TUTUONG HO CHI MINH VE NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT TIEP TUC SOI SANG TRONG SLJ NGHIEP XAY DL/NG

N H A N U O C PHAP QUYEN VIET NAM XHCN HIEN NAY

THS. CHU THI TRANG VAN

Gidng vien Khoa Lugt, DHQG Ha Ngi

Den nay, Nha nudfc phap quyen (NNPQ) khong con la khai niem xa la v6i cac nha khoa hoc phap ly noi rieng va cac nha khoa hoc xa hoi noi chung. Hoc thuyet ve NNPQ khong nhirng duac ban den ke tilt khi con mam mong ma da diroc ap dung b nhieu nudfc tren the gi6i tCr chau Au den chau My va sang ca chau A. M6i giai tang trong xa hoi (tCr giai cap tu san, tang 16p quy toe phong kien tien bo, den nong dan, thcf thu cong va dan ngheo, du la lao dong tri 6c hay lao dong tay chan...) deu tim thay b hoc thuyet nay vu khi tinh than trong cuoc da'u tranh de sinh ton va phat trien. "Su phdt trien cua van minh nhdn loqi phdn l&n duc/c quy dinh bdi sit phat trien cua xa hoi cong ddn va Nha nude phdp c/uyen"^^\ Tuy nhien, viec nhan thuc ve tu tuong NNPQ va qua trinh van dung vao thuc tiln phai xua't phat ttr nhiJng dieu kien lich sir cu the. O Viet Nam, chung ta hudng toi loai hinh NNPQ m6i - NNPQ XHCN, trong do quyen luc Nha nuoc thuc su thuoc ve da so va Icfi ich cua dai da so nhan dan. Xay dung NNPQ XHCN cua dan, do dan va vi dan la va'n de c6 tinh quy luat a Viet Nam, xua't phat tijr yeu cau phat trien da't nude theo dinh huong XHCN, day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, xay dung va hoan thien nen dan chii XHCN.

<" Vien Thdng tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Vifin Khoa hoc Xa h6i Viet Nam (1991), NNPQ va xa hoi c6ng dan, Sixu tap chuySn de. Ha N6i, tr. 6.

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1. Xay dung Nha nirdc phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam

Cac gia tri pho bien cua NNPQ trong su phat trien cua xa hoi ma da duoc thira nhan chung, do la: (1) Nhan dan la chu the ciia quyen luc Nha nu6c; (2) Bo may Nha nuoc duac to chiic theo nguyen tdc phan quyen, dting quyen luc kiem tra va giam sat quyen luc, tranh lam quyen, tranh doc quyen; (3) Ton trong va bao ve quySn cong dan, cac quyen con nguai; Bao dam cac dieu kien thiet yeu cho mot nen dan chii; Bao dam tu do cho con ngucfi; (4) Phap luat giu dia vi chi phoi doi vdi Nha nuoc va xa hoi, trong do de cao vai tro cua Hie'n phap va cac dao luat; (5) Trong quan he doi ngoai, uu tien phap luat quoc te'.

Cong cuoc xay dung NNPQ a Viet Nam doi hoi su van dung nhuan nhuyen phep bien chiing giQa tinh pho bie'n va tinh dac thii. Theo do, cac gia tri pho bie'n noi tren cua NNPQ khi chuyen vao hien thuc Viet Nam bi "khiic xa" boi tinh dac thu ciia Viet Nam. Dieu do CO nghia la cho du giua cac nude XHCN hay cac nude phi XHCN hien nay cd nhirng quan diem khac biet, nhiing tieu chi khac nhau trong qua trinh xay dung mo hinh NNPQ ciia minh thi ve nguyen tac, nhirng gia tri pho bien cua NNPQ da trinh bay d tren ve ca ban van thong nha't vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, nhirng gia tri pho bien ay se duoc tiep bie'n trong qua trinh xay dirng NNPQ a Viet Nam va duat chuyen thanh nhirng yeu cau cu the. Van de dugc dat ra la chiing ta cd the ciing mot luc xay dung cac tieu chuan can ban noi tren khong. Dieu dd that khd khan bdi tren thuc te', do dieu kien cua dat nude, do su han che' ve nhan luc, vat luc, tri thiic... ma qua trinh tiep bie'n, chuyen hoa nhirng tieu chuan dd vao thuc tien Viet Nam phai duac tie'n hanh dan dan, tirng budc, viia lam vira th\x nghiem va dieu chinh cho phii hop. Mat khac con tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho xa hoi va nguai dan thich nghi dan vdi chuan muc mdi. Tim hieu nhirng dac thii ciia Viet Nam chinh la tiep can vao mot ITnh vuc mdi me va phiic tap ciia mdi quan he giita nhung dac thu ddn toe vdi tien trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam. Xung quanh va'n de nay ciing cd cac nha khoa hoc nghien cuu nhu cac luat gia Nguyen Van Nien"*, Nguydn

'" PTS. Nguyin Van Nien (1996), My dicng NNPQ Viet Nam - Mot so van de ly hidn va thuc tiin (Sach tham khao), Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi.

