87
®v§A°bBd~§A « ¹¼«B« á ¿A ³ ¼Y±U ¬nBª§A ³§A ¹wAnk§ k½k] [´®« ã »¯BTwo´z§A ã »¦î k Ø ¼v§A ¹½kÄBí§A @VBdMÑ¿A @qo«

®v§A°bBd~§A «¹¼«B«¿A³¼Y± Uá ¬nBª§A³§A¹wAnk§k½k][´®« … · ©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM ÎB®Çµ kíÇM° ;@ ½oµB§A ¼L ؼ §A³§C° kàªd« »¦î&A»Ø

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    18

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

®v§A°bBd~§A«¹¼«B« á¿A ³���¼Y±U

¬nB�ª§A ³��§A ¹wAnk§ k½k][´®«

㻯BTwo´z§A 㻦î kؼv§A

¹½kÄB�í§A @VBdMÑ¿A @q�o«

:@@¹½kÄB�í§A @VBdMÑ¿A @q�o«

3ê @©�n @Ç @pBTª« @Ç @¹¼ÄB�æ @Ç @¹wk�ª§A @©� @Ç @¬Ao½áA É

3718ë . 3331 @:@J /@ |

(@0098@) (@2ë1@) 77ê2088 @:@�UB´§A

(@0098@) (@2ë1@) 77ê20ëì @:@u�@B�§A

mnopq @¤±wo§A @�nB{ @Ç @�o{Ñ¿A @�\®§A @Ç @Aoí§A É

cdefg @vd§A @¨B«á¿A @¹LTñ« @K®] @n±v§A @�nB{

729 @:@J @/@ |

(@009ìê@) (@33@) 332ì79 @:@�UB´§A

www@.@aqaed @.@com @:@S¼¯oT á¿A @ ×»¦î @é�±ª§A É

info@@@aqaed @.@com @:@ 㻯°oTñ§á¿A @k½oL§A É

978 @Ç @ì00 @Ç @ë213 @Ç @ì7 @Ç @ì @:@@(Ï«jn) @ÏßMB{

®v§A° @bBd~§A @« @¹¼«B«á¿A @³�� @ ¼Y±U

㻯BTwo´z§A @ 㻦î @kؼv§A

¹hv¯ @2000 @Ç @ ×»§°ÔÑ¿A @¹íL�§A

ǵ @1ê31 @:@@éL�§A @¹®w

¸nBTw @:@@¹íL�ª§A

# @q�oª¦§ @¹�±�d« @�±�d§A @鼪] #

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ:@JBTñ§A ¥¼§j

7 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ¹«k�ª§A

11 / / / / / / / /¹®v§A ¾Bª¦î keE° o�Bdª§A lBTw¿A ¼M nA±e

30 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / WdL§A »§ áA ¸±îj

êê / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ¼¯ Ù°kª§A :@¤ Ø° Ñ¿A n±dª§A

ê8 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nB~¯ Ñ¿A ³�� :@㻯BX§A n±dª§A

ë0 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ¥ÄB��§A ¸A°n :@W§BX§A n±dª§A

ë1 / / / / / / / / / / / / ³M°oe Hؼ¦î A°k´{ ½m§A :@éMAo§A n±dª§A

ëë / / / / / / / / / /ã»´��§A ¤¿kTw¿A »¦î

ã»h½nBT§A WdL§A oYE

7ì / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / njB~ª§A

q�oª§A ¹« Øk�«

B´T�îB�«° j±´\§A u½oñU »§ áA ¹]BdM B®§p ¿ B®Ø¯E »�h½ ¿

B®ª¼µB�Ç«° ¹Ø�Çd§A B¯kÄB�Çí§ KwB®ª§A ¨B´�¿A° c¼d~§A ©´�§A ±d¯

ã»T§A ¹¼ª¦í§A [µB®ª§A° [«AoL§BM jB\§A ¨AqT§¿A

ã»îkTv½ B ت« ,@¹í¼�o§A

¥ÇñzM ,@¹ Ø�Çd§A B´ª¼Ç° ¹Ø« Ô¿A ¼M ¹ªÄAk§A ¹¦îB�ª§A « ¹§Be k]±U

/@W½kd§Aã»®�T§A n ر�T§A° o~í§A ¹�§ é« KwB®T½

ãºm§A <¹½kÄB�í§A VBdM¿A q o«> njBM k�� ,@ϧl « HÀ�¯A°

Ç ³Ø¦� k« Ç㻯BTv¼v§A kؼv§A »ª�í§A &A k½C ¹eBªw ¹½BîoM uwE

㻫Àwá¿A oñ�§A bo� �k´M n°Bd« ¸ Økî »¦î ©�T®½ [´®« jBhØUA »§ áA

/@ñª« �B�¯ éw°E »¦îã»í¼z§A

,@¹ Ø~ThǪ§A ¹Ø½kÄB�Çí§A RA°kÇ®§A k�Çî :@n°BdǪ§A ²mǵ «°

,@¼±«oǪ§A B´½o Øñ�Ç«° ¹¼ª¦í§A ¸p±d§A ¸mUBwA « ¹Lh¯ ¹�B�TwBM

B´§°B®ÇU ãºo\ǽ W¼Çe ,@¹Ø«BÇ´§A RBî±�±Çª§A »¦î H ¨±�Uã»T§A

nBThª§Aã»í¼z§A ãºEo§A bo�° ãºEo§A bo�° ¥¼¦dT§A° k�®§A°çoí§BM

nA±dǦ§ Ç ¤BÇd§A ¹í¼L�ÇÇM Ç �±�±ÇǪ§A ϧl é�hÇǽ ©ÇÇY ,@B´¼ÇÇ�

/@[ÄBT®§A ¥��E »¦î ¤±~d§Aço�§ ¸ Øod§A RBzB®ª§A°

»§áA B´�½o� RA°k®§A ²mµ RmiE k�� ¸kÄB�§A ©¼ªíU ¥]¿°

/@ Ó¹MBT ° HU±æ ¹¼ª§Bí§A S¼¯oT¯¿A ¹ñL{

B´í½p±U°ã»Äoª§A°

ã»U±~§A ¥¼\vT§A oLî Bµo¼XñU ãºo\½ Bª @

»TÇ{ã»� ¹¼�B�X§A RB¼~hz§A° ¹¼ª¦í§A RBvwƪ§A° q @Aoª§A »¦î

/@©§Bí§A ¾B]nE

»¦Çî BµoÇz¯° B´íL�ã»� ªñU ¹X§BX§A ¸±�h§A ج áB� ,@Go¼iE°

¾Ao] áA kíM <¹½kÄB�í§A RA°k®§A ¹¦v¦w> ¬A±®î SdUu½nAo ¥ñ{

/@B´¼¦î ¹«pÀ§A ¹Ø¼®�§A° ¹¼�¼�dT§A RA±�h§A « ¹î±ª\«

/@¸°k¯ 1ì2 k�î µ 1ê29 ¹®w ¬B�«n o´{ oi Ñ¿ Ø©U k°

Çî ¸nBLÇî ,@©½oÇñ§A ѺnB�§A ãºk½ ¼M ¥YBª§A tAoñ§A Amµ°

㻯BTwo´z§A

㻦î kؼv§A WeBL§A ¹« ØÀí§A B¯±iE BµB�§E ¹ªØ¼ ¸o�Bd«

}ÄB~i ¬B¼M ¥]E « Gk½k] H¼´�� HM±¦wA B´¼� éLUE° ,@q oª§Aã»�

¹Ø¼«ÀÇwá¿A KµAmǪ§A JBdÇæE ³�Ç� Çî ²q¼¼ªÇU° ãºo�í\§A ³��§A

½m§A ¾B´��§A BµkªTîAã»T§A ¹ª½k�§A ¹�½o�§A kªTí½ ©§ ±´� ,@ºoi Ñ¿A

ã»w±�§Ag¼z§A° »�Uoª§A kؼv§B �Àh§A ³��° �B�±§A ³��

ã»� A±LT @

/@Gq¼ªØT« H¼ª¦î H\´®« éØLU áA ¥M ,@Bªµo¼�°

,@�¼�±ÇT§A Ç« Gk½q« ¼veã»ME ©½oñ§A B®¼iÑ¿ »®ªT¯ H«BTi

kªd§A° ,@B¯j رî Bª ,@oñM VBdMFM ¹Ø¼«Àwá¿A ¹LTñª§A �dT½ ¬E »¦î

/@¼ª§Bí§A Jn &

¬± Øvd§A kتd«

¹½kÄB�í§A VBdM¿A q o« o½k«

µ 1ê31 o�æ 1ê

www.aqaed.com/Muhammad

[email protected]

©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM

ÎB®Çµ kíÇM° ;@½oµB�§A ¼Lؼ�§A ³§C° àkتd« »¦î &A »Ø¦æ°

³�Ç�§A KTÇ ã»Ç� ºoi ÔÑ¿A° ¹®¼�§A ¼M èíL§A B´eo�½ ¸o¼X RAnBY áA

ã»�SLLeF� ,@¹¼«B«á¿A° ¹«B«á¿A ³�� ¹¼î°oz« ¤±e g½nBT§A° ¸k¼�í§A°

�¼Y±U ¹§Fv« ¹wAnj° ,@RB¼î Økª§A ²mµ »¦î ¾±�§A �¼¦vU ¹¦¼¦§A ²mµ

ã»� ¬°k¦i MA ¤B k�� ,@¹¼«Bí§A ®v§A° bBd~§A « ¹¼«B«á¿A ³��

:@<@èÄAo�§A « ³íLT½ B«° ³��§A ©¦î@> JBM ,@³T« Øk�« « éMBv§A ¥~�§A

¬E »§áA@Ç ³ÇM A°jo�ǯA ³�Ç�° ,@Bµ±îkTÇMA KµAm«ã»� S¼L§A ¥µE Øm{°

¾ã»zM oY ÔE ¿° ©´LT 㺰o¯ ¿° ,@©´LµAm« « Hü{ �oí¯ À� Ç@¤±�½

/@êêì@:@1 ¬°k¦i MA g½nBU (1)

/@(1)©´®�A±«

ã»� Ø¿áA B´®«

FØ�±Ç« »¦Çî ³T« Øk�Ç«ã»Ç� ¼Çve ¥«B kªd« n±T k§A ¤B°

¨BÇ« á¿A �½oÇ� Çî ϧmÇMã»®íǽ @] ³�½o� î ¹í¼z§A 㺰o½ :@ϧB«

/@<@��dª§A ¹«k�«@> 21@:@1 ϧB« F�±« (2)

/@(2)¹í¼z§A KT

ã»� Ø¿áA Bµk\¯@@¿ ¸o¼X W½jBeE [ @�jB~§A

¬B ° :@oBL§A ¹ª]oUã»� ºoLñ§A RB�L�§A

ã»� kíw MA ¤B°

³MBTÇ�ã»Ç� ²AoY JB� nk¼e kwE lBTw¿A �¦î k�° ,@32ê@:@ë ºoLñ§A RB�L§A (3)

