Outline:• แนวคดเศรษฐกจสเขยวและดชนชวด (Green Economy)• แนวคดการจดการทรพยากรรวมของ Ostrom• แนวคด Payment for Ecosystem Services • แนวคด Polluter Pay Principle• แนวทางการท า Remanufacturing• แนวทางการท า CSR

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เครองมอการแกไขปญหาสงแวดลอม

TU103 LIFE AND SUSTAINABILITYแนวทางการแกปญหาเพอความยงยน

WEEK 13 SEMESTER 2/2015

GREEN ECONOMY

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ดชนชวดเศรษฐกจสเขยว

• ทมา: http://intelligence.masci.or.th/upload_images/file/Index%20green%20Eco.pdf

Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)

แนวคดการจดการทรพยากรรวมของ OSTROM

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Traditional Belief on Natural Resource Conservation • Natural Resources play important roles in supporting human life both directly and indirectly.

• The Tragedy of The Commons• If resource users are allowed to

appropriate/harvest the resources freely, natural resources would be depleted.

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Traditional Belief on Natural Resource Conservation

• Private Concession – Put private property rights over the resources and let private sector take care and benefit from the resources

• National park/Wildlife sanctuary – Put the resources under state property rights, prevent people from entering and using the resources.

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• Solutions?

Problem: Indigenous and local people can no longer use the natural resources on which their lives depend.

Traditional Belief on Natural Resource Conservation

NO

EN

TRY

Indigenous and local people can no longer use the natural resources on which their lives depend.

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2009 Nobel Prize in Economics• Ostrom proposed that resource users can cooperate, manage, and use natural resources sustainably, under certain conditions.

• Her work is supported by several case studies of long-lasting community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) around the world.

• The tragedy of the commons is falsified. CBNRM is supported.

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Ostrom’s Explanation• The Tragedy of the Commons is based on assumptions of the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game.

• Basically, 2 prisoners are interrogated in 2 different rooms and cannot communicate.

• The best choice is to not confess. But both of them is not sure if the other would do the same. If the other confess and he does not, he would be jailed for a long time. • So both of them would decide to confess and be jailed for a shorter period of time, which is the second-best outcome.

X

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Ostrom’s Explanation• The Tragedy of the Commons hypothesis uses the same assumption as the Prisoner’s Dilemma – The resource users cannot communicate and thus not cooperate.

• However, in several areas of the world, resource users live in community and everyone knows and related to each other in some ways. Therefore, the assumption is not applied.

• There are cases that prove that resource users can cooperate and formulate a set of rules to manage natural resources.

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The Design Principles

• 1) Clear Boundaries – in terms of resources and beneficiaries

• 2) Congruence with local conditions – both social and ecological conditions

• 3) Collective-Choice Arrangement – all stakeholders are involved in rule drafting and changing process.

• 4) Monitoring – users’ behavior and resource conditions are monitored.

• 5) Graduated Sanction – First-time violation is not punished or punished mildly. Sanction severity will increase once the violation is repeated.

• 6) Conflict resolution mechanism – the mechanism is accessible, efficient and affordable.

• 7) Minimal recognition of rights by the state

• 8) Nested enterprises – local governance is connected with broader systems.

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A "design principle" is common characteristics found in rule-in-use of several cases of long-standing community-based natural resource managements. The users may be conscious or unconscious about the principle.

Example: Traditional irrigation ditch (ระบบเหมองฝาย)

• Traditional irrigation ditch systems have been used in the North of Thailand for more than (300) years.

• Communities cooperate to take care of waterway and negotiate the distribution of water for agriculture between communities along the waterway.

• The system was replaced by state irrigation system and changed back to the traditional system in some areas because it is more efficient.

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Example: Community Forest (ปาชมชน)

• Community forests are widespread in Thailand in the North, Northeast, and South.

• Rules-in-use is different from community to community, and integrated with local culture and traditions.

• The community takes care of the forest because they benefit from non-timber forest products such as mushroom, honey,

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Example: Coastal Resources Management

• In Thailand, community-based coastal resource management is quite advance. Hundreds of communities along the coast of Andaman Sea and Gulf of Thailand have formed a network protecting coastal resources from exploitative commercial fishing fleets.

• They also manage other coastal resources such as mangrove forest, dolphins and dugong.

