TRNG I HC XY DNGKHOA KINH T V QUN L XY DNG

TIU LUNQUN L TH

CH :THC TRNG QUN L MI TRNG THNH PH STOCKHOLM

SINH VIN: LU KHNG DUYM SV: 1344.55LP: 55QD1

H NI 5/2014Mc Lc1. Gii thiu3a) Tim hiu chung v thu Stockholm - Thy in3b) Qun l mi trng Thnh ph Stockholm52. Ni dung qun l mi trng Thnh ph Stockholm6a) Nc6b) Nng Lng6c) Qun L Cht Thi7d) Giao thng8e) Sinh thi103. Kt lun11

1. Gii thiu a) Tim hiu chung v thu Stockholm - Thy inStockholm l th ca Thy in, mt thnh ph ng dn nht bn o Scandinavia vi dn s 871.952 ngi (nm 2010), trong khi vng 1.372.565 ti khu th (nm 2010) v 2.119.760 ngi ti th (nm 2010). Tnh n nm 2010, Stockholm tr thnh ni c tr ca khong 22% tng dn s Thy in.c thnh lp t nm 1250, hoc u nm 1187, t lu Stockholm tr thnh trung tm vn ha, truyn thng, kinh t, v chnh tr ca Thy in. Stockholm c v th chin lc tri dc 14 o trn b bin hng ng Nam ca Thy in v ca h Mlaren, gn qun o Stockholm v c gi tr lch s c bit quan trng. Stockholm c GaWC xp vo thnh ph ton cu, vi xp hng Beta+. Trong Ch s Thnh ph Ton cu 2008, Stockholm xp hng 24 th gii, th 10 chu u v ng u Scandinavia. Stockholm ni ting vi v p ca n, cc ta nh, kin trc, nc nhiu v sch v nhiu cng vin. i khi thnh ph cn c mnh danh l Venice Phng Bc.Nm 2010, Th ca Thy in ginh c danh hiu Th xanh ca chu u do y ban chu u phong tng.Thnh ph Stockholm

Quc giaThy in

th th Stockholm

HtStockholm

TnhSdermanland v Uppland

Hin chngTh k 13

Din tch

Thnh ph188km

th377,3km(145,7mi)

Vng th6.519km(2.517mi)

Dn s (30 thng 6 nm 2007)

Thnh ph851.155

Mt 4.160/km(10.774,4/mi)

th1,252,020 (2.010)

Vng th2.063.945(6,519 km)

Hnh 1.2-1.3: Th Stockholm (Thy in)b) Qun l mi trng Thnh ph Stockholm Thnh ph Stockholm, th Thy in l m hnh pht trin th bn vng nh ng dng quy hoch hp l kt hp chnh sch qun l mi trng hon ho. l quy hoch c tm nhn bao qut c tnh n nhng li ch sinh thi v vic s dng ti nguyn hiu qu.Chng trnh Mi trng Stockholm lp ra nhng mc tiu v nguyn tc mi trng: Giao thng hiu qu i vi mi trng. Hng ha cht lng tt v cc cng trnh xy dng trnh c nhng vt cht nguy him. S dng nng lng bn vng. S dng t v nc bn vng. X l nc vi mc tc ng mi trng ti thiu. Mt mi trng trong nh trong lnh.Stockholm thc thi nhng chng trnh hnh ng v kh thi nh knh v bin i kh hu, ku gi hp tc t nhng t chc cng, t v nhng c nhn sinh sng v lm vic ti thnh ph. Thnh ph tin hnh nhiu bin php, bao gm vic p dng nhin liu sinh hc, h thng lm mt, giao thng thn thin mi trng. Kt qu l lng kh thi nh knh gim t 5,3 tn xung cn 4 tn CO2 t nm 1990 n 2005. Thnh ph cng cng u tin hiu qu v chi ph trong qu trnh bo tn ngun ti nguyn. Mc tiu di hn ca Stockholm l hon ton khng s dng nhin liu ha thch vo nm 2050

Hnh 1.4: M hnh hiu qu nng lng v mi trng bn vng thnh ph Stockholm2. Ni dung qun l mi trng Thnh ph Stockholma) NcThnh ph Stockholm thc hin Chng trnh Ti nguyn Nc (Water Programme) trong giai on 2006-2015 theo Ch th khung v Ti Nguyn Nc Chu u (EU Water Framework Directive WFD). Chng trnh Ti nguyn Nc quy nh c th mc tiu v bin php thc hin t cht lng nc b mt tt cho tt c cc h v knh rch ca thnh ph.ng thi, chng trnh ny cng hng ti mc tiu pht trin cc hot ng gii tr ca nhng khu vc c ti nguyn nc. Hai vn chnh ca mi trng sng ca thy sinh ti Stockholm l hin tng ph dng v cc cht c hi.

