Tiểu luận nông sản_ Quy trình sản xuất giấm

7/27/2019 Tiu lun nng sn_ Quy trnh sn xut gim

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BCNG THNG

TRNG H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

VIN CNG NGH SHTP

TIU LUNMN CNG NGH BO QUN V CH

BIN NNG SN TI:

TM HIU V SN XUT GIM

GVHD: NGUYN TH HONG YN

SVTH: L HONG BO QUN 10246361TRN NG PHNG 10264641

MSHP: 210503303

LP: HTP6C


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Tm hiu v sn xut gim Page 1

MC LCLI NIU............................................................................................................................................... 3

1 Tng quan v gim................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1 Khi nim...................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Phn loi gim............................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Phng thc tng qut ch bin gim........................................................................................... 4

1.4 Thnh phn dinh dng trong gim.............................................................................................. 4

1.5 Chc nng ca gim...................................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Tnh hnh sn xut v gim nc ta hin nay ............................................................................ 6

1.7 Mt s cng ty sn xut gim trn thtrng ............................................................................... 7

2 Tng quan nguyn liu.......................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Go ................................................................................................................................................ 72.1.1 Ngun gc ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.2 Sn xut................................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.3 Gi trdinh dng ca go.................................................................................................... 8

2.1.4 Cu to ht go...................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Ng................................................................................................................................................ 9

2.2.1 Ngun gc ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.2 Sn xut............................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3 Gi trdinh dng ............................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4 Cu to ca ng................................................................................................................... 11

2.3 Nho.............................................................................................................................................. 11

2.3.1 Ngun gc ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Sn xut............................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 Gi trdinh dng ............................................................................................................... 12

2.4 iu............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.4.1 Ngun gc ........................................................................................................................... 132.4.2 Sn xut............................................................................................................................... 13

2.4.3 Gi trdinh dng ............................................................................................................... 13

2.4.4 Cu to ht iu................................................................................................................... 14

3 nh hng ca iu kin mi trng dinh dng ti qu trnh ln men............................................ 15

3.1 nh hng ca O2....................................................................................................................... 15


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3.2 nh hng ca nhit .............................................................................................................. 15

3.3 nh hng ca cc ngun C,N,P v nguyn tvi lng............................................................ 15

4 Quy trnh sn xut gim ...................................................................................................................... 15

4.1 Quy trnh sn xut gim .............................................................................................................. 15

4.1.1 Phng php ln men chm ................................................................................................ 17

4.1.2 Phng php ln men nhanh............................................................................................... 19

4.1.3 Phng php ln men chm:................................................................................................ 23

4.1.4 Phng php ln men kt hp:............................................................................................ 24

4.2 Tm hiu quy trnh ...................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1 V nguyn liu .................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.2 V chng vi sinh vt............................................................................................................ 25

4.3 C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt ................................................................................................ 304.3.1 C sl thuyt: bn cht ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic................................................ 30

4.3.2 C ch ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic ............................................................................ 30

4.3.3 Lo ha................................................................................................................................ 33

4.4 Nhng bin i sinh l v sinh ha............................................................................................. 34

4.4.1 Bin ng vi sinh vt .......................................................................................................... 34

4.4.2 Bin ng ha hc............................................................................................................... 35

5 Mt s dng h hng trong qu trnh ln men .................................................................................... 36

5.1 Gim bc v gim chua...................................................................................................... 36

5.2 B gim ....................................................................................................................................... 36

5.3 Rui gim.................................................................................................................................... 37

6 Cc ch tiu trong sn xut gim ......................................................................................................... 37

7 Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi ........................................................................................................... 38

7.1 Gim toCnh st chng mp hon ho .............................................................................. 38

7.2 Thy sm..................................................................................................................................... 39

8 Ph lc ................................................................................................................................................ 398.1 Ph lc ti liu ............................................................................................................................ 39

8.2 Ph lc hnh ................................................................................................................................ 40

9 Nhng on video lin quan ti qu trnh sn xut gim. .................................................................. 43

10 Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................................... 44


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LI NI U

Nu nh mn n l mt ngh thut th gia v chnh l mu cht lm nn ngh thut

. Gim cng c xem nh l mt loi gia v khng th thiu trong i sng hngngy.

Txa xa, gim l mt thnh t quan trng v thit yu, c s dng ph bintrong cc nn m thc Chu v Chu u.

Ngoi vic s dng lm gia v, gim cn c dng nh l mt nguyn liu chocng ngh ln men, dng trong y hc c s dng nh mt cht st trng nh, chngc, cha v phng mt s bnh..

c c nhng cng dng v cng hu ch trn th ta cn gim c cht lngtt, sn xut gim c cht lng m bo th quy trnh cng nghnh hng rt ln.

bi tiu lun ny, chng ta s tm hiu s lc v gim, cng dng, chc nng,thnh phn ca n, ng thi s tm hiu thm v quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ragim, cc bin i v mt sinh ha.

Nh th no mi l mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut gim c cht lng v bncht ca quy trnh l nh th no?

Sau y, nhm chng em xin c trnh by r hn qu trnh sn xut gim hinnay cng nh nhng vn lin quan.

Vi shng dn ca thy b mn : NGUYN TH HONG YN chng em hon thnh tiu lun : CNG NGH SN XUT GIM.

Bi lm ca nhm s cn nhiu thiu st, mc d chng em c gng nhiumong c thng cm v gp chng em hiu v tin bhn trong nhng bi tiu lun, n sau ny. Chn thnh cm n c !


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1 Tng quan v gim1.1 Khi nim

Gim c tn ting Anh l vinegar, c ngun gc t gim ting php gi l: ruvang chua.

Mt s gim ni ting th gii nh: gim en Nht Bn Orihiro, gim balamic tinhty n t Bc , gim mch nha Anh, gim ru vang Php,

1.2 Phn loi gim Gim n: l mt cht lng c v chua cha 3% axit axetic, c hnh thnh t s

ln men ethanol (C2H5OH)

Gim go (gim ct): ly lng thc, ng lm nguyn liu chnh, thng quavic vi sinh vt ln men. Thnh phn dinh dng ca n c axit axetic, ng,

axit hu c, vitamin, mui v c rt tt cho vic trao i cht trong c th. Gim pha ch (gim ha hc):ly axit axetic tinh luyn lm nguyn liu chnh,

thm nc pha long m thnh, khng c thnh phn dinh dng khc. Nu sdng axit axetic cng nghip lm nguyn liu i vi c thngi s dng lc hi.

1.3 Phng thc tng qut ch bin gimGim c hnh thnh t sln men ru ethanol (C2H5OH).

Phng trnh tng qut:

C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + 117 Kcal

Gim l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men ru gm 3 giai on chnh:

G 1: Thy phn tinh bt thnh glucose (nu c cht l tinh bt). G 2:ng phn glucose thnh axit pyruvic v NADH2. G 3: Ln men ru tht s.

1.4 Thnh phn dinh dng trong gim-

Thnh phn axit amin rt phong ph: 18 loi axit amin m c thngi khngtng hp c, c 8 loi axit amin thc vt cung cp.- C v ngt nn gim trnn iu hp ng vgip c th hp th v tiu ha thc

n tt hn.- Hm lng axit hu c cao. Trong , axit axetic l thnh phn chnh v cn c

hn 10 loi axit khc: axit lactic, axit gc xeton, axit citric, Mt s axit hu cny cng l kt qu ca vic phn gii v tng hp trong qu trnh trao i cht


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dinh dng: protid, ng, mtrong qu trnh phn ng sinh hc cng cung cpnng lng cho c th.