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Benefits of CBNRM

Financial Capital

NaturalCapital

Human Capital

Physical Capital

Social Capital

Local people have more sources of income and food security

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More people help the government taking care of the natural resources. The monitoring process is operated at lower cost because it is embedded in the local’s livelihood.

Cautions• CBNRM requires leadership and social capital in the community to work. Only a few communities have the level of leadership and social capital sufficiently for the CBNRM.

• CBNRM can be fragile and susceptible to the community’s internal dynamic and conflicts. Changing in leadership can paralyze the CBNRM process.

Social Capital

Leadership

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Clip:1) Indigenous Community Forest Enterprise in the Peruvian Amazon - Short Version (ภาษาองกฤษ)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMgrnb8JDPg2) แตกประเดน | ปาชมชน ตนแบบ | 22-12-57 (ภาษาไทย)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=be-WdrI8m_I

แนวคด Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)

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หลกการจายเงนเพอบรการของระบบนเวศ

(ผ ไ ดประโยชนเปนผ จาย (ใหแกผ ดแลรกษาระบบนเวศ)

PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

A payment for environmental services scheme“a mechanism that promotes participatory natural resource management whereby an ecosystem services provider accepts a reward or compensation from ecosystem services beneficiaries.”

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Ecosystem Services (ES), or environmental services, are

defined as direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems

to human well-being.

WHY ‘PAYMENTS’ FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES?

Nature provides services free of charge

Consumption of ecosystem goods (such as timber or oil) is favored over the conservation of ecosystem service

Market forces must be realigned to invest in the production of both ecosystem goods and services

If market forces reward investments in ecosystem services, a positive feedback loop will start in which increased investments in ecosystem services leads to increased production of ecosystem goods.

This will fuel sustainable economic growth and ecological restoration

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CASE STUDY: MAE SA WATERSHED NORTHERN THAILAND

Upstream Downstream

Downstream

Potential of establishing a Payments for Environmental Services (PES) scheme in Mae

Sa watershed, northern Thailand

Upstream

Source: Andreas Neef and Chapika Sangkapitux (2013), Payments for Environmental Services in Thailand:AReview

of Discourses and Practices

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CASE STUDY: MAE SA WATERSHED NORTHERN THAILAND

Downstream

Communities

Flow of funds (as compensationfor income losses)

“Resource Exploiters”

“Service providers”

“Beneficiaries”

Accusations,

violent attacks

Negative externalities

(water scarcity & pollution)

“Victims”

Flow of watershed services

(derived from adoptingenvironm.-friendly practices)

Are the two groups willing

to engage in a Payment for

Environmental Services

(PES) scheme?

Upstream

Communities

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Upstream

communities

Downstream

residents

Financial

flow

Financialflow Managing Committee

• Fund management

• Monitoring and enforcement

Watershed services derived

from adopting environment-

friendly practices

Public sector(Royal Project Foundation,

watershed units)

Private sector(Tourist resorts, drinking

water companies)

Uplands Program(Advisory role)

Local

Administration(TAOs)

PROPOSED SCHEME FOR PES IN THE MAE SA WATERSHED

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CASE STUDY: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ECUADOR

The city of Quito offers a leading example of the potential for developing markets that channel economic demand for water to upstream areas from which it is supplied. In Quito’s case, the availability of water for the city of about 1.5 million inhabitants and surrounding areas depends on the conservation of protected areas upstream, with 80 per cent of the water supply originating in two ecological reserves, the Cayambe-Coca (400,000 ha) and the Antisana (120,000 ha).

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CASE STUDY: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ECUADOR

The Fund for the Protection of Water – FONAG –

• Established in 2000 by the municipal government, together with a non-governmental organization, as a trust fund to which water users in Quito contribute.

• FONAG uses the proceeds to finance critical ecosystem services, including land acquisition for key hydrological functions.

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CASE STUDY: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ECUADOR

The users include farmers, hydropower companies, industries and households, who pay differentiated rates depending on use.

The largest share of payments comes from the Quito water utility (Metropolitan Enterprise of Water and Sewer Systems in Quito – EMMAP-Q) which contributes one per cent of monthly water sales. Farmers drawing water through irrigation also contribute.

The fund held more than US$ 7 million at the end of 2009 (up from US$ 3 million in 2005) and invested about US$ 0.8 million in 2008. Administration costs are limited to between 10 and 20 per cent of total expenditures.

