t sfo{qmd :yndf uO{ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf uhn, uLt / d'Qmsx? k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

x]Nk 8]:s ;~rfng

af;n] d+l;/ @) ut] g]kfn 6]lnsd lhNnf sfof{no g]kfnu~hdf x]Nk8]:s sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ;f] sfo{qmddf clwsf+z ;]jfu|fxLx?n] u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] u'gf;f] u/]sf 5g\ . emG8} &) eGbf a9L ;]jfu|fxLx?n] x]Nk8]:saf6 ;]jf lnPsf lyP . To;}u/L, d+l;/ @! ut] g]kfnu~hsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf krf{, kDKn]6 tyf :6Ls/ ljt/0f / 6fF; ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm krf{ kDKn]6 ljt/0f sfo{qmddf af;sf @) hgf :jod\;]jsx? kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] eg] % ;oeGbf a9L ofq'x?nfO{ k|rf/–k|;f/ ;fdu|L ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

lgaGw k|ltof]lutf

af;n] sf]xnk'/df c;n zf;g :yfkgfsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf ljifos lgaGw k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] ;xof]u / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;Dks{ sfof{no sf]xnk'/sf] ;xsfo{df af;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;f] lgaGw k|ltof]lutf d+l;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg


a}zfv @)&# . 45

ultljlw

ul/Psf] xf] .

;/sf/L / u};;sdL{aLr d}qLk"0f{ km"6an

af;n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / u};;sdL{x?aLr d+l;/ @# ut] d}qLk"0f{ k'm6jn k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfn sf7df8f}+, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u sf]xnk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, afFs]sf] ;xsfo{df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm v]n ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ;d"xn] *–! sf] cGt/df u};;sdL{ ;d"xnfO{ k/flht u/]sf]] lyof] .

gful/s ;ef tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ n] @)&@ d+l;/ @$ ut] g]kfnu~hdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 gful/s ;ef tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L j]bk|sfz n]vssf] k|d'v cfltYo ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L n]vsn] dGtJosf qmddf e|i6frf/ ljsf;sf] afws ePsfn] To;sf lj?4 ;a} nfUg cfXjfg ug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf uLt, uhn, sljtf jfrg ug{'sf ;fy} k|x;g cflb klg k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ljleGg ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?n] ;f+:s[lts k|:t'ltx? klg /fv]sf lyP .

e|i6frf/ lj?4 o'jf ;Dd]ng

afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna -af;_ n] g]kfnu~hdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 bf];|f] /fli6«o o'jf ;Dd]ng–@)&@ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf @)&@ kmfu'g & ut] e]/L k|fljlws lzIffnodf cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmddf $@* hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf p2]Zox? e|i6frf/ lj?4 5nkmn ug]{, e|i6frf/ lj?4 lqmofzLn x'g o'jfx?sf] k|ltj4tf vf]Hg], ;zSt cleofg ;~rfngsf nflu o'jfx?sf] k[i7kf]if0f lng], ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf / lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{ a9fpg], o'jf cleoGtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, g]kfnu~h 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ug]{nufot ;femf sfo{of]hgf agfpg' cflb /x]sf lyP . ;f] sfo{qmdsf] ljlzi6 cltly 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, k|d'v cltly /fli6«o ;"rgf cfoof]usf k|d'v cfo'St s[i0fxl/ afF:sf]6f x'g'x'GYof] . ;Dd]ngn] !) a'Fb] 3f]if0ff–kq hf/L u/]sf] 5 .9

sf7df8f}+M k|km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"xe|i6frf/ lj?4 sljtf jfrg

k|km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"x sf7df8f}+n] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf] cj;/df sljtf jfrg k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+sf kfFr ljBfnox? kßf]bo pRr df= lj=, kßsGof pRr df=lj=, ljho:df/s pRr df=lj=, t?0f df=lj= tyf zxLb z''qm df=lj=sf @@ hgf ljBfyL{x?n] ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnPsf lyP . @)&@ d+l;/ @# ut] cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmddf k|ltefjfg ljBfyL{x?dWo] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|df0f–kq;lxt qmdzM P3f/ ;o, gf} ;o / ;ft ;o ?k}ofF k'/:sf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . To:t}, ;fGTjgf k'/:sf/:j?k kfFr ;o ?k}ofF klg lbOPsf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ pkxf/:j?k snd lbOPsf] lyof] .

sf:sLM ;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfhe|i6frf/ lj?4 cGt/lqmof

;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh -;'gf;_ n] e|i6frf/

Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;Da4 lqmofsnfklj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf cj;/df æe|i6frf/ Go"lgs/0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gÆ ljifos cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sf:sL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efsIfdf @)&@ d+l;/ @# ut] cfof]lht ;f] cGt/lqmofdf k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q kf]v/fsf ;xIf]qLo k|zf;s bLjfs/ afF:tf]nf / cltlysf ?kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u If]qLo sfof{no kf]v/fsf k|d'v l8NnL/fd zdf{, 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o cfgGb/fh d'NdLsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

u'NdLM ;'zf;g cleofg

;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr cGt/lqmof

;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/L ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|xLaLrsf] cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ d+l;/ @# ut] u'NdLdf cfof]lht pSt cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{tsf] lqmofsnfk xf] . ;f] sfo{qmddf k|d'v clylt /];'ª\uf gu/kflnsfsf


. a}zfv @)&#46

ultljlw

sfo{sf/L clws[t afa'/fd kNnL /xg'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, clyltx? u};; dxf;+3 u'NdLsf ;+of]hs lji0f'k|;fb e08f/L, pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3 u'NdLsf cWoIf clvn]Zj/k|;fb kf08]nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

;'v]{tM gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3e|i6frf/ lj?4 cGt/lqmof

