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FOR MOR INFORMATION, PLEASE [email protected]

++ 1. Ch ng (subject). 7 1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

1.5 S hu cch

1.6 Some, any

++ 2. ng t ( verb)

2.1 Hin ti (present)2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfectprogressive)

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfectprogressive).

hc - hc na -hc mi 2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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2.3 T ng lai

2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future)

2.3.2 T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)++ 3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t. 3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of 3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

++ 4. i t 4.1 i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

4.2 i t nhn x ng tn ng

4.3 Tnh t s hu

4.4 i t s hu

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

++ 5. ng t dng lm tn ng 5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

5.3 3 ng t c bit

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t 5.5 Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hoc Vinglm tn ng.

++ 6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare 6.1 need

hc - hc na -hc mi3

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Ting Anh c bn

6.2 Dare

++ 7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

++ 8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no 8.2 Cu hi thng bo

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why,how)

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

8.4 Cu hi c ui++ 9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh. 9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

++ 10. Cu ph nh

++ 11. Mnh lnh thc

11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip. 11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

++ 12. ng t khim khuyt. 12.1 Din t thi t ng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v shouldtrong cc mnh if

++ 13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though. 13.1 Thi hin ti.

Khng hc - khng bit. Hc ri - s bit 4

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13.2 Thi qu kh.

++ 14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish. 14.1 Thi t ng lai.

14.2 Thi hin ti 14.3 Thi qu kh.

++ 15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1 used to.

15.2 get / be used to.

++ 16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng.

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng

++ 17. Cch s dng Would Like

++ 18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi hin ti.

18.1 Could/may/might.

18.2 Should

18.3 Must

++ 19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi thi qu kh.

++ 20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

++ 21. ng t ni.

++ 22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1 So snh bng.

22.2 So snh hn, km 22.3 So snh hp l

22.4 Cc dng so snh c bit

22.5 So snh a b

22.6 So snh kp (cng ....th cng)

hc - hc na -hc mi5

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22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ...th)

++ 23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.

++ 24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t++ 25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t

++ 26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

26.1 Because/ because of

26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

26.3 Cause and effect

++ 27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

++ 28. Cu b ng

++ 29. ng t gy nguyn nhn

29.1 Have/ get / make

29.2 Let

29.3 Help

++ 30. Ba ng t c bit

++ 31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th 31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.2 That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng btbuc

31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph 31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom/ which

31.8 What v whose

++ 32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph


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++ 33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s tr ng hp cbit

++ 34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

++ 35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that 35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)

35.2 Mnh c that

++ 36. Cu gi nh

36.1 Cu gi nh dng would rather that

36.2 Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng.

36.3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t

36.4 Dng vi mt s tr ng hp khc 36.5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time

++ 37. Li ni bao hm

37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

37.2 As well as (cng nh, cng nh l)

37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln )

++ 38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

++ 39. Mnh nh ng b

39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d)

39.2 although, even though, though

++ 40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

++ 41. Mt s ng t c bit khc.

Phn IIPhn II

Ting Anh vitTing Anh vitI. Cc li th ng gp trong ting anh vit

++ 42. S ho hp ca thi ng t

++ 43. Cch s dng to say, to tell

hc - hc na -hc mi7

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Ting Anh c bn

++ 44. T i tr c gii thiu

++ 45. i t nhn x ng one v you

++ 46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

46.1 V+ing m u mnh ph 46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng

46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u chomnh ph

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh phch s t ng ng

++ 47. Phn t dng lm tnh t

47.1 Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t 47.2 Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

++ 48. Tha (redundancy)

++ 49. Cu trc cu song song

++ 50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip 50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

50.2 Ph ng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu

gin tip

50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip

++ 51. Ph t o ln u cu

++ 52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

++ 53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln

++ 54. Cch s dng gii t

54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mtqung thi gian)

54.2 From (t) >< to (n)

54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)

54.4 by


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54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at

54.6 on

54.7 at - ti (th ng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)

++ 55. Ng ng t++ 56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi ccgii t

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu trc cu ting Anh

Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng b ng

1. Ch ng (subject) ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, songnhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn sau:

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.- Danh t m c c th c dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t, snhiu. N c th dng c dng vi a (an) v the.

- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do n khng c hnhthi s nhiu. Do , n khng dng c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman

women

mouse - mice foot

feet

tooth - teeth man -

men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

hc - hc na -hc mi9

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Ting Anh c bn

Sand soap physics mathematics

News mumps Air politics

measles information Meat homework

food economics advertising* money

* Mc dadvertising l danh t khng m c, nhng advertisementli l danht m c.