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Dang Dung'", Hoang Thi Kim Que< \̂ Pham Duy Nghia''*, triet gia Dao Ngoc Tuan'"' va cac sir gia nhu Phan Huy Le, Vu Minh Giang*^*. Trong cac bai vie't, sach chuyen khao... cua minh, cac nha khoa hoc dd da dua ra nhirng tinh chat rat dac thii ciia con ngudi va xa hoi Viet Nam, coi dd nhu la nhirng dac thu trong qua trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam ma chiing ta khong the khong quan tam. Nghien ciiu cho tha'y trong qua trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam cd nhirng dieu kien dac thii sau:

- 'My dung NNPQ XHCN Viet Nam Id nhu cau ciia cong cuoc doi mdi hien nay, dap ling nhu cau thdi dai (hoi nhap va toan cau hoa); nhu clu quan ly nen kinh te' thi trudng trong nude theo dinh hudng XHCN, tie'n hanh CNH va HDH dat nude toan dien, dua nude ta phan da'u trd thanh nude cong nghiep vao nam 2020; nhu cau quan ly va dieu tiet xa hoi theo hudng phat trien ben viing.

- Dudi gdc do chinh tri, qud trinh xay dung NNPQ dien ra dudi sU Idnh dao cua Ddng Cong sdn. Khac vdi su hinh thanh NNPQ theo con dudng tuan tu la giai ca'p tu san diing len lanh dao quan chiing lat do che' do phong kien va xay dung nha nude tu san theo cac tieu chi NNPQ. CJ Viet Nam, cuoc each mang lat do phong kie'n lai hoa quyen khong the tach rdi vdi cuoc da'u tranh giai phdng dan toe khoi ach dd ho thuc dan de' qud'c, tiic la cuoc da'u tranh chdng lai chu nghia tu ban d hinh thiic chin muoi, va tieu bieu nhat d thdi ky dd. Lich sir doi hoi phai cd mot chinh dang dii kha nang diing ra lanh dao quan chiing de cd the tie'n hanh dong thdi ba nhiem vu: phan de', phan phong, xay dung qud'c gia doc lap cd chii quyen. O Viet Nam, chinh dang dd la Dang CSVN, luc lugng duy nhat lanh dao nha nude va toan xa hoi. Lich su da'u tranh each mang han 75 nam qua dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang da chiing minh

*" PGS.TS. Nguygn Dang Dung (Chu bien)(2004). The che tuf phap trong NNPQ, Nxb. Tu Phap, Ha Noi, tr. 178-189. '̂ ' TS. Hoang Thi Kim Que (2002), Tic tuong Dong - Tdy ve nha nude vd phdp hidt - Nhung nhdn to NNPQ, Tap chi NCLP so 03/2002. <̂ ' TS. Pham Duy Nghia (2004), Chuyen khao htdt kinh te (Sau dai hoc), Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi, tr. 3-24. *"' Dao Ngoc fuah (2002), Tinh pho bien vd tinh dac thii trong xdy dung NNPQ Viet Nam, Luan an Tien sT Triet hoc. Hoc vien CTQG H6 Chi Minh, Ha Noi. *''' Phan Huy Le va Vu Minh Giang (1996), Cdc gid tri triiyen thong vd con ngudi Viet Nam Men nay, De tai KX 07.02. Tap II, Ha Noi.

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hung hon rang vdi su lanh dao cua Dang CSVN, nhan dan ta da lap nen nhiing thdng Igi vT dai mang y nghia lich sir va thdi dai.

- Xdy dung Nhd nude phdp quyen dudi dnh hudng cua truyen thong van hod Viet Nam. Dudi gdc do nay, hai dieu kien dac thu dd la the che lang - xa Viet Nam (tinh cong dong) va tinh each ciia ngudi Viet (tinh each ca nhan).

Tren ea sd nghien ciru ngi dung cac van kien ciia Dang ta ve chii truang xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam, cd the tha'y md hinh NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN cd nhirng dac trung (tieu chi) de nhan dien. Trong thuc te', cho den thdi diem hien nay, cd the chiing ta chua tha'y hien dien ta't ca cac dac trung nay, nhung nhirng gi chua cd se la mong ude phan da'u cua Dang, Nha nude va nhan dan ta ve mot mo hinh Nha nude ly tudng trong tuang lai. Bdi vay, NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN se la mot md hinh nha nude mang trong minh nhiing dac trung phd bie'n cua mo hinh NNPQ neu d tren va ben canh dd la nhiing dac trung dac thii phii hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te", chinh tri va xa hoi Viet Nam sau:

- NNPQ Viet Nam la nha nude cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan; ia'y lien minh giiia giai ca'p cong nhan vdi giai ca'p ndng dan va tang Idp tri thiic lam nen tang, do Dang Cong san lanh dao;

- Trong NNPQ Viet Nam, tat ca quyen lire nha nude thugc ve nhan dan; Quyen luc nha nude la thong nhat, cd su phan cong va phdi hgp va giam sat lan nhau giira cac ca quan nha nude trong viec thuc hien cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap.

