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7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
.
. . .
. .
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.
X . X .: T X
., X T ()
.
T
T
(
)
. T T ()
. T
. X ()
. ()
. ()
X T ={, X} ..
X P(X) T =P(X) ..
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
. X={a,b} .
T ={, {a}, {a,b}}
. X T
. X={a,b, c} .
ba b
ca
a
ab
c c
c
b
b
a ca
bc
: .
X U . X . . X X U
. X
.
(X,T) T X .
T
.
X
T
.
. X . X
. {x} xX isolated
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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T T T T . X T T
.
T
T
.
. X .
U X X T X . T . X U
.
X X ..
.
B . X .
E
.
B
X
E .
. T . .
.
. X B X ...
:
X
B
.B= X X B ()
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
W B x U V ,U V B ()
B
) .xW U V) B
. B
X . B ..xUV ,U V B . B U V B U V W W .W
B U
V =
IW . B
.xW X U . X . B . . . I U, V B V =JV U=IU .
.J U V =
,
(U V)
U V B U V . B X .
B T T B B T
. T
B B X T T ...
T T .
.
B
B
B T T T T . B . B T . B
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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B T B
.T T
a, b . R .
(a, b) ={x|a < x < b}
. R . R
.
.[a, b) ={x|ax < b}
a, b
.
. R R
.
(a, b) =i=
[a +
n, b)
[
,
)
[
,
) =I
(a, b),
a
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
. (t)
B ={(t)| t C C} B,
B
|B| |C C|=|C|.
Wx B ,Ux Vx C .xU X U
xUxWxVx.Ux Wx B (tx)= tx = (Ux, Vx) C C
U
Wx
Ux
Vx
x
: .
. WxVxU=
xU
(tx),
. B
. X ...
. B B B B . R . {[a, b)| a, b R}
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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. B B .
A={a R| [a, b) B}.
c R \ A . R A B [c, c +
)
.
. Rn . y x y = (y
, . . . , yn) x = (x, . . . , xn)
:
d(y,x) = d(x,y) :=
(x
y
) + . . . + (xn yn)
d(x,y)d(x, z) + d(z,y)
: x >
B(x) ={y Rn|d(x,y)< }
B={B(x)|xRn, >}
Rn .. B .zB(x) B(y) .
= min{ d(x, z), d(y, z)}
zB(z)B(x) B(y)
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
x
y
z
: .
Rn B ) . (.
X E . E . X
.
E
X
E
.
.
.
. E E . X
.E E
. E B . .. B T E . E T . T
B T
T
E
. E T .T T
.YX (X,T) .
TY ={Y U|U T}
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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B . Y
T
BY ={B Y|B B}
. TY
X=R .
Y = [
,
)X.
V V = (
,
)
Y Y V .V = [
,
)
Y
.
R
B . X .: X B . X
. B ( )
.xVU V B xU U ()
B
B
X
T
T
.
B T T .. B
. R .
. X X Y .. X V Y V .VY
Y = R {
} X . X= R .
Y
.
R
.
.B
={(p, q)| p, q Q}
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
. R
Y .ZYX X . . Y X Z .
.
.
X A . X .
.
X A .
. [a, b] R
: . X .
.
.
. X ()
. ()
.
(
)
.
Y Y B . X Y ...
.B=A Y X A
Y Y B Y B .
A= X
U
.Y
B =Y
U
X U
B=Y(YB) =Y(YU) =Y(Y(XA)) =Y(YA) =YA.
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X
A B
YU
.
.
A . A X .. IntX(A) A A ClX(A) A A A
.
A
AA..
U
.
A
X
.
.
.
A V V .U A U A .AV
.AY X Y ...
IntY(A) = IntX(A) Y, ClY(A) = ClX(A) Y. .
IntX(A) Y = AUT
U Y =
AUT
(U Y) = IntY(A)
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.
. X A .
.
.