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/L cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ d+l;/ @# ut] ;'v]{tdf cfof]lht pSt sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v cltly clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfoof]usf cfo'St s]zj a/fn x'g'x'GYof] . To:t}, ljz]if cltly dWoklZrd ljZjljBfnosf le;L pk|]Gb| sf]O/fnf, cltlyx? ;'v]{t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf nId0f sF0f]n, g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;g ;'v]{tsf cWoIf e"if0fs'df/ dfgGw/, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 ;'v]{tsf cWoIf u0f]z s~rg ef/tL, :yfgLo ljBfnosf lgldQ k|lhc / lgldQ If]qLo k|zf;s cflbsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

?kGb]xLM kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/

;xsfo{sf nflu cGt/lqmof

kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/ ?kGb]xLn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;xsfo{ g]kfnsf nflu ckl/xfo{ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy Ps cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o lbj; l8;]Da/ ( sf cj;/df cfof]lht ;f] cGt/lqmof @)&@ ebf} d+l;/ @# ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . pSt sfo{qmddf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn, lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, kqsf/ / gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ;dLIff

kf/bzL{ g]kfn ?kGb]xLn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no e}/xjfdf 8LkL ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ;dLIff sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ k'; @& ut] cfof]lht pQm sfo{qmddf 8LkL x:tfIf/ ug]{ lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no ?kGb]xL, lhNnf gfkL sfof{no / l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsfn] 8LkL x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 u/]sf] k|ultaf/] k|:t'lt u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, ?kGb]xL

l:yt ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf / :yfgLo ;~rf/sdL{sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

Pnfs 8LkL k|ult ;dLIff 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+sf] xf]6n oNnf] Kofuf]8fdf cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmd @)&@ k'; & / * ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] . Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf 6LcfO{ cfa4 ljleGg lhNnfl:yt ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwn] k|ult k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ;f] cj;/df lhNnfx?n] lgs6 eljiodf Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;dfKt ePkl5 e|i6frf/ lj?4sf ultljlwx?nfO{ lhNnfdf s] s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbg] eGg]af/]df ;d]t cf–cfgf] of]hgf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . sltko ;+:yfn] lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ atfPsf lyP eg] sltkon] cGo bftfx?sf] ;xof]udf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;f]rdf /x]sf] atfPsf lyP .

k|ult ;dLIffdf ;xefuL ePsf clwsf+z ;+:yf–k|ltlglwx?n] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfn] lhNnfdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 sfo{ ug{ Pp6f cfwf/ tof/ ul/lbPsf] atfPsf lyP . pgLx?n] :yfgLo :t/df :jod\;]jL tj/n] ;d]t sfo{ ul/g] atfPsf lyP . sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf, k"j{cWoIf lji0f'axfb'/ s]=;L=, sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox? / k"j{ d'Vo;lrj nLnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

Pnfs 8LkL ;dfkg sfo{qmd6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng u/]sf] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;dfkgsf nflu Ps sfo{qmd cfof]hgf uof]{ . @)&@ k'; @% ut] lrtjgdf cfof]lht pQm sfo{qmddf kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;dfKt x'g'cl3 ug'{kg]{ sfd, k|ltj]bg cflb ljifodf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs t'Da'? uf}td, u'gf;f] ;+sng / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ljgf]b e§/fO{ / n]]vf;DaGwL ljifodf alatf zdf{n] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] .9


a}zfv @)&# . 47

uLtx? klg ufpFbf /x]5g\ . klxn] w]/} dflg; ckl7t lyP, dlxnfn] k9\g} x'Fb}g eGg] hdfgf lyof] . To:tf a]nfdf Tolt vFlbnf uLtx? ufOFbf /x]5g\ . d}n] uLtdf ;dfhsf ;du| kIf n's]sf] kfPF . ToxfF dflg;sf] hLjg–bz{g klg n's]sf] kfPF . To;a]nf ;+u|x u/]sf] Pp6f uLtn] eG5–

s] vfof] /]lndfO{, s] nfof] xf]nf <

d]/f] dfofF /]ln dfO{ agsf] h'/]nL r/Ln]

agdf ljr/0f ug]{ h'/]nL r/Lsf af/]df Toqf] ;f]r]/ uLt agfOPsf] /x]5 . Pp6f 8fnLaf6 csf]{ 8fnLdf hfg] Pp6f k|f0fLnfO{ k|ltljDasf ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ slt pRrefjgf kf]lvPsf] /x]5 eGg] nfUof] . Pp6f k+IfL h;n] g cfh g ef]lnsf af/]df ;f]Rb5, To;n] klg ;'vL hLjg afFlr/x]sf] 5, dflg; oqf] w]/} ;f]r–ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5 . t/, klg b'MvL 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} dflg;n] s;/L u'Gof] xf]nf < slt ;"Id ljrf/ Û uLt t dflg;n] ;Gtf]if dfGg] Pp6f dfWod /x]5 . uLt Pp6f hLjg–bz{g xf] eGg] nfUof] . o;n] dnfO{ uLt l6Kg k|]l/t u¥of] . l6Kb} hfFbf w]/} eP5g\ . To;n] xfd|f] nf]s–;+:s[lt eGg] lstfasf] k|f?k tof/ eof] . lstfasf ?kdf k|sfzg ePkl5 o;n] dbg k'/:sf/ kfof] . To;a]nf clxn]sf] h:tf] /]s8{/ lyPg . o;n] u|fdL0f hLjgsf w]/} kIf phfu/ u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L x]bf{ xfd|f] ;+:s[ltn] hLjgsf x/]s kIfnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ Ifdtf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ufpF3/sf ckl7t dflg;n] klg olt ;DkGg ;flxTo l;h{gf ubf{ /x]5g\ . ToxfF ;dfhsf