- NNPQ Viet Nam la nha nude dan nhat, dugc to chiic va hoat dong theo nguyen tac tap trung dan chu.

- NNPQ Viet Nam quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat, mot he tho'ng phap luat cd tinh nhan van, mang nhiing gia tri dao diic truyen tho'ng va dao diic tie'n bg ciia con ngudi Viet Nam.

Trong lich sir lap hien ciia Nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam, lan dau tien, muc tieu xay dung NNPQ da dugc ghi nhan mot each chinh thiic, nhu mot muc tieu pha'n da'u va doi hoi ta't ye'u phai the hien trong van ban phap ly nen tang ciia mot qud'c gia la Hie'n phap: ''Nhd nude Cong hod xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la Nhd nude phdp quyen xd hoi chu nghia cua nhdn ddn, do nhdn ddn vd vi nhdn

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ddn. Ta't cd quyen luc Nhd nude thugc ve nhdn ddn md nen tang Id lien minh giita giai cap cong nhdn vdi giai cap ndng ddn vd dpi ngu tri thiic. Quyen lue Nhd nude Id tho'ng nha't, cd suphdn cong vd phdi hgp giita cac ca quan trong viec thuc hien cdc quyen lap phdp, hanh phdp, tuphdp."^^\ Nha nude Viet Nam khang dinh vdi nhan dan va cac qud'c gia khac muc tieu xay dung NNPQ khong dan thuan la mot tuyen bd' chinh tri ma da la mot nhiem vu chinh tri - phap ly. Dieu nay cung phu hgp vdi thuc tien ciia the' ky XXI hdm nay khi ma hgc thuyet NNPQ da chuyen thanh thuc tai trong thuc tien qud'c te', hay chinh xac han -"la hien thuc sinh ddng d rat nhieu nai tren the' gidi"'̂ *.

2. Van dung tir tudng Ho Chi Minh trong qua trinh xay diing NNPQ XHCN Vi§t Nam

Nghien ciiu tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat chiing ta nhan tha'y mot dieu la nhiing ngi dung cua NNPQ da dugc the hien rd. Tuy nhien, mdi su vat hien tugng deu cd su phat trien khong ngirng. Viec nghien ciiu tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat chinh la qua trinh chiing ta linh hoi va kien giai di san tu tudng ciia Ngudi trong dieu kien cu the cua da't nude hien nay. Tuy nhien, qua trinh van dung tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat can phai quan triet mot so va'n de mang tinh nguyen tac nhu quan diem thuc tien, he tho'ng, phat trien, lich sir va ldgic'''\

Nghien ciiu tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ndi chung, tu tudng cua Ngudi ve Nha nude va phap luat ndi rieng, van de dat ra khong chi d ehd la thiira nhan va khang dinh nhiing gia tri to Idn dd trong cong cuoc doi mdi theo tinh than Nghi quye't Dai hoi IX ciia Dang la Ddng vd nhdn ddn ta quye't tdm xdy dung dat nude Viet Nam theo con dudng XHCN tren nen tang Chu nghia Mde-Lenin vd tu tudng Ho Chi Minh. Dieu

"* Nghi quye't 51/QHX cQa Quoc hoi khoa X niidc cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam ve viec sufa ddi mot so dieu ciia Hie'n phap nam 1992 (Dieu 2). *̂ ' PGS.TS. Le Cam, Hoc thuyet NNPQ: Mot so van de trong lich su hinh thdnh vd phdt trien. Tap chi NCLP so 10/2002, tr. 16. "' PGS. Song Thanh, Ma'y va'n de phuong phap luan nghien ciiu tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nu6c phap quyen, Trong sach Nghien ciiu tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat, B6 tu phap (1993), Chuong trinh khoa hoc c6ng nghe ca'p Nha nude KXu02, De tai KX-02-13, Vidn nghien ciiu khoa hoc phap ly, tr. 37.

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quan trgng han la tu tudng Ho Chi Minh tiep tuc soi sang cho cuoc song hdm nay. Tuy nhien, tirng linh vuc van dung la ea mot ndi dung Idn. Mait khac, thuc tien da't nude khong ngirng bien doi trong su thay doi Idn lao va khd lugng ciia the gidi. Vi vay, each tot nha't la phai ndm virng quan diem "dl bat bien idig van bien" cua Hd Chi Minh de xay dung NNPQ XHCN ngang tam nhiem vu ciia giai doan lich sir mdi.