- Vic tng hp axit hu c lm cho v chua ca thc n cng thanh, du ngt, luli lu trong ming lm gim c vti v ngon.

-

Trong gim c axit hu c lm cho thnh phn dinh dng trong thc n c chbin lm cho c th d hp th.- Trong gim c cc vitamin B1, B2, C- Mui v c trong gim v cng phong ph nh Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, P gip

iu ha ng v, tng mi v ca gim, tc dng cn bng mi trng axit kimtrong c th. Fe l mt thnh phn to hng cu gip vic vn chuyn oxi v tomu cho c th.

- Nguyn tvi lng Ca, Fe, Cu, P gip qu trnh sinh l chng gi yu v qutrnh sinh trng tui dy th, l thnh phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh trao

i cht.1.5 Chc nng ca gim

- Tiu trbnh tt:Gim cha nhiu axit hu c gip thay thng, thc y axit lactic v axit acetic

tn trtrong c bp s phn gii v tiu tr cc thnh phn gy mt mi cho c th.

- iu ha mi trng trong c th:Gim l thc phm c tnh kim sinh l, qua s trao i cht trong c th sn sinh

phn ng tnh kim. Dm c thtrung ha lng ln thc n c tnh axit: tht, c,trng, t duy tr, cn bng axit kim trong c th

- Qu trnh tiu ha v hp th ddng:Cc cht trong gim cng nh axit amin c th kch thch trung khu thn kinh nongi c thc, tng cng chc nng tiu ha ca ddy. ng thi gim cn ckhnng ha tan cc cht dinh dng mui v c phosphat, Fe, Ca phng chng s

ph hoi ca vitamin C.

- Chng lo ha:c chtrong c th hnh thnh loi moxi ha c tc dng tr hon c th b lo ha.

- Dit khun, khng c:Gim c tnh dit khun mnh, c ch khnng ca vi trng. V d: vi trng que bnhthng hn, vi trng qua i trng,


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- Phng tr cao huyt p v s cng ng mch:C tc dng tan huyt lm cho mch mu chy bnh thng, n nh huyt p.

- Tng cng chc nng bi tit ca thn, phng nga si thn trong c th:Nc tiu ca con ngi thng mang tnh axit lm mui trong nc tiu kt tinhthnh si. Gim c th bin nc tiu thnh kim tnh, c th phng chng si ngthi lm ha tan si thn trong axit.

- Tr bnh gan mn tnh:Cc bnh nh: x gan, vim gan, lng axit d dy gim thiu, chua t i, khngdit tr hiu qu cc vi khun t khoang ming vo trong d dy. Gim c tnh nngst khun nn c th lm thuyn gim.

- Tr bnh bo ph:Gim cha amoni axit thc y mchuyn ha trong c thngi thnh nng lngtiu hao ca c th, thc y thun li lm cho vic trao i cht ca cht dinh dngnh protid, ng, do gip gim bo ph tt.

- Dit k sinh trng nh giun a, giun kim.- Khng ung th- Lm p da-

Gii ru:Axit trong gim c th hp th axit acetic cn trong c thngi, gim c tnh cnvi h thn kinh, gii ru.

- Lm du chng khi bau, rt c.- Gim au khp.- Tt cho ddy,

1.6 Tnh hnh sn xut v gim nc ta hin nayVit Nam l nc nng nghip c kh hu nhit i nn c nhiu loi rau quc

trng, giu cht dinh dng, thm ngon: sapoche, da, chui, u , Vic ch bingim lun gn lin vi hot ng bo qun v ch bin rau qu v phn ln lp v, qu bloi, cc sn phm bi khi x l rau qu vn c thc s dng ln men gim.

Gim nui nc ta hin nay chc sn xut qui m hgia nh, gi thnh khcao so vi gim ha hc, cht dinh dng li thp, gim li bc v chua khng cao.


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1.7 Mt s cng ty sn xut gim trn thtrngCng ty CP XNK A Tun Khang chuyn sn xut cc sn phm gia vnh: nc

mm, gim n tinh luyn, nc p tht, gim hoa qu, tng, dm n, Trn 11 nmpht trin v nh hnh thng hiu, cng ty c khch hng bit n vi hn 25 dng

sn phm v gia v. i tng chnh l gia nh, nh hng, qun n, Sn phm cacng ty c mt hu ht cc siu th ti TP HCM v cc tnh ln cn.

Cng ty ha cht cng ngh Vit Hoa chuyn sn xut gim cng nghip(CH3COOH). Sn phm c sn xut ti Hn Quc, tinh khit t 99%. Websitecng ty: http://hoachatvnn.com/

Cng ty TNHH Nh Nc Mt Thnh Vin Thc Phm H Ni. Vi truyn thngnhiu nm trong ngnh sn xut thc phm, thng qua cng ngh, k thut tin tin kthp b quyt dn gian, cc sn phm ca cng ty lun m bo c hng v truyn

thng v tinh ty m thc lu i ca con ngi Vit Nam. Mt trong nhng sn phmni ting l gim go. Hin nay, ngoi vic ng dng thit b ci tin trong qu trnh snxut, ton b qui trnh sn xut ang c qun l theo tiu chun HACCP do t chcRWTUV ca c cp chng nhn. [1]

2 Tng quan nguyn liu:S dng hu ht cc loi nguyn liu c ngun gc nng nghip gm tinh bt, ng.

Da vo nguyn liu ln men gim ngi ta chia ra 2 nhm nguyn liu chnh:

- Nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt: Go, ng, la m, i mch,- Nguyn liu cha ng: Mt ong, nho, to, iu,

2.1 Go:Go l mt sn phm lng thc thu t cy la. Ht go thng c mu trng, nu

hoc thm, nhiu dinh dng. Ht go chnh ca nhn l thc sau khi xay tch bv tru. Ht go sau khi xay gi l go lt, nu tip tc xt tch cm gi l go xt haygo trng. Go l lng thc ph bin mt na dn s th gii. [2]

2.1.1 Ngun gc:Cy la hin nay c ngi dn gieo trng l kt qu x l trong phng th

nghim, lai to tnhin cng nh nhn to.
http://hoachatvnn.com/http://hoachatvnn.com/


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2.1.2 Sn xut:Go l sn phm t cy la v nm trong mt qu trnh sn xut nng nghip,

thng bao gm nhng khu chnh sau: lm t, chn thc ging, gieo ht, m m, cy,chm bn (bn phn, nc), gt v xay xt.

Vit Nam c 2 vng trng la chnh lng bng sng Hng pha Bc v ngbng sng Cu Long min nam. Hng nm sn xut ca cnc t 3334 triu tnthc, trong ch s dng khong 8 triu tn cho xut khu. Cn li tiu thtrong ncv b sung d tr quc gia.

min Bc: c 2 v la chnh: v chim v v ma

min Nam: 3 v mt nm: vng xun (sn lng v cht lng cao nht), v h thuv vba. Do l hng nm ng bng sng Cu Long nhng nm gn y nh hng

n sn xut, ngi dn n nh kim li t vic nui thy sn, trng cy n qu v vycho nn chnh quyn khuyn co nng dn gim v chuyn i mt phn t trng la vba.