;+:s[ltljb\sf ?kdf lrlgg'x'G5, ;+:s[ltsf b[li6n] g]kfn slt ;DkGg 5 <

;+:s[lt Pp6f Jofks If]q xf] . vf;df d}n] g]kfnsf nf]suLtx? ;+sng u/]/ cfgf] ofqf ;'? u/]sf] x'F . of] @))! ;fn lt/sf] s'/f xf] . d}n] To;a]nf cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ ;+u|x c8\8fdf hflu/ ;'? u/]sf] lyPF . o;n] ufpF3/sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s cj:yf s]–s:tf] 5, vf]hL ug]{ sfd uYof]{ . To;a]nf d}n] tgx'F, ndh'ªlt/sf ufpFdf sfd

ug{ hfg'k/]sf] lyof] . ;x/af6 uPsf] dflg; s]xL lbg t /dfOn} eof], kl5 s] u/]/ lbg sf6\g] eGg] ;d:of eof] . d Pp6f ;x/ofnfO{ al;g;Sg'eof] . lbgel/ t sfof{nos} sfd u/f}Fnf, ;fFem–laxfg s] ug]{ < ufpFdf k:bf sxLF uLt ufO/x]sf], sxLF /f]lw v]ln/x]sf], sxLF bf]xf]/L uLt ufO/x]sf] b]v]F . /fd|f–/fd|f uLt ufPsf] ;'g]F . dfof–lk/tLsf] dfq xf]Og, ;flxlTosefj ePsf

æg]kfnL ;+:s[lt ;bfrf/ k|]l/t g} 5Æ—;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zL

Pp6f k+IfL h;n] g cfh g ef]lnsf af/]df ;f]Rb5, To;n] klg ;'vL

hLjg afFlr/x]sf] 5, dflg; oqf] w]/} ;f]r–ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5 . t/, klg b'MvL 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} dflg;n] s;/L u'Gof] xf]nf < slt

;"Id ljrf/ Û uLt t dflg;n] ;Gtf]if dfGg] Pp6f dfWod /x]5 .

cGtjf{tf{


. a}zfv @)&#48

x/]s kIfsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] x'Fbf]/x]5 . o; cy{df of] ;DkGg 5 . To;a]nf;Dd nf]s–;flxTo / nf]suLt s] xf] eGg] g} lyPg . ufpF3/sf uLt ‰ofp/] uLt eGy] . d}n] of] t ;+:s[lt xf] eg]/ lstfasf ?kdf k|sfzg u/]kl5dfq nf]s–;+:s[lt eg]/ dflg;x?n] rrf{ ug{ yfn] . vf]Hb} hfFbf bz{g, /fhgLlt, ;fdflhs ;DaGw klg cfof] . Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFsf] ;DaGw x/]s efu / kIf;Fu x'Fbf]/x]5 . Pp6f ufpFsf] ;DaGw cGt/f{li6«o:t/;Dd klg k'u]sf] b]lvof] .

To;a]nf bf];|f] ljZjo'4 rln/x]sf] lyof] . To; o'4tfsf uf]/vk'/af6 uNnfjfnx? u'?ª, du/x?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] ufpFdf pgLx? ufpF3/ 8'n]/ !% jif{dfly / $) jif{d'lgsf hjfgx?nfO{ uf]/vk'/ n}hfGy] . pgLx?nfO{ tflnd lbP/ hd{g;Fu n8\g k7fpFy], o;n] ufpF l/Tofof] . ufpFdf s]6fs]6L /

a'9fa'9Ldfq x'g] l:ylt klg cfof] . o;f] x]bf{v]l/ ufpF3/, t/ To;sf] ;DaGw hd{gsf] o'4;Fu klg x'Fbf]/x]5 .

To;a]nfsf] Pp6f uLt o:tf] klg lyof]–

ufO{ kfNof] /]lndfO{, agsf] af3nfO{

5f]/f] kfNof] /]lndfO{, hd{gsf] wfjfnfO{

5f]/f] x'sf{P/ s] ug{' < of] t n8fO{+df xf]Dg x'sf{Ph:tf] kf] eof] Û ufO{ kfNof] agsf] af3nfO{ kfn]h:tf] eof] ug]{ :ofxfg]{ dflg; sf]xL ePg, ufpFdf a'9fa'9Ldfq 5g\ . cyf{t\ ufpF3/df s;n] ul/lbg] < xfd|f] b'Mvdf s]xL ;xof]u unf{ eg]sf] 5f]/f] t o'4df kf] 5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx u¥of] . ;dfh ljsf;sf] k|lqmof /f]lsPnf eg]/ lrGtf ul/Psf] /x]5, t/ Tof] uLt ;+:s[ltdfkm{t\ . uLtn] To;a]nfsf] ;dfhsf] oyfy{ ;Dk|]if0f u¥of] . Pp6f uLt ;+:s[ltn] olt w]/} s'/f af]N5 eg] o:tf] w]/}vfnsf ;+:s[lt 5g\

xfdLsxfF . of] ;fFRr} ;DkGg 5 .

;+:s[lt / ;bfrf/sf aLrdf s:tf] ;DaGw x'G5 <

;+:s[ltn] dflg;sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / bfz{lgs kIf phfu/ ug]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 . o;n] dflg;sf] cfr/0f, /xg–;xg / ;fdflhs ;DaGw k|:t't ub{5 . ;+:s[ltn] dfgj rl/q lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . kl/:sf/ ul/Psf] ;+:sf/n] g} ;fdfhdf ;+:s[ltsf] ?k u|x0f ub{5 . o; cy{df ;dfh pkof]uL, dfu{–lgb]{zs s'/fx? ;fdflhs ;bfrf/ x'g\ . o;/L x]bf{ ;+:s[lt / ;bfrf/nfO{ Ps–csf{sf kl/k"/ssf ?kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . oL s'/fsf cfwf/df ulx/f] ;DaGw 5 eGg ;lsG5 .

ufpFsf dflg;n] uLt ufpFbf;d]t ;fdflhs kIf ljrf/ u/]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx? uLtdfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs?kd} ;f]W5g\– a/ / kLkn /f]k]sf] 7fpFdf s;n] xfNnf rf}tf/L <

dflg;x? wd{sf gfddf eP klg 8fF8fdf 5xf/L gePsf 7fpFdf a/kLkn /f]Kg] sfo{ u5{g\ . oxfF ;]jfefj b]lvG5 . Pp6fn] /f]Kof] eg] a:g] rf}tf/f] agfpg sf] cfpFnf eg]/ vf]hL ug]{ qmddf ;fj{hlgs?kdf cfXjfg ug]{ dfWod uLtnfO{ agfpF5g\ . dflg; cfP/ a:5g\, ;':tfpF5g\, cf/fd u5{g\ . o;n] dflg;nfO{ ;Îsfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 . ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ xf}:ofpF5 .