Nam virng nhirng nguyen tac ndi tren, chiing ta nhan tha'y dd'i vdi va'n de xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN ma Dang va Nha nude da khang dinh cd the tim thay nhirng nhan to nay, nhan to kia ciia NNPQ trong tu tudng cua Ngudi. Tuy nhien, nghien ciiu nay chi dua ra mot so va'n de ehd ye'u ma theo quan diem ciia tac gia, tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat vSn tie'p tuc soi sang trong su nghiep xay dung mot NNPQ thuc su cua dan, do dan va vi dan d nude ta hien nay:

2.1. Nang cao vai tro lanh dao cua Dang trong NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN

Mot trong nhiing dac trung ca ban cua NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN the hien ban chat khac biet so vdi NNPQ tu san chinh la vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang cong san. Trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve Nha nude va phap luat, dac biet ve ban chat Nha nude, Hd Chi Minh ludn khing dinh Nha nude ta dat dudi su lanh dao cua Dang cong san nen viec khong ngiing doi mdi vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang cong san la dieu can thiet de thuc hien thanh cong su nghiep doi mdi va xay dung da't nude.

Dang phai giir vai trd lanh dao Nha nude thi Nha nude mdi thuc su cua dan, do dan va vi dan. Chi cd mot Dang Cong san viing manh ve chinh tri, tu tudng, to chiic thi mdi dii siie lanh dao dugc Nha nude, xay dung dugc mot Nha nude virng manh ve mgi mat, du siic thuc hien dudng Id'i, ehii truang do Dang de ra. Dai hoi Dang lan IX da nha'n manh "Ca/ each to ehue vd hoqt dong cua Nhd nude gdn lien vdi xdy dung, chinh don Ddng, doi mdi ngi dung, phuang thice lanh dao cua Ddng doi vdi Nhd nude".

De lanh dao su nghiep khang chie'n ciia toan dan di de'n thang Igi hoan toan, cong tac xay dung Dang ludn la nhiem vu then chd't. ''Ddng vi nhu edi mdy phdt dien..., may phdt manh thi den sdng"''^^. Vi vay,

*" H6 Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 5, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha N6i, 1995, tr. 551-552.

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Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da khong ngirng cham lo xay dung Dang ta thanh mot dang mac xit-ieninit doan ket, tho'ng nha't, virng manh ve chinh tri, tu tudng va to ehiie, ddng thdi Ngudi cung khong coi nhe boi dudng cho can bg. Dang vien ve phuang phap cong tac va le Id'i lam viec. Ngudi da nghiem khdc chi ra va phe phan nhirng sai lam, khuyet diem ciia mot sd can bg, Dang vien cd hai cho su nghiep khang chie'n, nhu dau dc be phai, dia phuang, hep hoi, quan phiet, vd to chirc, vd ky luat...Ngudi dac biet chii trgng giao due can bg, dang vien ve tu each dao diie each mang, ve phuang phap va each thiic van ddng quan chiing, nha't la tinh than tu phe binh va phe binh. Ngudi chi ro: "mot Ddng md gid'u gie'm khuyet diem cua minh la mot Ddng hong. Mot Ddng cd gan thiia nhdn khuyet diem eua minh, vqeh rd nhiing edi dd, vi ddu md cd khuyet diem dd, xet rd hoan canh sinh ra khuyet diem dd, rdi tim kiem mgi edeh de sifa chifa khuyet diem dd. Nhu the Id mot Ddng tie'n bg, manh dan, chdc ehdn, ehdn chinh^'-^K Thie't nghi, nhiing dieu nay vin ludn la va'n de "ndng hoi" ciia cuoc song hdm nay va can tiep tuc van dung nhirng tu tudng Hd Chi Minh dd ciia Ngudi trong xay dung Dang. Sinh thdi, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh la Ngudi khong ngirng quan tam de'n va'n de xay dung Dang "Ddng khong phdi la nai thdng quan, tie'n chdc, de phdt tai. Vdo Ddng la de phue vu nhdn ddn, phue vu giai cap, ddng vien phdi trd thdnh ngudi eon hieu thdo ciia To quoc, cua giai cap. Ddng phdi rat manh, rat trong sgch"^^\

Hgc tap chu nghia, diii mai tu tudng, nang cao ly luan, chinh ddn to chiic - la nhirng viec can kip ciia Dang. Ngoai ra, d cac ca quan lanh dao cac ca'p, ve le Id'i lam viec, ve chii truang va each lanh dao con cd nhiing khuye't diem kha pho thdng va nghiem trgng, ay la nhiing benh chii quan, quan lieu, menh lenh, hep hoi va benh cong than. Dieu nay doi hoi phai that su thi hanh dan chu trong Dang va trong quan chiing.

Mot trong nhirng nhiem vu quan trong hien nay ciia Dang va Nha nude ta la nang cao vai trd lanh dao cua Dang cong san, doi mdi va chinh dd'n Dang trong sach virng manh xiing dang la luc lugng lanh dao Nha nude va toan xa hoi. Mot sd giai phap dinh hudng sau se tiep

'" Ho Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 5, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 261. <̂ ' H6 Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 8, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 34.