B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn l b ch qun, qun l vic sn xutla go Vit Nam.[2]

2.1.3 Gi trdinh dng ca goGi trdinh dng 100g (3,5oz)

Nng lng 365 kcalCacbohydrat 79g

ng 0,12g

Cht x thc phm 1,3g

Cht bo 0,66g

Protein 7,13g

Nc 11,62g

Vitamin B1 0,070 mg (5%)



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Vitamin B9 8 g (2%)

Canxi 28 mg (3%)

St 0,80 mg (6%)

Magie 25 mg (7%)

Mangan 1,088 mg (54%)

Phospho 115 mg (16%)

Kali 115 mg (2%)

Km 1,09 mg (11%)

2.1.4 Cu to ht go- Ni nh:

c bao bc bi lp v cm, mu sc lp v cm ty theo ging la. Ni nh lphn d trdinh dng nui phi v khi ny mm th cung cp cht dinh dngcho phi pht trin thnh cy la non.

- Phi: pha cui ca ht thc, khi ny mm th phi pht trin thnh mm v r li bt

u mt chu k mi ca cy la.

2.2 Ng2.2.1 Ngun gc

Ng l mt loi cy lng thc c thun canh ti khu vc Trung Mv sau lan ta ra khp Chu M v lan ta ra phn cn li ca th gii vo cui th k15, u thk 16.


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2.2.2 Sn xutTrc y sn xut ng Vit Nam cn nh l v phn tn, ch yu l t cung t

cp theo nhu cu ca nng dn. T gia nhng nm 1980, hp tc vi trung tm ci toNg v La M Quc t (CIMMYT), nhiu ging ng ci tin c a vo trng trt

tng nng sut ln 1,5 tn/ha.Ngnh sn xut ng nc ta hin nay c bc i nhy vt t nhng nm 1990

n nay, do vic to cc ging ng lai v mrng din tch trng ng lai trong sn xut,kt hp p dng cc bin php k thut canh tc theo nhu cu ging mi.

Tnm 2006, nng sut v sn lng ng ca Vit Nam nhy vt cao nht. Tctng trng din tch, nng sut v sn lng ng cao hn nhiu ln so vi th gii,li nhun trng ng lai cao hn hn cc loi cy trng khc. Nm 2008, tng sn lngng thu c trn 4.531.200 tn. Nm 2009, tng sn lng ln ti trn 5.031.000 tn,

cao nht ttrc ti nay. Cc ging ng lai ca Vit Nam cng xut bn ra cc nctrn th gii. [3]

2.2.3 Gi trdinh dngGi trdinh dng 100g (3,5oz)

Nng lng 86 kcal

Cacbohydrat 19 g

ng 3,2 g

Cht x thc phm 2,7 g

Cht bo 1,2 g

Protein 3,2 g

Vitamin A 10 g (1%)



Vitamin B9 46 g (12%)

Vitamin C 7 mg (12%)


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St 0,5 mg (4%)

Magie 37 mg (10%)

Kali 270 mg (6%)

2.2.4 Cu to ca ngNg gm: cung, l bao, ru, li, v ht ng

- Cung l b phn ni ng vi thn. Cung gm nhiu t rt ngn, mi t c mtl bao (l bi) bao xung quanh ng.

- L bao: bo v cho ng trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin- Ru ng: l vi hoa vn di. Trn ru c nhiu lng t v tit ra nha lm cho ht

phn hoa dnh vo du.

-

Li ng: l trc nh cc hoa ci, nhim v ch yu l chuyn cc cht dinh dngt cy vo ht, c cu to t cc cht x v mt phn nh cc cht dinh dng.

i vi ng ti: l bao v ru chim 20%, li chim 20%, v ht chim 60% khilng ton ng.

i vi ng kh: ht chim 78% v li chim 22% khi lng ton ng.

Ht ng c cu to bi 5 phn chnh: my ht, v ht, lp biu b, ni nh v phiht

- My ht: l phn li ra ngoi cui ht. My ht l b phn nh ht vo li bp.- V ht: l lp mng mng bao quanh ht bo v ht.- Lp biu b:nm di lp v ht. Khi lng v v lp biu b chim 511%

khi lng ton ht.- Ni nh: chim 7583% khi lng ht v cha y tinh bt, c phn bit

thnh 2 min: min sng v min bt.- Phi ht: nm phn u nh ca ht, di lp biu b, cha tt c cc t bo pht

trin ca cy ng, ng vai tr quan trng nht trong s xut hin v pht trin cacc qu trnh sng. Phi chim 1015% khi lng ht.

2.3 Nho2.3.1 Ngun gc

Nho gc cc min n i kh u , cng c cc ging nho khc gc Mnhng cha trng vi quy m sn xut ti Vit Nam.


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Vit Nam, u u cng thy cy nho. T rt lu ngi dn H Ni trng dnnho quanh nh lm cnh v ly bng rm. Tri nh, chm b, v chua, gi tr thc

phm thp. Chkhu vc min Nam mi c nho trng kinh doanh, cht lng tuycha bng nho Bo Nha, California nhng khng thua cc tri cy khc.

Nho c trng nhiu nht vng Phan Rang v ni c nhng iu kin thuntin nht. [4]

2.3.2 Sn xutNinh Thun l qu hng ca nho, din tch trng nho ca tnh khong 2500 ha

vi nhiu loi ging nho mi cho nng sut, cht lng cao, sn lng hng nm n nht 6065 ngn tn.

Ging nho ch yu Ninh Thun l ging NH01-48. Kt qu trong sn xut cho

thy, tim nng nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca ging nho ny l kh cao. Tuy nhin,do cha c quan tm u t khoa hc k thut nn cy nho cha c iu kin pht trinng vi khnng ca n.

nho Ninh Thun c th cnh tranh vi cc loi nho nhp khu v hng ti snxut nho an ton cung cp cho nhu cu trong nc cng nh sn xut th cn phi cnhng bin php quy hoch vng sn xut nho cht lng cao, tp trung, u t nngcao trnh cho cn bk thut v cho ngi sn xut. [5]

2.3.3 Gi trdinh dngGi trdinh dng 100g

Protein 0.5 g

Canxi 9 mg

St 0,6 mg

Vitamin B1 0,1 mg

Vitamin C 4 mg

PolyPhenol Hm lng ln


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2.4 iu2.4.1 Ngun gc

iu l mt loi cy cng nghip di ngy thuc ho ln ht. Cy ny c ngungc tng bc Brasil. Ngy nay n c trng khp cc khu vc kh hu nhit i

ly nhn ht ch bin lm thc phm.

2.4.2 Sn xutNm 2011, cnc ch bin c hn 800 ngn tn ht iu nguyn liu, trong

ht iu th trong nc ch cung cp c gn mt na, phn cn li phi nhp khu tmt s quc gia ng Nam v Chu Phi. Nhng nm gn y, kh khn lin tip nvi ngnh sn xut ht iu khin cc doanh nghip ch bin xut khu ht iu chunhiu p lc.

Theo bo co ca B Nng nghippht trin nng thn, 10 thng u nm 2012,lng nhn iu xut khu ca Vit Nam t 181 ngn tn, t kim ngch 1.224 t USD,tng 25,8% vlng v 2,1% v gi tr so vi cng k nm 2011. Hin ti, Vit Nam vnang giu bng v xut khu nhn iu trn th gii. [6]

2.4.3 Gi trdinh dng Hm lng cht khong c trong nhn iu

Cht khong Nhn bc v la Nhn cha bc v laNatri 48 50

Kali 5421 65,5Canxi 248 268Magie 2536 2650St 60 64ng 22 25Km 38 42Mangan 18 19Photpho 8400 6900Lu hunh 1600 11600Clo 0 0

Hm lng cc axit aminArginine 10,3Histidin 1,8Lysine 3,3Tyrosine 3,2


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Phenylalanine 4,4Cystin 1Methionine 1,3Threonine 2,8Valin 4,5

Cc cht bo:nhn iu cc cht bo chim khong 47% trong s ny trn 80% cccht bo cha bo ha. Cc cht bo cha bo ha khng to cholesterol, c tc ngiu ha v gim lng cholesterol trong mu trnh cc bnh tim mch.