¨ÀÇ� »¦Çî ,@(¹µB��§A oz¯ �¼�dU 1ê9@:@2 ¹íMn Ñ¿A KµAmª§A° jB~§A ¨B« á¿A@)

o�BL§A ¨B« á¿A î º°n « 鼪] جE kíw MA k~�½ ¬B� ¥´� :@³§±�M kíw MA

/@(3)³M Ø[ÒT ÖdÔ½ « ³®î 㺰 ÖoÒ½ u¼§° ,@W½kd§A° ©¦í§A o¼X , Ó¹�Y

�kÇ�° ,@¼ª¦Çvª§A ¾Bª¦Çî° ¼íMBÇT§A RB�ÇY ³®Çî º°n k�° �¼� ?@³M Ø[Td½ ¿

u¼§° /@B´§±Ç� î keE �Ø�±T½ ©§° ,@RB½A°o§A ϦTM bBd~§A JBdæE Ø[TeA

o¼� ²o�¯ã»� ©´� ,@¹í¼z§A « ³UA°n ²mµ ³Tª¦ñM k~�½ kíw MA جE k¼íL§A «

,@¨Bǵ° Ñ¿A ¾Bdǽ áA Ç« ³ÇM S�ئÇîã»ÇT§A ¹¼®µm§A ³UApBñUnA° ³T¼v�®§ Go�¯ ,@RB�Y

¸AnB\Ç« °E ,@rstuv @S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE ¹í¼Ç{ ØkÇ� ¹¦Çv§A o¼MkÇU° ,@¹wB¼v§A ¥«A±î°

/@cdefg @o�BL§A ¨B« á¿A î ¸A°o§A ¾BªwE Økí½ lBTw Ñ¿A miE Ø©Y /@³¼� Fz¯ ãºm§A �o�¦§

,@RB�Ú®~ª§A « o¼X ã»� ¸j±]±« ¤A± Ñ¿A° RAnBY á¿A ²mµ ©í¯

¥µE ¹wnk« é« é�B�T½ ª« o¼X n°kÇæã»� [¦ThU ºoi ÔÑ¿A

㻵°

¼Çd§A ¼ÇM ¹§Fvª§A ²mÇ´§ ©´UnBY áBÇM° |BhÇ{ Ñ¿A Ïç°E° ,@S¼ÇL§A

º±îkM ,@&A ¤±wn î ¹ªÄÑ¿A ³½°o½ Bª¼� ϼñzT§A A°jAnE oi пA°

/@¥~T« c¼dæ BµjB®wáA u¼§° ¥¼wAo« B´Ø¯@E

¥M ,RB¼î Økª§A ²mµ Jm ؼL¯ ¬E k½o¯ ¹¦¼¦§A ²mµ ã»� d¯°

¥ªí§A Amµ ج áA° <@®v§A° bBd~§A « ¹¼«B«á¿A ¹í¼z§ARB½A°n �¼Y±U@>

¨jn° ¹\§Bí«ã»� ©µBvT§ R¾B] B®Uo�Bd«° ,@o¼ví§BM u¼§ Ç@B¯o�®M@Ç

©µo¼�° ¹½p±\§A ©Ø¼ MA° ¹¼ª¼U MA :@¤BX«E B´YkeE ã»T§A ¸±\�§A ²mµ

Çî ¸A°o§Aã»� ¬±ñØñz½ ¸nBU ¾¿Æµ جѿ ;@�¦v§A ¹wnk« ¹ªÄE «

ÀÇ ã»Ç� ©´�kǵ° ,@¹ تÇÄ Ñ¿A u�ǯ RBؽ°oÇ« ã

»Ç� ºoÇiE° ,@¹ªÇÄ Ñ¿A

ã»� ©´ñ¼ñzU ¤Ài«S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« �¼íÇ�U ±µ ¼T¦eoª§A

Çî ºoÇi ÔE° ,@mnopq &A ¤±Çwn Çî ¸A°o§A ¹ªÄ Ñ¿A RB½°o« ¤B~UA

/@©´®î ½°Ao§A

10

¹Ø®v§A ¾Bª¦î keE° o�Bdª§A lBTwÑ¿A ¼M nA±e

©Çñ§ ¥�ǯE ¬Eã»TǽÅn ¥¼æB�U ¬B¼M

ã»� EkME ¬E ¥L

㻧 ØkM¿

¹®½k«ã»�

㻯nAp ¹îBª\§A° ¹Ø®Çv§A ¥µE « ©§Bî é« ã

»§ SYke ¹¼�

�Ài ¿ ³Ø¯@E :@³«À ¹æÀi ¬B ° ,@¸nBY á¿A ²mµ Ø㻦î bo�° ,@k´z«

³T�¼¦i° &A ¤±wnã»æ° ±´� ,@

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¹¯Bñ« ã

»� ¼ª¦vª§A ¼M

,@¤±Çwo§A o´Çæ° ,éÇMAo§A ¹�¼¦Çh§A ±´� B¯k®î BØ«E ,@© k®î ²kíM «

³��§A جE B®§ A±TLXU ¬E ©ñ®ñ«E ±¦� ,@²A±�U° ³ª¦î° ³¦��M k´z½ Ø¥ñ§A°

¸o¼Çw B®íLÇUA° ,@©ñLµm« B®¦L�§ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ³�� ±µ ³M ¬±¦ªíU ãºm§A

K]A° ±µ° ,@©ñ¼¦î° B®¼¦î ¹ Ø\e ±µã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¨À ج Ñ¿ ;@©ñTªÄE

¥ÇµE Ç« ¹ªÇÄ Ñ¿A°ã»¦î »§áA ¬±Lv®U ©ñØ®ñ§ ,@© k®î° B¯k®î �BLØU¿A

B´¯°°oÇUã»ÇT§A �oÇ�§A ²mǵ Øc~U ¿° ,@©´®î SLXU ©§ ¾B¼{E S¼L§A

/@© k®î K§B�ã»ME M

㻦î o¼� ±µ B¯k®î K§B�

ã»ME M

㻦í� ,@©´®î

¤±ÇE° ,@RAoUB´Ç«ã»Ç� Ïí« ¥ijE ¬E k½nE@@¿ B¯E :@³§ S¦��

ϧ SLÇYFwã»Ø®Çñ§ ,@ ã

»¦Çî ¨B«á¿A »¦î ¬±§ ر�TU ©ñد ÑBM S¦ B« ¥XªM

³§B B«Ø㻦î n Øoñ½ ©§Bí§A ϧl miE Ø©Y ,@Ï«À ¹ Ødæ ¨kî ¨Bn Ñ¿BM

¹ Ødæ° ,@©´´�� « B®´�� ¹¼î°oz« RBLY áA ¨°q§ GkØ Æ« ,@BØ®î ¬°oi пA

ج Ñ¿ ;@©µk®Çî° B¯k®Çî ³ÇM ¥ªí§A Øc~½ »ØTe ©´X½jBeE « B®X½jBeE

�½o�§A »¦î ¼ª¦vª§A k¼e±T§ c¼Çd~§A [´®ª§A ±µ �¼Y±T§A [´®«

/@c¼d~§A

11

kíÇM �¦�®¯ Ø©Y WdL§Aã»� ¹¼\´®« »¦î Ó¿ Ø°E ��T®§ :@³§ S¦��

/@³¼� ºoi Ñ¿A RB´\§A »§ áA ϧl

/@ϧl « é¯B« ¿ :@¤B��

Çã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î ¹¼ñdª§A RB½A°o§A ج áA ¨±¦íª§A « :@³§ S¦��

/@n°Bd« ¹íMnE î p°B\TU ¿ Ç ³¼¦î &A ¨Àw

»¦Çî ¹í¼Ç{° ¹®Çw ¬B�½oÇ�§A ³¼¦Çî ��UA B« :@¤ Ø° Ñ¿A n±dª§A

/@cdefgã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î ²n°kæ

,@¹í¼Ç{° ¹Ø®Çw ¬B�½oÇ�§A ³¼¦Çî �¦TÇiA BÇÇ« :@㻯BX§A n±dª§A

/@oiC Hü{ ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE° ,@ ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î Hü{ 㺰oU ¹í¼z§B�

Çî ¹îBªÇ\§A° ¹Ø®Çv§A ¥ÇµE ³M Rjo�¯A B« :@W§BX§A n±dª§A

/@S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« k®î B´¦YBª½ B« oYÆÔ½ ©§° ,@ 㻦î

©§° ,@㻦î î ¹¼«B«á¿A ¹í¼Çz§A ³M Rjo�¯A B« :@éMAo§A n±dª§A

/@¹îBª\§A° ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE njB~« ã»� B´¦YBª½ B« oYÆÔ½

,© k®Çî° B¯k®Çî ³T¼ Ø\Çe ã»Ç� �Ài À� :¤ Ø°Ñ¿A n±dª§A BØ«@E

³¼��¦Thª§Aã»��Àh§A ñ§ ,@³¼� K½o§A o¼X½ B« j±]° ¨kí§Ï§l°

©T¯E° ,@¾ã»{

㻦î î

ã»ñd¯ d®� ,@³¼¦î &A ¨Àw

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î

¨B«á¿A »§ áA Bª´¼�½o� ¹ Ødæ ¬B¼îk½ ¬B�½o�§A° ,@oiC Hü{ ³¼§ áA ¬±Lv®U

B« ¨E ,@¹¼«B«á¿A ¹í¼z§A ³¦�®U B« ¥µ @?@ 㻦î î c¼d~§A ±µ Bª� ,@

㻦î

Ç@éMn Ñ¿A n°Bdª§A ª�@Ç Ø©µÑ¿A K¯B\§A ±µ Amµ° ,@¹Ø«Bí§A KT ³U°n

¹ª¼Ç �oíǯ ¬E B®®ñªÇ½ ³§ÀÇi Ç«° ,@²k®î �±±§A K\½ ãºm§A

12

ã»Ç� ¹wB¼Çv¦§ n°j j±Ç]° SLÇY ±§ ³Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ;@éMAo§A° W§BX§A ½n±dª§A

B« jBªTîA ¬Bñ«áA ¨kî B®�oí§ ³¼¦î &A ¨Àw ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î�ÀTi¿A

»¦Çî »®TÇMA㻫±Çñe ³�Ç� ³¯±ñ§ ;@S¼L§A ¥µE î ¹Ø«Bí§A B´M jo�®U

/@¾B�¦h§A ¹îoz«ã»� ØK~½@° c§B~ª§A

¨BÇñeE ©¼ñdÇT§ ¨BÇ« á¿A î GnBLi ÑA © @Bd§A [´®§A º°o½ k��

جE ã»� ØÏz¯ ¿° ,@l±�®§A JBdæE° ¾B�¦h§A ¥L « ¸njBæ ¹¼¯B�¦w

¿ Bª ,@cdefg @

ã»¦î ¨B«áÀ§ ½pnBM H«±~i A±¯B ¹MBd~§A nBL « Go¼X @

ǽk§A ¤±ÇæÑA »¦Çîã»L¦v§A Bµj°jo« ¹«±~h§A ²m´§ جE ã

»� ØÏz¯

/@|±~h§A ³]° »¦îmnopq &A ¤±wn î ¤±�®ª§A° ,@㻫Àwá¿A

¹í¼z§A B´M jo�®U B« oLTí¯ ¬E B®®ñª½ À� :éMAo§A n±dª§A î BØ«E

¥ÇµE ¹wnkÇ« �BLÇUA ©´Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ;@¼ª¦vª§A ³�� î HL½o� Hü{ ¹¼«B«á¿A

¬°oi пA B´¼¦î é¦Ø�½ ¿ n±«FM ¬± Ø~Th½ k ¾¿Æµ° ,@©´ÄB®ME° S¼L§A

�BLUA k®î kµBz½ã»í¼L� o«A ±µ° ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn W½ke° ³�� «