;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug]{ d'Vo ;f+:s[lts kIf s] x'g;S5 <

dflg;sf] cfr/0f ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fpg] ;a} ;+:s[ltn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{g u5{g\ . sf]xL wfld{s sf/0fn] xf]nf jf sf]xL ;fdflhs sf/0fn] . xfdLsxfF rflxF wfld{s cf:yfn] ;bfrf/ ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 . dflg;n] cf:yf k|s6 ug]{ 7fpF vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . To;df >4f klg u5{ . o;n] dflg;df ljZjf; k}bf u5{ . cf:yf /fv]sf], >4f u/]sf] 7fpFdf z'4 eP/ hfg'k5{ eGg] ljZjf; af]s]/ dflg;n] lg/Gt/tf lbg yfN5 . o;}n] kl5 ;fdflhs dfGotf k|fKt u5{ . o:tf ;dfh pkof]uL dfGotfn] g} ;bfrf/sf] ?k u|x0f u5{g\ . xfdLsxfF o:tf y'k|} ;f+:s[lts kIf 5g\, h;n] ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ul//x]sf 5g\ .

;+:s[ltsf] ;DaGw ;'zf;g;Fu klg x'G5 <

xf], x'G5— t/ ck|ToIf?kdf . /Llt–l/jfhsf] kl/:s[t ?k–;+:sf/ xf] . ;+:sf/sf] lg/Gt/tfn] ;f+:s[lts

5f]/f] x'sf{P/ s] ug{' < of] t n8fO{+df xf]Dg x'sf{Ph:tf] kf] eof] Û cyf{t\

ufpF3/df s;n] ul/lbg] < xfd|f] b'Mvdf s]xL ;xof]u unf{ eg]sf] 5f]/f] t

o'4df kf] 5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx u¥of] . ;dfh ljsf;sf] k|lqmof /f]lsPnf eg]/

lrGtf ul/Psf] /x]5, t/ Tof] uLt ;+:s[ltdfkm{t\ .

cGtjf{tf{


a}zfv @)&# . 49

cGtjf{tf{

?k lnG5 . ;dfhdf cfjZos s'/fn] dfq lg/Gt/tf kfpF5g\ . ;dfhdf lg/Gt/tf kfpg] o:t} ;+:s[ltn] lj:tf/} P]g–sfg"g lgodsf] ?k u|x0f ug]{ xf] . o;/L ;+:s[ltsf] ck|ToIf ;DaGw ;'zf;g;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .

;bfrf/ k|j4{g ug{ s'g kIfn] a9L e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ <

;a}eGbf d'Vo kIf dflg;sf] cf:yf g} xf] . dflg; ljrf/zLn k|f0fL ePsfn] /fd|f] g/fd|f] 5'6ØfpF5 . s]df cf:yf /fVg] eg]/ ljrf/ u5{ . p;nfO{ /fd|f] nfu]sf] s'/fdf cf:yf /fV5 . cf:yfn] >4f a9fpFb} hfG5 . To;k|ltsf] ljZjf; a9\b} hfG5 . hLjgsf] Go"gtd cfjZostftkm{ dfq Wofg hfgyfN5 . nf]esf] dfqf 36\b} hfG5 . oyfy{ s] /x]5 eGg]tkm{ 3f]l/g yfN5 . of] Psfu|tfn] /fd|f] g/fd|f], ug{ x'g] gx'g] 5'6Øfpg yfN5 . cGttM ToxL kIf ;bfrf/sf ?kdf k|s6 x'G5 .

k|frLg / cfw'lgs ;+:s[ltaLrsf] leGgtf s] xf] < o;n] ;'zf;gdf s;/L ;3fpnf <

;+:s[ltn] tÎsfnLg cj:yfdf r]tgf:t/ s] /x]5 eGg] s'/f af]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . of] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{'kg]{ ljifo xf] . y'k|} k|frLg ;+:s[lt clxn] klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;+:s[ltn] dfgj r]tgf sxfF k'u]5 eGg] kIf ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf] x'G5 . vfg]–nfpg] s'/fdfq hLjg xf]Og, efjgfTds ;Dks{ / ;DaGwnfO{ hLjGt /fVg klg ;+:s[ltsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . Pp6f ;+:s[ltsf d"No–dfGotf / kIf tf]l8Fbf ;dfhdf s] c;/ k5{ < s] tf]8\g], s] gtf]8\g] < To;sf] bfz{lgs kIf s] xf] < dfgj ;dfh / hLjg;Fusf] ;DaGw s] xf] < o:tf ;fdflhs / bz{lgs kIfx?n] ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . dfgj ;Gt'i6Lsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] ;dfh pkof]uL ;+:s[ltn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;3fO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf If]qdf s]xL l6Kk0fL ug{'x'G5 <

g]kfnsf ;/sf/L u}/–;/sf/L kIf o;f] ug{'k¥of] eg]/ cGt/x[boaf6} hf]ufpg] ;+/If0f ug]{eGbf klg ;gftgL kf/faf6} rln/x]sf] 5 . x/]s b]zdf ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf Pp6f gLlt x'G5 . xfdLsxfF ;+:s[lt gLlt g} lyPg . kl5 s/fpFbf–s/fpFbf @)^&÷)^* ;fnlt/ agfOPsf] xf] . o;n] sfg"gL ?k u|x0f ul/;s]sf] eP klg sfof{Gjog kIf cToGt sdhf]/ 5 . ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu o;f] ug]{, o;f] gug]{ eg]/