Axit bo:h triu chnh s cn bng cc cht bo bo ha v cholesterol trong cc tbo EFAs. EFAs c ch trong vic hnh thnh cc mng v chnh sa cc m. ThiuEFAs dn n bn tiu ng, hen ph qun ri lon thn v vim khp.

Cc cht ng: Hydrat Cacbon chim khong 20% nhn iu, trong ng ha tanchim 1% to ra mi, v d chu hp dn ca nhn iu m khng b bo ph.

Thnh phn x: l thnh phn c li, gim cholesterol t thc phm n vo, cha tobn, chng ung th, vim rut tha.

Vitamin:giu vitamin B, c bit l B1, kch thch n ngon ming v h thng thn kinh.Nhn iu cng giu vitamin E chng suy nhc, thiu mu.

Cht khong: giu cht khong: Calcium, Selenuin, Magnesium, km, phospho, Cu v

Fe di dng hu c c tc dng bo v sc khe v thn kinh cho con ngi.

Nng lng: cung cp 6 kcal/1kg thc phm. [7]

2.4.4 Cu to ht iuHt iu hnh qu thn, khi cn ti c mu xanh, khi kh chuyn mu nu hi

xm. Ht c chiu di trung bnh 2,53,5cm, rng 2cm, dy 11,5cm, trng lng 56g.

V cu to, ht iu gm v v nhn. Lp ngoi ca vtng i dy v xp, c

cha mt cht du, trong t nhin l cht bo v ht chng li s ph hoi ca cn trng.Lp trong cng ca v th mng hn v rt cng

Nhn do 2 l mm to thnh, c bao bc bi mt lp v la mu nu hi .Nhn l b phn n c, cha khong 40% lipid v 20% protid (theo trng lng), l bphn rt giu cht dinh dng. Theo trng lng ca ht iu th v chim 4550%, du


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v 1823%, v la 25%, cn li l nhn chim 2025%. Mt tn ht iu trung bnhcho 220kg nhn v 80200kg du vty theo phng php trch ly du.

3 nh hng ca iu kin mi trng dinh dng ti qu trnh ln men3.1 nh hng ca O2

Lng oxy cn thit ln gp i lng oxy l thuyt, cng thong kh nng sut lnmen cng cao. phng php nui cy chm do b mt tip xc gia t bo v khngkh b hn ch bi s bao ph dch ln men ca mng vng gim v dy lp dung dch.V vy, m qu trnh ln men ko di 3- 5 tun, nng gim thu c 3- 7% axit axetic.Phng php tun hon to din tip xc ln, qu trnh ln men gim 5- 7 ngy, phng

php ln men chm thi gian ln men 72- 96h , nng gim t 7- 14% [10]

3.2 nh hng ca nhit Acetobacter thuc nhm vi khun a m, nhit thch hp 25320C. Nhit

thp hoc cao qu cng gy nh hng n qu trnh ln men gim, nhit thp qutrnh ln men din ra chm, nhit cao qu gy c ch n qu trnh sinh sn t bo vikhun, hiu sut gim do sbay hi ca etylic v acetic. [10]

3.3 nh hng ca cc ngun C,N,P v nguyn tvi lng qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nhanh trong dch ln men cnb sung 1 s mui khong nh(NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, CaHPO4, FeCl3 ty theo nhu cu tng loi m ta b sung liulng thch hp.

Ngoi ra trong mi trng dinh dng cnb sung vitamin, cht kch thch sinh trngnh peptone, cao nm men,... trong mi trng dinh dng cn b sung sake, mui unnh, axit lactic, glycerine.

4 Quy trnh sn xut gim4.1 Quy trnh sn xut gim

S cng ngh tng qut sn xut ra gim:


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Trn u

Ln men

Sn phm

Bo qun

Lo ha

Nguyn liu(go, nho,

ng)

Ru trng

ng Nc

Ging visinh vt

ng chai


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Da trn nhng phng php ln men khc nhau m ta c cc quy trnh cng nghsn xut khc nhau, c th l:

Bn cht ca qu trnh ln men l ln men hiu kh, v th phi to iu kin tia vi khun tip xc c vi oxy v cn.

gii quyt tt vn ny c 4 phng php khc nhau:

Phng php ln men chm. Phng php ln men nhanh. Phng php ln men chm. Phng php kt hp.

4.1.1 Phng php ln men chm

Phng php ny c ngi Php thc hin t rt lu v c coi nh lphng php truyn thng ca ngi Php.

Nguyn liu ca phng php ny l nho, ging vi khun axit acetic c s dng

cho qu trnh sn xut l Acetobacter orleaneuse.

Thng g

Ln men

Sn phm

Nc p nho

Acid aceticAcetobacterOrleaneuse


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Thuyt minh quy trnhTin hnh ln men ngi ta thng cho 1/5 axit acetic vo thng ln men c

dung tch 250- 300 lt, tit tc cho nc p nho sao cho ton b khi lng t 2/3 th

tch thng ln men.Sd ngi ta cho axit axetic trc to iu kin cho vi khun pht trin, mt

khc ngn nga cc vi khun khc pht trin, khng b nhim.Tin hnh quy trnh ln men nhit thng. Sau mt thi gian, trn b mt s

to thnh vng cha nhiu axit axetic. V th m qu trnh oxy ha xy ra chm v ktthc sau vi tun.

Khi kim tra ru cn li 0.3-0.5% s ly gim ra, cho dch dinh dng mi vo.Nu lu, cht lng gim b gim nhanh do qu trnh oxy ha gim xy ra tip tc.Gim thu uc thng c lng axit 5-6%. Mun lu phi em thanh trng Pasteur.


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4.1.2 Phng php ln men nhanh

Lp phi bo

Nc v trng

Dng mi trng i t trn xung

Oxi ha ru

CH3COOH

Acid Acetic

Thi kh tdi ln

Ging vi khun acetic

y thit b ln men

Thu hi sn phm


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Phng php ny do ngi c thc hin theo quy m cng nghip.

Thit b ln men l mt thng g cao 2,5-6m, c ng knh 1,2-3m. T lng knh y so vi chiu cao khong l thch hp nht.

Trong thng c cht y phoi bo hay li bp. Phoi bo hay li bp c xemnh cht mang, gi vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men, nh m vi sinh vt khng itheo vo sn phm cui cng.

Ngoi ra, y thit b, ngi ta cho lp mt h thng phn phi, khng kh atdi ln. Mi trng c a vo t trn xung.


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Thuyt minh quy trnh u tin, ngi ta dng axit axetic c nng 3-5% chy qua lp phi

bo hay ly bp va c mc ch thanh trng va c tc dng axit ha vt liu chtmang vi sinh vt ging d thch nghi trong qu trnh ln men.

Sau , dng nc v trng ra qua v np ging vi khun axetic vo.Vikhun axetic sbm v phoi bo hay ly bp. Tip ngi ta cho dng mi trngt trn xung qua h thng phn phi nh mt vi hoa sen trong bung tm. Mitrng sc phn phi u khp vt liu phoi bo hay ly bp. Cng lc, ngi tathi kh tdi ln.

Mi trng c a t trn xung, chy qua lp cht mang c cha cct bo vi khun. Cn s thm thu vo t bo vi khun, khng kh c a tdiy thit b ln trn, thm thu vo trong t bo vi khun.

Vi khun tin hnh qu trnh oxy ha ru thnh CH3COOH s thm thuqua mng t bo ra ngoi v theo dung dch xung y thit bln men. Ngi ta thunhn ty thit b ln men.