ã»ME �BLUA B´�oí½ ¿Ï§B« �BLUA k®î ¾B¼{E »¦î��U k�� ,@Kµm« Ø¥ @

B´�oíǽ ¿ ¾B¼Ç{FM j Øo�ÇU ¹�¼®Çe ±ÇME° ,@ϧBÇ« Çî ¬BªíÇ®§A ¹�¼®e

kÇ° ,@³ÇM ¹ ØæBÇi n±« ÔA° o¼½Bí« Kµm« Ø¥ñ§ ج áB� ;Amñµ° ,@ ã»í�Bz§A

,@ÎAmǯC ©Ç @BÇd§Aã»wB¼Çv§A ±Ç\§A »¦î B®�±° kíM ³§±�¯ B« n±¦LT½

èíM A± Ø~i kS¼L§A ¥µE ¬±ñ½ k�� ,@S¼L§A ¥µÑ¿ ¨BØñd§A ¸jnB�«°

/@© @Bd§A ²B\U¿A « H�±i nBLi Ñ¿A° RB½A°o§A èíLM ©´îBLUA

ϧ ¥´� ,boT�ª§A [´®ª§A ±µ Amµ :ã»Ø®v§A ©§Bí§A ϧm§ S¦��

?oiC bAoTA

13

/@¿ :@¤B

¨B«á¿A î ¹�¦Thª§A ¥ÄBvª§A «@Ç Hî±�±« bo� ÑB� :@³§ S¦��

Mã»¦î° ,@¹íTª§A ¬°p ر\U �¼ :@¤B�� ,@

ã»T½Ån ϧ �ØL�ÑA ã

» Ç@Ø㻦î

/@¹½p±\§A ©¼� M¿ êì2@:@3 jBíª§A jAp (1)

/@(1)¾Bv®§A ¹íT« ¨oe kmnopq &A ¤±wn جE º°n k K§B�

ã»ME

BªÇ @Ç㻦Çî î SLY ±§ ³Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ;@c¼dæ o¼� ¨Àñ§A Amµ :@S¦

³§C ¥L « nAoæá¿A AlBª¦� ,¹íTª§A « ³í®« Ç@¾B�¦h§A ¹wnk« ©îqU

¼®«Æª§A o¼«E Kµm« B´Ø¯@E »¦î k¼ @FT§A° ,@éØTªT§A ¹¼Ø¦ ße î �B�k§A ã»�

/@cdefg K§B�ã»ME M

㻦î

Ç« ¹MnBdª§A° jB�T¯¿A ¨B´w é�±«ã»¦î �B¼{E Ak� AlBª§°

?@¨±¼§A »ØTe ³¦]E « ¹í¼z§A J ÒnBdU ҩߧ° ?@B´T¼î°ozªM ¤±�§A ¥]E

k®Çî ¸j ØkíTÇ« �o�M㻦î î Bµn°kæ SLY ¹íTª§A ¹¼Ø¦ ße ج áA

³®î �±�dª§A ±µ° ,@S¼L§A ¥µE ¹ªÄE B´T¼Ø¦ ße »¦î éª]E° ,@¼�½o�§A

㻦Çî »¦î B´¼� »î Økª§A 鮪§A W½ke BØ«E° ,@nBLi Ñ¿A° bBd~§A ã

»�

cTÇ� o�ǯA@)ϧmÇ� oMB]° j±ív« MA° tBLî MA »§ áA ©½odT§BM ¤±�§A A±Lv¯ (2)

¬AoÇ�§A ¨BÇñe¿ é«BÇ\§A ,1ê7:2 |B~\Ǧ§ ¬AoÇ�§A ¨BÇñeE ,1ê2:9 ãºnBÇL§A

Jm´ª§A ,@1ë2@:@ëã»viov¦§ �±vLª§A ,ë72:7 ³«Ak� M¿ »®íª§A ,132:ë

±Çµ ¾¿Æǵ Çîã»í�§A SMBX§A ¬A ¼e

ã»� (2ì7:ê ãºl±e¿A ¹�dU ,@êì@:@2

Çî º°n kÇ�° ,@(@ë19@:@9 qÇ] ÇM¿ ,»¦dǪ§A o�¯A@) ¹íTª§A ¥¼¦dTM ©´§±�

ãºÑAo§A° ¾B�¦h§A ¹wnk« nB~¯E ج Ñ¿ Ç@(2)²o¼� »¦î° ³¼¦î ¾AoT�A ±´�@Ç

�¹½B´ÇØ®§A o�ǯA (@ ã

»�Ç{ ¿A »Ç¯p BǪ§ oªÇî㻴ǯ ¿@±§@) Bª´§±� tBLî MA°

㻦î

/@©½odT§BM ¤±�§A « ³¼§ áA Kv¯ B« �í�½ ±µ° ê88 ° 2ê9@:@2

c�T¼w Bª @Ç Bµ±�UnA c§B~ª§ ;@㻦î î ¥�®§A Amµ

ã»� A°jo�¯A k

©´¦�¯ �ÀTiA ±µ Hv¼L¦U °E HwBLT§A o« Ñ¿A k½q½ B ت«° Ç@¥¼¦ kíM ϧ

,@oL¼i ¨±½ &A ¤±wn B´®î »´¯ :@¤B ³Ø¯@E ³®î A±¦�¯ ¸nBT� ,@ 㻦î î

/@131@:@ëã»L�o�¦§ ¬Ao�§A ¨BñeA ,@137@:@9 ѺnBL§A cT� (1)

/@(1)αLU ¸°q�

ã»� :@W§BY

ã»�° ,@¼®e ¨±½

� :@oiC

ã»�°

JBÇL§A nBLÇiE »§ áA ¹í½oÇw ¸o�¯ ¾B�§ áBM° WeBL§A ج ÑA ¼e ã»�

« ¥¼în j±]±§ ϧl° ;@¾B�¦h§A [´¯ ¾BîjA ¹ Ødæ ¨kî »¦î ��½

jB�ÇÇ®§A jBÇÇ{nA ,@327@:@1 kªÇÇÇÇeE k®ÇÇÇÇv« ,@213 Ç 121@:@1 jBíÇÇÇǪ§A jAp (2)

/@29ë@:@2 ãºm«oT§A ®w ,@2ë Ç 2ê@:@ 㻯Bí®~¦§

/@2ë@:@㻯Bí®~¦§ ,@jB�®§A jB{nA ,@823 . 1ë9@:@2 ãºm«oT§A ®w (3)

/@3ë@:@2㻫Ank§A ®w ,@179@:@1 jBíª§A jAp ,@17@:@ë

ã»�´¼L¦§ ºoLñ§A ®v§A (ê)

(ê)|BØ°

ã»ME M kíw°

(3)oªî MA°

(2)tBØLî MA :@¥X« ,@¹MBd~§A

ã»ÄBÇÇv®§A ®ÇÇw ,@ë0@:@1 kªÇÇeE k®ÇÇv« ,@1ë7 . 89ì@:@2 ©¦ÇÇv« c¼dÇÇæ (ë)

¤±Ç汧A o¼v¼ÇU ,@20@:@ëã»�´¼LǦ§ ,@ºoLÇÇñ§A ®ÇÇv§A ,@1ë3@:@ë (»LT\ÇǪ§A)

/@2979 . 992@:@3 ¹]B« MA ®w ,@30 . 3ê0@:@1

c¼dÇæ boÇ{ ,@1ì8 . 899@:@2 ©¦Çv« c¼dÇæ o�ǯA ,@¼~d§A M ¬Aoªí� (ì)

/@êëì@:@8 Ç 7 㺰±®¦§ ©¦v«

¹¼î°ozªÇM ¬°k�Tíǽ A±¯BÇ (ì)©µo¼Ç�°

(ë)ãºoí{ Ñ¿A »w±« ã

»ME°

©§° ³§±Çwn° &A ³¼¦î Ø}¯ H¼îo{ ÓÀí� ³¯°oLTí½ @° ,@¾Bv®§BM éØTªT§A

»¦Çî ÎnkTÇvª§A ,@1ë2@:@ë (»LT\Ǫ§A)ã»ÄBÇv®§A ®Çw ,@ë7@:@1 kªeE k®v« (1)

/@29ë@:@2 ãºm«oT§A ®w ,@ê0 . 33ì@:@1 FØ�±ª§A ê72@:@1 ¼d¼d~§A

/@ϧmM k�Tí½(1)

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¬B Bª ,@gv®½

/@³�MBv§A njB~ª§A K§B�° 1ë2@ì@2 |B Ø~\¦§ ¬Co�§A ¨BñeE (2)

,@ê72@:@1 ¼d¼dÇ~§A »¦Çî ÎnkTÇvª§A 1ë2@:@ë <×»LT\Ǫ§A>

ã»ÄBÇv®§A ®Çw (3)

/@33ì@:@1 FØ�±ª§A ,@ë7@ :@1 kªeE k®v«

M ¹½°Bí«°(3)¬BØ�î M ¬BªXî°

(2)JBØ�h§A M oªî �ÀhM

jBíǪ§A jAp 179ê . 1ë7@:@2 j°Ajã»ÇME ®w ,@20@:@ë

ã»�´¼L¦§ ºoLñ§A ®v§A (ê)

/@189@:@1

ϧl ¬±�Uoǽ ¿ A±¯BÇñ� ©Ç @BÇd§A [´®§A ¹ªÄE ¹¼�M°(ê)¬B¼�w

ã»ME

k´î »¦î BT¯B ¬BTíT«@> ³§±�M ³®î »´¯ JBØ�h§A M oªî جѿ ;@¥í�§A

/@1ë2@:@2 |B Ø~\¦§ ¬Co�§A ¨BñeA (ë)

/@(ë)<@Bª´¼¦î KBîE° Bª´« ØoeE B¯E

Ó¿Àe &A ¤±wn

¥�Ç®§A �ÀTiA ¸oǵB� ¾An° S¯B ã»T§A

㻵 RB«±ñd§A ¬láA

ÎB®´Ç� ,@²ke°ã»¦î ¨B«á¿BM �LUo½ ¿ o« Ñ¿A° ,@keA±§A ã

»MBd~§A î

¹¦ªÇÇvL§A ¨BÇÇñeE° 108@:@1 ¨ Ñ¿A o�ÇÇǯA° 20ì@:@1 ãºpAo§AohÇÇÇÇ�§A o¼v�ÇÇÇÇU (ì)

/@7ì@:@ ãºpAo¦§

Ç« Bµo¼Ç�°(ì)¹¦ªÇvL§A

ã»Ç� ϧBÇ« M u¯ÑA î ¹�¦Th« R¿±�¯

,@¹¼´��§A ¥ÄBvª§A oX @ ÑAã»�tBØLî M &AkLî î Am ° ,@¹¼´��§A �°o�§A

k¼íw ±ME° ,@j±ív« MA :@¤BX«E ¹MBd~§A nBL »§ áA ¹Lv®§BM o« Ñ¿A Amñµ°

,@©µo¼Ç�° , ãºnB~¯ Ñ¿A &AkLî M oMB]° ,@¥L] M lBí«° ,@ ãºnkh§A

ã»�Ç� ,@¾B�¦Çh§A º°BT� é« ��TU ¾¿Æµ ¤BX«E î Hæ±~¯ A±¦�¯ k��

ÎB®Çµ° ,@㻫±Çñd§A ³��§A ¹dÄAn B´®« ©zTv½ B« ¤±�®§A ϦU èíM

¹wnk« kؽÆU ®v§A° bBd~§A ã»� ¸j±]±« ¹d¼dæ° ¹Ã½oM |±~¯

SíªÇ] ±§ B´Ø®Çñ§ ,@B´�¼í�ÇT§ �ÀÇL§A ¾Bª¦î »íw ¬áA° S¼L§A ¥µE

k®î S¼L§A ¥µE RBؽ°o« ã»�

㻦î î ¾B] B« é« Ç@RB½A°o§A ϦU@Ç

TÇ« Ñ¿A ±Çµã»¦Çî Çî S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE ¥�ǯ جE S½Eo§ ³¼«B«á¿A ¹í¼z§A