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tuc giai quye't td't mdi quan he giua Dang va Nha nude:

- Dang phai khang dinh dugc vai trd lanh dao cua minh thdng qua viec dinh ra dudng Id'i chinh tri, chinh sach, nhiing chii truang eu the' ciia Dang trong tiing giai doan, lanh dao cac ca quan Nha nude kip thdi the che hoa dudng Id'i, chinh sach ciia Dang thanh phap luat, nha't la chu truang ve thuc hien quyen lam chii ciia nhan dan tren cac ITnh vuc kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hoi.

- Giai phap thugc ve su phat trien ndi tai va trudng thanh ciia to chiic Dang va ciia doi ngQ can bg dang vien. Dieu nay gdn lien vdi cong tac xay dung, chinh ddn Dang. Dau tien, bg may to chiic Dang, doi ngii can bg Dang vien phai trong sach, virng manh, nghia la xiing dang thuc su vira la ngudi lanh dao, viia la ngudi day td trung thanh ciia nhan dan, thi mdi giir dugc mdi quan he td't giira Dang vdi Nha nude. Dang phai tang eudng kiem tra to chiic ca sd Dang va Dang vien trong cac doanh nghiep, cac to chiic su nghiep, cac ca quan quan ly Nha nude... dd'i vdi viec thuc hien cac Nghi quyet cua Dang, cac quy dinh ciia Nha nude ve quan ly kinh te, tai chinh,'thu chi ngan sach, viec sir dung, bao quan vd'n va tai san ciia Nha nude. Day la nhiing hoat ddng cu the, thiet thuc, thudng xuyen nham dam bao tinh nguyen tac trong hoat ddng va su trong sach ciia td chiic Dang va Dang vien, mot nhan td giai quye't mdi quan he giira Dang va Nha nude.

- Cung CO va nang cao chat lugng hoat ddng ciia cac td chiic Dang trong cac ca quan Nha nude. Nghi quye't Hoi nghi Trung uong ba (Khoa VIII) ciing da quan triet bd'n van de cd lien quan de'n giai phap nay.

2.2. Ngu& can bo trong bg may Nha nu6c cua dan, do dan va vi dan

Mud'n xay dung mot bg may Nha nude trong sach virng manh, hay bat dau tir va'n de con ngudi. Mdi con ngudi trong bg may Nha nude dd cdn phai mang trong minh nhiing pham cha't td't dep ciia "con ngudi mdi XHCN" ma Hd Chi Minh da de cap.

Trudc tien, ngudi can bg khong dugc quan lieu. Cdn phai "tdy sach benh quan lieu menh lenh". Benh quan lieu - theo Ho Chi Minh, nguyen nhan eua no vi xa each quan chiing, khong hieu bie't dan

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chiing, khong hgc hoi dan chiing, sg dan chiing phe binh'". Thang thud'c chiia benh quan lieu, cung theo Ngudi:

- Phai dat Igi ich dan chiing len tren het, trudc het.

- Phai gan giii dan, hieu bie't dan, hgc hoi dan.

- Phai that tha thuc hanh phe binh va tu phe binh.

- Phai lam kieu mdu: Can, Kiem, Liem, Chinh, Chi cdng vd tu.

Nguyen nhan ciia benh nay la: Xa dan, khinh dan, sg dan, khdng tin cay dan, khdng hieu bie't dan, khdng yeu thuong dan. Cach chiia: Dat Igi ich nhan dan len tren, lien he chat che vdi dan, viec gi cung ban vdi dan, giai thich cho dan hieu. Cd khuye't diem thi that tha phe binh trudc dan, hoan nghenh dan phe binh minh; San sang hgc hoi dan. Tu minh phai guang mlu can kiem liem chinh de nhan dan noi theo* '̂.

Ngudi can bg khdng dugc ham dia vi. Benh ham dia vi, ham chiie, ham quyen cung la dieu can tranh dd'i vdi ngudi can bg, cdng chiic. Trong dieu kien hien nay, tu tudng nay cua Ngudi can dugc van dung trong viec doi mdi bg may Nha nude, con ngudi trong bg may Nha nude. Nha nude ciia ta la mot Nha nude ciia dan, do dan va vi dan, khdng phai la dac quyen cho can bg Nha nude, cang khdng phai la nai de cac can bg phue vu cho muc dich cua ca nhan minh. Mdi ngudi can bg, cdng chiic khi dam nhiem mot viec gi deu phai nhan thiic dugc gidi han cua nhirng viec minh lam. Trong phien hgp cdng khai dau tien cua Dang ke tit khi mdi thanh lap tir 11-19/02/1951, tai Tuyen Quang, da thao luan va thdng qua bao cao chinh tri do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (Dang liic nay doi ten thanh Dang lao ddng Viet Nam). Khi td chiic Chinh phii 1dm thdi, cd nhirng d/c trong Uy ban Trung uong do Qud'c dan dai hoi bau ra, dang le tham du Chinh phu, song cac d/c ay tu ddng xin lui, de nhudng chd cho nhiing nhan si yeu nude nhung con d ngoai Viet Minh. Dd la mot cir chi vd tu, td't dep, khdng ham chuong dia vi, dat Igi ich ciia dan tgc, ciia doan ket toan dan len tren Igi ich ca nhan. Do la mot cir chi dang khen, dang kinh ma chiing ta phai hgc*̂ *.