Quy trnh ln men c thc hin nhit 24-37oC. Thi gian ln menko di 8-10 ngy. Trong trng hp dch ln men cui cng cha lng axit axeticthp, ngi ta tin hnh ti ln men bng cch bm chng ngc li t trn xung.

- Phng trnh oxi ha ru thnh axit acetic trong t bo:

CH2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + 117 Kcal

Phn ng xy ra trong t bo vi khun, mun phn ng xy ra, CH2H5OHvO2phi c thm thu trong tbo. Khi cc enzim c trong t bo ca vi khun thamgia oxi ha ru thnh CH3COOH . CH3COOH c to thnh s thot khi t bo vtan trong dch mi trng.

Qu trnh oxy ha ru thnh axit acetic c biu din theo s sau:


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Ngoi ra cn c nhng phng php ln men nhanh khc:Phng php nhng:

Ngi ta thit k thng ln men hnh tr, bn trong lp nhiu gi cha y cht mang(mt ca, ly bp, than ci hay cc vt liu cellulose c khnng gi vi sinh vt trn). Cc gi ny c th nng ln hoc h xung c.

Ngi ta chun bmi trng v mi trng vo thng ln men.Vi sinh vt sc lm bm dnh vo cc vt liu ng trong gi.

Gi cha vt liu c vi sinh vt sc nhng xung dung dch ln men ri li nhcchng ln khi dung dch.

Khi chic gi cha cht mang c vi sinh vt thm y mi trng v c nhc lnkhng kh, qu trnh oxy ha ru c xy ra.

Thao tc ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln s c tc dng oxy ha ht lng cn ctrong dung dch.Phng php hnh trng quay:

Ngi ta thit k thit b ln men c hnh tr nm ngang bn trong mt thng chadung dch ln men hnp.

Thit b hnh trny c bc mt lp vt liu c khnng thm nc v c khnng gi vi sinh vt. Mt na thit b ny nm trong lng dung dch ln men, mtna nm trn dung dch ln men v c tip xc vi khng kh.

Khi vn hnh, mt na thit blun lun c tip xc vi khng kh. Ngi ta thit k h thng quay ny vi vn tc rt chm thi gian cho qu trnh

oxy ha cn thnh axit axetic.

Ru

C2H5OH

O2

CH3COOH

Mi trng Tbo vi khun

CH3COOH


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4.1.3 Phng php ln men chm:

Thuyt minh quy trnh: Ngi ta thit k h thng ln men axetic c gi l acetator. Ngi ta cho dung dch ln men vo thit b v tin hnh thi kh rt mnh. Khi trong dung dch ln men s to ra th huyn ph v dung dch ln men. Hai thny lun lun c trn ln nhau v nh vy, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra rt

mnh lit.

Thng g

Ln men +

dch huynph

Sn phm

Dch ln men

Qu trnhOxi ha

Thi kh


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4.1.4 Phng php ln men kt hp:

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

Lp phi bo

Nc v trng

Oxi ha ru

Acid Acetic

Ging vikhun acetic

CH3COOH

Thit bng dchln men Thi kh

Ln men +dch huyn

ph

Sn phm

Qu trnhOxi ha


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Ngi ta thit k h thng ln men bao gm ba phn:

Phn trn l lp m hay lp cht mang cha vi sinh vt ( ging phng phpnhanh).

Lp gia ch l mt thng cha dung dch sau khi ln men phn trn chyxung.

Di cng l h thng thi kh mnh, kh sc thi qua phn dung dch ny richuyn ngc ln phn trn(ging thit b ln men chm).

4.2 Tm hiu quy trnh4.2.1 V nguyn liu Ng

Tiu chun nguyn liu:

Ng cn p ng mt s cht lng nht nh bao gm: thnh phn ha hc, ti, m, nhim bnh, tp cht v mc nhim trng.

Thnh phn ha hc c c trng bi ging v cc iu kin canh tc. ti c c trng bi mu sc, mi v. Ng khng sy qu nhit, khng c

bt c mi l no, khng c du hiu b ngm nc, c bit l ch phi ht.

m ht ti a l 13.5%. Tp cht < 3%, ht bi nhim bnh < 2%. Khng nhim mt, khng chy, khng c mi nha, mc v kht. Nho

Bn cht qu trnh ln men gim nho l s chuyn ha ng thnh ru. V vy,hm lng ng trong nho nh hng ln n cht lng ca gim.

Nho la chn lm gim cn s dng loi nho ti, khng dp nt, c hmlng ng cao, chn ti. S dng loi nho trng.

4.2.2 V chng vi sinh vta. Tc nhn vi sinh vtVi khun Acetobacter l tc nhn chnh ca qu trnh ln men acetic nn cn c gi

l vi khun acetic. y l nhng vi khun ph bin trong t nhin, c trn b mt l, qu,hoa, to acid acetic tru etylic.


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b. c im hnh thiVi khun actic l vi khun gram m, khng sinh bo t.

V hnh dng t bo :

Vi khun acid acetic l trc khun hnh que ti elip, kch thc t bo 0.6-0.8mm/ 1-3 mm.

Cc tbo ng tch ring r, 1 s xp 2 t bo, 1 s khc xp thnh chui di. Mt s loi c bit c t bo hnh cu, c loi hnh ch. Ty iu kin pH mi

trng, nhit nui 1 s loi c th c dng hnh bn nguyt.

Mi trng pht trin:

Nhiu loi vi khun acetic khi pht trin trn mi trng thiu thc n hay mitrng nui cy lu (mi trng gi) dsinh ra hnh thi c bit (t bo phnhto hay ko di ra) c th phn nhnh.

Vi khun acetic c khnng to bo t v mng nhy, mt s c khnng ding nhtin mao, mt s khng c khnng ny.

Trn mi trng c, chng pht trin thnh nhng khun lc trn, u n,ng knh trung bnh 3 nm.

Trn mi trng lng vi khun actic ch pht trin trn mi trng to thnhnhng lp mng dy mng khc nhau. Mt s loi to thnh mng dy nh sa(0.5mm), nhn v trn, khi lc chng chm xung y bnh v thay vo 1 lp

mng mng mi li tip tc pht trin. Dung dch di mng bao gicng trongsut. Khi nui cy mng ngi ta thy c si cellulose ging nh trong si bng.Loi 2 c mng mng nh giy celophan, 1 s khc trn b mt ca mng khngnhn m nhn nheo, 1 s na to mng mng d vbm trn thnh bnh v dungdch nui khng trong.

c. c im sinh trng Vi khun acetic pht trin tt trn mi trng nc bia, cc mi trng c cha

cao nm men, glucose, ru etylic hay manitol.Pht trin tt trong iu kin hiu kh bt buc, nhit 25-30oC, pH 5,4 - 5,8.

Tnh cht c trng ca vi khun acetic l khnng oxy ha ru etylic thnhacid acetic pH 4.5.

Ngoi ra cn thc hin qu trnh oxy ha acid acetic oxy ha lactate, chuynglucose thnh gluconate, oxy ha khng hon ton cc hp cht hu c khc (ccloi ng v dn xut ca chng) to thnh cc hp cht ketone, hay cc acidhu c tng ng.


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Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi khun acetic i vi ngun C, N v cht sinh trngcng rt a dng. Vi khun acetic s dng ng, etylic v cc acid hu c lmngun C, mui amon lm ngun N.

Trong qu trnh pht trin vi khun acetic c nhu cu i vi 1 s acid aminnhvalin, alanin, prolin, isolosine.

