Transitional words and phrases

轉折語氣

Contents:

Common mistakes Paragraph coherence Transition signals Briefing English / presentation skills

Common confused words

Phrases / words Meaning / Example

1.

regard (uncountable n)

(formal) attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something

The present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues.

All students must have access to quality education

without regard to wealth or class.

in this/that regard

(formal) relating to something you have just mentioned

The company's problems, in this regard, are certainly not unique.

regard (v)

regard… as…

[not in progressive] to think about someone or something

in a particular way.

Edith was widely regarded as (=considered by many

people to be) eccentric.

His work is highly regarded (=regarded as very good) by

art experts.

Though 20 years old, the book is still regarded as the

authority on the subject.

as regards something

(formal) relating to a particular subject - use this when you

want to talk or write about a particular subject:

As regards a cure for the disease, very few advances have

been made.

regarding (prep)

= concerning. (formal) a word used especially in letters or speeches to introduce the subject you are writing or talking about [= concerning, with regard to]

about something or someone - use this especially to talk about information, ideas, or questions

Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our

new brochure.

If you have any questions regarding any of our services,

please feel free to call me.

Thank you for your letter regarding the annual subscription

to our magazine.

Richard was called in by the police to answer questions

concerning the disappearance of Thomas Ripley.

With regard to (prep)

used especially to introduce a subject that you want to talk about in a speech, formal report, meeting etc

With regard to the proposed new shopping mall, I would like

to add a few remarks to those of the previous speaker.

With regard to your letter concerning my January payment,

this matter has now been settled.

2.

display (v) to show something to people, or put it in a place where people can see it easily:

If a computer or something similar display information, it shows it on its screen.

All the exam results will be displayed on the noticeboard.

I pressed ‘return” and an error message was displayed.

Indicate (v) if an instrument for measuring indicates information, it shows that information

The temperature gauge indicated zero.

This dial indicates oil pressure in the engine.

register (v) if a piece of equipment registers a particular speed, distance, time etc, that speed, distance etc has reached a particular point on the equipment's scale.

The jelly is ready for bottling when the thermometer registers 165 degrees.

Wind speeds registering between 70 and 100 mph have been recorded.

The biggest quake registered 5.2 on the Richter scale.

3.

as well (phrase)

also

I’m coming to London and my sister’s coming as

well.

There are other features as well.

as well as (phrase)

In addition to; and; not only…but also

I want to visit Andrew as well as Martin.

My sister is a talent singer as well as a popular writer.

He has classes in the morning as well as in the

afternoon.

4.

Implement (v) Use; to put a plan or system into operation

We need money to implement the program.

The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.

execute (v) (formal) Do; to do or perform something, especially in a planned way; to execute a deal/plan

The whole play was executed with great precision.The government had difficulty in executing the policy.

enforce (v) to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted:

It isn't always easy for the police to enforce speed limits.The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline.

5.

operate (v) to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect

The machine is not operating properly.

Does the company operate a pension scheme?

For several years she operated a dating agency from

her basement flat.

Changes are being introduced to make the department

operate more efficiently.

We have representatives operating in most countries.

Practice (n) action rather than thought or ideas

It seemed like a good idea before we started, but in practice it was a disaster.Officially, Robert's in charge, but in practice Hannah runs the office.I can't see how your plan is going to work in practice.How do you intend to put these proposals into practice?

6.

define (v)

Explain; to say what the meaning of something, especially a word

In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things

as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'.

Before I answer your question, could you define your

terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the

words you have used)?

consider (v)

View as; regard as; to believe someone or something to be, or think of them as; 「認為，把…視為」(consider +O. +N/adj) (+that) (passive + O. + to infinitive)

Do you consider her suitable for the job?

He is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete.

I consider it (to be) a great honor to be invited to join the club.

It is considered bad manners in some cultures to speak with your mouth full of food.

I’m considering changing my job.

He is considered an expert in computer science.