V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, i lc -c dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi danh t .

V d:

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats

( chng hnpork, beef, lamb. vv...)

Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c v khng mc.

Danh t m c (with countnoun)

Danh t khng m c (with non-countnoun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,none,one,two,three,...manya lot ofplenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a great manyof.

(a) fewfew ... thanmore ... than

the, some, anythis, thatnonmuch (thng dng trong cu ph nh hoccu hia lot of

a large amount ofa great deal of

(a) littleless ... thanmore ... than

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dng vingha s ln hoc thi i li l danh t m c.

V d:


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We have spent too much time on this homework.

She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

1- a v anan - c dng:

- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a, e, i,

o

- hai bn nguyn m u, y

- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.

v d: u : an uncle.h : an hour

- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.

V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP

a : c dng:- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).

- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.

a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nh c th vmt c im, tnh cht, v tr hoc c nhc n ln u trongcu.

- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.

V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hngngn.

V d: a hundred, a thousand.

- trc halfkhi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.

V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.

Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).

- dng trc halfkhi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.

V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay onethird, one fourth, one fifth .

- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dng trong cucm thn.

V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):

hc - hc na -hc mi11

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Ting Anh c bn

V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

aMr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng l ng tal ngi l i vi ngi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi ni bit ngSmith.

2- The

- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, v trhoc c nhc n ln th 2 trong cu.

- The + noun + preposition + noun.

V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the UnitedStates of America.

- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph

V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.V d : The first week; the only way.

- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th b thev i danh t sang s nhiu.

V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep -freezes.

Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the) ngtrc.

V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.

- The + danh t s tch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.- The + adji din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhng c coi

l 1 danh t s nhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; Theunemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip.

- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.

V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

V d: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i km vi tnca mt khu vc a l.

V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc phthng.

V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.


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- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu .

V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...

V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gianh nh Smith.

- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn bitngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.

V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith whosigned this letter.

- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison,school, college, university khi n i vi ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng(ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).

V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.

to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)to prison (i t)to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng tin bedat church

We can be in courtin hospitalat school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.

leave schoolWe can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.

V d:

I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.Student go to the university for a class party.

SeaGo to sea (thy th i bin)

to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)

hc - hc na -hc mi13

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Ting Anh c bn

Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin, nghmt.

We can live by / near the sea.

Work and office.

Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.

Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.

Go to the office.

V d:

He is at / in the office.

Nuto be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.

To be out of office - thi gi chc.

Town

The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.

V d:

We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.

Dng the Khng dng the

Trc cc i dng, sng ngi, bin,vnh v cc h s nhiu.

V d: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean,the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. Trc tn cc dy ni.V d:

The Rockey Moutains. Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trn th

gii hoc v tr.V d:The earth, the moon, the Great Wall

Trc School/college/university + of+noun

V d:The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sciences.

Trc cc s th t + noun.

V d:The first world war.The third chapter.

Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).V d:

Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Trc tn 1 ngn niV d:Mount Mckinley

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chmsaoV d:Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Trc tn cc trng ny khi trc n l 1

tn ring.V d:Coopers Art school, Stetson

University. Trc cc danh t m sau n l 1s m.

V d:


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Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc viiu kin tn cc khu vc phic tnh t ho.V d:The Korean war.

Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln.Ngoi tr Great Britain.

V d:The United States, the United

Kingdom, the Central AfricalRepublic. Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 quno.V d: The Philipin.

Trc cc ti liu hoc s kin mang

tnh lch s.V d: The constitution, the MagnaCarta.

Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thius.V d:The Indians, the Aztecs.

Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.V d:To play the piano.

Trc tn cc mn hc c th.V d:

The applied Math.The theoretical Physics.

World war onechapter three. Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc

chin tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc nguyn.

Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh : Sweden,Venezuela v cc nc c ng trcbi new hoc tnh t ch phng h-ng.

V d: New Zealand, South Africa.

Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang,tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn.

V d: Europe, California. Trc tn bt c mn th thao no.V d:Base ball, basket ball.

Trc tn cc danh t mang tnh trutng tr nhng trng hp c bit.V d: Freedom, happiness. Trc tn cc mn hc chung.V d:Mathematics, Sociology.

Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.V d:

Christmas, thanksgiving.

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ngphp.

Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

another + dt2 s it = 1 ci na, 1ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1 ngi khc.