A= Acc
A =Acc
Ac =Ac
Ac . . B . A Acc . Ac .Bc Ac Ac Bc .A B
.A= Acc . Acc B =Bcc
A
Ac
Ac
Acc
.
X
B
X
A
.
.
.
A x B B x A
B B: xBB A= .
U xAc x /A . . xB Ac =Ac B xU Ac xB B xBAc B
.B A=
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x . X A .
A
.
x
A
x
. A
. X A ...
A= A A.
X A ...
.
X x
x
X . T
X .U
U
= x
U
x
U
U
U
x, y X . T
.
T
R . R .
.
T
.
.
.
. x . . . x y Uy yX
X {x}=
x=yX
Uy.
. {x} X
y1
y2
y3x
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.
x . X (T
( A .
.
.
.
A
x
A
x A x . x . A x x A{x
, . . . , xn} = . A U A X {x
, . . . , xn} .U (A {x}) .
U X {x
, . . . , xn}
.
A
x
.(A= A)A= A () A .
. X A B A .
A B=A B ( ). (
A
A ( )
(
.
.
. .
A AX .
Bd(A) =A (X A).
.A= Int(A) Bd(A) Int(A) (Bd(A ( )
.
A
Bd(A) =
(
).Bd(U) =U U U ( )
. P(X) X .. P(X) AX A AA
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R A ( )
.
. R A ( )
.
A x . A
X x
X X .
.
xA
A
x
.xA
f : X Y . (Y, T
)
(X,T
)
.
f
xX,AX : xAf(x)f(A).
. f :XY .
.
.
:
. f ()
.f(A)f(A) AX ()
.
f(P)
P Y
(
)
.
f(U)
U Y
(
)
.f(V)U x V f(x) U ()
.
:(
)(
) .
A = f(P) . Y P :( )( )
P=f
f(P) ff(P) ff(P) =P =P.
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.
P=f
f(P)
A= f(P)f
f
f(P)
=f(P) =A,
. A= f(P) P = Y U . Y U :()()
. f(U) =X f(P) V =f(U) . f(x) U :()()
.x U = Y f(A) .f(x) / f(A) x A :()() V .f(V)U x V f(x)
. f(A)f(A) A. ...
AX . g :YZ f :X Y .
g f(A) =gf(A) gf(A) gf(A) =g f(A)
B Y A X . f : X Y
B
A
f
f(A)B
f|BA :ABxf(x)
.
B Y A X . f : X Y ... . B A .f(A)B
. f|BA :AB
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CA .
f|BA(CA) =f(CA) =f(CX A)f(CX) f(A)f(C)Y B=f|BA(C)Y B=f|BA(C)B
.
X {X} X .
X=
X.
{X} . () X () {X} x U xX
X
{| U X= }
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.
. X A X X A X
. X A X :
(X A) X=X A= X (X A)
. X A X X A X
.
. X {A} ...
.
A
X
A=
A.
A A A .
A
A.
A
x
U
x / A
x V
, . . . , V n . A
, . . . , An
Ai Vi= .
W =U V
. . . V n
W AiAi Vi=
W A
= ,
.x / A
. ...
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() .
.
{X} {AX} . X X AX
A X
=
A X=
A X
=A.
. A
{X} Y X .( ).. f:XY . X
. X
f|XX =f|XX .
f :XY f . f|YX =f
. Y U .
f(U) =
f (U)
. f f(U) X f (U)
f : R R .
f(x) =
x, x
x, x
.x X (X, d) : x .
Bd(x, ) ={yX| d(x, y)< }.
.
B(x, )
d
.
B
(X, d)
.
.
.
B . X
. X
.zBd(x, ) Bd(y, ) .B= X .
= min
d(x, z), d(y, z),
zBd(z, )Bd(x, ) Bd(y, ). metric
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.
X ..
X . X .
d(x, y) =
, if x=y,
, if x= y.
. d xX .
