TRNG CAO NG CNG THNG TP.HCM HO CHI MINH CITY INDUSTRY AND TRADE
COLLEGE
BI TP BO CO MN HCB Mn: Mi Trng V Con Ngi
H v tn: L Hu Nhn Lp CCQ1405C in cng nghip Tit 4, 5 tun 17 Ni
dung trnh by: Phn 1: Mi trng. Phn 2: Dn s v nh hng ca bng n dn s
Phn 3: Ti nguyn thin nhin v khai thc s dng ti nguyn thin nhin. Phn
4: nhim mi trng v bin php bo v mi trng. Phn 5: Ti liu tham kho
(ngun ti liu)Bi lm:Phn 1: Mi trng:1 Khi nim: l tp hp tt c cc yu t t
nhin v x hi bao quanh con ngi, nh hng ti con ngi v tc ng n cc hot
ng sng ca con ngi nh: khng kh, nc, m, sinh vt, x hi loi ngi v cc th
ch.2 S tin ha ca mi trng:1 Trc khi s sng xut hin: Lp bng di mt bng
khng b ng, cc tia cc tm khng xuyn qua c nn s sng c th tn ti. Trn kh
quyn, O2 rt t nn khng ngn chn c s xm nhp ca cc tia c hi v th s sng
khng th tn ti (bt c sinh vt no mun ln b u cht bi cc tia cc tm)2 T
khi xut hin s sng: Mi trng gm 2 thnh phn: v sinh v hu sinh Sinh vt
pht trin thng qua chn lc t nhin, bc u to ra sinh vt s khi c dip lc
n gin (to lam cch y 2,5 t nm). Nh qu trnh quang hp to nn s bin i su
sc v mi trng sinh thi a cu, O2 c to ra nhanh chng. T xut hin hng
lot cc sinh vt khc. O2 tng ln ng k to ra O3, lng O3 t t tng ln to
thnh lp ozone.3 Thnh phn mi trng: Mi trng t nhin: bao gm cc yu t t
nhin nh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc tn ti khch quan, ngoi mun con ngi hoc
t chu tc ng chi phi ca con ngi. Mi trng nhn to: gm cc yu t vt l,
sinh hc, x hi do con ngi to nn v chu s chi phi ca con ngi.-Mi trng
x hi: gm mi quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi (con ngi vi t cch l c th,
c nhn v nhn cch ngha l quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi, con ngi vi
cng ng, cng ng vi cng ng).4 Cc quyn trn tri t: Kh quyn: Cu trc: Tng
i lu: cao n 10km tnh t mt t, l tng tip gip vi b mt tri t. Nhit v p
xut ca tng ny gim theo chiu cao. Trn mt t c nhit trung bnh l C, ln
cao 10km ch cn t -C n -C. Tng bnh lu: cao t 10-50km. Nhit v p xut
ca tng ny tng theo chiu cao. Cc nh khoa hc gii thch rng s gia tng
nhit l do cng ln cao cng gn vi lp ozone. Lp Ozone l lp khng kh ni c
hm lng ozone rt cao, c kh nng hp thu tia cc tm ca mt tri. Lp ozone
xut hin cao 18-30km. Nng ozone cao nht cao 20-25km, cao hn 1000 ln
so vi tng i lu (khong 10 ppm). Tng trung lu: cao 50-90 km. c im ca
tng ny l nhit gim dn t nh ca tng bnh lu (50km) n nh tng trung lu
(90km), nhit gim nhanh hn tng i lu v c th t n - Thng tng kh quyn v
tng ngoi. c im cu tng ny l nhit tng ln rt nhanh v rt cao. Mt phn t
kh y cc long. Thnh phn kh tng i lu: kh quyn bao gm cc thnh phn cc
kh thay i nh (20,95%), Ar (0,93%), (78,08%), mt s kh khc nh Ne
(18,18 ppm V), He (5,24 ppm V), Kr (1,14 ppm V), Xe (0,087 ppm V).