:@¼�½o�Mcdefg @³®î ¹½A°o¦§ ,@ ØcæÑ¿A°

¹ ØæBh§A �o� ã»� Øcæ B« Ç 2

㻦î î ¹Ø«Bí§A ã

»¦�¯ keFM Ç 1

/@cdefg @³®î

¿ ¹¦¼æÑ¿A ¹½±L®§A ¹Ø®Çv§A ØK~«ã»� ØK~U

ã»T§A RB½A°o§A ¬láA

¹MBd~§AèíM° ,S¼L§A ¥µE »¦î ¹M°mñ« RB½A°oM B´�¼í�U ñª½

to{E ©µ° Ç ¾B�¦h§A �±« ¬±ñ½ �¼ l áA ;@¾B�¦h§A �AkµA ¨khU

/@ºoi ÔA »¦î RBؽ°oª§A èíM c¼]oT§ GnB¼í« Ç S¼L§A ¥µE ¨±~i

ã»Ç�AoTîA d¦M° oiC Ó¿AÆÇw ¤Fv¼§ ©§Bí§A Amµ ºoL¯A B®µ°

/@k½k{

¼Ø�Çh§A »¦Çî cÇvª§Aã»Ç�

㻦î RB½A°n

ã»� ¤±�U B« :@¤B��

¹¦Ç¼§° ¤BǼ§ VÀY o�BÇvª¦§ :@¤±�½ ¬B ³Ø¯@FM ³®î ¥�®§A oUA±U ãºm§A°

?@³¼¦]n ¥v�½ ¬B ³Ø¯@E ³®î 㺰n B« °E ,@©¼�ª¦§

�±�±Ç« ج Ñ¿ ;@³¼¦î jBªÇTî¿A ñª½ ¿ oi пA ±µ Amµ :@S¦

ÇM oªÇî Çî nkÇæ H¼«±Çñe HªÇñe ¬BÇ ¼Ø�Çh§A »¦î cÇvª§A

M oªî î SLY k�� ,@³¯±�Uo½ ¿ ¹MBd~§A èíM ¬B ° ,@JBØ�h§A

17

/@870@:@JBØh§A M oªî ³�� ¹î±w±« (1)

/@7ìì b . 197@:@1 Apo§A kLí§ ,@�Ø®~ª§A (2)

,@(2)³M o«F½° ,@

(1)ϧmM

ã»T�½@° ,³¼�i »¦î cvª½ ¬B ³Ø¯@E JBØ�h§A

,@ϧlã»Ç� HMBTÇ ¬B\½BMnl ÑBM ±µ°

ã»®´\§A Kµ° M k½p »§áA KT °

»§ áA q½qí§AkLî M oªî KT� k�° /@797 b . 20ì@:@1 Apo§A kLí§ ,@�Ø®~ª§A (3)

¹L¼Ç{ã»ÇME ÇM¿ �Ø®~Ǫ§A ,@VÀÇY Ø¥�

ã»� �B�h§A A±í¦iA ¬E ¹~¼~ª§A ¥µE

/@1879 b . 193@:@1

¿ :@¤BÇ ³ÇØ E ³®Çî 㺰n° ,(3)©¼�ª¦§ ¹¦¼§° o�Bvª¦§ VÀX§A �oTz½

« ¾B] ¬B ¬áA° ³¼Ø�i »¦î B Ø�±T½ ¬E ©¦v« ¥]nu�¯ã»� Ø\¦Th½

/@7ì3 b . 19ì ° ,@7ì0 b . 19ë@:@1 Apo§AkLí§ ,@�Ø®~ª§A (ê)

/@190ë b . 1ìì@:@1 ¹L¼{ã»ME M¿ ,@�Ø®~ª§A (ë)

/@(ë)³¼Ø�i »¦î cvª� ¸ Øo« oªî ¤BM k°

(ê)�ÄB�§A

»¦Çî cÇvª§A ¹¼î°ozªM ¾BT� á¿A جE kØ ÆU |±~®§A ²mµ Ø¥ @

,@nB~« Ñ¿A »§ áA KT ° ³M o«E ãºm§A ±µ ³Ø¯@E° ,@oªî ¥L « ¬B ¼Ø�h§A

,@2êë@:@1 ãºnBÇL§A cTÇ�° ,@ê78 Ç ê77@:@1 �±ª\Ǫ§A° ,@ì0@:@2 »Ø¦dª§A o�¯E (ì)

/@2ë0@:@2 |B Ø~\¦§ ,@¬Co�§A ¨BñeE°

B«(ì)oªî MA° ,@¹zÄBî° ,@tBLî MA° ,@

㻦î î º°o½ ¬E kíL½ À�

/@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§Aã»� JBØ�h§A M oªî �±« kؽƽ

/@189ê b . 1ìë@:@1 ¹L¼{ã»ME M¿ �Ø®~ª§A (7)

(7)³¼�Çi »¦Çî cÇv« ³Ø¯@E K§B�

ã»ME M

ã»¦î »§áA Kv¯ k��

/@1892 b . 1ìë@:@1 ¹L¼{ã»ME M¿ �Ø®~ª§A (8)

MA »§áA Kv¯ ³¦X«°(8)©¼�ª¦§ ¹¦¼§° ¨±½° ¤B¼§ VÀY o�Bvª¦§ :@¤B°

18

¹L¼Ç{ã»ÇÇME ÇÇM¿ �®~ÇǪ§A ,@802 b . 208@:@1 Apo§A kLÇÇí§ ,@�®~ÇǪ§A (1)

/@1911 ° 1893 b . 1ìë@:@1

¹L¼Ç{ã»ÇÇME ÇÇM¿ �®~ÇǪ§A ,@799 b . 207@:@1 Apo§A kLÇÇí§ ,@�®~ÇǪ§A (2)

/@1890 ° 1888 ° 1883 b . 1ìê@:@1

/@(2)j±ív« MA°

(1)tBØLî

JBTÇñ§A �LÇÇw :@Bª´§± tBLî MA°ã»¦î î SLY ¼e

�

19ê9 ,@19ê7ã»Ç�° (@

ã»¦î ¤±�@) 19êì b . 1ì9@:@1 ¹L¼{

ã»ME M �Ø®~« (3)

²A°n :@¤BÇ� 2ëì@:@1㻪X¼´§A kÄA°p

ã»� tBØLî MA î o�¯A° /@tBØLî MA ¤±�

2ìì@:@32 k¼¯BÇvª§A é«BÇ]° ,@(@11ê0 @)ã»Ç¯AoL§A o�¯A ,@�w°Ñ¿A

�

㻯AoL§A

/@12237 b . ê3ì@:@11㻯AoL¦§ o¼Lñ§A ©\íª§A î 2êë@:@30 Z °

/@(3)¼Ø�h§A

« ¬B ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A جE B¯o @l (@ Øã

»L®§A ¾±�°@) B®MBT ã»� d¯°

º°o½ B«@):@³§±�M ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§BM ³§±�§ oªî »¦î ¼�oTÇíª§A

///@oªî »¦î ¤ ر�T§A ³§BªTe¿ (@Ï®î@)« Ó¿kM (@ϼ¦î Amµ

BǯE :@¤B tBØLî MA جE ²oLiE Hªv�« جE �¼~i î ¾B]°

?@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A î oªî MA° kíw ³§ ÑBw ¼e oªî k®î

B®ª¦î k ,@kíw B½ :@S¦�� :@tBLî MA ¤B�� kív§ oªî »���

¤B�� :@¤B ?@BµkíM ¨E ¸kÄBª§A ¥LE ñ§° ,@³¼Ø�i »¦î cÇv«ã»L®§A جE

?@BµkíM °E :@[ @¹Ø®v§A ¸A°n « ±µ°@] b°n

S§q¯E B«kíM B´¼¦î cv«mnopq @

Øã»L®§A جE keE ÎoLÇh½ ¿ :@¤B

19

ã»Ç�

㻪X¼Ç´§A ¥�ǯ° /@c¼dÇæ ²jB®Çw áA° 3ìì@:@1 ²k®v« ã

»� kªeE ¨B« á¿A ²A°n (1)

ã»Ç�

ã»Ç¯AoLǦ§ ³LÇv¯° ,@tBØLÇî ÇMA Çî Amǵ ±d¯ (2ëì@:@1) kÄA°q§A éª\«

/@ê Ç ì@ :@32 o¼X� M¿ ®v§A° k¼¯Bvª§A é«B] y«Bµã»� Bª� ,@�w°Ñ¿A

/@(1)oªî Sñv� ¸kÄBª§A

cÇvª§Aã»� oªî º±T�M ¬±¦L�½ ¿ A±¯B ¹MBdÇ~§A « o¼Xñ�

B´Ø¯E B´®î ¾B] ã»T§A ,@¹zÄBî° ,@tBØLî MA° ,@ ã

»¦î ©´®« ¼Ø�h§A »¦î

ã»íMBÇæE ØqÇeE °E Bªµ ØqÇeE ¬Ñ¿ :@¼Ø�Çh§A »¦Çî cÇvª§A Çî S§B

/@19ë3 b . 170@:@1 ¹L¼{ã»ME M �Ø®~« (2)

ãºB«kÇ é��ÇU ¬Ñ¿ :@°E(2)Bª´¼¦î cv«E ¬E «

Ø㻧 áA ØKeE ¼Øñv§BM

nBªe k¦] »¦î cv«E ¬Ñ¿ :@°E /@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cv«E ¬E «Ú㻧 áA ØKeE

/@1ì3@:@11 ãºpAo¦§ ,@o¼Lñ§A o¼v�T§A (3)

Ç« oªÇî [îqǯA kÇ° /@(3)¼Ø�Çh§A »¦Çî cv«E ¬E «

Ø㻧 áA ØKeE

®Çw o�ǯA° 218@:@1 &A ¥LdÇM ¨B~TÇî¿A° ,@ç°o§A boÇÇzM kÇǽp k®ÇÇv« (ê)

/@227ê b . 218@:@2㻫nAk§A

/@(ê)¸ ÑAo«A ¤±�M A°miBU ¿ :@¤B�� ¹zÄBî RBd½o~U

pA±Ç] ¨kíÇM ¬±§±�½ A±¯B tBLî MA° ,@ã»¦î° ,@¹ÇzÄBî ¬láA

¼¦�ǯ ¼ÇM çnBíÇU j±Ç]° î B®ÃL®½ Amµ° ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A

,@mnopq &A ¤±wn ¹Ø®w ã»ñd½ oi пA° ,@© @Bd§A ³��§A ©îk½ BªµkeE

[´®¦§ kؽƪ§A Ç ã»MBd~§A î

㻯BX§A ¥�®§A جEçoT�¯ ¬E Ø¿áA B®§ u¼¦�

¸k¼e±§Aã»´� ;@¹«±ñd§A° ¹�¦v§A gMB�«

ã»� gL� k ¬B Ç © @Bd§A

¿ Ø¿áA° ,@ ã»MBdÇæ ãغFM ¥ÇM ,@ ã

»MBd~§BÇM k½oU B« �B~§A »¦î ¸njB�§A

20

º±Ç ÎB®µ جE ¿±§ ,@k½o½ B« ã»MBd~§BM �~¦½ ¬E keE ãغѿ ñª½

¬E kíLTÇv½ ÀÇ� ³¼¦î° ,@¨BØñd§A° ¹�¦v§A Ø¿áA 㻵 B«° ,@³ÄAn° »ª�î

cÇvª§Aã»� oªî �±« kؽÆU Ó¿A±E ©´¼§ áA SLv¯ k ¹�¦v§A ¬±ñU

/@¼Ø�h§A »¦î

¹Ø®ÇÇv§A ¥ÇµE k®Çî 㻦Çî Çî ¼¦�Ç®§A kÇeFM B¯miE ±§ d¯

,@oBÇL§A㻦Çî M kتdª ,@¼¼L§B�§A ¹ªÄE î 㺰n B« é« ²B®íª]°

îSMBX§A ج Ñ¿ ;@B¯Bîk« ¹ ØdæS�oí§cdefg ¼vd§A M㻦îM k½p°

/@cdefg @³®î ¾B�¦h§A ¹wnk« ³eo�U B«uñî ±µã»¦î

¼Çvd§A ² Øk] î ³¼ME î㻦î M k½p ¨B«á¿A k®v« ã

»� ¾B\�

¿° ,@¹«Bªí§A ¿° ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª¯ ¿ ¹ª�B� k§° Bد áA :@³§± 㻦î M