Kien quye't ddu tranh chdng tham d, lang phi trong bg may Nha

"* H6 Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 89. *̂* Ho Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 292-293. <̂ ' Ho Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 160.

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nude. Thuta nhan day la mot te nan ciia xa hoi cd Nha nude. Sinh thdi, nam 1952, nhan dip cd phong trao san xuat va tie't kiem, trong mot bai "Thuc hanh tiet kiem chdng tham d, lang phi, chdng benh quan lieu""*, Ngudi da neu quan diem ciia minh phai tay sach nan tham d, lang phi va benh quan lieu. Tham d la trdm cudp. Lang phi tuy khdng lay cua cdng diit tiii, song ket qua cung rdt tai hai cho nhan dan, cho Chinh phii. Cd khi con tai hai han nan tham d. Ma cd nan tham d va lang phi la vi benh quan lieu. Tham d, lang phi va benh quan lieu la ke thu cua nhan dan.

Ngudi can bg. Dang vien phai bie't phe binh va tu phe binh'^'. Day cung la mot pham ehdt can cd cua ngudi can bg, cdng chirc trong bg may Nha nude. Tuy nhien, khi van dung dieu nay trong bdi canh xay dung va doi mdi bg may Nha nude, chiing ta can quan triet nguyen tde: Phe binh la ed't nhau sira chiia khuyet diem, cho nen thai do ciia ngudi phe binh phai thanh khan, nghiem trang, diing muc. Phe binh la quyen Igi va nhiem vu eua mgi ngudi, la thuc hanh dan chu. Cap dudi cd quyen phe binh cdp tren. Nhan dan cd quyen phe binh can bg, phe binh chinh quyen. Dang va cac doan the. Mgi ngudi cd quyen phe binh nhau de ciing tien bg. Khdng phe binh la tude bd mot quyen dan chu cua minh. Song phe binh phai dudng hoang, chinh dang, quye't khdng nen Tham Thi Tham Thut. Dd'i vdi can bd lanh dao, uy tin ciia ho la d ehd manh dan thuc hien tu phe binh va phe binh, bie't hgc hoi quan chiing, sira chiia khuye't diem, de dua cdng viec ngay cang tie'n bd chii khdng phai d chd giau giem khuyet diem va e sg quan chiing phe binh* '̂ (Bai ndi chuyen tai Hdi nghi can bd cao cap ciia Dang va Nha nude 24-7-1962).

Mot pham chat td't dep khac eua ngudi can bd cdn phat huy trong qua trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam dd la tinh thdn trach nhiem. Tinh than trach nhiem, theo Hd Chi Minh'"" la khi Dang, Chinh phu, hoae cap tren giao cho ta viec gi, bat ky to hay nhd, khd hay de, ta cung dua ca tinh than, luc lugng ra lam cho den nai de'n ehdn, vugt mgi khd

'" H6 Chi Minh, toan tap, Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha N6i, 1995, tr. 484-502. *̂> Ho Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6'c gia. Ha N6i, 1995, tr. 241-243. *̂ ' Ho Chi Minh, toan tap, Tap 10, Nxb. Chi'nh tri Qu6c gia. Ha Noi, 1995, tr.578. *"' H6 Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri (Juo'c gia. Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 345-347.

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khan, lam cho thanh cdng. Tinh thdn trach nhiem la ndm virng chinh sach, di diing dudng Id'i quan chiing, lam trdn lam nhiem vu (Bao Nhdn t/ansd36, ngay 13/12/1951).

Nhu vay, Hd Chi Minh khi ban ve vai trd can bd la "nhan td quye't dinh su thanh bai", la "edi gdc ciia mgi cdng viec", la "tien vd'n ciia doan the", la "edi day chuyen ciia bd may", "lam cdn bd tiic la sudt ddi lam ddy td trung thanh ciia nhan dan", "cd can bd td't thi viec gi cung xong"... thi chdc rang nhieu ngudi da nhan thiic dii. Nhung rd rang tir nhan thiic va nghi quye't de'n cuoc song hdm nay la mot khoang cdch, ma ne'u khdng cd tinh than edeh mang va khoa hgc, quye't tam va bien phap thi rdt khd vugt qua dugc khoang cdch dd de' giai quye't tren thuc tien nhirng cdng viec hdm nay. Dang ta da cd nhiing ddnh gia diing thuc trang ddi ngii cdn bd, xdc dinh tieu chuan chung vd tieu chuan cu the mot sd loai cdn bd trong thdi ky mdi, cdc nhiem vu va giai phap Idn ve xay dung quy hoach va dao tao, bdi dudng cdn bd, xay dung cdc quy che' cdng tdc cdn bd va ddi mdi, hoan thien he thdng chinh sach cdn bd. Dai hdi IX khang dinh "tie'p tuc ddi mdi, hoan thien he thdng chinh sdeh cdn bd", "hoan thien che' do cdng vu, quy che' can bd, cdng chiic".