b) Nng LngTrc nhng nm 1950, 1960 phn ln cc khu dn c Stockholm c si m bng nhin liu than, du nn Th ca Thy in b ngp trong b hng v ch c mt mu xm xt. Sau , chin lc mi trng xanh, nng lng sch c khi xng, Stockholm bt u xy nhng khu th mi v quyt nh em nng lng ti tng nh, c nc nng v kh t bng nhng h thng ngm hin i. n nm 2010, 80% h gia nh y c kt ni vi h thng si chung ca khu ph v 83% nng lng dng cho vic si m l nng lng sch. Vic chuyn i t si m bng du sang si m khu vc lm gim 593.000 tn pht thi kh nh knh k t nm 1990 n nay. Vic s dng h thng si m khu vc c tch hp quy trnh kim sot nhim tin tin v quy trnh c ti u ha lm gim s lng thit b un du trc y. ng thi cn gip gim lng pht thi kh CO2, v cc cht gy c hi. Tnh t u nhng nm 1960 cho n nay, lng SO2 gim c 95%.Lng pht thi t giao thng vn ti tng i thp, tt c loi tu v xe but trong ni thnh u chy bng nhin liu ti to. Ngoi ra, t nm 1990, lng pht thi kh nh knh gim 25%. V Hi ng Thnh ph ra mc tiu n nm 2050 s khng cn s dng nng lng ha thch.Cc nh my ln sn xut ng thi c in v nhit c gi l ng pht. Mt trong nhng nh my in nhit kt hp ny l Hgdalen, l ni chuyn cht thi ca thnh ph thnh nng lng sch. Nhit trong nc thi cng c s dng sn xut nhit si cho khu vc.

c) Qun L Cht ThiNgun ngn sch ch yu dnh cho vic Qun l cht thi ti Stockholm u t ph thu gom rc thi. L ph ny c ra trong biu thu cht thi do Hi ng Thnh ph Stockholm thng qua. L ph thu gom cht thi s do ch mi cng trnh chi tr phc v cho vic thu gom v x l rc thi sinh hot cng nh vic qun l v cung cp thng tin lin quan n vn x l rc thi ca thnh ph.Vic qun l cht thi u c quy nh cp quc gia cng nh cc cp tnh, thnh ph. cp quc gia, cc quy nh trng tm bao gm Lut Mi trng, Lut X l Cht thi v cc quy nh v trch nhim ca chnh n v/ c nhn x thi. Bn cnh , cn c mt s lut v quy nh c th c b sung cho tng loi cht thi, giao thng vn ti, vic qun l cht thi v nhng lnh vc lin quan.c bit l khu th pht trin bn vng Hammarby Sjstad. i ng kin trc s u tin gii php ti ch cht thi theo hng p ng cao nht nhu cu tiu th nng lng ca ngi dn sinh sng ti y. ng Malena Karlsson, thuc trung tm thng tin Stockholm gii thch: Hammarby Sjstad khng phi l mt khu ph t cung t cp nng lng, song mc tiu l lm sao cho 50% ngun nng lng s dng phi c chnh cc h dn t sn xut.Ti Hammarby Sjstad, mi ngy c 5 tn rc thi c a i x l. Vic thu gom rc thi cng rt nh nhng, bi khu ph ny xy dng c mt h thng ng ngm, qua rc thi sinh hot t cc h dn s c ht vi vn tc 20m/giy, a thng v khu nh my x l chnh nm cch 2km.Song, iu quan trng nht l rc c phn loi cn thn t mi h gia nh v sau c vt vo cc thng ly rc ngay trc cc cn h: bo ch v giy cc loi s c ti ch; thc n d tha v cc cht thi t nh bp s c dng lm phn bn hay kh t sinh hc. Cc loi rc t c s c ti s dng thnh nng lng cho cc mc ch dn sinh khc nhau