/@7ê@ :@k½p ¨B« á¿A k®v« (1)

/@(1)nB´] ¿° ,@nBªi ¿° ,@¹ª @

B« :@SǦ�� :@¤B ³Ø¯@E ,@cdefg @oBL§A ¨B«á¿A î ¹¦�~« MA º°n°

,@o�Bvª¦§ HYÀY ²Ao½ oªî ¬B :@¤B�� ?@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§Aã»� ¤±�U

/@o�e ¿° o�wã»� ²Ao½ ¿

ã»ME ¬B ° ,@©¼�ª¦§ ¹¦¼§° H«±½@°

:@㻧 ¤B�Ç� ,@JBÇL§A ¹LTî »¦î ÔS�° ,@²k®î « ÔS]oi Bت¦�

¬°Æ�h¼� ©´½EoM ¬±§±�½ A±¯B ¨±�§A ج áA :@¤B�� ,@³¼¦î ÔS¦LF� ,@¥LE

/10 b .38 J ¾±�±§A JA±ME êë9@:@1 ¥ÄBw±§A ,@1089 . 3ì1:1 K½m´T§A (2)

/@(2)³½EoM ¤±�½ ¿

ã»ME ¬B ° ,@¬±L¼~½ @°

³Tíªw :@SǧB ,@cdefg @¼®«Æª§A o¼«E î ,@¹¼L§A±§A ¹MBLe î°

21

B®Tí¼Ç{ Ç« ¬BÇ ª� ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª¯ ¿ S¼M ¥µE Bد áA :@¤±�½

/@12 b . 38 J ¾±�±§A JA±ME êì0@:@1 ¥ÄBw±§A ,@898 . 298@:@ê ³¼��§A (1)

/@(1)mnopq @&A ¤±wn ¹Ø®w B´Ø¯ áB� ;@B®TØ®vM ÚTv¼§° B®M ßkT�¼¦�

»¦Çî cÇvª§A Çî �BdwáA BME S§FÇw :@é¼Mo§A M u¼ ¤B°

/@<@¥v�§A Ø¿ áA tB®§A »ME@> tBLî MA ¤±� �e¿ (2)

ã»®M « ÓÀ]n S¼�§ »ØTe ¬±dvª½

(2)tB®§A ÔS njE :@¤B�� ,@¼Ø�h§A

,@B´®Çî ³T§Fv� ,@¼vd§A M㻦î M kتd« ,@ Ø� ³¦X« ÒnE ©§ ,@©{Bµ

,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª½ ¼®«Æª§A o¼«E㻦î ñ½ ©§ :@¤B° ,@³®î

㻯B´®�

m®« ÔSdv« Bª� :@¤B ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î Òcvª§A ÔJBTñ§A Ò�Lw :@¤±�½ ¬B °

/@20 b . 38 J ¾±�±§A JA±ME êì2@:@1 ¥ÄBw±§A ,@1ì1@:@2 k¼�ª§A jB{nA (3)

/@(3)³®î

㻯B´¯

»§ áA ¹LÇv¯@Ç ã»ÄBw±Çª§A o�íÇ] جáA :@ ã

»¯BíªÇv¦§ JBv¯ Ñ¿Aã»�°

:@¾B¼{E ¹YÀYã»� B¯k®î ¹¼�U ¿ S¼M ¥µE Bد áA :@¤±�½ Ç@o�í] M »w±«

/@ê0ë@:@ë㻯Bíªv¦§ JBv¯¿A (ê)

/@(ê)¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A ÎoU° ,@»U±ª§A n±L ¸nB½p° ,@¸À~§A ¸oX @

K½m´ÇT§Aã»� Bª @Ç �jB~§A kتd« M o�í] î ¾B] ³¦L°

»¦Çî cÇvª§A B´®Ç« ØkÇî° ///@VÀÇY «ã»�UE ¿ :@³§± Ç@nB~LTw¿A°

nB~LTÇÇw¿A ,@1093 b . 3ì2@:@1 K½m´ÇÇT§A ,@2 b . 32@:@3ã»�BÇÇñ§A o�ÇǯA (ë)

/@237 b . 79@:@1

/@(ë)¼Ø�h§A

jB´TÇ]¿A ¹wnkÇ« ³¼ÇîkU B« Jm kØ ÆU |±~®§A ²mµ Ø¥ @

22

¨kÇí§ Ï§l° ,@ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A »§ áA ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A ¹Lv¯ ã

»� ãºÑAo§A°

« SMBX§A° ,@©´UBؽ°o« bBdæ ã»� ³T¼M ¥µE î ¤±�®ª§A é« ³�MB�U

¬±§±�ǽ oXÇ ¹MBdæ j±]±§° ,@¨±¼§A Amµ Økd§ ³¼� ¹¼¦ªí§A ©´Uo¼w

,³´MBz½ B« °E joL§A « Ó¾B�UA Ø¿áA ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A ¬±¦L�½ ¿° ³§±�M

¬BÇv§ »¦Çî oªÇî ³�Ç� ¥¼æÑBT§ »ív½ © @Bd§A [´®§A جFM B®T�oíª§°

/@¹MBd~§A

ºoÇiE ¹M°m @E㻵° ,³¼Ç¦]o§

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¥v� �±�±« BØ«E

»ÄB�§ ¥ª\« ±µ Amµ ¬B ,(@Øã»L®§A ¾±�°@) B®MBT

ã»� BµjBíME B®d Ø�°

WdL§A ¤Ài«° ,@¼TîBv§A ¹MAo �o�TwA ãºm§A ,@ ã»Ø®v§A ©§Bí§A Am´M

جFM ³Tª¦îE° ,@®v§A° bBd~§A « B®´�� �¼Y±U ¸n°o� »¦î S�°

¤A±E° RBؽ°o« ã»� B¯kؽƽ B« j±]±§Ï§l° ,@B®¼¦î o¼ví§BM u¼§ Amµ

B®´�Ç� �ØY±Ç¯ ¬E B®®ñªÇ½ BÇØ áA° ,@©µk®Çî ¸oLTíª§A ¼íMBT§A° ¹MBd~§A

é« ²±ªT¦í� Bª ,@¹¼L¦w ¹¼wB¼w ¿ ¹¼MB\½ áA ¹¼ª¦î ¹�½o�M B®UBؽ°o«°

ñª½ ¿ ¹MBd~§A ¬Bv§ »¦îã»í¼{¥«BñT« ³��RBLY áA ج Ñ¿ ;@¹MBd~§A

½j°o�Ǫ§A ©Çµ° ,@©ñLTÇ ã»Ç� ¹í¼Çz§A ¥LÇ Ç« ³î±Ç° n ر~ÇÇU

¥L « ©´®î miÑ¿Aã»� n±�dª§A° ,@©ñ«BØñe ¥L « ½j Øozª§A°

¬áA © k®î ã»í¼{ ¥«BñT« ³�� »¦î �±±§A ñª½ �¼ñ� ,@©ñ¼§B]n

!?@©ñeBdæã»� ¹MBd~§A ¥L « c¼dæ k¼æn ³§ ñ½ ©§

kíÇM ¼ª¦vª§A جFM Ç@B®í« ¾Bª¦í§A « o¼X ©¦í½@°@Ç ©¦í¯ Bد Ñ¿

éLT½ « :@©´®ª� ,@¼wBwE ¼\´¯ »§ áA A±ªv�¯A k mnopq &A ¤±wn

Hª¼Çv ¾An пA ¥í\ǽ :@㻯BÇX§A° ,@¾An пBÇM miF½ ¿° ¹¼îoz§A ¤±æÑ¿A

23

¾¿Æµ° ,@ºn±z§Aã»� ³ª§Bí« Sªw Ôn ¬E kíM ϧl° ,@¹Ø®v§A° ¬Co�¦§

ã»Ç� <@¼h¼Çz§A ¸o¼w° ³¼L¯ ¹Ø®w° &A JBT »¦î@> :@A±§B ½m§A ©µ

¾B] B« ¹MBd~§A ¬¿Fv½ Ç@Bª´T�Ài ¥ÄA°Eã»�@Ç B¯B ¼h¼z§A جE ¼e

F�±ÇǪ§A ,@23ì@:@8 ,@ê7ë@:@ì ,@11ê@:@10ã»�´¼LÇǦ§ ºoLÇÇñ§A ®ÇÇv§A o�ÇÇǯA (1)

b 121@:@3 ,@11ëê b 300@:@1 j°Ajã»ME ®w ,@ê b ë13@:@2 ,@8 b 180@:@1

/@272ê b 909@:@2 ,@1282 b ê08@:@1 ¹]B« MA ®w ,@289ê

¬E kíÇM ³\´®« oؼ� oªî ñ§ Ç@©¼ñd§A o m§A °E(1)&A ¤±wn î

¤±wn î ³½@°o½ Bª¼�° ,²A°BT�ã»� ¹MBd~§A «

ào¼X ¥L « FØ� Ôi

/@<@W½kd§A ½°kU 鮫@>ã»� o�Bdª§A lBTw¿A ³LT� B« o�¯A (2)

�eB~ªÇM ³Ç¼§ áA ã»ÇU ÔE ª§ ¤B ³Ø¯@E ³®î o¼v§A KT Sñe° ,@

(2)&A

/@29ê79 b . 130@:@10 ¤Bªí§A q®� ,@ë00@:@ê0 �z«j g½nBU (3)

Çî SLY°(3)<@©ñ¼¦î Øjo¯° ©ñ®« miF¯@> :@²o« Ñ¿ ¹MB\TwA W½kd§A

�¼ :@¹MBd~§A èíL§ ¤B�� ,@Go¼«E ¬±ñ½ ªM ¾BT� á¿A j Øke ³Ø¯E oªî

b 301@:@8 Apo§AkLÇÇî �®~ÇÇ« ,@329@ì@11 kÇÇ{An ÇÇM oªíÇǪ§ é«BÇÇ\§A (ê)

/@ì12@:@ê ,@ê9ë@:@2 ¾ÀL®§A ¨ÀîE o¼w ,@1ë293

/@(ê)Bµ ÚnB »Ú§±U ÖÒ« Bµ ÚnBe Ù¤ ß° ?@Go¼«E Sv§°tB®§A

ã»T�U

³§ ¤B�� ,@¹íTª§BMã»T�½ ¬B ³Ø¯@E ãºoíÇ{ Ñ¿A »w±« ã

»ME î ¾B]°

¼®«Æª§A o¼«E VkeE B« ãºnkU ¿Ïد áB� ,@ÎB¼T�èíLM Îk½°n :@¥]n

(×»LT\Ǫ§A)

ã»ÄBv®§A ®w ,@ë0:1 kªeE k®v« ,1ë7 . 89ì:2 ©¦v« c¼dæ (ë)

/@20@:@ëã»�´¼L¦§ ºoLñ§A ®v§A ,@1ë3@:@ë

/@(ë)Ïv®§A

ã»� [ @oªî ³M

ã»®í½@]