V d: another pencil other + dt2 s nhiu = my ci

na, my ci khc, my ngi na,my ngi khc.V d: other pencils = some more.

the other + dt2 s nhiu = nhngci cui cng, nhng ngi cui cngcn li.

the other + dt 2s t = ngi cuicng, ci cui cng ca 1 b, 1 nhm.

other + dt khng 2 = 1 cht na.V d: other water = some more

water.other beer = some more

beer. the other + dt khng 2 = ch cn

st li.V d:

hc - hc na -hc mi15

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Ting Anh c bn

V d: the other pencils = allremaining pencils

The other beer = the remainingbeer. (ch bia cn li)

-Anotherv otherl khng xc nh trong khi the otherl xc nh. Nu danht hoc ch ng trn c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dng another

v othernh 1 i t l .

V d:

I dont want this book. Please give me another.

- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th otherc s dng theo 1 trong 2cch (other + nouns hoc others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others +DTSN).

- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the otherv other.

Lu rng this v thatc th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i

khng dng vi ones.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.

V d:

There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

-A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.

V d:

I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .

V d:

She has few books, not enough for references.

- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .

V d:

She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v (a) littlenh 1 i t l .

V d:

Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.

- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.

- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 S hu cch

The + nouns + noun.


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- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho btng vt.

V d:

The students book.

The cats legs.

- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh tb s hu nht s mang du s hu.

V d:

Tom and Marks house.

- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .

V d:

The students books.

- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn phidng nguyn du s hu.

V d:The childrens toys.

- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)

V d:

The 1980 events.

The 21 st centurys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dng shu cch cho ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho ma .

V d:

The summers hot days.The winters cold days.

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.

Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dngtrong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.

V d:

A stones throw.

- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dng shu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.

V d:At the hairdressers

At the butchers

1.6 Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s dng vi(hoc thay th) cc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khng m c.

hc - hc na -hc mi17

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Ting Anh c bn

+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:

V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.

+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.

V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+ some c s dng vi :

- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:

They bought some honey.

- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

V d:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr li lyes)

- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:

V d:

Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+ any c s dng:

- Vi ng t th ph nh

V d:

I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha phnh)

V d:

I have hardly any spare time.

- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...

V d:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- Vi cc cu hi

Have you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whethercc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.

V d:

If you need any more money, please let me know.

I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2. ng t ( verb)

ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.


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- Hin ti.

- Tng lai.

Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi gianca hnh ng.

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi c cln.

V d:

John walks to school everyday.

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xcnh c th v mt thi gian v hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.

- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bit l1 s

ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.V d:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

am

Subject + is + [verb+ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian cxc nh c th bng cc ph t nh now, right now, presently.

- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.

V d:

He is learning in the US.

L u : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo pht trong cu)

V d:The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang kimtra)

George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngymai)

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Ting Anh c bn

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

Have + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di v chm dt hin ti. Thi gian trong cu hon ton khng xc nh.

- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.

- Dng vi 2 gii t forv since + thi gian.

- Dng vi alreadytrong cu khng nh, alreadyc th ng sau have nhngn cng c th ng cui cu.

haveSubject + + already+ P2 has

V d:

We have already written our reports.I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dng viyettrong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yetthng xuynng cui cu, cng thc sau:

haveSubject + not + P2 ...+yet ... has

V d:

John hasnt written his report yet.

The president hasnt decided what to do yet.

We havent called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 s trng hpyetc th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thayi. Notmt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.

haveSubject + + yet + [verb insimple form] ... has

V d:

John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what todo with the money yet.


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Ch : Cn thn s dngyettrong mu cu ko nhm viyettrong mu cu cyetlm t ni mang ngha nhng

V d:

I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something onSaturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.

- Dng ging ht nh present perfectnhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin tim vn ang tip tc xy ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi 2 gii t for, since +time.

V d:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the samehouse for ten years.

Mt s th d

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

They have been at home all day.

We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.Hoc

John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect Present perfect progressive Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do

c kt qu r rt.

V d:

I have waited for you for half anhour (now I stop waiting)

Hnh ng vn tip tc tip din hin ti do vy khng c kt qu rrt.

V d:

I have been waiting for you for halfan hour.

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Ting Anh c bn

(and continue waiting hoping thatyou will come)

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng cphn t 2 c bit.

- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:

V d:

Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.

V d:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht

Nhng

I can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.

N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh,khng lin quan g ti hin ti.

Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s

ph t ch thi gian nh:yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:Last night

month

week vv...

L u : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dngpresent perfect.

V d:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.


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2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im nhtnh trong qu kh khng lin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cu c xcnh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:

At + thi gian qu kh.

V d:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 lin t When v while ch1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khc t ngt xenvo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi ang ... th bng).

*

Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +simple past.

V d:

He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

L u : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhngsau when nht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau while nht thit phi l 1 pastprogressive.

- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lin twhile.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:

He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.

( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng him khiv s nhm ln vi *)

V d:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

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Ting Anh c bn

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to

talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh.(trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before v after.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject + pastsimple

V d:I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the

medication.

Subject + past simple + after+ subject + pastperfect

V d:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on

the proposal.

- Mnh c before v afterc th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau beforenht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau afternht thit phi l 1past perfect.

- Before v afterc th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trongcu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

V d:

The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)


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Ting Anh c bn

To be going to do smth - sp lm g.

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian s cdin t bng 1 s ph t nh : in a moment(lt na), tomorrow.

V d:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive thay th.

- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tng laign.

V d:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learnin the US.

2.3.2 T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall+ be +

[ verb + ing ]Can / may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh ca tnglai. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng ngy, gi.

V d:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ng songsong xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1 tng lai.

V d:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working atthe office.

2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thi im no trong tng lai. Thi im ny thng c din t bng : by the end of, bytomorrow.

V d:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

L u : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.


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3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi chng. Song c nhng trng hp khng phi nh vy.

3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

- ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t m u kthp vi cc danh t theo sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nh g n vicchia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.

Subject + [ng gii t] +verb

V d:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau n to nnhin tng ng ch ng. Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng tch bit ra khi

ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy v khng c nh hng g ti vicchia ng t.

Together with alongwith

accompaniedby

as well as

V d:

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party

tonight.Singular subject singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.Singular subject singular verb

L u : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ng t lp tcphi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).

V d:

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Ting Anh c bn

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t or th ng t sphi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

V d:

The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh t st

no + danh t st

Some + danh t st

anybody nobody somebodyanyone no one someoneanything nothing somethingevery + danh t s it each + danh t s teverybodyeveryone either*everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.

Lu :

- either(1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dngany.

V d:

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of

the instructor.

- Neither(khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr lnphi dng not any).

V d:

Neither of two his classes gets an c

Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

none of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb


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V d:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.

- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular nounNo + +singular verb

non-count noun

V d:

No example is relevant to this case.

- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngith 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + pluralverb

V d:

No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chiatheo danh t sau orhoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor+ noun + singular noun +

singular verb either or

V d:

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.

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Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+ noun + plural noun +

plural verb either or

V d:

Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.Plural plural

L u :

Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc 1 tchc. Cho d vy, chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t vi t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

congress family group committe

e

class

organizati

on

team army club crowd

governme

nt

jury majority

*

minority public

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th nm ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hot ng ring r.

V d: The congress votes for the bill.

The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).

(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

* Majority

Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The majority+ singular verb

The majorityof the plural noun + plural

verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

L u : Danh tpolice lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vy ng tng sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.


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V d:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.

Mt s th d:

The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

The organization has lost many members this year.

Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danh tng sau gii t ofc s nhiu th ng t sau vn phi chia ngi th 3s t.

flock of birds,sheep

herd ofcattle

pack ofdogs

school offish

pride oflions

V d:

The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

L u : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi cc

ng t - i t - b ng i cng n phi ngi s t.(TOEFL bt li ny).

V d:

He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.

Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of+ danh t s nhiu + ng t s nhiu

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- a number of: mt s lng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu v ng t phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.- the number of: mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu +ng t s t

V d:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small

3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers eyeglasses tongs - ci kpshorts scissors- ciko

tweezers- cinhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - ci km

V d:

The pants are in the drawer.

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, dovy cc ng t v i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d:The pliers are on the table.

These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of... v lc ng t v i ti cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

V d:

This pair of scissors is dull.

The pair of pliers is on the table.

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phi phnbit chng vi ng t to have.

There is

There are

To have ch s s hu (possession)


ch s tn ti

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To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu th ng t chia s nhiu v ngc li.

- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2 th

da vo tr ng t to have/ has been.

there isthere was + singular

subject ... there has been ( hoc non-count)

there arethere were + singular

subject ...

there have been ( hoc non-count)

V d:

There is a storm approaching.singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

4. i ti t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1 i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)Gm :

I we

you youhe theysheit

Chc nng:

- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

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Ting Anh c bn

V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng i tnhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny.

V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ngnh us c th dng 1 danh t s nhiu ngay sau .

V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.

Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

V d:

I am going to the store.We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)

George and I would like to leave now.

We students are going to have a party.

4.2 i t nhn x ng tn ng

me usyou you

him

themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tn ng.

- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng all hoc bothngay sau .usyou all / both

themV d:

They called us on the phone.complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.complement


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The policeman was looking for him.sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargain sau gii tL u : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc

trong cu, chng hn nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh ccxem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng cnh ch khng phi da vo shiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.