He considers me as his best friend. He considers me his best friend.

These workers are considered as a high-ranking group. These workers are considered a high-ranking group.

I consider him as clever. I consider him clever.

I consider activities such as jogging and weightlifting as unnatural. I consider activities such as jogging and weightlifting unnatural.

consider as

I wished to consider marriage as the ideal human relationship.

Glove puppetry is considered as one of the most representative folk arts in Taiwan.

Editor Emily Brewster responds:In all four cases, the sentences without as are more idiomatic.

However, as the article at consider in Merriam-Webster's ConciseDictionary of English Usage states, "as constructions are perfectly idiomatic but are not as common in recent use as they have been in the past.

Nonetheless, they are still in use and are standard."

The versions “without as” sound more natural and current to my ears.

He considers me (to be) his best friend.

These workers are considered (to be) a high-ranking group.

I consider him clever.

I consider activities such as jogging and weightlifting unnatural.

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/blog.php?action=ViewBlogArticle&ba_id=42

(Merriam-webster’s learner’s dictionary)

Common mistakes

Find mistakes

1. The results approved that the strategy was successful.

2. The price will arise in April.

3. The government has offered an award of NT$500,000 to

catch the escaped prisoner.

4. Those cups belong to the meeting room, not the coffee room.

provedrise

“arise” refers to physical movement, not incremental value. Thus, we use it with words such as “smoke, sun, fog, balloon, etc.”

The cost of living has increased a lot in the past few years.The oil price just went up.

reward“award” = money or a prize given following an official decision.“reward” = something given in exchange for good behavior or good work, etc., or an amount of money given to someone who helps the police.

belong in

5. The unemployment rate fluctuated between 5 to 5.5%

last year.

6. Can you please check for these figures? I want to make

sure they are correct.

7. I have already checked to the client.

8. Lawyers usually have wealthy consumers.

9. Don’t play the gun.

10. The reason is because they can no longer afford our service.

andbetween… and / from… toThe share price varies from 40.3 to 40.9.

Check… for something/someone Could you please check my answers for any mistakes?The police checked their bags for drugs.

check

checked with

clientsConsumer – any person buys products. It is used to refer to people in general.Client – someone buys services from a company or someone else.

play withplay + object: musical instruments, games, sports, and roles.

The reason is that

11. Regarding to your proposal, we’d like to meet with you next Friday to discuss the costs.

12. We are sorry for late. Please accept our apology.

13. I want to improve my English ability.

14. I want to advance my English.

15. What other languages do you speak beside Chinese?

16. My supervisor was sitting besides me during the meeting.

Regarding

for being late

“regarding to” is incorrect in English. Use only “regarding” as the connector.In regard to holidays, you will have six days off every three months.They still haven’t reached an agreement with regard to the transportation allowance.

“Sorry for” + n / v-ing. late (adj.) We are sorry to be late. Sorry for the delay.

improve my EnglishWe do not use “ability” when talking about languages.

improveHe would do anything to advance his career.

besides

beside = next to = by my side

17. The price of this guitar is quite cheap.

18. We plan to open a branch office in Shanghai in the coming future.

19. We are considering to buy new office furniture.

20. The company will cost down this year.

21. They discussed about the problem before visiting the client.

22. They emphasize on discipline too much.

lowThe guitar is cheap.

in the near future = soon

considering buyingWe plan to buy new office furniture.

lower its costsThe company will reduce its costs.The company will keep its costs down.The company will bring its costs down.

discussedThey talked about the problem before visiting the client.

emphasizeWe need to put more emphasis on customer service.We need to emphasize our customer service.They stress quality over price.

23. This problem has been existed with my computer ever

since I bought it.

24. The bus fee is NT$15.

25. She left the company for two years.

26. An accident was happened yesterday.

27. We finished the project on time thanks to everybody’s

hard working.