Vai tr: Kh quyn l ngun cung cp oxy (cn thit cho s sng trn tri t),
cung (cn thit cho qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt). Kh quyn c nhim v duy
tr v bo v s sng trn tri t. Nh c kh quyn hp th m hu ht cc tia v tr v
phn ln bc x in t ca mt tri khng ti c mt t. Thy quyn: bao gm mi ngun
nc i dng, bin, cc sng, h, bng tuyt, nc di t v hi nc. Khi lng thy
quyn c chng 1,38 = 0,03%. Khi lng tri t, trong : 97% l nc mn, c hm
lng mui cao, khng thch hp cho s sng con ngi. 2% di dng bng hai u
cc. 1% c con ngi s dng (30% ti tiu; 50% dng sn xut nng lng; 12% cho
sn xut cng nghip v 7% cho sinh hot). Thch quyn: mi trng t, bao gm
lp v tri t c dy khong 60-70 km trn mt t v 2-8 km di y bin. t l mt
hn hp phc tp ca cc hp cht v c, hu c, khng kh, nc, v l mt b phn quan
trng nht ca thch quyn. Sinh quyn: sinh quyn l ni s sng tn ti, bao
gm cc thnh phn ca thch quyn. Sinh quyn c cc cng ng sinh vt khc nhau
t n gin n phc tp, t di nc n trn cn, t vng xch o n cc vng cc tr nhng
min khc nghit. Sinh quyn khng c gii hn r rt v nm trong tt c trong
cc quyn vt l v khng hon ton lin tc v ch tn ti v pht trin trong nhng
iu kin mi trng nht nh.5 Chu trnh sinh a ha hc: Khi nim: Trao i cc
cht trong t nhin: cc cht t mi trng vo c th, qua cc bc dinh dng ri t
c th sinh vt truyn li mi trng. Tng hp cc cht, tun hon vt cht trong
t nhin, phn gii v lng ng mt phn vt cht trong t, nc.
Chu trnh tun hon nc: Nc ma ri xung, mt phn thm xung cc mch nc
ngm, mt phn tch ly trong sng, sui, ao, h Nc ma tr li bu kh quyn di
dng nc thng qua hot ng thot hi nc ca l cy v bc hi nc trn mt t. Nc
trn tri t lun lun chuyn theo vng tun hon v ph thuc vo thm thc vt.
Ngun nc khng phi l v tn v ang b suy gim nghim trng. Chng ta cn phi
bo v ngun nc sch.
Chu trnh tun hon cacbon: Cacbon i vo chu trnh di dng cacbon
dioxit () Thc vt ly to ra cht hu c u tin thng qua qu trnh quang hp,
cacbon trao i trong qun x qua chui v li thc n. Khi s dng v phn hy
cc hp cht cha cacbon, SV tr li v nc cho mi trng. Cacbon tr li mi
trng v c qua cc con ng. H hp ca ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt. Phn gii
ca sinh vt S t chy nhin liu trong cng nghip Nng kh trong bu kh quyn
ang tng gy thm nhiu thin tai trn tri t.
Chu trnh tun hon oxy ():
Chu trnh tun hon nito (N): Thc vt hp th nito di dng mui amoni
(NH4+) v nitrat (NO3). Cc mui amni (NH4+) v nitrat (NO3) c hnh thnh
trong t nhin bng con ng vt l, ha hc v sinh hc. Trong lng mui nit c
tng hp bng con ng sinh hc l ln hn c (VK c nh m sng c th sng cng
sinh hoc sng t do trong t c kh nng c nh nit t do N2t khng kh) Nit t
xc SV tr li mi trng t, nc thng qua hot ng phn gii cht hu c ca VK,
nm S trao i nit trong qun x qua chui v li thc n Hot ng phn nitrat
ca VK tr li mt lng nit phn t cho t, nc v bu kh quyn.