Mt s cht kch thch sinh trng nh acid nicotine, acid amin, folic v biotinc vai tr quan trng trong sinh trng ca vi khun acetic.

Mt s vi khun acetic c khnng tng hp polysaccharide phn t ln nhcellulose, tinh bt, dextran v ngi ta ng dng khnng ny trong sn xutcng nghip. Mt s loi tng hp c nhng si cellulose ging nh bng A.xylimum, acetigenum, viizingianum.

d. Phn loi Nm 1950 Frateur chnh thc a ra kha phn loi mi da trn tiu chun: Khnng to catalase Khnng tng hp cc keto tcc ru bc cao nh glycerol,manitol, sorbitol Khnng oxy ha acetate thnh CO2 v H2O Khnng oxy ha glucose thnh acid gluconic Khnng s dng mui amon lm ngun nit v s dng ru etylic lm ngun

cacbon. To sc t nu Tng hp cellulose Trn c sny, Frateur chia vi khun acetid lm 4 nhm:

Tn nhm Vi khun i din c im

SubosydansAcetobacter Subosydaz,Acetobacter Melanogennum

Khng c khnng oxyha acid acetic thnh CO2v H2O

MezoxydansAcetobacter Acetic,Acetobacter Xylinum,Acetobacter Mezoxydan

C y cc c imtrn.

Oxydans

Acetobacter Ascendans,

Acetobacter Ransens,Acetobacter Lovaniens

Khng c khnng to cchp cht Keto

PeroxydansAcetobacter Peroxydans,Acetobacter Paradoxum

Khng cha catalase,khng oxy ha glucose


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e. Mt s vi khun sdng trong ln men gim qu trnh ln men gim t hiu qu cao, la chn nhng chng vi khun tha

iu kin:

Phi oxy ho etylic tt nht. To gim c nng acid acetic cao, chu c cn v acid cao. Cc tnh cht ban u c gi nguyn trong sut qu trnh ln men. Cc iu kin phn lp, nui cy, bo qun ging n gin khng tn km nhiu

ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.

Ngi ta thng s dng nhng ging sau:

Acetobacter acetid:

Trc khun ngn c dng hnh que kch thc0,4-0,8 v 1-1,2 mm, khng ding thng xp thnh chui di.

Gram m, mu vng vi thuc nhum iod. Chng to thnh khun lc to, sngtrn gelatin vi dch ln men cha 10% ng saccharose, to thnh mng dy nhn,khng c nng ln theo thnh bnh, c khnng pht trin trn mi trng c nng ru kh cao (11%), c khnng tch ly 6% acid acetic. Nhit thch hp pht trin34oC. Nu nhit cao qu 43oC s gy ra hin tng co t bo v to thnh hnh qu l,

thng pht trin trn bia.

Acetobacter Xylinum:

Trc khun dng hnh que 2mm, ng ring r hay xp thnh chui khng di ng.

Cc tbo c bao bc bi cht nhy, to vng nhn kh dy, bt mu xanh vithuc nhum iod v H2SO4 (phn ng ca hemicellulose) v vng c chahemicellulose, c thoxy ha ru to 4.5% acid acetic trong mi trng, ngoi ra

chng cn c khnng oxy ha tip acid acetic thnh CO2 v H2O.Acetobacter pasteurianum:

Trc khun ngn, hnh thi gn ging A. aceti, nhng khi ta nhum chng viiot,t bo s cho mu xanh.


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Khnng chu nng cn ca chng thp hn ca A.aceti. Trong iu kin mitrng pht trin thun li, chng c khnng to c 5-6% axit axetic.

Acetobacter orleaneuse:

Hnh thi vi khun ny ging hai vi khun trn nhng li c kch thc nhhnnhiu. c bit hai u ca tbo thng nh li. Nhiu trng hp ngi ta ln ln vikhun ny vi vi khun k kh Clostridium.

Trong dch nc cy, chng thng to ra mt vng rt mng trn b mt.

Vng vi khun thng rt chc, khi nhum vi iot, t bo s chuyn sang muvng. Vi khun ny chu ng c lng cn n12%V, v trong iu kin ln menthch hp, chng c th to ra c 9,5% axit axetic.

Acetobacter Schiitzenbachii:

Vi khun ny thuc vi khun hnh que, nhng kch thc ca chng di hn ccging trnh by trn. Chng khng to bo t, khng c khnng chuyn ng vthuc vi khun gram(-).

Khi pht trin mi trng lng, chng to ra lp mng dy nhng khng chc.cc nc trn th gii, ngi ta thng s dng chng sn xut gim theo

phng php chm.

Trong iu kin mi trng thun li, chng c khnng to c 11-12% axitaxetic.

Acetobacter curvum:

Vc bn vi khun ny ging A. Schiitzenbachii . Trong mi trng ln menthun li, vi khun ny c th to ra c 10-11% axit axetic. Vi khun A. curvum tovng rt chc trn b mt mi trng. Nhit ln men ti u ca vi khun ny l 35-37oC.

Acetobacter suboxydans:

Vi khun A.suboxydans c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh sn xut vitamin C.Chng c khnng chu ng c nng cn rt cao. Nu trong mi trng, ta chothm mt lng nh cc cht dinh dng cn thit, v dnh glucose, vi khun ny c


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th chuyn ha hon ton cn thnh axit axetic. Lng axit axetic to c t qu trnhln men c thln n 13%.

Nhit thch hp cho vi khun ny tin hnh ln men l 28-30oC. Thi gian lnmen xy ra rt nhanh, ch cn 48h, lng axit axetic c tht c n 13%.Trong qu trnh ln men cn phi thng kh lin tc v vi khun ny cn lng oxy rtnhiu cho qu trnh chuyn ha cn thnh axit axetic v cho qu trnh pht trin.

4.3 C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt4.3.1 C sl thuyt: bn cht ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic

Mi qu trnh mun hot ng c i hi phi c nng lng.Qu trnh ln men

l qu trnh oxy ha kh sinh hc thu nng lng v cc hp cht trung gian cho tbo sinh vt .Nhng t bo sng ch s dng nng lng di dng ha nng tng tr

trong mch Cacbon v c phng ra do s chuyn electron t mc nng lng nysang mc nng lng khc .

Cc phn ng sinh ha xy ra tong qu trnh ln men l nhng phn ng chuynhidro.Nhng s chuyn hidro cng tng ng vi s chuyn electron.Cc enzim xctc qu trnh tch nguyn t hidro khi c cht gi l enzim dehidrogenaza.

Trong qu trnh ln men gim ru etylic c oxyhoa1 thnh acid acetic .ys chuyn hidro c thc hin nh s xut hin ca NADP (Nicotinamit adenin

dinucleotit photphat dng oxy ha ).Hidro c NADP nhn (trthnh NADPH2) cchuyn qua chui h hp thu nng lng .Song c cht khng b phn gii hon tonnn c gi l qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton.

4.3.2 C ch ca qu trnh ln men axit acetica. Qu trnh chuyn i ng thnh etanol

C ssinh ha ca ln men etanolS ln men etanol l mt qu trnh sinh ha phc tp, c s tham gia cu nm

men Saccharomyces, tri qua hng lot cc phn ng phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiumen xc tc khc nhau.