n]lvPsf 5g\, t/ sfof{Gjog x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

kl5Nnf] ;do o'g]:sf]n] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf If]qdf ;/fxgLo k|of; u/]sf] 5 . xfdLsxfF dfq geP/ w]/} b]zdf o;n] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, hflt–hghflt, /fli6«o Pstf, /Llt–lylt lau|g lbg'x'Fb}g eg]/ /fd|f] kxn u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf h]–h:tf?kdf 5g\, To:t}?kdf /fvf}+, elg/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f ;GtltnfO{ 5f8]/ hfg'k5{ elg/x]sf] 5 . b]lvg] / gb]lvg] ;a} k|sf/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo gful/sn] ;+/If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[lt;DaGwL gLlt Nofpg' eg]sf] /fHon] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . t/, /fHo ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] r]tgf lj:tf/df r's]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfcGtu{t pvfg 6'Ssfb]lv lnP/

uLt, gfr, efiff, 7fpF, d7dlGb/h:tf w]/} s'/fx? kb{5g\ . o;n] g;d]6\g] If]q x'Fb}g eg] klg x'G5 . of] Hofb} Jofks ePsfn] klg sfd ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] x'g;S5 .

;dfhdf 7"nf elgPsf dflg;n] klg xfd|f] ;+:s[lt e|i6frf/ k|]l/t 5 eG5g\ lg < To:t} xf] <

xf]Og, xfd|f] ;+:s[lt To:tf] xf]Og . x/]s If]qdf ljs[lt x'G5g\ . ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf klg s]xL xf]nfg\ . s;}n] ;+:s[ltsf gfddf e|i6frf/ u¥of] eg]/ ;a} ;+:s[ltnfO{ To;/L cfIf]k nufpg' plrt x'Fb}g . dflg;df r]tgfsf] cefj lyof] . k"vf{n] agfPsf oL lrhlah ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ kl5 rflxg ;S5 eg]/ l;sfpg g;s]sf] xf] h:tf] nfU5 . clxn] /fHo ;a}sf] cleefjs xf] . o:tf] sfo{df /fHo nfUg'kg]{ xf] o;tkm{ oyf]lrt Wofg k'Ug g;Sbf e|d l;h{gf ePsf] dfq xf] . jf:tjdf xfd|f] ;+:s[lt ;bfrf/ k|]l/t g} 5 .9

;+:s[ltn] tÎsfnLg cj:yfdf r]tgf:t/ s] /x]5 eGg] s'/f af]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . of] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{'kg]{ ljifo xf] . y'k|} k|frLg ;+:s[lt clxn] klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;+:s[ltn] dfgj r]tgf sxfF k'u]5 eGg] kIf ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf] x'G5 .


. a}zfv @)&#50

The ALACDP is an acronym of Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre (ALAC) and

Development Pact (DP). While ALAC is an approach to persuade and support the people to demand transparency, accountability and responsibility from public officials. These officials are entrusted to provide public goods and services effectively and with ease. Whereas, the DP is a tool of civic engagement to make public officials responsible to their deeds and duties. The ALACDP was implemented in Nepal under the aegis of Transparency International Nepal (TIN) with financial support of the European Union (EU). The duration of this project was for forty-five months (Initial agreed 42 months plus 3 months on no-cost extension).

ALACDP - An Attempt to Ease Public Service Delivery

Tumburu Gautam à

It was commenced on May 2012. ALACDP was introduced in Nepal by TIN to consolidate social movements to achieve good governance, to enhance integrity and to curb corruption at all levels of society. Local Community Based Organizations (CBOs) facilitated to assess and understand the situation at the grassroots level. So that they can achieve targeted actions through a constant monitoring mechanism of representatives of government offices and local civic society. Following 15 districts were covered in 3 phases to implement ALACDP project: Chitwan, Ilam, Rupandehi, Udaypur, Dhanusha, Kaski, Kathmandu, Dhading, Gulmi, Surkhet, Kailali, Morang, Sindhuli, Parsa and Sunsari. See map below.

The ALACDP emphasizes an active role of

Figure 1. ALACDP implemented15 Districts of Nepal

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k'g/fjnf]sg

local people to tackle squarely on corruption and to maintain good governance in the public sector in a meaningful and sustainable manner. Therefore, it mobilizes people to put pressure on the government and its officials to provide better public goods and services. It is the crux of this initiative.

In retrospect, after signing agreement with the European Union, ALACDP of TIN had set-up field offices and had initiated activities which expanded to 15 districts of Nepal. In this regard, project staffs were recruited, and Project Steering Committee and Project Advisory Committee were created to oversee the project action. An official launch of project action at district level was held wherein the project objectives and modus operandi of the action program were imparted. Chief District Officers, Local Development Officers and Chief of government offices at the district level with presence of local citizens and the media provided feedbacks on those occasions. Its purpose was to ensure an effective implementation of the project action without any obstacles. On the other hand, local people were made aware of entitlements to public goods and services. They were regularly provided with legal/administrative guidance via toll-free hotline and in person.

ALACDP as a pilot project contributed to improving good governance, delivering smooth public amenities and holding government offices accountable to local citizens. For the last four years, several activities were carried out at national and local level to sensitize the stakeholders about ALACDP and overall anti-corruption agenda. Activities such as orientations, community consultations, interactions, meetings, baseline surveys, public satisfaction surveys, DP signing, miking (open public announcements), mobile ALACs, grievance collection and media fellowships heightened public awareness. Thus it resulted in seeking commitments of the government offices and pressurized them to cater timely services.

ALAC services through hotline call centers were established in all project districts. Orientations were provided to volunteer members and project staffs. Training of Trainers (ToT), refresher trainings, exposure visits and field monitoring visits were conducted to build capacity of local partners and staffs. There were interactive discussions during annual review and planning meetings as well. All these activities were instrumental in achieving

project action of ALAC.