Song cung phai manh dan ma nhin thing vao thuc te' la cd nhirng ban khoan trong qudn chung, nhan dan, cdn nhieu nhiing cau hdi dat ra md chua cd Idi giai ddp. Ddu chi la nhirng "con sau lam rau ndi canh" nhung rd rang la vdi su xud'ng cap ve dao diic cdch mang cua mot so cdn bd Nha nude thdi gian qua da phan nao lam giam long tin ciia ngudi dan vao ddi ngii "cdng bdc" ciia dan. Viec trgng dung nhiing ngudi cd diic, cd tdi hien nay ndi len nhu la mot trong nhirng van de can quan tam"\ Hinh nhu chua cd mot ca che' dii manh, nhiing giai phdp hu"u hieu de giai quyet van de nay. Vi vay, vdn cdn khd pho bie'n tinh trang nhu Bde Hd da chi ra cdch day han nam muai nam "dim ngudi gidi de giii dia vi va danh tie'ng cua minh la dao vi"'^'. Vdn cdn tinh trang cdn bd khdng dam chiu trach nhiem, thie'u tinh than trach nhiem trudc nhan dan va chiing ta ciing chua cd ca che' xtr ly

"* Pham Ngoc Anh va Bili Dinh Phong (2003), Tu tuong Ho Chi Minh v6 xay dung nha nude phap quyen kieu m6i b Viet Nam, Nxb. Lao dong. Ha Noi, tr. 158. '2' H6 Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 5̂ Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 641.

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diing miic. Dgc suy nghi ciia ngudi dan thay ho cd nhiing bat binh vi nhiing dieu dd.

Nghi quye't Dai hdi Dang IX, trong phan "day manh cai cdch td chiic vd hoat ddng ciia Nhd nude, phdt huy dan chu, tang eudng phdp che" da ndi rd viec "dinh ky kie'm tra, danh gid ehdt lugng cdn bg, cdng chiic, kip thdi thay the nhirng cdn bd, cdng chiic yeu kem vd thodi hod". Day la mot dinh hudng diing va neu 1dm td't dugc dieu nay, chiing ta se cd dugc mot ddi ngii cdn bd cd dire vd tai nhu Hd Chi Minh mong mud'n mot ddi ngii cdn bd vira "hong" lai vira "chuyen".

2.3. Ket hgp phap luat va dao duflc trong dieu chinh xa hoi

Hd Chi Minh da tirng van dung va ket hgp nhudn nhuyen giira dao diie va phdp luat trong tri nude. Trong bdi canh hien nay, van dung tu tudng nay cua Ngudi ddi hdi mdi can bd, cdng chirc, mdi ca quan, bd may, td chiic, ca nhan... trong qudn ly, dieu hanh, trong hanh xir... ludn phai thau tinh, dat ly, nghia Id phai hgp ly va hgp phap. Khdng nen qud coi trgng, de cao mat nay ma bd qua mat kia. Su phdi hgp nhip nhang giira tinh va ly cdn la truyen thdng quy bdu eua ngudi A Ddng, tir phep nhan tri ma xa xua da dugc sir dung. Chiing ta da biet, trong dieu chinh xa hdi, phdp luat la mot cdng cu cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng trong mdi quan he vdi nhiing cdng cu, phuang tien khdc ma Nha nude sir dung. Nhdn manh su quan trgng cua phdp luat khdng ddng nghia vdi viec tuyet dd'i hod vai trd cua phap luat trong ddi song cdng ddng. Ben canh phap luat cdn rat nhieu nhiing quy pham xa hdi khdc nhu dao diic, tin dieu ton giao, phong tuc, tap qudn td't dep cua cdng ddng... ma neu nhu chiing biet ket hgp vdi nhau thi dat dugc hieu qua tdi da ciia viec dieu chinh xa hdi. Chang han, ben canh mot phap luat xir ly nghiem minh nhiing vi pham, mot van de cdn coi trgng la khau tuyen truyen, van ddng, pho bie'n phdp luat cho ngudi dan de hg tu nguyen tuan thu phap luat do Nha nude ban hanh. Mud'n vay, phai lam cho ngudi dan tin tudng vao phdp luat, tu nguyen tuan theo phap luat. Trudc nhiing sai pham, vi pham ma chiing ta cdn tdn tai nhiing ea che' gidi quye't theo kieu "ndi bd", "dn bd tiii", khdng cdng khai minh bach thi that khd cd the xay dung dugc long tin tudng ciia ngudi dan vao tinh cdng minh, cdng bang eua phdp luat.