Hnh 2.1: Hammarby Sjstad, khu th xanh nht Stockholm, mt kiu mu pht trin th thn thin vi mi trng ca Thy in

d) Giao thngStockholm xy dng c mt h thng giao thng vn ti rt Thy in, h thng ny c t hng hng my tnh IBM c tn l Smarter Planet (hnh tinh thng minh). Chnh quyn thnh ph tn khong 3,8 t kronor (hn 500 triu USD) xy dng h thng thu ph gi cao im v cng phi tri qua rt nhiu ln trng cu dn cng nh au u vi lun im ca phe i lp khi cho rng thu ph gi cao im l i ngc li vi hnh thi dn ch. Nhng ri d n cng c thng qua v p dng. Vic thu thu cu ng v giao thng ni th gip gim 20% lu lng giao thng (xe c nhn) ti trung tm thnh ph trong vng 4 nm, gim 30-50% thi gian i li v gim 10-14% lng kh thi carbon. Lng carbon thi ra Stockholm l thp nht chu u. Hin 77% lng xe ra vo Th l phng tin giao thng cng cng. Bn cnh , thnh ph cng xy dng thm 750km ng dnh cho xe p. Kt qu l s lng ngi dn di chuyn bng xe p tng ln gp i trong vng 10 nm. 50% ngi dn c thi quen s dng xe in ngm v c n 50% xe but chy bng nng lng ti to.T thng 8, nm 2011, Phng Mi trng ca Stockholm a ra cc gii php qun l v cng ty chy th cc t in. Trn 80% s ln chy th xe da trn vic vn hnh th v gi tr kinh t cho kt qu a ra quyt nh mua xe t in.Cc loi t chy bng kh tanol gim pht thiu kh CO2 ti thiu l 65% khi thay t nhin liu xng du thng thng sang tanol. tanol c sn xut t ma, cc loi cy v la m ging Thy in. Khng ch cc loi t m gn 75% lu lng giao thng ti y u chy bng ngun nng lng ti to v cc phng tin vn ti ng st u s dng 100% nng lng ti to. Stockholm c khong 400 chic xe bus chy bng tanol, l thnh ph c lng xe bus chy bng tanol nhiu nht th gii, xp x 100 chic xe bus chy bng kh sinh hc.Cc phng tin chy bng kh sinh hc gip gim 85% lng pht thi kh CO2. Stockholm, kh sinh hc ch yu c sn xut t bn nc thi, nhng cng c cc bin php khc sn xut ra kh sinh hc t cc ph phm nng nghip v lng thc n b i. Thnh ph hp tc cng vi cc n v sn xut v phn phi kh sinh hc, bt u gia tng th phn kh sinh hc.

Hnh 2.2: H thng giao thng cng cng Stockholm c xem l hin i nht chu u vi h thng tu in ngm v xe but hot ng rt tt v khoa hc. Vo gi cao im nhng xe c nhn vo - ra thnh ph u b kim sot bi h thng theo di ti cc ng t v c thu ph

e) Sinh thi Stockholm, hu nh ni no cng gn cc cng vin v nhng con ng rp bng cy. 30 000 cy chy dc hai bn l ng gp phn to nn cm gic v mt thnh ph xanh. Cy chanh l cam, cy u v cy si l nhng loi cy ph bit nht. Cc loi cy ny c kh nng hi phc cao v c kh nng chng chu c cc tc ng ca mi trng cng nh iu kin ngoi cnh. Vic la chn cc loi cy ph thuc vo c im, cc loi xung quanh c phi l khu ng c n rn cho ti cc khu dn c yn tnh. Mt s loi cy khng c php s dng v c th gy d ng cho con ngi. 95% c dn thnh ph u sng trong bn knh 300m gn khu vc c cy xanh to iu kin gip ci thin cht lng cuc sng ti a phng, phc v cho cc hot ng gii tr, lc nc sch, gim thiu nhim ting n cng nh gip nng cao a dng snh hc v h sinh thi.V nh sng trong cn h sinh thi, nhng c dn Stockholm cng tng bc tr thnh nhng cng dn sinh thi hng nht Thy in, sng tun theo cc quy tc nghim ngt bo v mi trngng Gunnar Soderholm, ph trch qun l mi trng v sc khe ti Ta th chnh Stockholm cho bit: Mc tiu n nm 2050, thnh ph s gim lng kh thi xung cn 3 tn, mc d con s ny hin nay l 3,4 tn, t chun chu u v cao hn nhiu so vi Hoa K. ng thi, ton b nng lng s dng s l nng lng ti to.

Hnh 2.3: Nhng ti ti s dng c tn dng trit ti cc h gia nh3. Kt lunXy dng c mt Th Stockholm xanh nh hin nay khng phi l cng vic ca ngy mt ngy hai. Thnh ph ny phi mt nhiu thp nin lin tc hng n mc tiu ci to v bo v mi trng sng cho ngi dn. Kt qu ny l minh chng cho nng lc lnh o tuyt vi v quy hoch v thc thi cc chin lc pht trin th bn vng chnh quyn thnh ph v cc i tc, cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau.y l nhng kinh nhim ng qu rt ra cho chnh quyn thnh ph Vit Nam.