Public advocacy, information dissemination and pressure tact were undertaken through rallies, public events, office visits, letters, press releases, quarterly bulletins, publicity materials, TIN-website, and media were generated across the country. As a result, government offices made remarkable improvements. Thus, public offices were alerted on to provide efficient public amenities, to depute information/nodal officer, to update Citizens' Charter and to put complaint-box in its premises.1 ALACDP of TIN effectively used both conventional and innovative media and technology to promote awareness, to help identify sectors that require changes and reforms and to conduct targeted capacity-building of the partner organizations and other important stakeholders at the local level.

Major interventions done under the program at local level were grievance collection, outreach activities, orientations, Citizen's Charter placement, DP signing and participation, civic meetings, media partnership, etc. These programs provided suggestions to civil servants. Public officials were made accountable. It empowered and supported victims and witnesses of corruption. Local leaders were trained to be versed in governmental procedure and process. As ALACDP project was accomplished, it has grown as a popular civic movement in recent years.

The broad objectives of ALACDP were to expand public awareness, establish ALACs to address maladministration and corruption, implement DPs, build capacity of TIN along with its partners and stakeholders and execute advocacy through civil society engagement. These objectives were met at the end of the project timeline that was spanned for 45 months.2 ALACDP as an advocacy and intervention programme set a benchmark in anti-corruption, transparency, accountability and ethics in civic engagement with the government offices. Simultaneously, it enabled and empowered the victims and witnesses of corruption to lodge their corruption related grievances to TIN and concerned public offices.

Networks of community-based advocacy units were set up to pressurize authorities to address the grievances lodged by the service recipients and maintain high standards of public services and good governance. This approach emerged as a strategic tool to structure a comprehensive national program in the future. At a national seminar

1 Literature review of programmes launched under the ALACDP, November 2015.2 Management Association of Nepal, Review of Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre and Development Pact (ALACDP) Programme, December 2014.


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convened in Kathmandu on December 24, 2015 entitled "Promoting National Integrity," an observer remarked that "service delivery institutions have realized that they should be ready to respond to the grievances of the people on time and in an appropriate manner."3

Figure 2. Intervention wheel for change

On the backdrop of adverse political situation, prolonged transition, and continuous instability, there is a higher dissatisfaction amongst the citizenry at large about the inadequacies and deteriorating quality of services provided by the state. ALACDP intervened to reverse this situation to promote good governance. Efforts were simultaneously made to involve both the demand and the supply side with local citizens (service recipients) representing the former and government officials (service providers) the latter. The ALACDP enabled both parties to realize that it is essential to reach a common understanding to improve service delivery in practice. To that effect mutual cooperation and coordination is a necessary and must. Thus, a paradigm shift has occurred in the pilot project districts through the intervention over the time.

To understand the situation of governance in public service delivery institutions prior to the project intervention, a baseline survey was conducted in each district among service providers and local citizens. Realizing public expectations on public

service sector, continuous intervention was deemed necessary to improve government status.

On the prospects of these interventions by civic society like TIN, regular dialogues and interface with stakeholders were organized at district level. During several instances public officials confessed to the limitations of resources and the difficulties to implement action due to the absence of elected local representatives. However, they cooperated with ALACDP program in civic interests. There were 21 government offices from 9 districts signatory to ALAC DP program. Furthermore, a monitoring and evaluation team was engaged in regular oversight of the signatory party of DP. Management Association of Nepal (MAN) as an external evaluator conducted a review of ALACDP which had vindicated tangible and substantive outcome at grassroots.

This program served as a catalyst to make both citizens and state responsive to reform and improve public service delivery. Citizens' knowledge and information on governance widened and local CBOs and civil society were capable to demand an enabling and proactive state. Thus, project action which has envisaged results in the midst of challenges and problems set an example of maintaining good governance together as citizens and state. "The knowledge, expertise, experience, project management capacity and efficiency of TIN contributed to steer ALACDP to its focused goal and achievements," said a senior anti-corruption activist at a Kathmandu seminar on December 24, 2015.

ALACDP, at the end of the project, proved beneficial to many public and private institutions as well as individuals. It prepared an institutional base for TIN to approach and reach out communities and to raise a barometer of good governance and accountability. It provided not only a platform to speak out common problems and raise issues but also offered opportunities to sensitize on anti-corruption. ALACDP provided assistance in reorienting service providers to resolve and accomplish tasks of service recipient. It offered invaluable data to policy makers on the status of perception and experience of corruption, and maintain good governance and accountability in the country. Finally, ALACDP presented guidelines to anti-corruption community to create and implement integrity schemes and strategies.4

(Mr. Gautam is a Program Coordinator at Transparency International Nepal.)

3 Interview with an anti-corruption activist in Kathmandu, 14 November 2015.4 Interviewer with a former Chief District Officer on 28 October 2015.

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a}zfv @)&# . 53

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66 percent of the total respondents. Again, 64 percent of the respondents have taken service from Municipality offices, followed by 57 percent from health sector.

In third world countries like Nepal, good governance is very important issue to discuss.

Governance failings cause lots of problems including corruption. Governance refers to the way of making and implementing decisions in any public or private sector. When all decisions are taken in a transparent, participatory and unbiased manner, then good governance can be up held. Governance in public service delivery is much crucial things to deal, because in third world countries like Nepal, most of the service recipients from public sector are poor, illiterate and marginal people and impact of governance failure like corruption, directly hit the socio-economic conditions of those service recipients.

A recent study (unpublished) on governance in public service delivery on 12 districts of Nepal, conducted by Transparency International Nepal (TI-Nepal), showed that, the governance situation of public service delivery of those districts is not in satisfactory level.1

According to the study, 61 percent of the respondent households were faced different types of irregularities and corrupt practice while seeking service from 13 selected service sectors. In that study, 2330 people were selected as respondents from 12 districts randomly. The survey findings showed that, most of the households surveyed received services from Electricity office during the last one year, which is

Governance in Public Service Delivery of Nepal

A Long Way to GoMd. Rabiul Islam à

1 Title of the study was “Satisfaction Survey on Public Service Delivery 2015”. The study was conducted as a part of ALACDP project of TI-Nepal to explore project achievement.