Trudc nhiing thay doi Idn lao cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi, nhirng bie'n doi

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ve thang bang gid tri dao diic, tinh trang dao dii:c xud'ng cdp, phdp luat ngay cdng cd vai trd quan trgng de hd trg cho qud trinh bien ddi nay. De cho nhirng ye'u td dao diic dugc dam bao, xa hdi phdi cdn de'n su bao ve, hd trg ddc luc, hiiu hieu cua phdp luat thdng qua hoat ddng ciia Nha nude. Phdp luat cua Nhd nude ta la mot trong nhiing hinh thiic bao ve, phdt huy cdc gid tri.dao diic. Phap luat khdng tao ra ban than cdc gid tri dao diie dd ma "phdp luat chi cd the tde dong, dem lai nhiing dieu kien thuan Igi cho su hinh thdnh nhung quan niem mdi, nhiing chuan mUc dao ddc mdi tie'n bd, loai bd ddn nhung quan niem dao dice cU, phdn tie'n bd"^^\

Ne'u nhu mot trong nhirng nhan td quan trgng ciia Nhd nude phdp quyen la van de con ngudi, dam bao quyen tu do dan chii ciia con ngudi thi chiing ta da thdy tu tudng dd trong Hd Chi Minh. Chiing ta cd the tha'y tinh yeu thuong con ngudi d Hd Chi Minh rat rdng Idn va bao la, quan niem ciia Ngudi ve con ngudi khdng ehi bd hep trong pham vi dan tdc, qud'c gia ma la ca nhan loai. Chii "ngudi" da dugc Hd Chi Minh dinh nghia "ngliTa hep vd gia dinh, anh em, hg hang, bdu ban. Nghia rdng Id ddng bdo cd nude. Rdng nita Id cd lodi ngudi"\ Hd Chi Minh la hien than cua Id'i sd'ng tinh nghia, mot truyen thdng td't dep ciia cha dng. Tuy nhien, tinh yeu thuong eua Ngudi ddi vdi con ngudi khdng dirng lai d cau ndi, bai vie't ma no chinh la nhirng hanh ddng cu the cua Ngudi. Vd chinh Ngudi da bien tinh thuong thdnh viec lam cu the nham thuc hien nhirng quyen ca ban, nhirng Igi ich thiet thuc cho nhan dan. Dd la van de an, mac, di lai, hgc hanh... Dd la "ddn tgc doe lap, ddn quyen tu do, ddn sinh hanh phdc". Bdi vay, chi cd the tiep tuc van dung vd phdt huy nhan to con ngudi trong su nghiep xay dung ddt nude hien nay ne'u chiing ta cd tinh yeu thuong ddng loai.

3. Thay cho idi Itet

Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve Nha nude vd phdp luat la he thdng nhiing quan diem ly luan todn dien va sau sdc ve mot Nha nude kieu mdi vd phdp luat kie'u mdi d Viet Nam tren ca sd tiep thu, ke' thira

'" TS. Hoang Thi Kim Que (2002), Tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve phap luat va dao diic, Tap chi Nghien ciiu lap phap, so 8/2002, tr. 71. ' Ho Chi Minh, toan tap. Tap 5, Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 644.

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nhiing gid tri tien bd ciia truyen thdng phdp luat Viet Nam, nhiing tinh hoa van hod dan tdc vd nhan loai. Vdi Ngudi, ly luan ve nha nude va phdp luat d Viet Nam dugc nang len mot trinh do mdi, ngay cang hod nhap vdi ddng chay ciia tu tudng nhan loai ve NNPQ.

Ngay nay, trudc nhirng bien ddng khdng ngirng ciia tinh hinh the" gidi, su thay ddi tirng ngay cua mot xa hdi dang ddn tirng budc hien dai hod, cdng nghiep hod, Viet Nam da thu dugc nhieu thanh tuu ddng ke' tren cdc ITnh vuc eua ddi sd'ng kinh te' - xa hdi ma chung ta cdn phdi tu hao. Qud trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam da bdt ddu va viec trien khai ciing dat ra nhirng thdeh thirc ma chiing ta da, dang va se cdn phdi dd'i dien. Diing trudc nhirng ca hdi va thdeh thiic, thdi do cdch mang vd khoa hgc ciia chung ta la phai ndm bdt ca hdi, khdc phue nguy ca, vugt qua khd khan, thii thdeh, phdt huy tinh thdn each mang, tie'p tuc vuan len manh me. Cd mot dieu chdc ehdn Id chiing ta ludn kien dinh vdi Chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, coi dd la tu tudng, ly luan nen tang de xay dung va hoan thien NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN.

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