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Phng trnh tng qut ca sln men etanol:

C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 27Kcal

Sn phm

Sn phm chnh l etanol: kh CO2, sn phm ph l glyxerin,axit sucxinic mt saldehyt, ru cao phn tQa trnh ln men etanol nu i t nguyn liu l glucozo lnmen pH 4-5 squa cc giai on chnh sau:

Do xc tc ca glucokinazaC6H12O6 CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)4CHO + ADP

Di tc dng ca enzyme ng phn glucophosphateizomeraza:CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)4CHO CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)3COCH2OH

Di tc dng ca phosphofructokinaza:CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)3COCH2OH+ATP

CH2O(H2PO3)CO(CHOH)3CH2OH(H3PO4) + ADP

c xc tc bi aldolazaCH2O(H2PO3)CO(CHOH)3CH2OH(H3PO4) CH2O(H2PO3)COCH2OH+H2O((H2PO3)CHOCHO

Di tc dng ca enzyme triphosphateizomeraza:CH2O(H2PO3)COCH2OH CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCHO

Nhxc tc ca enzyme triphosphatedehydronazacoenzyme ca n l NAD2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCHO + 2H3PO4 + 2NAD

2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOO~H3PO3 + 2NAD.H2

Vi stham gia ca phosphoglyceratkinaza2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOO~H3PO3 + 2ADP


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2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOOH + 2ATP

Di tc dng ca enzyme acide 2-phosphoglyceromutaza2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOOH 2CH2OHCHO(H2PO3)COOH

Di tc dng ca enolaza2CH2OHCHO(H2PO3)COOH 2CH2CO(H2PO3)COOH + 2H2O

Do enzyme pyrovatkinaza2CH2=CO~(H2PO3)COOH + 2ADP 2CH3CO-COH + 2ATP.

Ti y, acide pyrovic bdecarrboxyl to thnh aldehyt acetic2CH3CO-COOH 2CO2 + 2CH3CHO

Giai on cui cng ca ln men ru l aldehyt acetic b khbi NAD.H22CH3CHO + 2NAD.H2 2CH3CH2OH + 2NAD

b. Qu trnh chuyn ha thnh axit aceticNm 1802, Louis Pasteur l ngi u tin khm ph ra c ch qu trnh ln men acetic,

l qu trnh oxy ha hiu kh ethanol thnh axit acetic nhvi khun:


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Phng trnh tng qut:CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H20 + 117kcal

Thc cht qu trnh oxy ha ny tri qua cc giai on sau:

chuyn ha thnh acid acetic ru v oxy phi thm nhp vo t bo vikhun,y nhc enzim ca vi khun xc tc ru c chuyn ha thnh acid acetictheo mt qu trnh sau:

2CH3CH2OH + O2 2CH3CHO + 2H2Oethanol acetaldehyde

CH3CHO + H2O CH3CH(OH)2Hydrat ca acetakdehyd

CH3CH(OH)2 + O2 CH3COOH +H20Acid acetic

c. Cc sn phm khc ca qu trnh ln men ngoi axit aceticNgoi vic oxy ha ethanol thnh acid acetic th vi khun Acetic cn c khnng

oxy ha nhiu cht khc nhau nh:

Propanol acis propionic Lactic acid acetonin Glyceryl dihydroxyaceton D-sorbitol L-sorbose D-ribit L-ribuloso D-manit D-fructose D-glucose acid-gluconic Acid D-gluconic D-5-keto-gluconic Acid lactic acid pyruvic

Mc d vi khun oxy ha c nhiu cht nhng ni chung ch c polyol chamt nhm ru bc hai gia mt nhm ru bc 1 nm ru bc 2 khc v tr cis mic oxy ha.

4.3.3 Lo haa. Khi nim


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Lo ha l thi gian m gim hnh thnh, hon thin bn trong thng ln men, cc

thay i thi gian ph thuc vo ha cht, tnh cht vt l v cm quan.

b. Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh lo ha Mu ca gim :Dao ng t mu vng nu en trong qu trnh lo ha do s tch t ca cc

hp cht, ch yu l melanoidins, t cc phn ng xc tc ca cc emzim khng nh

ng xung cp, tnh axit v phn ng Maillard l phn ng ha nu trong iu kin c

protein, ng v nc.

nht:Cc tnh cht chy ca gim c xc nh bi lc hp dn c th v v s lng

trng lng phn t cao melanoidins, mt lp khng ng nht ca biopolymers hnh

thnh v tch ly trong qu trnh lo ha.

4.4 Nhng bin i sinh l v sinh ha4.4.1 Bin ng vi sinh vt Hin tng gim c v gim chuaTrong qu trnh oxyhoa ru thnh gim i khi xy ra hin tng oxy ha su sc

ti acid acetic ,CO2v H2O. Nguyn nhn l do gim b nhim khun A.Xilinum,A.Acetic hoc nm men thuc h Candida mycoderma cc loi ging ny d oxyhoaacid acetic.

Chng pht trin trong gim to mng nhy trn b mt lm cho gim thnh phm ccn nhy.

Hin tng ln gimTrong thng ln men v gim thnh phm thng thy mt loi giun trn nh, di t

1-2mm gi l ln gim Angillula acetic.


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Ln gim sinh trng v pht trin trong iu kin nghimngt,pht trin mnh nng acid 6%,v nng trn 9% thchng b c ch, nhng khng hon ton ngng sinh sn, nng acid >12% th chng s cht.

Ln gim sng ch yu nhacid acetic, nhng chng cng cthn mt phn ru, acid acetic cc cht Nit v cc cht khongha tan.

Chng khng nh hng n hiu sut ln men v sc khe con ngi, nhng vi slng ln th chng lm vmng gim, lm c gim thnh phm.

4.4.2 Bin ng ha hcDo mt stc ng nh:

Nhit :Ty theo tng loi m nhit ti u cho qu trnh oxy ha. Nhng trong sn xut

ngi ta thng dng nhng vi sinh vt thch ng cho qu trnh oxy ha l 30-400C.

Nng ru:Ty tng loi vi khun m chng c khnng tn ti nhng nng ru khc

nhau.Thng thng ngi ta s dng nng ru t 11-13%.

Nu trong mi trng khng c ru th vi khun tip tc oxy ha acid acetic thunng lng dng cho s sng.V thy l mt qu trnh c hi.Trong sn xut ngi tathng gi li ru trong mi trng l t 0,3-0.5%.

Nng axit acetic:Acid acetic sinh ra gy nh hng c ch sinh l ca vi khun acetic.

Nu nng ca acid acetic t 8% sc ch hot ng ca vi khun v nu nng

acid acetic t 12-14% sc ch ton b vi khun.

thong kh:Oxy l mt yu t quan trng cho qu trnh ln men gim. Qu trnh oxy ha ch

xy ra khi trong mi trng vi khun c tip xc vi khng kh.


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Cng c thong kh kh nng oxy ha cng tt.Tnh trung bnh c oxy ha 1kg ru khan cn 2,3m khng kh.

Trong iu kin ym kh th vi khun axetic s s dng cht dinh dng m khng toa.axetic.

Trong mi trng dinh dng, ngoi ru ra cn c cc cht v c, gluxit v cchp cht hu c cha nit d hp th. Khi s dng mt hectolit ru cn 25gsupepphosphat, 25g sunphat amon, 0,9g K2CO3 v 500g glucose hoc tinh bt c thy

phn.

Trong mi trng dinh dng:Ngoi ru ra cn c cc cht v c, gluxit v cc hp ch hu c cha Nito d hp

th.

Khi s dng mt hectolit ru cn supephotpho, 25g sunphat amon 0,9g K2CO3 v500g glucose hoc tinh bt c thy phn.

5 Mt s dng h hng trong qu trnh ln men5.1 Gim bc v gim chua

Trong sn xut gim thng xy ra hai qu trnh oxy ha:

Qu trnh oxy ha C2H5OH thnh CH3COOH l qu trnh c li cho sn xut.