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From sectoral analysis the survey found that the level of corruption was the highest in Land Reform & Revenue – 51% of the households who received services from this sector were victims of one or the other form of corruption. Land Survey (47%) and Transport (42%) sector occupied the second and the third position respectively in the level of corruption. Service recipient households in important sectors like Water (23%) and Health (25%) were victims of corruption and irregularities. In districts based analysis survey findings showed that the level of

corruption was the highest in Rupandehi. Among the service recipient households of Rupandehi, about 82 percent were victim of one or the other forms of corruption.

Dhanusha (78%) and Udaypur (71%) district occupied the second and the third position respectively in the level of corruption. This is significantly higher than the overall percentage.

Among the surveyed districts, service recipients of Chitwan faced lowest corruption than the others. Only 39 percent household faced corruption in Chitwan, followed by Gulmi (45%) and Morang (47%) districts respectively.

An alarming finding of that survey shows that, bribery is the most common among different types of corruption or irregularities experienced by service recipients. It was observed that 61% of the households that received services from different sectors became victims of corrupt practices. The practices include taking money more than what was agreed upon (57%), harassment by brokers (6%), negligence or delay (36%). Some households were victim of bribe with other sorts of corrupt practices as well. Among different service sectors, bribery incidence rate is the highest in DAOs (74%) and the service recipients of Surkhet districts were forced to pay unauthorized money at the highest rate

(90%), where as bribery incidence rate is the lowest for Ilam district, where only 2 percent of the service recipients were forced to pay unauthorized money. People were asked that, what the reason for paying unauthorized money was. According to the survey, among the bribe paying households, the largest number of households (59%) had to pay bribe to make the work or service fast. On the other hands 24 percent household were compelled to give bribe, which is much crucial, followed by 10 percent as a gift.

Despite the evidence that 61 percent had to face some type of corrupt practices, respondents were reluctant to lodge corruption complaints. Overall 86 percent of the respondent who faced corruption in the last one year did not report the incident of corruption anywhere. Only 14 percent reported the case of corruption. Why such a large portion of the corruption victim was not compliant against their suffering? Why they are so reluctant to lodge corruption complaints? The answer of the question was much shocking as most

of the victims thought it is useless, it will not bring any change or no action will be taken, rather their suffering in future will be increased. That means the governance failure has reached at such stage that people are afraid or frustrated on accountability mechanism prevail among public service delivery agencies.

What are the reasons behind corrupt practice, what do the people think about it? According to the survey findings nearly half of the respondents, 48 percent, viewed politics or political party as the main factor behind promoting corruption.

Again 18 percent viewed bureaucracy (government)

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a}zfv @)&# . 55

as main factor behind promoting corruption. Lack of political will and dishonesty or negligence of citizen are considered as main factor behind promoting corruption by 15 and 10 percent respondents respectively.

Combating corruption is a multi-stakeholder’s endeavour. Government is in position to lead the society’s response to combat corruption, to set

standards, to put anti-corruption laws in place and ensure they are implemented successfully. Besides this, the roles of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are considered as vital to fight against corruption.

There are so many government agencies which are directly involved in combating corruption like CIAA, NVC, Police etc. These government agencies fight against corruption according to the anticorruption laws enacted by government. Effectiveness of government actions to combat corruption is entirely depends on transparency, accountability and capacity of those agencies, judicial system and all above the political willingness of ruling party. Are government actions enough to fight corruption? Most of the respondents (43%) think that the government actions are neither effective nor ineffective. Figure 4.3.1 shows the data.

Only 29 percent of the respondents considered the actions to be either very effective or somewhat effective. Again 28 percent thinks government actions are to be either very ineffective or somewhat ineffective.

From the above discussion it is clear that, in spite of several sorts of measures taken by different government and non-government agencies to combat corruption, the corruption situation has not

improved as per the expectation level of the country. Appropriate measures needs to be taken to fight corruption. Some recommendations have been made in the study based on the findings of the survey:

Public officials engaged in corrupt practices must be undertaken to trial. On the other hand initiative needs to be taken to increase their skills and capacity regarding service delivery.

Every institution must adopt its own Code of Conduct. Accountability and transparency must be ensured on this basis.

Steps should be taken for providing both positive and negative incentives to prevent corruption. Benefits of government officials must be increased in accordance with the cost of living to prevent ‘corruption out of needs’. At the same time reward and punishment must be ensured on the basis of performance of public officials in providing services.

Digitization of Service Delivery System and implementation of Citizen's Charter for all the service-providing institutions.

The concerned institutions (law inforcement agencies, judiciary) must act professionally to establish the rule of law.

Establishing an Independent and Effective Anti-corruption.

Increasing the Roles of Civil Society and media

Above all, the political will is very much necessary to fight against corruption by all political party. In doing so it should act beyond any bias or fear.9

(Md. Rabiul Islam is a FK-Exchange Fellow at Transparency International Nepal from

Transparency International, Bangladesh)

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On the day Transparency International launches its Global Corruption Report: Sport, an in-depth report looking at why sport has become so corrupt and what can be done to stop this, the anti-corruption group is also announcing the results of a new poll that shows just how much fans distrust FIFA, football’s governing body.“As fans we have a love affair with football. When our teams win we are ecstatic, when they lose we are devastated. But when results – whether of games, or rights for hosting events, elections, etc. - are driven not by fair competition, but by corruption, we feel betrayed,” said Cobus de Swardt, managing director of Transparency International.“Sport should be a force for good in the world but the latest scandals not only in football, but in athletics and tennis, have exposed just how vulnerable it is to corruption. This must stop now,” added de Swardt.“Public trust will only be restored in FIFA, the IAAF and the world of sport if large-scale reforms are not only implemented, but are seen to be implemented

transparently. We expect real and irreversible change in 2016,” said Gareth Sweeney, editor of the Global Corruption Report: Sport.The Transparency International/Forza Football poll showed that although most fans have no confidence in FIFA, half said it had a chance to restore its reputation:

69 per cent of fans have no confidence in FIFA.•50 per cent said that FIFA had a chance to restore •its reputation.43 per cent said the scandals are affecting how •they enjoy football60 per cent would not choose any of the current •candidates standing in the FIFA presidential election this week

25,000 fans took the poll on the Forza Football app in 28 countries. (See below for full poll results).“FIFA should take this message to heart. Unless it acts more fans will turn away from football. The trust levels are low but the fans will give FIFA a chance if it acts now,” said Sweeney.