V d:

Janet will make her presentation after him.preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, hel ch ng v finishes l ng t).

4.3 Tnh t s hu

my ouryour yourhisher theirits

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh tng ng sau.

V d:John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.

The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

L u : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.

4.4

i t s humine oursyours yourshishers theirsits

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Ting Anh c bn

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessiveadjective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.

Do you remember to take your money?

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.

Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:

This is my book = This is mine.

Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red.

Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myselfourselves

yourselfyourselves

himselfthemselvesherselfitself

L u : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - selfbin thnh - selves.

Chc nng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ngngay sau ng t hoc ng cui cu sau gii t forhoc to.

V d:He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngsau ch ng hoc cui cu khi ni.

V d:


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I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

The students themselves decorated the room.You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.

V d:

John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5. ng t dng lm tn ng- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc

i t theo sau n lm tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ng sau nphi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ngBng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc.Chng tun theo mu cu nh sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agree

desirehopeplanstrive

attemp

texpectintendpreparetend

claim

faillearnpretendwant

decid

eforgetneedrefusewish

deman

dhesitateofferseem

V d:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.

Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo cc mucu sau:

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Ting Anh c bn

admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

V d: He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admitdelaymissreportsuggest

appreciatedenypostponeresentavoid

enjoypracticeresistcanthelpfinish

quitresumeconsidermindrecallrisk

L u : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

cant resist

V d:

With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

L u : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t nottrc nguyn thb to hoc Ving. Tuyt i khng c cu to dng ph nh ca ng tchnh.

V d:

John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.

Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng c th lng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngha ca chng khng thay i.

V d:

begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

beginhateregret

cantstandlikestart

continuelovetry

dreadprefer


+ (against) doing smth : khng th dng c, khng th

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L u :Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smth

doing smth

V d: waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.3 3 ng t c bit l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l 1nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.

Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.

V d:

He stops to get gasoline.Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.

V d:

He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:

I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.

V d:

I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.

V d:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:

I forget doing the homework yesterday.

L u : ng t forgettrong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.

verb

adj. +preposition + Ving

hc - hc na -hc mi39

( Khng th chu ng c khi phi lmg)

cant

I cant stand

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Ting Anh c bn

noun

ng t + gii t + Ving

Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tn

thnhgive up: t b

rely on: ph thuc

vo

worry about: lo

lng v

be better off:

insist on: ni nsucceed in: thnh cng

trong

count on = rely on

keep on =

continuethink about

think of

depend on

put off: tr hon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibility

ofchoice of

method of

intentionof

method

forexcusefor

reason

for

V d:

George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.

There is no reason for leaving this early.

Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accustomedtointent on

afraid ofinterestedin

capable ofsuccessfulin

fond oftired of

V d:

Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.

Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.

Craig is fond of dancing.

We are interested in seeing this film.

- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n phil 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th(xem bng sau).

anxious boring dangero hard


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eager: hohcpleasedusual

easypreparedcommon

usgoodreadydifficult

strangeable*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.hard to do smth : kh lm g.* able :able capableunable incapable

V d:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.

These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.

Mt s th d:

Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weather

We are ready to leave now.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

L u :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng cnhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng ttrong bng sau:

object to: phni

look forward to : mongi

confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5 Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lmtn ng.- ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi l tnng.

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to do smth=

of doing smth

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- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing + need +to + verb

(cn phi lm g)

V d:

I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

He will need to drive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sauneed s i khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need +[Verb + ing]

tobe + P2

V d:

The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.

The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.

The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to berewritten.

L u :

need = to be in need of +noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.

V d:

Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.

The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization neededvolunteers.

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Ting Anh c bn

6.2 Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh vnghi vn. ng t sau n theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. Nc th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.

- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2ngha:

- Ti cho l.

V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.

- Ti cng nhn l.

V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).

V d:How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?

- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cusau:

To dare smb to dosmth

(thch ai lm g)

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn tt ngith nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi th 3.

V d:

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnh st).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).- Dng vi mnh ifmang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

V d:

Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved

He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.

- truyn t mt d nh.

V d:


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She is to be married next month.

(c y s ci vo thng ti)

The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngi tab be i tit kim ch.

V d:

The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.

V d:

They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)

- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dngyes hoc no u cu.Nn nh rng:

Yes + positive verb

No + negative verb.

Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliary be + subject+ verb ... do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?

Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposal today?

Do you want to use the telephone?

Does George like peanut butter?

Did you go to class yesterday?

8.2 Cu hi thng boL loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt scc thng tin khc. Cc cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.