.B(x,
) ={x} {x} x
R .
d(x, y) =|x y|
.
=y x
. R
(x, y) =B(x + y
, )
.
Rn .
x= (x
, . . . , xn),y= (y, . . . , yn) Rn
d(x,y) =
(x
y
) + . . . + (xn yn)
.
metrizable
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x={xi}i= H .i=
xi
(X, d) . (x, y) = d(x, y)
. X d X
X X d
d
..
K >
X d .
d(x, y)< K,x, yX.
X A d
diam(A) = sup{d(x, y)| x, yA}
.
T Td X d ...
Td T .
:
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.
.B(x, )Bd(x, ) > > xX
. .
X
d
.
.
.
B(x, ) Bd(x, ) , > > x X .Bd(x, )B(x, )
.
X
.
.
.
X
.
X
d
.
(x, y) = min{
, d(x, y)}.
= min(,
) .B(x, ) Bd(x, ) < . d ,.Bd(x )B(x, )
. ...
= . (X, d) y x .
. d(x, y)
B(x, ) B(y, ) = .
f :XY . (Y, dY) (X, dX) ...: xX
x
X,
>
,
>
: dX(x, y)<
dY(f(x), f(y))< .
. .
d :XX R . (X, d) ... .
R X X
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.d(a, b) .d(x
, y
) =d (x
, y
)X X .
(x, y)Bd(x, ) Bd(y, )
.= (b d)/
d(x, y)d(x, x
) + d(x
, y
) + d(y
, y)< d + (a, b),
d
Bd(x, ) Bd(y, ) (a, b)
. d
.
.X
N
X
X X
X =X X . . .
. {x
, x
, . . .} {xn}n= X : xX X ={xn}n .
N x U
iN xiU.
. {xn}n= x x {{xn . R R .
! .
:
X={a,b,c}
.
T ={, {a, b}, X}.
.{xn}n= b ={xn}n a xn=a
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.
.
X . X ...
.
. x x x={xn}n= . x x x
.
xA .AX X ... . x A
.
x
A
a={an}n= ..xA ( A ai ( A x
an an n .x A . x A {an}n= .A Bd(x,/n) U .ai Bd(x,/n) i n n N in Bd(x,/n)U n N X
.anU
.
f :XY .( ) .. x X f . X
. f(x) ={f(xn)}n x X ={xn}n. x {xn} x f . x V . f(x) U f(xn) xnV iN N > .f(V)U
.{f(xn)} f(x) .f(V)U
x
x
f
x V f(x) U ..f(xn) /U xnBd(x,/n) n N .f(V) U
{f(xn)} f(x) {xn} x {xn}n= .
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f : R R . R R .:
f(x, y) =
xy
x + y, (x, y)= (
,
)
, (x, y) = (
,
)
. .
:.
. (xn, yn) = . f(xn, yn) = / = {(xn, yn)} (,) (/n,/n)
.{f(xn, yn)} f(,)
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.
.
. R ...
R R (R {
}) . R R R .
. .
. xX f, g : X R ... . x f /g (g(x
=
. x f.g f
g f+ g
.
.
Bd(x, ) ={yX| d(x, y)}.
: x= (x
, . . . , xn),y= (y, . . . , yn)
Rn .
d(x,y) =|x
y
| + . . . + |xn yn|.
. Rn d
. (X, d) .
d :X X R X .) R)
.
X
d
.
d(x, y) = d(x, y)
+ d(x, y), x, yX
. X
7/25/2019 Topology Farsi
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.
X= X {X} ... X T .X
:
(, )
. () T T X X ()
. T T X X ()
.T|X = T X T
. X UX X U . T . X .U T .T|X T .
U X=U (X X).
X X U
X X X
X
.U T
X
UX
XX
X
.T|X = T T T|X
Y X f :XY (X,T) Y . Y . f X . f Y f Y
Y
.
. f .
. f :XY (X,T) .