Global Corruption Report:Sport and results of new poll on fan distrust of FIFA69% OF FANS POLLED HAVE NO CONFIDENCE IN FIFA

Transparency International calls on people everywhere to speak out against corruption Berlin, 27 January 2016 – 2015 showed that people working together can succeed in the battle against corruption. Although corruption is still rife globally, more countries improved their scores in the 2015 edition of Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index than declined. Overall, two-thirds of the 168 countries on the 2015 index scored below 50, on a scale from 0 (perceived to be highly corrupt) to 100 (perceived to be very clean). Yet in places like Guatemala, Sri Lanka and Ghana, citizen activists in groups and on their own worked hard to drive out the corrupt, sending a strong message that should encourage others to take decisive action in 2016. “Corruption can be beaten if we work together. To stamp out the abuse of power, bribery and shed

light on secret deals, citizens must together tell their governments they have had enough.

“The 2015 Corruption Perceptions Index clearly shows that corruption remains a blight around the world. But 2015 was also a year when people again took to the streets to protest corruption. People across the globe sent a strong signal to those in power: it is time to tackle grand corruption,” said José Ugaz, Chair of Transparency International.

Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power that benefits the few at the expense of the many, and causes serious and widespread harm to individuals and society. It often goes unpunished. This year Transparency International is calling on all people to take action by voting at unmaskthecorrupt.org. We want to know which cases the public most believe merit urgent attention to send a message that we will take a stand against grand corruption. Brazil was the biggest decliner in the index, falling 5

Corruption Perceptions Index 2015: Corruption still rife but 2015 saw pockets of hope

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The Global Corruption Report: SportTackling corruption in sport is possible. The Global Corruption Report: Sport provides a comprehensive overview of the root causes of corruption across sport and outlines evidence-based recommendations from leading experts in the field on what needs to be done to clean up sports.The report stresses the need for greater participation of all those involved from the fans who buy tickets, the athletes who provide the entertainment to the sponsors and broadcasters who fund sports activities and the citizens of countries and cities that host big event.The Global Corruption Report: Sport addresses corruption risks over 60 articles from a broad range of contributors, including the International Olympic Committee, UNESCO, government bodies, players’ organisations, athletes past and present, supporters groups, civil society, academics and journalists.Topic covered include political interference in Asian football, corruption trends in African sport, and corruption risks in the football transfer market and there are more than 15 country specific articles: labour rights in Qatar, the World Cup legacy and Olympics in Brazil, financing the Sochi Winter Olympics, following the World Cup money in Russia, political control of football in Hungary, governance of cricket in Bangladesh, ownership of football clubs in the UK, corruption in US collegiate

sports and more.The Global Corruption Report: Sport puts forward a series of detailed recommendationsincluding:

Increased independent oversight in international •sports governance.Stringent and transparent criteria for eligibility, •plus independent verification for all senior decision-making positions.Increased financial transparency in all sports •associations, the money they make and how it is disbursed, far beyond minimum legal requirements of host countries.Citizen engagement in bids for major sporting •events and the need for formal safeguards to stop corruption and all human rights, labour, environmental and social sustainability abuses.The need for sponsors to promote integrity and •hold sports organisations to the same standards that they apply to their supply chain.Further exploration of the need for a global anti-•corruption sports agency.

Transparency International calls for these recommendations to be applied to all international sports organisations, particularly those facing corruption scandals such as the IAAF in athletics. It will also use them as a checklist for FIFA reform in the first 100 days under its new president to be elected on 26 February.9

points and dropping 7 positions to a rank of 76. The unfolding Petrobras scandal brought people into the streets in 2015 and the start of judicial process may help Brazil stop corruption. Good news stories on the fight against corruption can be found on our website here about Mongolia, here on Guatemala and here on whistleblowing and include successes from our network of more than 100 chapters.

The results The index covers perceptions of public sector corruption in 168 countries. Denmark took the top spot for the 2nd year running, with North Korea and Somalia the worst performers, scoring just 8 points each. Top performers share key characteristics: high levels of press freedom; access to budget information so the public knows where money comes from and how it is spent; high levels of integrity among people in power; and judiciaries that don’t differentiate between rich and poor, and that are truly independent from other parts of government. In addition to conflict and war, poor governance,

weak public institutions like police and the judiciary, and a lack of independence in the media characterise the lowest ranked countries. The big decliners in the past 4 years include Libya, Australia, Brazil, Spain and Turkey. The big improvers include Greece, Senegal and UK. The Corruption Perceptions Index is based on expert opinions of public sector corruption. Countries’ scores can be helped by open government where the public can hold leaders to account, while a poor score is a sign of prevalent bribery, lack of punishment for corruption and public institutions that don’t respond to citizens’ needs.9### Transparency International is the global civil society organisation leading the fight against corruption. Media contacts: Chris Sanders T: +49 30 34 38 20 666 E: [email protected] For daily anti-corruption updates follow us on: Twitter: twitter.com/anticorruption Facebook: facebook.com/transparencyinternational Google Plus: plus.google.com/+transparencyinternational Or subscribe to: transparency.org/getinvolved/stayinformed

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Corruption Perceptions Index 2015

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Act Against Corruption Today


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