28. We need many more information about the new client.

29. Will you join the meeting today?

has existedUse “exist” only in the active voice, even if the subject is not a person.

fare

two years agofor – to talk about a length of time.She worked at the company for five years.She left the company in 2001.

happenedUse “happen” only in the active voice, even if the subject is not a person.

hard work (n) hard-working people

much / little

attend / go to

30. We both arrived in the same time.

31. In the meanwhile, he has agreed to help us find another

teacher.

32. We are lack of information to fight SARS.

33. I look forward to receive your reply.

34. I’m sorry. I said / made the wrong pronunciation.

35. This product is the same like the one you sold us last year.

at“in the same time” – is used in relation to equal periods of timeThe new printer can print three pages in the same time that the old one printed one.

In the meantime / meanwhile

lack + something“to be lack of” – incorrect.This government has never had a lack of clever answers for our questions.There is no lack of good food here.

look forward to receiving

mispronounced that word wrong / pronounced that word incorrectly.

asthe same as / similar to / like

36. According to my opinion, the economy will recover by the end of next year.

37. I’d like to come to the meeting also.

38. At the beginning, i didn’t think she was going to come to the meeting.

39. We’ll pay you in the beginning of March.

In my opinion / I think, too / as well

“also” is never placed at the end of a sentence is English.I’d also like to come to the meeting.Also, the new system will help you organize your time better.

At first“at the beginning” – talking about a location. at the moment when sth starts.“at first” – talking about ideas that happened or started in the past.“in the beginning” = at first, originally

Please put this sentence at the beginning of the paragraph.At first, I thought you were the new general manager.Initially, we wanted to set up the office on Washington Road.

at

40. They charged us for a 10% late fee.

41. They still haven’t replied our emails.

42. The report you submitted is not satisfied.

43. There are totally eight pages in this brochure.

44. It was uneasy for me to finish all this work in a day.

charged us How much do you charge for a haircut?They charged us NT$100 for the delivery.

replied to I need to respond to a couple of letters and I’ll be done.

satisfactory The director is not satisfied with your report.Our performance is not satisfactory.

eight pages in totalDuring the war, the city was totally (completely) destroyed.A total of eighty people attended the workshop.

difficult / tough uneasy = restless, anxious

Paragraph Coherence

Coherence: how sentences hold together. A coherent paragraph does more than simply lay down

the facts -- it organizes them, creating a logical argument that makes sense from idea to idea. Coherent paragraphs have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Elements that contribute to coherence, such as transitional devices, linking pronouns, and repetition of key words, are discussed in the following sections.

1. Repeating key nouns

(repetition of key words)

2. Using pronouns

3. Using transition signals

4. Applying logical order

Four ways to achieve coherence:

Example

Limited investment in the housing sector makes it practically impossible to allocate sufficient resources for urban dwellers' housing needs. A high rate of urban population growth has increased the country's needs for housing. A small group of city officials has laid out a new plan to combat the crisis. A solution to the housing-shortage problem is a vital policy issue here. The housing problem has grown in the last twenty years.

Limited investment in the housing sector makes it practically impossible

to allocate sufficient resources for urban dwellers' housing needs. In fact, the problem has grown in the last twenty years. Because a high rate of urban population growth has increased the country's needs for housing, a solution to the housing-shortage problem is a vital policy issue here. A small group of city officials has laid out a new plan to combat the crisis.

weak

improved

Although related by topic (housing shortage), each sentence makes its own separate point with no link to the sentences before or after. The result is a group of related yet separate ideas instead of one coherent paragraph.

Each separate fact now flows into the next, creating a coherent whole.

(how many key nouns, pronouns are used?)

Repetition of key nouns

Why is this paragraph less coherent?

Use of consistent pronouns:Avoid change of person or change of number.(why is it inconsistent?)

Transition signalsWhich paragraph is easier to understand?