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.
f Y
T|f={VY| f(V) T}
X f U Y Y .
. T|f
f
T|f ... .T T|f f Y T
T . f : (X,T)(Y, T|f) . Y
f : (X,T)(Y, T)
X (f(U U T . .T T|f U T|f
.
U Y
f :X Y
.
Y f(U) . . X
.
.
f
.
f :XY
.
.
.
f
Y
.
. .
.
quotient topology
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() f . f :XY ..
(
)
Y
X
(
)
. () ...
. .
Z
.
p : X Y
.
.
.
p ( ) f :XZ g : Y Z .f(x
) = f(x
) p(x
) = p(x
)
.
g p= f
.
f
g (
)
. f g ()
X p
f
Y
g
Z
f . gp = f g () . U . g .
f=g p . X (f(U . Z
p
g(U)
=f(U).
g Y (g(U p .
f . g p= f g () . Y U .
p
g(U)
=f(U).
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.
p
g(U)
f(U) = p
g(U)
U
.
g
.
g(U)
.
. X . p : X X X
X
X
. x [x] x
.
X
p
. X
.
X
X
.) . . ( X U
X
U
:.
X . X= R {(
,
)} .
(x
, y
)(x
, y
) R : (x
, y
) =(x
, y
).
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.
X
() . X
U X
U X U
. X
.
X
.
f :X Y
.
.
.
:
x
x
f(x
) =f(x
).
g:X
Y, g([x]) =f(x)
.X
=Y
g . . . . g g
Y = S ={(cos t, sin t)| t R} R X = [
,
] R . F : R R .
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.
F(t) = (cos
t, sin
t)
f=F|YX :XY
.X=S f X .
0 1
S1
X= R{(
,
)} . X .
(x
, y
)(x
, y
) R : (x
, y
) =(x
, y
).
:
X
{(x, y)| x < y , y=
x
.
X X . X
Y X Y X B A ...
.
B A
Y YB YA X B A .
. Y
.
Y
Y
. B A Y
.
.
.
.
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.y Y X {Y} .
Y =A B
.
Y =Y
Y A y . Y. YA A Y
AB ClX(A) . X A ... .
B
.
C A . B B = C D . ClX(A) ClX(C) .A C . D D . D B D (ClX(C
.
. f :X Y X A ... . f(A)
f
f(A)
A
f
.
. Y X . Y Y =C D
X=f(C) f(D)
. X (f(C f(D) (f(C
Y =f(X) =f f(C) =C
. Y .
.
.
.
.
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.
Y X . .
xX
.
X Y
a b
.
. Y x Y
Tx = (X b) (x Y)
.x b(X b) (x Y)
X Y =xX
Tx
a bxX
Tx
. X Y
Xa
b
a b
x Y
x
Y
X b
. : .
f : [a, b]X
.
X
y
x
.
.f(b) =c f(a) =x ,([a b] ) f y x X S = f([a, b]) X .
.
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X . X .
.
y
x
x y
. X
X X ...
.
X
. A . X C . A
xC
.cC
). c x ( c x Cx
C=xC
Cx
cxC
Cx.
. C
x xX X . X . x
.
:
X ...
.
X ...
.
X
C X U X . .xVU V xC . U
. C C V
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.
x .
x
U
C
.
x
U
X
. X . C .
x y X .X . X y x
.
:
X
.
.
.
.
X
x xX X . X . x
.
X ...
X .
.
P
x C
X
C
.
.P C P . x X Q .P=C .P =C X C P X
C C=P Q.
. X X X C Q P
.
C
. X ...
. .
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f(a)= f : [a, b] R .( ) .. f(c) =
c[a, b]
f(b)
f(a)
C
.f(b).C
c [a, b] .C f([a, b]) f([a, b]) . .f(c) =C
f(a)f(b)
. U
.
:
.
X
.
.
.
. X .
. X .
. X .
X C x X . X . x
.
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T
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