,@»w±Ç«ã»MF ¾B¼eÑ¿A ¹MBdÇ~§A nBL é« ©´¦í� Amµ ¬B Al áB�

?@Ç@«q§A « ¬°o kíM°@Ç ©´®« A±UB« ªM �¼ñ�

»§áA A±Lv®½ ¬E Ç@© @Bd§A [Ç´®§A ¹½±�U ¥]E «@Ç kíLTv¯ ¿ B®Ø¯ áA

²±¦íÇ� BÇ« Amµ° ,@¹�¼¦h§A ³¼§ áA Kµm½ B« ��A±½ Ó¿± ¹MBd~§A ¬B¼îE

/@¥ÄBvª§A « o¼X ã»� Ç@HL§B�@Ç

HLîÀÇU ÎB®Çµ جE RBLÇY áA B®®ñª½@° ,B®¼¦î Ò�h½ ©§ o« Ñ¿A ñ§

BÇ« ¤Ài « ϧl° ,W½kd§A° ³��§Aã»� ¨BØñd§A ¥L « Gj±~�«

¨À ¥�¯ Ø¿áA ¬±�Uo½ ¿ ½m§A ©µ° ,@¹MBd~§A « oi пA [´®§A ³½°o½

ã»� oªî ¸o¼w »¦î o¼v½ « ¬±ÃØ�h½ ¾¿ÆµºoT� ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn

/@Bµo¼�° S¼ª§A »¦î RAo¼LñT§A° ,@¹íTª§A

/@1139 b 13ë@:@1 kªeE k®v« ,@1ê88 b ëì7@:@2 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ (1)

°E(1)<@kÇeE ¤±Ç�§ ©wB�§A

ã»ME ¹Ø®w ÎoUE ¿@> :@©µkeE ¤±�¼�

ºoLÇñ§A ®Çv§A ,@ë700 b 9ë@:@2 kªÇeE k®Çv« ,@1ê1@:@ë ¹½B´Ç®§A° ¹Ç½AkL§A (2)

/@8ìë8 b 21@:@ëã»�´¼L¦§

¤±�½@°(2)<?@&A ¤±wn ¹Ø®w ¨E éLÇTU oªî ¹Ø®Çv�E@> :@oªî MA ¤±�½

/@181ê b . ëë@:@2㻫nAk§A ®w o�¯A (3)

/@(3)<@oªî « o¼i ±µ° ©wB�§A ±ME B´¦í�@> :@W§BY

®ÇÇv§A° bBdÇ~§Aã»Ç� ¥¼¦�§BÇM u¼§ ¾¿Æµ RB½°o« jkî°

HíLU@Ç ¬°oi пA ³�Øí� B« c¼d~U ¹�BvM Ø¥ñM B®®ñª¼� ,@RB�Ø®~ª§A°

¹d¼dÇ~§A kǵA±Çz§A° RBíMBTª§BÇMã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î Ç@© @Bd§A Ø�h¦§

¤± ج áB� ,@©µo¼�° ¹zÄBî° ,@tBØLî MA° ,@j±ív« MA î ¹§±�®ª§A

k®î �í Ô� B« ©îk½ ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A îã»´®§A

ã»� ÓÀX« ¹zÄBî

;@¹ Ød~§A »§ áA �í�§A qؼe « ©´¼¯BL« »¦î ³]ohÔ½ @° ,@ 㻦î î ¨±�§A

¬±Çñ½ ¹zÄBÇî W½kd� ,@¹zÄBî î c¼d~§A �½o�§BM ϧl ¹½A°o§

/@㻦î î ¼¦�®§A keÑ¿ HªîAj

î pA±\§BM ¤±�§B� ,@¹ÇíTª§A �±�±« »§ áA ¹Lv®§BM o« Ñ¿A Amñµ°

ãºoíÇ{ Ñ¿A »w±« ã»ME° ,@tBØLî MA °E ,@ ãºnB~¯ Ñ¿A &AkLî M oMB]

²j±]±§ ;@¹ Ød~§A ¹]nj »§áA 㻦î î ¨±�§A k®î�Øí�ª§A oLh§A é�o½

/@©µk®î ¹d¼d~§A RBíMBTª§Aã»�

°E c¼dÇæ kµBÇzM ³d¼d~U ñª½ �¼í�§A W½kd§A ¬l áA

ã»Ç� ³�¼L�ÇU k½o¯ B« Amµ° Ç@¹Ø®v§A ¥µE o¼½Bí« Kve@Ç c¼dæ éMBU

k¼¯Bw Ñ¿A ¤AkM áA° è½±íU ±µ Amµ B®¦ªî° ,@cdefg @

㻦î î RBؽ°oª§A

,@½oi пA ¹MBd~§A î c¼d~§BM㻦î î ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE k®î ¹�Øí�ª§A

/@©µk®î oLh§A ¬±ª�« ¹ Ødæ »¦î �±±§A kíM ϧl°

㻦Çî ¨BÇ« á¿A »§ áA J±Çv®Çª§A W½kÇd§A B®Ç]oiE k�� ϧmM°

¹½A°n KLvM ©µk®î �Øí�ª§A ϧl ,@¼�½o�§A ¼M ³¼� �¦Thª§A°

î ©µk®î Hd¼dæ HTMBY HX½ke ²B¯oLTîA° ,@³M ©µmiE °E ³§ ¹í¼z§A

�½oÇ� Ç« ©µk®Çî ³T Ød~§ ϧl° ,@³M ¥ªí§A° miÑ¿A K\½ ,@㻦î

/@oiC

/@©ÇÄBîj ¹íMnE ³§ã»¦î î ¹ ØæBh§A ¹½°oU Bª� ³¼¦î°

/@¹ ØæBh§A ©´o� Kve B´§ ¹í¼z§A ¹½A°n :@¤ Ø° Ñ¿A

KT �

㻦î î ¼Ç¦�®§A keE

ã»� ©µkؽƽ B« j±]° :@¹¼¯BX§A

/@¹îBª\§A° ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE

BǪ§ ¹ªÇîAj RB½A°o ¹MBd~§A èíM ³½°o½ B« lBhUA :@¹X§BX§A

ã»Ç�

㻦Çî ¨B«á¿A ãºEn ©îkU ¹ÇzÄBî جE S½En k° ,@

㻦î î ³½°o¯

&AkLÇî ÇM oMBÇ]° ãºoíÇ{ Ñ¿A »w±Ç« ±ÇME° ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A

nBÇæ ϧmÇM° ,@¹íTǪ§Aã»Ç� ¨BÇ« á¿A ¹Ç½A°n ¥X« B½°n k�� ãºnB~¯ Ñ¿A

pA±]° ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A pA±] ¨kîã»�

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A »§ áA J±v®ª§A

/@VÀX§A �o�§A ²m´§ ,@³®î Hd¼dæ HTMBY ¹íTª§A

oi пA ¥�®§A جE 㻵° ,B´¼§ áA ¹íMAn ¹«Bîj�¼�¯ ¬E B®®ñª½ k°

ºo\«ã»� ØK~½ HªÄAj ²k\¯ Ç@S¼L§A ¥µE ³M ¤±�½ ¿ ãºm§A@Ç ã

»¦î î

ã»Ç� ¹e°o�ª§A ¹¼§ пA جE B®Lve° ,@©µo¼� «° ¼½±« Ñ¿A « ³ÄAkîE

Ç« ¹Ø®Çv§A A± oÇU &A ©´®í§> :@¤B B ت§ tBØLî MA B´M ¨q] k ϧl

H��M &A ¤±wn ¹Ø®w°&A ½j ÎoT½ ¬E � Øn±T½ ¿ ãºm§B� ;@< 㻦îè�M

±d¯ ØãºFM ã»¦î »¦î Jmñ½ ¬E � Øn±T½ ¿ ±µ ¼�¼§A° ¨q\§BL� ,@ ã

»¦í§

�§Bh½ ãºm§A 㻦î î

㻯BX§A ¥�®¦§ B¯o¼v�U ±µ Amµ° ,@¹¦¼w° Ø¥ñM°

Bª ³§ ¹MBd~§A RBíMBTª§° ,ã»¦í§ HíLU ¹í¼z§A° S¼L§A ¥µE RB½°o«

/@¹íTª§A ¹§Fv«ã»� ؼLU

±Çµ° ,㻦Çî ¨BÇ« á¿A Çî oÇi пA ¥�®§BÇ� tBÇw Ñ¿A Amµ »¦î°

,@³¼¦Çî jBªTÇî¿A B®®ñªÇ½ ÀÇ� ,@¾B�¦h§A ¹Çwnk« k¼½FT§ ³®î 㺰oª§A

¤BX«Eã»Ø®LT§° ,@¹MBd~§A »§ áA ¾B¼{Ñ¿A ¹Lv¯ ã

»� © @Bd§A n°j »¦î B®�±±§

27

»¦Çî RAo¼LÇñT§A° ,@cǽ°AoÇT§A ¸ÀÇæ° ,@¾Bv®§A ¹íT« :@¥X« ,@B´§ oªî

/@¸o¼Xñ§A n±« Ñ¿A « Bµo¼� »§áA ¼Ø�h§A »¦î cÇvª§A° ,@Sؼª§A

,@¼¼ª�BÇÇ�§A° ,@¼¼ÇǯAkªd§BÇÇ ¹¼í¼ÇÇz§A ¤°k§Aã»Ø®LÇÇU ج áA°

»¦ÇîØã»e@> ¥X« ¹¼´��§A RAjo�ª§A ²mµèíL§ ©µo¼�° ¼¼´½±L§A°

°E ,@¸ÀÇ Ø~§A ã»Ç� <@©¼eo§A תeo§A &A ©vM@> o´\§A °E <@¥ªí§A o¼i

B´§BX«E° ,@³§ u¦� ¿ ãºm§A Ϫv§A ¥ @E ¨kî° ,@¼UÀ~§A ¼M éª\§A

±§ Ïد áA@° ,@¬±¼L§BÇ�§A ³¦L�½ ¿ ¹í½oz§A ã»� �½@odU j±]° B®§ kØ ÆU

¨BÇ« á¿A ¬BÇv§ »¦Çî ¾BÇ] ãºm§A° B´¦YBªÇ½ B«° (@A±Mm @) ¹ª¦ SXdM

¹¼X½kÇd§A ©]BíǪ§Aã»Ç� ,rstuv S¼ÇL§A ¥µE ¹ªÄA « ²o¼�° �jB~§A

/@¾B�¦h§A ¹wnk« k®î �½odT§A « ¥ÄB´§A ©ñ§A »¦î S�±§

±µ° ,B®UB½A°n �¼Y±U ³§Ài « B®®ñª½ oiC �½o� ÎB®µ ,@©í¯

î ¹ØªÄ Ñ¿A ³½°o½ B« جE »¦î k¼ @FT¦§ ,@¼�½o�§A ¼M RB¼B�±§A éª]

¬°k¦iMA ²BîjA Bª ¼ª¦vª§ARB½A°n îã»L®]FMu¼§ &A ¤±wn

/@¼ve ¥«B n±T k§A°

¬E A°jAnE BÇ« B®\´TǯA° ©´UBLÇ�n »¦Çî B®§qǯ ±§ dǯ ¤±ÇE

¹¼§BÇî ¸k®Çv« rstuv ¹ØªÄ Ñ¿A RB½A°n جFM B¯jB�TîA° B®ª¦î é« ,@³\´T®¯

±µ ³X½ke جáAcdefg oBL§A ¨B«á¿A ¤B Bª ±µ° ,@&A ¤±wn î jB®wá¿A

±Çµ ¬BÇñ§ ,@&A ¤±wn î ² Øk] W½ke ³¼ME W½ke° ,³¼ME W½ke

veE jB®wáA ÎB®µ ¥µ° ,@©´ÄBMC î ¾B®M Ñ¿A ¹½A°o§ c¼d~§A W½kd§A

©´¦��ÇM 鼪\§A k´z½ ¹ªÄE ©´Ø¦ ¸A°o§B� ,@jB®w á¿A Amµ « »¦îE°

28

/@ ÓÀX« 121 Ç 120@:@13 ¾ÀL®§A ¨ÀîA o¼wã»�

ã»Lµm§A ¨À� ϧl

ã»� o�¯A (1)