Chu trnh tun hon phospho (P):
Phn 2: Dn s v nh hng ca bng n dn s: Dn s: Khi nim: Tp hp ca nhng
con ngi ang sng mt vnga lhoc mtkhng giannht nh, l ngun lao ng qu bu
cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi, thng c o bng mt cuc iu tra dn s v biu
hin bng mt thp dn s. Dn s c nghin cu trong cc lnh vc ring, trong mt
nhnh casinh thi hcc tn gisinh vt hc, v trongdi truyn hc. Trongng lc
hc v dn s, kch c dn s, tui v cu trc gii tnh,s ngi t vong,t l sinhv
s pht trin dn s c nghin cu. Nhn khu hcnghin cu v mt dn s. Ba trng
tm chnh ca n l cc phng thcsinh sn, st vongvnhp c, mc d cc lnh vc nh
s thay i cagia nh, (kt hnvli d),sc khe cng ng, vic lm vlc lng lao
ngcng c nghin cu. C rt nhiu kha cnh khc nhau trong hnh vi ca con
ngi trong lnh vc dn s c nghin cu nh trongx hi hc,kinh t hcva l. Cc
nghin cu v dn s hu ht thng theo nhng quy lut caxc sut, v s kt lun
ca cc nghin cu ny do c th khng th s dng cho mt vi cc c th ring
bit.
Dn s th gii tng nhanh trong XIX v th k XX: Cc s liu thng k v iu
tra dn s lin tc trong nhiu nm s gip chng ta bit c qu trnh gia tng
dn s ca mt a phng, mt nc hay trn ton th gii. Gia tng dn s t nhin ca
mt ni ph thuc vo s tr sinh ra v s ngi cht i trong mt nm. S gia tng
dn s do s ngi chuyn i v s ngi t ni khc chuyn n gi l gia tng c gii.
Trong nhiu th k, dn s th gii tng ht sc chm. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do
dch bnh, i km v chin tranh. Vo u Cng nguyn, dn s th gii ch c khong
300000000 ngi, n th k XVI mi tng gp i. Nm 1804, dn s th gii l
1000000000 ngi, th m n nm 2001 ln n 6160000000 ngi; l nh nhng tin b
trong cc lnh vc kinh t - x hi v y t. S bng n dn s: Dn s th gii tng
rt nhanh v t ngt t nhng nm 50 ca th k XX khi cc nc thuc a chu , chu
Phi v M La-tinh ginh c c lp, i sng c ci thin v nhng tin b v y t lm
gim nhanh t l t vong, trong khit l sinhvn cn cao. Bng n dn s xy ra
khi t l gia tng bnh qun hng nm ca dn s th gii ln n 2,1%. Dn s tng
nhanh vt qu kh nng gii quyt cc vn n, mc, , hc hnh, vic lm... tr
thnh gnh nng i vi cc nc c nn kinh t chm pht trin. Bng cc chnh sch
dn s & pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhiu nc t c t l gia tng dn s t
nhin hp l. S gia tng dn s th gii ang c xu hng gim dn tin n mc n nh
mc trn 1%. D bo n nm 2050, dn s th gii s l 8900000000 ngi. Dn s cc
nc: Khong 4 t ngi trong s 6,5 t ngi trn th gii sng Chu . Trong 10
nc c s dn ln nht trn th gii c 7 nc thuc Chu .
nh hng ca bng n dn s: Mt cn bng t nhin v x hi Cn kit ngun ti
nguyn, nhim mi trng. Dch bnh ly lan Vn vic lm, dn tr thp Kinh t chm
pht trin (ngho nn, lc hu, i, thiu nc) T nn x hi gia tng. An sinh
xhi, y t V nhng vn trn nh hng nh th no i vi mt qucgia ang pht trin:
c th vi nc ta tc ng trn nh th no. Tc dng ny cn nh hng n khu vc v th
gii ra sao? Cnh tranh v TNTN: xm chim v TNTN, ti nguyn phi nhp khu.
Bng n dn s ng ngha vi lng kh thi, rc thi tng ln vi tc chng mt: nh
hng n tng ozon ca chng ta. Cc quc gia c nn cng nghip pht trin, thi
ra lg kh thi ln v hu qu th khng ring 1 quc gia no. Di dn quc t. Ti
phm, TNXH Phn 3: Ti nguyn thin nhin v khai thc s dng ti nguyn thin
nhin? Ti nguyn thin: Khi nim: gm cc dng nng lng vt cht, thng tin tn
ti khch quan vi mun con ngi c gi tr t thn con ngi c th s dng trong
hin ti v tng lai, phc v cho s tn ti v pht trin ca loi ngi. Phn loi:
Ti nguyn ti to(nc ngt,t,sinh vtv.v...) l ti nguyn c th t duy tr hoc
t b sung mt cch lin tc khi c qun l mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin, nu s dng
khng hp l, ti nguyn ti to c th b suy thoi khng th ti to c. V d: ti
nguyn nc c th b nhim, ti nguyn t c th b mn ho, bc mu, xi mn v.v...