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CASE STUDY: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ECUADOR

FONAG is contributing to securing present and future water supplies for Quito. Through the fund , more than 65,000 ha of watersheds are now under improved management. Upstream farmers receive support for watershed protection programmes, as opposed to cash payments.

More than 1800 people are estimated to be receive increased economic benefits associated with watershed management and conservation.

http://www.fonag.org.ec

http://www.watershedmarkets.org/casestudies/Ecuador_FONAG_E.html

http://ecuador.usaid.gov/portal/content/view/205/175/

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แนวคด polluter pays principle (PPP)

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หลกการผ กอมลพษเปนผ จ าย (จายคาความเสยหาย ทตนกอ หรอ จายคาใ ชจายในการปองกนม ใ ห เ กดความเสยหาย )

POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

The polluter pays principle (PPP) is a basic economic idea that firms or consumers should pay for the cost of the negative externality they create.

The polluter pays principle usually refers to environmental costs, but it could be extended to any external cost.

Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is also said to enhance economic efficiency.

Appropriately applied, policies based on a polluter pays principle (PPP) should enable us to protect the environment without sacrificing the efficiency of a free market economic system

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POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE (CONT.)

The polluter pays principle is simply the idea that we should pay the total social cost including the environmental costs. This requires some authority or government agency to calculate our external costs and make sure that we pay the full social cost.

A simple example, is a tax on petrol. When consuming petrol, we create pollution. The tax means the price we pay more closely reflects the social cost.

The polluter pays principle is a way of ‘internalising the externality’. clip video “Story of Stuff”

It makes the firm / consumer pay the total social cost, rather than just the private cost. (Social cost = private cost+ external cost)

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POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE : EXAMPLE

Do we need a carbon tax?

https://youtu.be/vkxPs9MOVzo

Carbon tax (in Thai)https://youtu.be/JfYDQm-wag8

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แนวคด Remanufacturing

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หลกการน าผลตภณฑมาปรบปรงให เหมอนใหม – ประหยดทรพยากร /วตถดบในการผลตสนคา + ลดปญหาขยะ

Remanufacturing

• Remanufacturing is the process of disassembly of products during which time parts are cleaned, repaired or replaced then reassembled to sound working condition. In other words, remanufacturing is like the way to make used products to be re-lived.

• Rebuilt and refurbished are synonymous with remanufacturing.

• Process of remanufacturing:

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• What products are remanufactured?

• Any product that can be manufactured can also be remanufactured such as Motor Vehicle Parts, Laser Toner Cartridges, Aircraft Parts, Electrical Apparatus, Tractor and Medical Equipment.

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• However remanufactured product can exist when there are important factors; product design, technological feasibility, access to critical parts and its price.

• Nowadays, remanufacturing abroad is either normally treated or encouraged as it has potential business and positively affects the overall environment. It is especially true when the globe is experiencing commodity price hike as well as challenging with the global warming.

• Moreover it is more beneficial than recycling because of limitation of recycling.

• Example: http://phoneblocks.com/home/

• https://youtu.be/oDAw7vW7H0c36

แนวคด Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

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หลกการแสดงความรบผดชอบตอสงคมขององคกร

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• Basically, CSR means is that a business does more for the wellbeing of others than required in an economical (make a profit) and legal (obey the law) sense.

• Different types of CSR

(1) Environmental CSR: focuses on eco-issues such as climate change.

(2) Community based CSR: businesses work with other organizations to improve the quality of life of the people in the local community.

(3) HR based CSR: projects that improve the wellbeing of the staff.

(4) Philanthropy: businesses donate money to a good cause, usually through a charity partner.

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CSR

การสงเสรมประเดนการรบรปญหาทางสงคม

การตลาดทเกยวโยงกบประเดนทางสงคม

การตลาดเพอมงแกไขปญหาสงคม

การบรจาคเพอการกศล การอาสาชวยเหลอชมชนการประกอบธรกจอยาง

รบผดชอบตอสงคม

การพฒนาและสงมอบผลตภณฑตามก าลงซอของ

คนในระดบฐานราก

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• Why CSR?