Transition signals

Three types of Transition signals

1. Sentence Connectors (transition phrases & conjunctive adverbs)

2. Clause connectors (coordinating conjunctions & subordinating

conjunctions)

3. Others

1. Sentence Connectors (transition phrases & conjunctive adverbs)

Transition phrases: Appear in the beginning, middle, or end of a

sentence. A coma is needed.

Example: For example, the Baltic Sea (, for example) in

Northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline as the Rea Sea in the Middle East (, for example).

Often used with a semicolon and a comma to join two independent clauses.

Examples:

In warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, its net profit declined.

Some English words do not have exact equivalents in other languages; for example, there is no German word for the adjective fair, as in fair play.

Conjunction Adverbs:

Coordinating conjunctions: used with a comma to join two independent clauses and to form a compound sentence.

Examples:

In a matriarchy, the mother is the head of the family, and all of the children belong to her clan.

In warm climate zones, water evaporates, so the concentration of salt is greater.

2. Clause Connectors

Yet and But an opposite idea is coming. Yet: preferred when the 2nd clause is an unexpected

or surprising contrast to the 1st clause. But: preferred when the 2 clauses are direct

oppositions. Yet is similar in meaning to nevertheless; but is

similar to however.

Examples: Thomas Edison dropped out of school at age 12, yet

he became a famous inventor. I want to study art, but my parents want me to

become an engineer.

Yet and But:

Used to introduce a dependent clause, which is joined to form a complex sentence.

Position: use a comma if the DC comes before the IC; do not use a comma if the DC comes after the IC.

Examples:

Although the company’s sale increased last year, its net profit declined.

The company’s net profit declined last year although its sales increased.

Subordinating conjunctions

Indicating transition: additional (adj.); despite (prep.); examples (n.).

Examples: An additional reason for the firm’s bankruptcy

was the lack of competent management. Examples of vocabulary differences between

British and American English include petrol/gasoline, windscreen/windshield, and lorry/truck.

Despite increased sales, the company’s profit declined last quarter.

3. Others

Common Transition Signals

Meaning / function Sentence connectors

Clause connectors Others (adj, verb, prep)Coordinators Subordinators

To introduce a similar additional idea

also

besides

furthermore

in addition

moreover

too

and

nor (and not)

another

an additional

To compare things also

likewise

similarly

too

and

both…and

not only…but also

neither…nor

as

just as

as…as

like/alike

just like

similar to

be alike

be similar

To introduce an opposite idea, and to contrast things

however

in contrast

instead

in/by comparison

nevertheless

on the other hand

on the contrary

still

but

yet

although

even though

though

whereas

while

despite

in spite of

compared to/with

be different (from)

be dissimilar

be unlike

differ (from)

Meaning / function

Sentence connectors

Clause connectors Others (adj, verb, prep)Coordinators Subordinators

To introduce an example

For example

For instance

such as

like

an example of

To emphasize In fact

To explain and restate

Indeed

That is

to introduce an alternative

otherwise or If

unless

To signal chronological order

first, second, then, next…

first of all, now, soon

last, finally

meanwhile

gradually

after that

since then

after

as

as soon as

before

since

until

when

while

the first, the second

the next, the last, the final

before lunch

after the war

since 1990

in the year 2008(any time expression)

Meaning / function

Sentence connectors

Clause connectors Others (adj, verb, prep)

Coordinators Subordinators

To indicate order of important

above all

first and foremost

more/most importantly/ significantly

primarily

a more important

the most important

the second most significant

the primary

To introduce a cause or reason

consequently

therefore

for this purpose

for because

since

as

result from

be the result of

due to

because of

the effect of

the consequence of

as a result of

as a consequence of

Meaning / function

Sentence connectors

Clause connectors Others (adj, verb, prep)Coordinators Subordinators

To introduce an effect or result

Accordingly

As a result

As a consequence

Consequently

Hence, thus

Therefore

so result in

cause

have an effect on

affect

the cause of

the reason for

To conclude All in all

In brief

In conclusion

In short

In summary

In deed

accordingly

It is clear that…

We can see that…

The evidence suggests that…

These examples show that…

Briefing English

Presentation Skills for Public Speaking簡報英文

A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that "presents" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public, but if you follow a few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy.