Ti nguyn khng ti tol loi ti nguyn tn ti hu hn, s mt i hoc bin i sau
qu trnh s dng. V d nh ti nguyn khong sn ca mt m c th cn kit sau khi
khai thc. Ti nguyn gen di truyn c th mt i cng vi s tiu dit ca cc
loisinh vtqu him. Khai thc s dng ti nguyn thin nhin: Thc trng qun l
v khai thc: So vi nhiu nc trn th gii v trong khu vc, Vit Nam c nhng
li th quan trng v ti nguyn khong sn. Hin c nc c hn 1.000 m ln nh
ang c khai thc. Nhng do qun l thiu cht ch nn tnh trng khai thc thiu
quy hoch, rt ba bi i vi cc m nh, gy tht thot ti nguyn khong sn, hy
hoi mi trng, thm thc vt, gy s c mi trng nh st l, sp hm l
c bit, cc m nh nm phn tn cc a phng khng c qun l thng nht, ng b
nn tnh trng tht thot ti nguyn v gy nhim mi trng cng trm trng hn. Bn
cnh vic lm lng ph ti nguyn do khng tn thu c hm lng khong sn hu ch,
vic khai thc bng cng ngh lc hu cn gy ra tnh trng mt rng, xi l t, bi
lng v nhim sng sui, ven bin.
Bn cnh , phng thc ch bin v v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh tiu
dng cn nhiu bt cp, cha thn thin vi mi trng nn v ang tc ng xu n nhiu
vng trong c nc, e da n s pht trin bn vng, nh hng trc tip n sn xut v
i sng x hi trong hin ti v tng lai. Tr lng hn hp. Nu so snh vi cc nc
trong khu vc ng Nam v th gii, Vit Nam c xp vo hng cc nc c nhiu loi
khong sn. C th k n nh Du kh, Than, St, Titan, Bauxit, Vng, t him,
Apatit, vi xi mng, xy dng.
Theo bo co ca Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam, t su 30m n 100m nc vng
b bin, cc nh khoa hc pht hin mt s m sa khong c ngha kinh t nh cc m
cha Inmenit, Rutin, Monazit, Ziacon, Vng, Croom, Titan, st ,...
Tuy vy, khi nh gi v tim nng khong sn Vit Nam , cc nh khoa hc u
cho rng nc ta c nhiu loi khong sn nhng tr lng hu ht khng nhiu. n c
nh du kh khai thc trn 300 triu tn, vi sn lng khai thc gn 20 triu tn
quy du/nm, th lng du kh ch khai thc c chng 30 nm na s cn kit.
Mt s loi khong sn nh bauxit, t himVit Nam c d bo t tm c th gii,
nhng th gii cng c nhiu v khng c nhu cu tiu th ln. iu c ngha l loi
khong sn th gii cn th Vit Nam li khng c. y l vn phi c quan tm nghin
cu nh gi khch quan gia cung v cu, c chin lc s dng ti nguyn khong sn
ng n, hp l, phc v cho pht trin kinh t t nc. xut gii php:
Theo Ph Gio s Tin s Nguyn Th Hi-Trng i hc Lut H Ni v Tin s Phm
Quang Tin-Vin Khoa hc Gio dc Vit Nam: Nhm mc ch s dng hp l, tit
kim, bn vng, lu di ngun lc khong sn phc v cho cng cuc cng nghip ha,
hin i ha t nc, trc ht phi tin hnh cng tc kim k tng th s lng, tr lng
cc m c v khai thc trn phm vi c nc. Lm c s nh gi, nhn nhn mt cch ng
n, khch quan v tim nng ti nguyn khong sny mnh cng tc iu tra, tm
kim, thm d pht hin m mi. i i vi vic Nh nc ban hnh c ch, chnh sch v
u thu quyn thm d, khai thc i vi cc m. ng thi quy hoch mt cch c th
tng loi khong sn. C bin php tng cng vic s dng cc phng php tin tin
trong khai thc, ch bin su nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t, trnh c xut khu
th, loi b c nn qung tc
Mt khc s dng cc cng c kinh t, hnh chnh v ch ti php lut thc hin c
hiu qu Lut Khong sn. Kin ton h thng t chc qun l ti nguyn khong sn t
Trung ng n a phng. Xy dng quy hoch thng nht s dng cc ngun ti nguyn
khong sn v bo v mi trng. T chc trnh t khai thc m mt cch hp l, trnh
tnh trng m d lm trc, m kh b li; tng u t cho khu phc hi, ti to v v
ci thin mi trng sinh thi cc a bn khai thc m.