Qu trnh oxy ha CH3COOH thnh CO2 v H2O l qu trnh c hi cho snxut.Nguyn nhn xy ra qu trnh ny l do nm men Mycoderma, A.xilinum, A.Acetigy ra hin tng gim c v to cn.

5.2 B gimTrong sn xut gim thng thy 2 loi b gim:

- Loi to , mu trng c kch thc 0.8-1.5mm.- Loi nh , mu nu c kch thc 0,3-0,4 mm.B gim lm thay i cht lng gim. Nhiu khi b gim xut hin vi mt lng

rt ln v n ln gim.


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5.3 Rui gimRui gim thng c mu nu , c kch thc t 2,5-3mm.

Rui gim thng pht trin phn trn,phn di ca thit b ln men.Chng lm

gin acid acetic, sinh ra nhng u trng n vi khun lactic v thng l vt trung gianly nhim cc vi sinh vt gy hi gim.

Chng pht trin mnh khi c s oxy ha mnh.

Chng ng ha ru v acid acetic v cc vi khun.

6 Cc ch tiu trong sn xut gim Phi c chng ct v ng gi trong iu kin v sinh ti u. Cc nguyn liu th dng trong sn xut phi c ngun gc t nng nghip. Cc cht th rn c th ho tan, bao gm c ng v mui khng thp hn 1.3

gr trn mi 1000ml 1% axit acetic i vi gim nho v 2 gr mi 1000ml 1% axit

acetic i vi gim hoa qu v gim to.

Tng lng axit khng thp hn 60gr mt lt (c tnh nh axit axetic) i vigim nho v 50gr mt lt (c tnh nh axit axetic) i vi cc loi gim khc.

Cht sunfua ioxin dng bo qun khng vt qu 70mg/kg. Cht chng xi ho khng qu 400mg/kg. Mu nu nht (EI50A) c thc thm vo ph hp vi iu kin sn xut tt

hay khng, c th thm vi lng ln nht 1g/1kg, mu nu c sn xut t

ammonia c th thm vo gim mch nha vi lng ti a 1g/1kg.


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Cc kim loi gy nhim khng c ln hn slng cho php sau y:

Thch tn(AS) 1mg/kg

Ch 10mg/kg

ng v km 10mg/kg

St 10mg/kg

Khng c bt k cht ph gia no bt ngun t vi sinh vt gy hi. Khng c giun gim hoc slng ph thm cc cht cn, khng c nhng lng

cn do vi sinh vt gy ra.

Lng axit acetic khng t hn 5%. Khng c mu nhn to tr mu nu thng thng (A-150) c thm vo tu

theo iu kin sn xut tt .

Khng c v ngt nhn to.

7 Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi7.1 Gim toCnh st chng mp hon ho

Gim to ni ting l cht gip gim mp t nhin, nhanh chng m khng gyphn ng ph, ng thi ngn chn hon ton khng cho cc t bo mhnh thnh.

Theo cc nghin cu mi nht, gim to c cng dng thn k gip gim mp vbi tr cht c hi ra khi cth. Gim to c th kch thch t bo m t nhin titra v c phn gii nhcc phn ng sinh ha, sau c bi tit ra khi c th.Chng nhng vy gim to cn ngn chn hon ton khng cho cc t bo mhnhthnh. y l l do m gim to cn c gi l cnh st chng mp trong c th.


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Ngoi ra, gim to cn mang li cc li ch vi c th: tng cng chc nng tiuha, gim cholesterol c hi cho c th, tng cng chc nng ca h tim mch, duy trhuyt p mc bnh thng, duy tr lng ng trong mu mc bnh thng, ngnnga s sinh sn ca cc tbo ung th. [8]

7.2 Thy smDS. L Kim Phng, ging vin H Y Dc Tp HCM, cho bit thy sm l mt

loi ci gim pht trin di dng mt vng nhy dy v dai, mu trng. Loi gim nysinh si nhanh trong mi trng nc ch (tr)pha ng.

y l sn phm ln men cha khong 0,51% cn, axit acetic, axit gluconic,axit glycuronic, axit L-lactic, axit cacbonic, axit caprilic, axit citric, axit oxalic, axitusnic, vitamin nhm B, vitamin C, axit folic, amino axit v mt s hp cht c tc dngkhng sinh, st trng v gii c. Ngoi ra, thy sm cn cha mt lng nh cafein v

n c ln men t cc loi tr nh tr xanh, tr en, tr long,...

Theo DS. L Kim Phng, li ch t thy sm rt nhiu: gip nam n ci thin khnng sinh dc v ci thin ln gia, gia tng th lc, ci thin v gic, gii c c th.Thuyn gim cc bnh mn tnh nh: vim khp, thp khp, dng, ri lon tiu ha,huyt p cao,...

D nhiu li ch, nhng DS. L Kim Phng khuyn khng nn ung nhiu thysm v lng axit acetic trong n l kh cao. c bit, ph n c thai l khng nn dngv c n 1% lng cn, khng nn ung trong thi gian cho con b v c thgy au

bng cho trs sinh. Do sn phm cha qu nhiu axit acetic, v vy khi s dng trongthi gian di c th dn n au khp, chng mt v vim xoang. [9]

8 Ph lc8.1 Ph lc ti liu[1]:http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246

[2]:http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91c

[3]:http://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.php

[4]:http://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nho

[5]:http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484
http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91chttp://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.phphttp://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.phphttp://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.phphttp://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=1484http://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C3%A2y%20nhohttp://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.phphttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91chttp://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246


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[6]:http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/

[7]:http://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieu

[8]:http://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epi

[9]:http://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.cand

8.2 Ph lc hnhPh lc 1: Vi khun Acetobacter
http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/http://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epihttp://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epihttp://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epihttp://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.candhttp://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.candhttp://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.candhttp://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.candhttp://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epihttp://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieuhttp://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganh-che-bien-dieu-2197596/


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Ph lc 2: Vi khun Acetobacter aceti

Ph lc 3: Vi khun Acetobacter Xylinum


43/45


Ph lc 4: Rui gim

Ph lc 5: Thy sm


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Ph lc 6: Gim to

9 Nhng on video lin quan ti qu trnh sn xut gim.a. Make balsamic vinegar: quy trnh lm gim balsamic:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKkc_VwBcrw

b. How to make vinegar at home: gim tri cy:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3iJhxU-8l0.

c. Rozendal vinegarhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URmglP8Csww
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKkc_VwBcrwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKkc_VwBcrwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3iJhxU-8l0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3iJhxU-8l0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URmglP8Cswwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URmglP8Cswwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URmglP8Cswwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3iJhxU-8l0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKkc_VwBcrw


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d. Lirah Vinegar making featurehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74PZJhtdCpQ

e. Coconut Vinegar: Gim da.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DX4PPPJkLg&NR=1&feature=endscreen

10 Ti liu tham kho1/ Kiu Hu Anh, Gio trnh vi sinh vt cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 1999.

2/ Nguyn Hu Phc, Cc phng php ln men thc phm truyn thngVit Nam vcc nc trong vng, NXB Nng nghip, 1998.

3/ L Bch Thn v cc tc gi, Trng v gimkhnng tr bnh k diu, NXB ThanhNin, 2000.

4/ L Ngc T, L Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Nguyn Th Thnh, Bi c Li, Lu Dun,Gio trnh ha sinh cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni, 2002.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74PZJhtdCpQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74PZJhtdCpQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DX4PPPJkLg&NR=1&feature=endscreenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DX4PPPJkLg&NR=1&feature=endscreenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DX4PPPJkLg&NR=1&feature=endscreenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74PZJhtdCpQ

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