1. Preparation2. Equipment3. Delivery4. Language5. The Presentation

1. Preparation Preparation is everything!

All presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to communicate in order to:

■ inform ■ train ■ persuade ■ sell

(1) Objective(2) Audience(3) Venue(4) Method(5) Content(6) Structure(7) Notes(8) Rehearsal

"Why am I making this presentation?"

"Who am I making this presentation to?" “How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?”

Time and length

“How should I make this presentation?"

"What should I say?"

Most presentations are organized in three parts, followed by questions: beginning, middle, end

Reading a text is boring! Practice makes perfect!

2. Equipment

3. Delivery

'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations.

(1) Nerves (2) Audience rapport(3) Body language(4) Cultural considerations(5) Voice quality(6) Visual aids

Try to speak slowly and calmly. Build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious.

Avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures.

Vary your voice - speed, intonation, volume.

Avoid cultural misunderstanding.

Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum.

4. Language

(1) Simplicity and Clarity

(2) Signposting

• Use short words and short sentences.

• Use active verbs instead of passive verbs.

Examples: (Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? ) Toyota sold two million cars last year. Two million cars were sold by Toyota last year.

• Let your audience know where they are and the structure of your

presentation.

• Make a list of useful expressions to signpost the various parts of

your presentation.

Useful expression of signposting

Signposting

Function Language

Introducing the subject I'd like to start by... Let's begin by... First of all, I'll... Starting with... I'll begin by...

Finishing one subject... Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... So much for...

...and starting another Now we'll move on to... Let me turn now to... Next... Turning to... I'd like now to discuss... Let's look now at... The next slide is about… The following side that I’m going

to present you is…

Analyzing a point and giving

recommendations

Where does that lead us? Let's consider this in more

detail... What does this mean for ABC? Translated into real terms...

Giving an example For example,... A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To give you an example,... To illustrate this point...

Dealing with questions

We'll be examining this point in more detail later on...

I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may...

I'll come back to this question later in my talk...

Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...

I won't comment on this now...

Summarizing and concluding

In conclusion,... Right, let's sum up, shall we? I'd like now to recap... Let's summarize briefly what

we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of

some of the issues we've covered...

If I can just sum up the main points...

Ordering Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly...

First of all...then...next...after

that...finally... To start with...later...to finish up...

5. The Presentation Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts:

1 INTRODUCTION

(Questions)2 BODY

3 CONCLUSION

Questions  

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:

• Say what you are going to say, • Say it, • then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message.

5. The Presentation - introduction

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the

most important - part of your presentation. You

should use the introduction to:

welcome your audience introduce your subject outline the structure of your presentation give instructions about questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

1. Welcoming your audience

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen Good morning, gentlemen Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman Good afternoon, everybody

2. Introducing your subject

I am going to talk today about... The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...

3. Outlining your structure

To start with, I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).

4. Giving instructions

about questions

Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

do not hurry be enthusiastic give time on visuals maintain eye contact modulate your voice look friendly keep to your structure use your notes signpost throughout remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

5. The Presentation - body

Use the conclusion to: Sum up (Give recommendations if appropriate) Thank your audience Invite questions

5. The Presentation – conclusion

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

1 Summing up

To conclude,... In conclusion,... Now, to sum up... So let me summarize/recap what I've said. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.

2 Giving recommendations

In conclusion, my recommendations are... I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.

3 Thanking your audience

Many thanks for your attention. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.

4 Inviting questions

Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have. Can I answer any questions? Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? Are there any final questions?

5. The Presentation – questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance.

You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction.