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8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

Who+ verb + (complement) +

(modifier)

what

Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)

What happened last night? (something happened last night.)

Ch : Khng ng khi ni :

Who did open the door?

What did happen last night?

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom auxiliary+ + subject + verb+ ( modifier) what do, does, did

Ch :

Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cu hiny nhng tuyt i khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)

V d:

Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone fromVenezuela)

What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

whenwherewhyhow

When did John move to Jacksonville?

Where does Mohamad live ?

Why did George leave so early?

How did Maria get to school today?

Where has Henry gone?


Auxiliary+ be + subject + verb +(complement) + (modifier)

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When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:

- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu to cu hi thnh phn th 2.

- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2 hoc 3 tchng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, whattime, v what kind.

Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word +subject + verb

V d:

Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.Q word subject verb phrase

Cu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at thewrong airport.

Q word subject phrase

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +subject + verb

Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt s th d:

The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoonclass.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.

Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?

Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.

The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.

8.4 Cu hi c ui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi mnhm khng nh li kin ca bn thn mnh bit.

- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.

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- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l ph nhv ngc li.

- ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng t to do, ccng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vi chnh tr ng t cathi .

- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.- ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s dngvi tr ng t to do.

V d:

There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?

Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?

The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?

You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?

You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?

Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)

L u :

Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phi dng trng t do.

V d:

She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vi cu tingvit cng th v ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.

- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi tr ng t todo, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnh ng tca n.

- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be s dngtrong cu ph ho cng phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.

Subject + verb(be)+ tooAffirmative statement (be) + and +

So + verb(be) +subject

V d:


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I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, hasdone, have written, must examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th trng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khng nh, v ch ng v

ng t phi ho hp.

Subject + auxiliary only +too

Affirmative statement + and +

(ng t th kp) So + auxiliaryonly + subject

V d:

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or did +too.

Affirmative statement + and +

(ng t n tr be) So + do, does, or did+ subject

V d:

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.

He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.

We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.

- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l eitherv neither.

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Nagative ..., much less + noun.

(khng m li cng khng)

V d:

He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.

Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, muchless live to tell about it on TV.

Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trong cutuyt i khng c dng ph nh ca ng t na.

V d:

HardlyScarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)

Barely

Hardly ever

Rarely Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).

Seldom

Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb +positive verb

L u : Barely v scarcelyi khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough).Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn nghe tmra ngha ng.

V d:

He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.

(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)

11. Mnh lnh thcChia lm 2 loi trc tip v gin tip.

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11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ngi ra lnh cho mt ngi khc lmvic g . N c th cplease i trc. Ch ng c hiu lyou. S dng dngn gin ca ng t (Nguyn th b to).

V d:

Close the door. Open the window.Leave the room. Pay your rent.

Please turn off the light. Be quiet.

Dng mnh lnh thc ph nh c thnh lp nh cng thm donttrc ng t.

Dont close the door.

Please dont turn off the light.

Dont open the window, please.

( Please c th ng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cu tr nnlch s hn).

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.Thng dng vi 4 ng t sau:

to order

to ask

to tell

to say

V d:

John told Mary to close the door.

Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.

The teacher told Christopher to open the window.

Please tell Jaime to leave the room.

John ordered Bill to close his book.

The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.

L u :

ui ca Lets ...., shall we.

V d:

Lets go out for lunch, shall we?

Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.

V d:

Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chngti i)


to do something.not to do somethingsmb

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12. ng t khim khuyt.

S d gi l nh vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:

- Khng c tiu t to ng trc.

- ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.

- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c th bt bucng t th 2 phi chuyn sang mt dng khc.

V d:

Will have tomust

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

12.1 Din t thi t ng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shall

If+ Subject + simple present + subject + +[verb in simple form]

can/ may

V d:

If I have the money, I will buy a new car.

If you try more, you will improve your English.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only tenoclock now.

If+ subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +

simple present tense

Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.

V d:

If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in theafternoon (khng c ng t khuyt thiu.)

John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

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If+ Subject + simple present tense ... + commandform* ...

* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form)Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.

V d:

If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/should

If + Subject + simple past + subject + + verb

in simple formcould/ might

V d:

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house( but now I dont have enough money.)

If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)

He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).

If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)

L u :

ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.

I... they were.

V d:

If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.(but Im not you.)

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/should

If + Subject + past perfect + subject + +have + P2

could / might


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Ting Anh c bn

Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...

V d:

Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.

Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh if Thng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau ifnhng nu c

dng n s mang ngha sau:

Ifyou will /would.

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Would lch s hn)

V d:

If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.

(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.

If you could + verb in simple form.

Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh mtl tt nhin

V d:

If you could fill in this form.

If you could open your books.

If + subject + will / would.

Nu ... chu - Din t t nguyn

V d:

If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.

If + subject + will.

Din t s ngoan c.


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V d:

If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.

Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chc chnang ch n cu.

If + subject +should.

Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khi ni ngini khng tin l s vic li c th xy ra.

V d:

If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti s my ny.(Ni vy nhng ngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit s dng chic tivi.)

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free toask me.

(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bi tp -v chng rt d hoc cu hc tr rt thng minh)

- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b ifi v o should ln u cu m ngngha khng thay i.

V d:

Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free toask me.

Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around forfood - a sign that spring is near.

Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc t s ilang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn. Thc ra, khi sdng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con sc t chui ra th rt him khitri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - c th l do kt qu thng k.

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

(C ngha l : dng nh l, nh th l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kin khng ththc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

13.1 Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh trc chia simple presentth ng t mnh sauphi chia simple past, ng t to be s phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

as ifSubject + verb (simple present) + + subject + verb

(simple past)

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as though

V d:

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2 Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple pastth ng t mnh 2 phichia past perfect.

Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject + verb(past perfect)

V d:

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sau as ifu din t iu kin khng th thc hin -c.

L u :

Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khng ctun theo. ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theo din bin ca cu.

V d:

He looks as if he has finish the test.


as if

as

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14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ ng sau ng t to hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.

V d:

I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)

We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)

+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kin khngth thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi.

14.1 Thi t ng lai.ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were + Ving.

Could + verb

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + would +verb + ...were + Ving

Subject* : c th l cng hoc khc ch ng vi ch ng trong mnh chnh.

V d:

We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)

She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

14.2 Thi hin ting t mnh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb in simple past ...

V d:

I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.)We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)

They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)

14.3 Thi qu kh.ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfecthoc Could have + P2

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Ting Anh c bn

Past perfectSubject + wish + (that) + Subject +

Could have + P2

V d:

I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothesyesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)

L u :

ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bng cchbuc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quyt nh khng h ph thucvo thi ca ng t to wish.

V d:

He wished that he could come to the party next week.Qu kh iu kin tng lai Tng lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standingnow.

Qu kh iu kin hin ti hin ti

Ph hp v thi

- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g, mong g vito wish trong mu cu sau:

To wish somebody something

V d:

I wish you a happy birthday.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1

used to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)

Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trong qu kh.


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V d:

When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qu kh)

Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did + Subject + use to + Verb

= Used + Subject + to + verb.

V d:

When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?

Cu ph nh:

Subject + didnt + use to + Verb

= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:

When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

15.2 get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING

( tr nn quen vi) (noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sau would ratherphi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare infinitive)nhng ng saupreferphi l mt verb+ing.

V d:

John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.

John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.

L u :

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Ting Anh c bn

Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v ngha ca cu

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng. loi cu ny ch dng Would rather(khng c than) v chia lm 2 thi :

1. Thi hin ti.

ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nh tnottrc ng t nguyn th b to ( cng thc 1)

Subject + Would rather+ (not) bare infinitive

V d:

Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm nay

Jim khng mun)

2. Thi qu kh. thi qu kh sau would ratherl have + past participle (hay cn gi l phn t2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject + would rather+ have + (P2)

V d:

John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hcvo ngy hm qua hn ngy hm nay).

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that(c g, mong

g) v chia lm nhng mu cu nh sau:

1. Cu gi nh

L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g ,nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu trcng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th b to - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + Would rather that+ Subject2 + bareinfinitive

V d:

I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho tivo ngy mai - Nhng Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu vo

Jones).


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We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cn tuvo anh y - H ch mun vy).

2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi thct).

ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi c chia thnhWere tt c cc ngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 + would rather that+ Subject2 + Simple past...

V d:

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does

(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)

Jane would rather that it were winter now.

(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:

- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im hin ti.

- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng

3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cu ltri vi thc t.)

Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Pastperfect- Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect

V d:

Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch ly lmtic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)

Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vi ngha c,mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trong

ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Would rather thatmang kch tnh nhiuhn.

17. Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc din

t mong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ng t nguynth c to (infinitive).

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Did not + verb

Were not + verb

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Ting Anh c bn

Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

V d:

Would you like to dance with me?

I would like to visit Hongkong.

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.

They would like to study at the university.

Would you like to see a movie tonight?

Lu :

- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gianl hin ti th dng ng t nguyn th sau like.

- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.

V d:

Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)

She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s thchhobby)

Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cctrng thi hin ti.

18.1 Could/may/might.

Could/may/might+ [Verb in simple form]

C th /c l.

Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc. C 3ng t c gi tr nh nhau.

V d:It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrow

It may rain tomorrow = ORIt could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow

Ch :

Maybe l s kt hp ca mayv be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ngt. N ng ngha viperhaps.

Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:


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The president said that there might be a strike next month.

I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home.

(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay home.)

It might be warmer tomorrow.

I may not be able to go with you tonight.

I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

18.2 Should

Should + [Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnh lm)

- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.

V d:

It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)

My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).

Lu :

- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should viiu kin l ng t to be phi chia thi hin ti.

- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quy nhphi, bt buc phi.

V d:

We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponedbecause the Professor had to attend a science conference.

( Theo quy nh l ....)

18.3 Must

Must+ [verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn nokhc)

V d:

One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau tmsc trc khi rt tin).

George must call his insurance agent today.

A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.

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Ting Anh c bn

An automobile must have gasoline to run.

An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.

This freezer must be kept at -200.

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin tng ctht hin ti.

V d:

Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)

The grass is wet. It must be raining.(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

Mustc thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y

- ng sau Will thi tng lai.

V d:We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.

- Had to thay cho must qu kh.

V d:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

thi hin ti have to c thay th cho mustkhi:

Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din t s btbuc do khch quan mang li lm gim nh tnh bt buc ca must.

V d:

Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry butthats the rule.

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cctrng thi thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might+ have +P2 (c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.

V d:It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C l m qua tri ma)

The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)

John might have gone to the movies yesterday.(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)


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Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thc t thkhng)

V d:

We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)

SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhng thc t thkhng)

Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were / Supposed to.

MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trongqu kh)

V d:

Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many timesthis past week.

(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rtnhiu ln ).

MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang


V d:

I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to theargument.

MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang


V d:

I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.

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Ting Anh c bn

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb). Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh t.

N ng ngay trc danh t . Trong ting Anh ch c mt danh tduy nht ng sau danh t m n b ngha l: galore ( nhiu,phong ph, di do).

V d:There are errors galore in the final exam.

- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:

+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.

V d:

He runs very fast.verb adv adv

She is terribly beautiful. Adv adj

-Adj + ly= advnhng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c ui lyul ph t. Mt s cc tnh t cng c tn cng l ly.

V d:

Lovely, friendly, lonely.

- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian, phngtin hnh ng, tnh hung hnh ng cng c coi l ph t. V d: in theoffice.

- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh soon, very, almost.

- V tr cc ph t trong ting Anh tng i thoi mi nhng cng c nhng phctp. C mt s quy lut nh sau:

+ Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui cu theo th t u tin:

ch phng thc hnh ng (ui ly),

ch a im (here, there, at school...),

ch thi gian,

ch phng tin hnh ng,

ch tnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi c ng xen vo gia ng t v tn ng.

V d:

I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen gia ngt v tn ng )

+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln ucu.

V d:

In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.


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+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cng ngtrc ng t chnh khi n l ng t hnh ng, nhng bao gi cng ngsau ng t to be.

V d:

- They have often visited me recently.

- He always comes in time.Nhng: The president is always in time.

21. ng t ni. l cc ng t trong bng sau.

becomeremain

appear

smelltaste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau:

Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic, nhmu sc, mi v ...

ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng c l mt ph t.

Lu : cc cp ng t

appear to happen

seem = to chance ( Dng nh)

- To appearc th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th choto happen v to chance.

- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh t hocmt ng danh t theo sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t ni.

- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i hisau n l danh t lm tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny chngmt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr thnh mt ng t din t hnhng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v mt ngngha).

- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.

- to look at : nhn

- to smeel : ngi.

- to taste : nm.

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Ting Anh c bn

22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1 So snh bng.

So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh nhau)v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng ph nh.

Cu trc

As ... as

adj nounS + verb + as + + as +

advpronoun

Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng so.

V d:

He is not so tall as his father.L u :

Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.

Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.

Mt s th d v so snh bng.

My book is as interesting as your.Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.Ph t

John sings as well as his sister.Ph t

Their house is as big as that one.Tnh t

His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.Tnh t Tnh t

They are as lucky as weTnh t

Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snhphi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nhtrong bng sau:

Tnh t Danh theavy, lightwide, narrowdeep, shallowlong, shortbig, small

weightwidthdepthlengthsize


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Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same ... as.

nounSubject + verb + the same + (noun) + as

pro

noun

V d:

My house is as high as his

My house is the same height as his.L u :

- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trongbng trn.

- The same as >< different from.

My nationality is different from hers.Our climate is different

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TOEFL 1.1 (Thanh)