/@(1)©´ª¦î°

A°kíLÔ½ ¬ ÑA ¤A± Ñ¿A ²m´M ¬°k½o½ ½oi пA جE �Çwƪ§A «°

RB�Ø®~Ǫ§A ²mǵ ¥XÇ« ã»Ç� ¸j±]±Çª§A ³Ø�Çd§A �nBíª§A î tB®§A

/@¹ ØªÄ Ñ¿A ¾¿Æµ ¬Bv§ î ¹§±�®ª§A°

RBíMBTǪ§A Çî WdÇL§A ±Çµ ²mǵ B®Te°oÇ�Eã»Ç� ©´ª§BÇÇ�

�¼Y±T§ B´íª]° ,¹îBª\§A° ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE KT ã»� ¸j±]±ª§A kµA±z§A°

«° ,@¹¼´��§A B®T½A°o§ c¼d~Uϧlã»� ج Ñ¿ ,@³M ½oi пA ¨Aq§A° B®´��

�BLØUB� ;@ ãºkÄB�í§A° ã»´��§A ¥ªí§A

ã»� ²k½k] HB�C cT� B®®ñª½ ³§Ài

,㻫ÀÇwá¿A ½k§BM ¹LîÀTª§A ãºk½ Ñ¿A î ¨BX¦§A �¼ª¼w ¥¼Lv§A Amµ

±µ « ¥M ,@ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A »§ áA ¤A± Ñ¿A ²mµ ¹Lv¯ ¾An° ±µ « �zñU°

㻦î î ¹í¼z§A ³½°oU Bª§�§Bhª§A ¾B�¦h§A ¹wnk«

ã»� ¤ Ø°Ñ¿A ¥ÄB�§A

ã»� RBvMÀª§A »¦î ¾±�§A �ئvTw

ã»´� ϧm ° ,@²k§° « ¹ªÄÑ¿A°

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A î ¹¼ñdª§A nBLi Ñ¿A ج Ñ¿ ,@¹í½oz§A ã

»� n±« ÔA Amñµ ¥X«

¹î±ª\Ç« °E }hÇ{ ãºEn ©îj �B¼w ã»� HªÄAj

ã»UFU Ç@¨±�§A k®î@Ç

K\½ ¥M ,@S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« �§Bh½ BªM miÑ¿A B®®ñª½ À� ,@¹ ØæBi

é�T®ª§A ±µ « �oí¯ã»ñ§ B´UBvMÀ« î WdL§A° Bµk®î �±±§A

¿° ¤B]o§A keE ¬±ñ½ B« HL§B�° ,@nBTv§A ¾An° ±µ «° ,@k¼�Tvª§A°

kÇ° ,¸o½oǵ BÇME ¬±ñ½ k° ,¹zÄBî ¬±ñU k�� ,@¼h¼z§BM ²j ØkeE

« ©îk½ ¬E ØKd½ ,@¾¿Æµ ¤BX«E ³M »T�½ B« ج áB� ,@W§BY}h{¬±ñ½

29

¬E kíLTv½ À� ,ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A º±T�§ H�§Bh« ¬B ¬áA ¹MBd~§A ¬B¼îE ¥L

B« ϧB« Mu¯E °E ,@tBØLî MA »§ áA °E ,@³v�¯ ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A »§ áA A±Lv®½

¹ªÇÄF� ³¼¦î° /@©µo¼�° ¹½°Bí«° ,@¸o½oµã»ME° ,@¹zÄBî ¹½A°n ©îk½

ã»T§A° ¹í½oz§A

ã»� ¹MnB�T« ¤A±E Amñµ ¹Lv¯ ¾An° ©µ © @Bd§A ³��§A

ã»Ç� VÀÇX§A RB�¼¦�ÇT§A �±± ,@¹¼«Àwá¿A ¹í½oz§A ¤±æE �§BhU

À�§A@) »§BíU ³§±ã»� ¬Co�§A c½oæ �§BhU

ã»T§A° ¸keA° ¹�¼¦�U

/229 :¹½ Ñ¿A ,¸o�L§A ¸n±w (1)

/@(1)( @¬BveBM c½ovU °E �°oíªM ÎBv«áB� ¬BU Øo«

WdL§A »§áA ¸±îj

A±íMBTǽ ¬E ©¦Ç�§A° oÇñ�§A JBdÇæE° ¼XeBL§A ¸±iÑ¿A »¦í�

»¦Çî A±��½ã»ñ§

㻫Àwá¿A ³��§A ã

»� ¹¼´��§A RAjo�ª§A ²mµ �±¼i

¥�¯ã»� ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE jAo�¯A ºo¯ Bª®¼e Hæ±~i° ,@k¼�Tvª§A° é�T®ª§A

ã»� Bµkؽƽ B« k\¯ ¿° ,@tBLî MA°

㻦î î ¹½°oª§A RAjo�ª§A ²mµ

éÇ« nBLTÇî¿A o�®ÇM o« Ñ¿A Amµ B¯miE ±§ d®� ,¹¼«B«á¿A ¹í¼z§A KT @

KµAmª§AèíM ³�� »¦î k¼ @FT§Aã»� © @Bd§A ³��§A [´®« »¦î B®�±°

Hñ§B« o«Eã»wBØLí§A n±~®ª§A جE H¼h½nBU SMBX§A « ج Ñ¿ ,@oi пA ¬°j

/@212@:@1 ÎnAkª§A K¼UoU (2)

/@(2)tBLî MA°

ã»¦î ³��M miF½ ¿ ¬E

¨BÇ« á¿A RB½A°oM miÑ¿A ¨kî ±µ ¹§°k§A [´®« ¬B Al áA :@¤Fv®�

¨khU㻦î î W½jBeE º°o½ Hñ§B« ºo¯ AlBª¦� ,@tBLî MA°

㻦î

30

/@³®î ºoi Ñ¿A RB½A°o¦§ ³¦�¯ ¬°j ,@��� ¹�¦v§A ³��

¨B«á¿A î oi пA ãºEo§A A±¦�¯ ±§ ©´Ø¯@E ϧl ¥¼¦íUã»� ¤B�½ k��

¬°o�§A Ø¥ ã»� ¸k´��ª§A ,@¸oµB�§A ¸oTí§A ³�� ©îk½ B« ³¼� ¬Bñ§

㻦î

/@¹MBd~§A î ²±¦�®½ B« �í�Ô½ B« Amµ°

©´TªÇÄE ¨±¦Çî oÇz¯ ©´®ñª½ ¿ ¬B S¼L§A ¥µE �BLUE ج áA »¦M

ºoU¿ Amµ¥]Ñ¿° Ç@©´¦ÄB�� oz¯ »¦î ¬°nk�½ ¿ A±¯B ©´Ø¯E »ØTe°@Ç

ØK~½ B« Ø¿áA ,@¹¼X½kd§A ©´LT ã»� S¼L§A ¥µE ¹ªÄE î ¬°°o½ ¨±�§A

/@¨BØñd§A ³��ã»�

kÇeE Çî °E㻦î î ¼íMBT§A èíM ¹½A°n »¦î A±�° ¬áA°

²±]° »¦î ³¦ªe °E ³�¼í�T§ A±íw ,@©´�§Bh½ B« ¼«±~íª§A ²j¿°E

¹MBdÇ~§A Çî ©´LT ã»� Õ㺰o« ±µ ¼e ã

»� ,@¬°ÅBz½ BªM ³�¼í�

,@¹¼§BÇ]o§A° ¹¼ÇÄAnk§A ©µo¼½Bí« Kve° ¸oLTíª§A ©´o�M ¼íMBT§A°

ã»Ç� ¸oLTíǪ§A RBíMBTǪ§A° kǵA±Çz§A ²mǵ éª\ǯ ¬E k½oǯ d®�

³¯°°oǽ BÇ« ج áA° ,@S¼ÇL§A ¥µE î ¹ª´T§A é�o§ ¹Ø®v§A ¥µE RB�Ø®~«

¹MBdÇ~§A Çî �oÇ�§A ¸kªTíǪ§A ®Çv§A° bBdÇ~§Aã»Ç� j±]±ÇÇ«

/@¼ª¦vª§A W½ke° ³�� î K½o�§BM ±µu¼§° ,@¼íMBT§A°

¹¼�BÇ~§A ¼í§A ϦTM ºm�§A « Ø�¦î B« B®§pE k ¬±ñ¯ Am´M°

¨Bn Ñ¿BM° ¹í�B�§A ¹Ø§j Ñ¿BM ¼d Ø�±« ,@ã»e±§A S¼M ¥µE « ¸B�Tvª§A

© @Bd§A [´®§A ¹¼Bwã»� ØK~½ ¹í¼z§A RB½A°o§ �§Bh« ²±¦�¯ B« جE

/@³M ¬B®Ãª�¿A° ³¼¦î jBªTî¿A ñª½ ¿ ¬láA ,@¾B�¦h§A ³��°

31

KT ã»� 㺰o« B®X½ke° B®´�� K§B� جE é�B to�M° ¤±E

JBT »§ áA ¸nB´�§A JBT « ,@¼íMBT§A° ¹MBd~§A ¬Bv§ »¦î° ,@¨±�§A

/@¹¼´��§A JA±M Ñ¿A �L� ³L½±LU° ³íª]K\½ B« Amµ° ,@RB½k§A

©µk®î ¹i±v®« °E ¹�¼í� RB½A°o§A ϦU جFM ¤B�½ k ,@©í¯

»§ áA ¬±® o½ ©´Ø¯@E° Ç@¹�¦Thª§A ¥ÄBvª§A oX @E ã»� HL§B� ²±§±�½ B« Amµ°@Ç

©´¯BÇñ« áA ¨kí§ Ï§l° ,@B´¼� �¦Thª§A n±« Ñ¿A K§B�ã»� gv®§A n ØoL«

±µ ¼XeBL§A ³¼§ áA ±îjE ãºm§B� ,@©µk®î oi пA ¤±�§A j±]° ¥æE nBñ¯ áA

¥ÄBÇvª§Aã»Ç� gv®§BÇM ¤±�§A° �¼í�T§A

ã»T§Fv«

ã»� oØMkT§A° ¥Ø«FT§A

¥ÄBvª§Aã»� © @Bd§A ³��§A Bª´«khTv½ ¬BUAjE Bª´Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ,@B´¼� �¦Thª§A