1. Satisfied employees 2. Satisfied customers

3. Positive PR 4. Costs reductions

5. More business opportunities 6. Long term future for your business

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• CSR critics

- Although most companies in the world today agree that corporate social responsibility is part of daily business practice, this idea is not shared by everyone. This is the so-called business to business approach.

- Moreover, sometimes company does CSR for making money or a friendlier face to the public such as the case of Nike (the threat of high profile lawsuits) and McDonald (the obesity concerns).

• Clip:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDf2V-i4CR4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UmnEy2igY4

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รายงาน CSR

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CSV and SB Timeline

• Michael E. Porter เสนอบทความเกยวกบ CSV

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• วกฤตSubprime

2550• Occupy Wall

Street

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• Sustainable Brand

2558

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การสรางคณคารวมกบสงคม (Creating Shared Value)

• การพฒนาเชงสงคมในวถของการสรางคณคาทางเศรษฐกจดวยรปแบบธรกจ

การท าก าไร

การสรางความ

ไดเปรยบ

การสรางคณคาทางสงคม

มลคาของบรษท

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องคกรตองค านงถงหลกเกณฑ 3 ประการเปนพนฐาน คอ1)ความรเรมนนตองสรางใหเกดผลตอบแทนทางธรกจ2) ความรเรมนนตองตอบสนองตอประเดนปญหาหรอความจ าเปนทางสงคมทจ าเพาะเจาะจง (ไมหวาน กระจดกระจาย หรอสะเปะสะปะ)3) ความรเรมนนตองใชสนทรพยและความเชยวชาญขององคกรใหเกดประโยชนอยางมประสทธภาพและเกดประสทธผล

CSV: Nestle

• “อยางเราเปนบรษทอาหาร เราเขาไปดตงแตตนน าคอ ทรพยากรน า เกษตรกร ซพลายเออร (suppliers) และลดการปลอยของเสย เพราะปลายทางของเราคอ ลกคาทไมใชแคซอสนคาแลวจบ แตลกคาจะตองมความพงพอใจในสนคาหลงจากนนดวย การทเราท า CSV จะไมมทางทจะถกตดงบฯ เหมอนการท า CSR เพราะ CSV อยในกระบวนการท าธรกจทรวมอยในตนทนของสนคา"

• https://youtu.be/LAeZw752VDA

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Sustainable Brand

BRAND

• สรางจดตางเหนอคแขง

• อาศยตลาดขบเคลอน

• เนน Consumer

• เนน โฆษณา

• เนน Brand Loyalty

STAND

• เปลยนมมมองทมตอโลก สงคมและผบรโภค

• มงจรยธรรมและจตสาธารณะ

• หาคนเหนดวยกบแบรนดดวยการสรางพลง

• แสดงออกดวยการกระท า

• ท าใหเกด Brand Lover

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SB: Folkrice

• เพอเปนตลาดกลางใหกบเกษตรกรและผบรโภคทสามารถเขาถงไดงายขน และเพอสรางการสอสารและความตองการโดยตรงจากผบรโภคถงผผลต

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https://youtu.be/qp-sI3FWdIg

กจกรรมกลมในชนเรยน

โครงการกอสรางรถไฟความเรวสงและรถไฟรางค

การจดตงเขตเศรษฐกจพเศษ

การจดตงโรงไฟฟาถานหนและโรงไฟฟาขยะ

การสงเสรมการปลกปาลมน ามน (หรอยางพารา)

การสงเสรมการธรกจทองเทยว

อตสาหกรรมประมงพนบาน

ธรกจกบการท า CSR

การพงพงแรงงานตางชาต

การเตบโตของเมอง (Urbanization)

การกาวเขาสสงคมผสงอาย (Aging Society)

ใหนกศกษาแตละกลมหารอกนเพอเลอกหวขอ 1 หวขอและวเคราะหวาหวขอทเลอกมานน มความเชอมโยงกบเศรษฐกจ สงคมและความยงยนอยางไร

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การบาน

• ใหนกศกษาแตละกลมสงหวขอและโครงราง (outline) ของเนอหารายงาน ในครงท 4 (สปดาหท 14) โดยโครงรางประกอบดวย

• ทมาและความส าคญของปญหา

• ความเชอมโยงกบสงคมและความยงยน

• แนวคด/แนวทางการแกปญหา ซงสอดคลองกบทเรยนมา

• ปจจยแหงความส าเรจในการแกไขปญหา

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