V k thut: i mi cng ngh khai thc, sng tuyn v ch bin tn thu ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng. p dng cc cng ngh tin tin nhm s dng cc loi
qung c hm lng thp, gp phn gim thiu ti a khi lng t thi; thu hp din
tch bi thi; thu hi cc cht hu ch t cc bi thi qung va lm sch mi trng
li va trnh c lng ph ti nguyn.
Phn 4: nhim mi trng v bin php bo v mi trng. nhim mi trng: Khi
nim: l tnh trng mi trng b nhim bi cc chtha hc,sinh hc,bc x, ting
n,... gy nh hng nsc khecon ngiv cc c th sng khc[1]. nhim mi trng xy
ra l docon ngiv cch qun l ca con ngi. nhim mi trng nc: Cht gy nhim
nc: Cht hu c tng hp: ha cht bo v thc vt, cht ty ra, du m, cc cht hu
c tng hp khc. Cc hp cht dng v c: cc loi phn bn v c, cc khong acid,
cht phng x. Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh: nc thi cha kh nhiu vi sinh vt gy
bnh, c trng l cc dng, tiu biu l Escherichia Coli gy bnh ng rut. Rc:
tun ra bin (mi nm khong 6,5 triu tn). Plastic l loi kh phn hy nht,
n c th tn ti hn 50 nm trong mi trng bin, hin ang c xxu hng tng ln.
Mt s hu qu: Con ngi c th b nhim giun sn, nhim c, nh hng n sc khe,
gy mt s bnh thng nh: t, thng hn, kit, giun sn, vim gan siu vi Gy
hin tng ph dng ha, nh hng n sc khe ca ngi dn v nng xut hi sn. Trong
cc mu c, tm, cua vnh Jacarta (Indonexia) Pb > 4%, Hg > 38%,
cadmium > 76%... Nht, c, Trung Quc, Hn Quc c nng acid, thy ngn,
ch trong nc vt qu tiu chun cho php. Malaysia, nc thi t cc nh my du
c v cao su, t cc nh my khc v cc khu dn c lm 42 con sng coi nh cht.