Useful language for making an English presentation

Opening a presentation Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is ... I’m the (new marketin

g manager). Welcome to ....., my name is.... I’m pleased to be here Thank you for coming. It’s very nice to see you all here today. Ladies and gentlemen. It's an honor to have the opportunity to address suc

h a distinguished audience. It’s an honor for me to visit (company) today. Good morning. Let me start by saying a few words about my background. Welcome to (company). I know I’ve met some of you already, but for those

I haven’t, my name is*** Today I would like to give this presentation for defining our problem and giv

e a solution.

Introducing report subject I’d like to talk to you today about ....... I’m going to present the recent..... I will now brief you on..... The topic of today’s conference is .... The topic of my presentation is The focus of my speech is ...... We are here today to learn... The purpose of this presentation is to... The aim of this presentation is to introduce you to ****/ tell you about ***/ talk about ***. The reason why I’m here today is to talk about / discuss ***. It’s my pleasure to give you a presentation on (topic). This talk is designed to present the recent (topic). First of all, I’m going to brief you on the recent development and trends of the LCD mar

ket.

Report outline I’ve divided my presentation into five sections/parts. This talk is segmented into five parts: firstly / secondly / eventually. We can break this down into the following fields: first of all / then / next /

finally. We can break this area down into the following fields: a, b, c… The subject can be looked at under the following headings: a, b, c… I’d like to begin by/secondly/thirdly/lastly To start with/later/to finish up I shall only take 15 minutes of your time. This should only last 15 minutes. This presentation contains 3 parts. The presentation is composed of 3 parts.. First of all, … I’ve divided my speech into 3 parts / sections. They are … Let’s start with ….First, we’ll talk about.. then…

Introduce parts of structure I’ll start with… / To begin with, … / First / first of all Step one is to (verb) / Next / second / then / After that, we’ll discuss… And then we come to (topic) Finally / third / to close / Lastly / last of al Let’s go back what we were discussing earlier. Let’s go to next page. I'd now like to move on to…

This page is telling us that … / This page is about … According to the latest study, … From this page, we can see… As you can seen from this page,… Statistics show that…

Introduce visuals this page is to show … this slide indicates that … Please take a look at … I’d like to direct your attention to this slide.. This graph shows…. / The graph is about… Here we can see…. / As you can see… As you can see from this slide… The graph represents… / This graph shows you… I’d also like to draw your attention to… If you look at this, you will see… I'd like you to look at this… This chart illustrates the figures… This clearly shows … From this, we can understand how / why… This area of the chart is interesting…

Inviting questions I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of my presentation. If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to interrupt at any tim

e. If you have any questions, please stop me at any time, and I will be

happy to answer your questions. Please interrupt me if there’s something unclear. There will be time for questions at the end of the presentation. I'd be grateful if you could ask your questions after the presentation. Thank you for listening - and now if there are any questions, I would

be pleased to answer them. That brings me to the end of my presentation. Thank you for your

attention. I'd be glad to answer any questions you might have.

End of presentation

Thank you for your input and patience. Thank you for your attention. Thank you for your listening. This is for today’s presentation. Thank you for p

articipating. I hope you will have gained an insight into… I’d like to pass my presentation to the next spea

ker/ presenter…let’s welcome Dr. Wang.

Tips of Effective Public Speaking Know your audience Use a strong opening statement or question to interest your

audience. Begin with something to get the attention of the audience.

Be energetic in delivery. Structure your speech. Plan the content of your presentation Tell your own story somewhere in the presentation... To add interest and understanding to your speech, include a visua

l aid. Look at the audience as you speak. To have consistently good eye contact , not to read your speech. Include a "wow" factor in your speech. Consider using a touch of humor in your speech. Leave the audience with something to think about. Time control

Web links

http://www.wretch.cc/blog/leechihyin/8402384 (Briefing English)

http://www.englishclub.com/speaking/presentations.htm (English presentation and public speaking)

http://www.theenglishweb.com/ (Business English)

http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/esl-link.htm (Common writing problems)