nhim nc ngm: Chu M Latinh, cc cht c hi t cc bi thm nhp vo nc ngm c
15 nm tng gp i. Ti thnh ph ca cc nc pht trin nc ngm b bn do thiu h
thng x l v qun l km cc h rc t hoi. Cc loi to pht trin mnh vng ca
sng, dc b bin Bc Carolina v b bin pha Nam bn o Scandinave. Hoa ca
to tit ra nhng c t nh hng ti thc phm bin. Nm 1987, ng c do thc phm
c c t to git cht 26 ngi Guatamala. Vit Nam, ti vng bin pha Bc Bnh
Thun, t huyn tuy phong tr ra, phi i u vi nn thy triu . Du ha bao ph
trn mt nc lm cn tr kh nng quang hp, cn tr trao i oxy, lm cht c,
chim. Bi li vng bin b nhim hu c th b ri lon tiu ha, vim tai, vim ng
h hp, nguy c tng bnh vim gan siu vi v dch t. Cc thng s xc nh nhim
nc: PH: nc trung tnh c PH = 7; nu PH < 7 c tnh acid, PH > 7 c
tnh kim. cng: thng c 2 loi l nc cng v nc mm. c: l do ht rn l lng,
cc cht hu c phn r hoc do ng thc vt cht gy nn. mu: mn, vn cht hu c,
cc ht l lng v c, cc tamin, acid humic phn hy. Thng c ngun gc t nc
thi cng nghip c bit l giy, bng Hm lng cht rn: bao gm cc cht v c ha
tan (cc mui) hoc khng ha tan (t dng huyn ph) v cc cht hu c nh vi
sinh vt, cc cht hu c tng hp. Hm lng oxy ha tan: ha tan gim l du hiu
nhim nc. Khi hm lng ha tan gn bng 0 th nc nhim nng. Nhu cu oxy ha
sinh ha: oxy ha cc cht hu c mi b b oxy ha ht. n v mg /l. Ch s BOD
cao th nhim nng. Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc: l lng oxy ha ha hc cc cht hu
c to thnh v nc. Hm lng cc cht: sulfat, nito v hp cht nito,
phosphat, cc kim loi v kim loi nng. Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my:
Vedan, cng ty sc sn Vissan, nh my ng Hip Ha. Vit Nam: Cc ch s BOD,
SS, pH cc ngun tip nhn nc thi u > 5-10 ln tiu chun, nhng ngun
nhim nng c ch s > 20 ln. Cc ngun tip nhn nc thi cn cha kim loi
nng nh: arsen, km, crom, thy ngn, ch l nhng nguyn t rt c hi ch vi
hm lng thp. nhim khng kh: Khi nim: l nhim do cc cht c sn trong t
nhin hoc hnh ng ca con ngi lm pht sinh cc cht nhim trong khng kh.
Lch s ca nhim khng kh: Phn loi: ONKK c th c ngun gc t nhin nh ni
la, la, i dng, bi, phn hoa, thc vt, sinh vt Cc cht gy nhim khng kh:
Bi v sol kh:+ Bi l cht dng rn hoc lng, c kch thc nh, phn tn din
rng. Hng nm th gii thi vo kh quyn khong 200 triu tn bi. + Sol l cht
l lng phn tn trong khng kh vi kch thc dng keo (d < 1 m) v tng i
bn, kh lng. Sol kh cng l ngun gc to nn cc nhn ngng t to thnh my ma.
Cc cht dng kh: , , CO, , Pb Cc ion: ion m, ion dng. Cc ht nh, cc
cht nguy hi khc:
nhim t: Khi nim: l tt c cc hin tng lm nhim bn mi trng t bi cc tc
nhn gy nhim khi nng ca chng tng ln qu mc an ton, c bit l cc cht thi
rn ca ngnh khai thc m. Ngun gy nhim: T nhin: nhim phn, nhim mn,
Gley ha trong t sinh ra nhiu cht c hi cho sinh thi, s lan truyn t
mi trng b nhim. Nhn to: cht thi cng nghip, cht thi sinh hot, cht
thi nng nghip nh phn v nc tiu, do cc tc ng ca khng kh t cc khu cng
nghip v th Cc cht gy nhim chnh: cc cht kh, rc v cht thi rn, du
trong t, nhim vi sinh vt mi trng t, nhim do s dng phn bn ha hc v
thuc tr su. Hu qu: t b xung cp: d b xi mn do nc, d tha mui, s xung
cp sinh hc. Lm thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca t; lm chai cng; lm chua
t; lm thay i dinh dng gia t v cy trng. Gy mt s bnh truyn nhim. Cc
cht phng x, kim loi, nylon, do khng phn hy c nn gy tr ngi cho t. Cc
phn bn ha hc thng c mt s vt kim loi v ha cht nh: As, Cd, Co, Pb Vic
s dng thuc tr su c tc dng lm gim tc ng ph hoi ca su bnh, tng sn lng
cy trng. Bin php bo v mi trng: Trng nhiu cy xanh X l mi trng v sinh
xung quanh Hn ch s dng ti nilon Tn dng nng lng mt tri s dng p dng
khoa hc hin i vo i sng