èíM ¨±�½ ¬E AmØLe B½° ,@�B®h§A ³¼¦î �B� B« Al áA ¹½kÄB�í§A° ¹¼´��§A

¹¼´�Ç�§A ¥ÄBÇvª§A éª\¼Ç� ,@gÇv®§A î ¸B�±Tv« ¹wAnkM ¼�Ø�dª§A

¨E ,@³i±v®Ç« B´ÇØ @E H Ø�Çe ¥µ ºo¼§ ,@B´¼� gv®§A »îkª§A ¹½kÄB�í§A°

!?@ϧmM ³MBd~§A° ¾B�¦h§A ¥ªí§ n ØoLª gv®§BM A±§B ©´Ø¯@E

B´Ø¯@E A±§B ©µk®î ÓÀX« ¹íTª§A ¹¼î°oz« R±LY kíM° ©´Ø¯@E ,@©í¯

¹Lv®§BM ¤Bd§A Amñµ° ,@B´®î »´¯ ãºm§A oªî ¹�¼¦h¦§ Hªîj ,@ShvÔ¯

&A ½j B´Ø¯@E ©´�íM ¨q] ã»T§A ,@¼«k�§A »¦î cvª§A ¹¼î°oz« »§áA

B´Ø¯@E ¹d¼d~§A ¼«k�§A »¦îcvª§A nBLiE î A±§B° ,@B´hv¯ A±îjB�

»ØTe n ØoLª§A Am´M ¬±ñ ØvªT½ ©´T½En ã»Ø¯ áA° ,@¼Ø�h§A »¦î cvª§A ã

»®íU

¹MBTñ§A جA ° :A±§B�� Ç@ ãºnB�e ¥æE ±µ ãºm§A°@Ç ¹MBTñ§A �±�±« ã»�

¬Co�§A é« KTñU W½jBeÑ¿A ºEn B ت§ ¤±wo§A ñ§ ,@B´M b±ªv« ¬B @

32

¬±ñU ϧmM° ,@B´í®ª� ,@¹Ø® Ûv§BM ¬Co�§A Zqª½ ¬E « H�±i ,@B´®î »´¯

,@©µk®î ¹i±v®«ã»µ RB«±¦íª§A ½°kU ¨°q§ »¦î ¹Ø§Ak§A RB½A°o§A

W½kÇe ½@°kU 鮫 « JB�h§A M oªî �±ª§ Hªîj ϧl Ø¥ @

gv®§A �±�±« ºoU° Ø¿áA B´¼� �¦Th« ¹§Fv« « Bª� ¬láA ,@&A ¤±wn

/@¼XeBL§A ¥L « ³TwAnj° ³XdM K\½ B« Amµ° /@B´¼� o¼YE k

¿°ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ³�� ¥�¯ ã

»�Uo½ ¿ ¬B © @Bd§A [´®§B� H«±ªî°

,@³®î ¤±�®ª§A ¬±� Øod½ A±¯B ©´� ,@Amµ « oX @E ÎB®µ° ,@³¦ÄB�� ¥�¯

�k~½ ñ½ ©§ :@¤±�½ ¸o¼�ª§A Síªw :@¤B ,@xBؼî M oñM ã»ME í�

ã»Ç� �B¼TÇe¿A° ¾B�íÇ�§A Çî ¹Ç½A°o§A î

ã»´®§A JBM ,@13@:@1 ©¦v« c¼dæ (1)

¤±ÇæE »§ áA o�®§A ³¼]±U ,@82 b .132@:@ºoLñ§A ®v§A »§ áA ¥ikª§A ,@B´¦ تdU

/@ë1@:@1 oY Ñ¿A

/@(1)j±ív« M &AkLî JBdæE « Ø¿áA ,@³®î W½kd§A

�

ã»¦î »¦î

¨B«á¿A î V Økd½ ¬E jAnE Al áA ³Ø¯E ãºo~L§A vd§A î ¾B]°

B´¦ تdÇT§ �B¼TÇe¿A° ¾B�íÇ�§A ¹Ç½A°o§A î ã»´®§A JBM ,@13@:@1 ©¦v« c¼dæ (2)

oÇY Ñ¿A ¤±ÇæE »§ áA o�Ç®§A ³¼]±ÇU ,@82 b .132@:@ºoLÇñ§A ®Çv§A »§ áA ¥ikª§A

/@ë1@ :@1

,@³®î ³½B® /@(2)K®½p ±ME ¤B :@¤±�¼� ³ªwBM b Øo~½ ¬E Eo\½ ©§ ã

»¦î

/@¸o¼X ¤±E B« »¦î kµA±z§A°

éÇ« ¬nB�Ǫ§A ³�Ç�§A ¹ÇwAnj »§ áA ¼XeBL§A ±îjE ã»Ø¯ áB� Ú©ÒY «°

¹¼ÇîAk§A n±Ç« Ñ¿A »¦Çî �±±Ç¦§ ;@¹¼îBªTÇ]¿A° ¹¼wB¼Çv§A ³UBvMÀ«

,@¾An пA° kÄB�Çí§A ¹�oí« Ø¬ Ñ¿ ;@&A ¤±wn î ¤±�®ª§A ã»� �ÀTiÀ§

33

�±±§A° ,@k�í§A Ø¥d§ ¥¼� RB¼v�¯ « ¤B]o§A ¾¿Æµ ³¦ªd½ B«°

RBµB\ÇU¿A ¹�oíÇ« جE° ,@�ÀTiÀ§ ¹½j ѱª§A JBLwÑ¿A° ¥¦í§A »¦î

g½nBU° �Àh§A n°m] »¦î �ØoíT¦§ ©´« ÎAm¯C ¹e°o�ª§A ¾AnпA°

/@é½ozT§A° ³��§A

¸oÄAj « ¹¯nB�ª§A ¹¼´��§A B®Y±dM ZohÔ ¬EK\½ oiC »®íªM°

¹¼wB¼Çv§A RBvMÀª§A ¹wAnj ¥ªzT§ ,@¹TdL§A ¹¼îoz§A ¹Ø§j Ñ¿A ¹zB®«

¸j±]±Çª§A kÄB�Çí§A° RBµB\U¿A »¦î �±±§A B´®«° ,@¹¼îBªT]¿A°

/@|±~®§A n°kæ ¼e

¾B�T @¿A ¹wB¼Çw mhT½ ¬B © @Bd§A [´®§A جE WeBL§A�oî ±¦�

ã»Ç�mnopq &A ¤±Çwn W½jBÇeE oz¯ « Økd¦§ ÓÀX« ©½oñ§A ¬Co�§BM

©´� ¾±w »¦î ¸A°o§A °E ¹MBd~§A ��½ ¿ã»ñ§° ,@¥ÄB��§A° K§BXª§A

nBÇv« ¨B«E �±±¦§ ãºEo§A ¹½j ØkíU ¹¼î°ozªM A±§B ©´Ø¯E° ,@¹�¼¦h§A

/@¹í½oz§Aã»� ¹½°ke±§A

¸n±Ç~ÇM B´íÇ« ¥«BíÇT§ n±« Ñ¿A ²mµ ¤BX«E WeBL§A �oî ±¦�

o« Ñ¿A جFM �oí§° ,@�¦v¦§ »ªîÑ¿A k¼¦�T§A î k¼íM éA±M° ,@ºoiE

RB¼ÄoǪ§A �ÀTÇÇiA °E ,@o�ÇÇ®§A RB´ÇÇ]° �ÀTiBÇÇM �LUoÇǽ ©§

ã»� n°j º±´§A° ¹wB¼v¦§ ج áA ¥M ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn îRBvª§A°

/@¼ª¦vª§A ¼Mã»´��§A �Àh§A ©¼ñdU

� ØoíÇT§A ¬°kǽoǽ A±¯BÇ ¼¼wBLî ¨E A±¯B ¼½@±«E ¾B�¦h§B�

ã»Ç� ¼íMBÇT§A° ¹MBdÇ~§A o�ǯ �ÀTÇiA A±Ø¦�TwBÇ� ,@¼¼L§BÇ�§A »¦î

¬B �ÀTi¿A ج Ñ¿ ;@� ØoíT¦§ ¬Ak¼« o¼i ²°oLTîA° ,@kÄB�í§A° ¨BñeÑ¿A

¼¼wBLÇí§A° ¼½±Ç« Ñ¿A ج áA ¥ÇM ,@²oñ®¯ ¿° g½nBT§A Amµ ¥L Gj±]±«

¾AkTÇ¿A ¨°q§ »¦Çî u ØwÔA kÇ ¬BÇ ©Ç @BÇd§A ³�Ç�§A ج Ñ¿ ,@²±Ø¦�TÇwA

nBæ Ø©Y ,@ÎAm¯C ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¬°j Bª´í« ¬BªXî �jnE Ø©Y ,@¼h¼z§BM

¥Çæ° »ØTe ,@¸o ØzL« ¸ozî Ø©Y ,@¬BªXî Bª´¼§ áA �¼�E ¹íMnE ¾B�¦h§A

³¯BdLw &A جE ¼e ã»� ,@¹MBd~§A 鼪] ¹§AkíM A±§±�½ ¬E ©´M o« Ñ¿A

ã»Ç�AoÇæ Amǵ جE@) :@»§BíÇU ³§±ã»� ¹½°ke±§A »¦î kØ @E k ¬B @

/@1ë3@:@¹½ пA ,@¨Bí¯¿A ¸n±w (1)

&A o¼� k®î « ¬B� ±§@) °E(1)( @¥Lv§AA±íLTU ¿° ²±íLUB� Hª¼�Tv«

/@82@ :@¹½ пA ,@¾Bv®§A ¸n±w (2)

/@(2)( @Ao¼X� H�ÀTiA ³¼� A°k]±§

¹Ø®ÇÇv§A ½°kÇU ¾An° A±¯BÇ ¼¼wBØLÇí§A° ¼½±Ç« Ñ¿A ج áA ,@»¦ÇÇM

&A ¤±wn î W½jBeÑ¿A éª\½ ¬E ãºoµq§A JB´{ MA q½qí§AkLî M oªî o«E (3)

/@(@o�Bdª§A lBTwÀ§ W½kd§A ½°kU 鮫 JBT� o�¯A@) B´íª\�

/@nk¼e kwÑ¿ ¹íMn Ñ¿A KµAmª§A° jB~§A ¨B« á¿A JBT� o�¯A (ê)

³�Ç� A±¦Ç ØæE ©´ÇØ @E ãºE ,@(ê)³íMn Ñ¿A KµAmª§BM KµmªT§A°

(3)¹½±L®§A

Ø©ÇY ,@ ã»wBLÇí§A o~Çí§A

ã»Ç� H´��° , 㺱«Ñ¿A k´í§A ã

»� HX½ke ¾B�¦h§A

� ØoíT¦§ ;@�±d¦« ¥ñzMS¼L§A ¥µE ³�� o½B�½ ³�� »¦î ¹Ø«ÔÑ¿A A±íª]

,@oÇiDM° ¥ÇñzM ¥ªÇí§A° oØMkÇT§A B®¼¦í� /@¹Ø«ÔÑ¿A î ©µjBíM áA° ©´¼¦î

¬E B®¼¦î ¨q¦½ ¥M ,@©¼�v§A î c¼d~§A° ,@¼ªv§A î ØW�§A q¼¼ªT§

AmÇñµ c¼�±ÇU ج áA° ,@¬±îkLǪ§A ³¦ijE B« ³¼� »�ÀT¯ H\´®« ©wo¯

k Øe±« [´®ªM Z°oh¦§ ¾Bª¦í§A ¼M n°BzU° ,@¹\«oM »§ áA ZBTd½ [´®«

/@c¼dæ

»§áA H�BÇ�Ç«@Ç H¼«±ÇñeÓ»d®Ç« RmÇiE ¹¼´�Ç�§A ¹§Fvª§A ¬láA

W½kÇd§A ©´®½°kTÇM ϧl° Ç@RB¼®TLǪ§A° o�Ç®§A RB´Ç]° �ÀTiA

¥½k®« ãºoµq§A JB´{ MA ³LT B« ©¼ªíU° ,@ 㺱«Ñ¿A k´í§A ã»� 㺱L®§A

/@370@:@ëë �z«j g½nBU (1)

/@Bµo¼� î@@¿ B´®î miÑ¿Aã»� ½oi пA ¨Aq§ áA° ,@nB~«¿A »§áA

(1)¾Ao« Ñ¿A

K½o�U « HÀ�¯Aã»´��§A KµmªT§A AkM

ã»wBØLí§A k´í§A ã

»�°

Gn°o«° ,@�jB~§A ¨B«á¿A »¦î jAk{ ¥ÄBv« bo�§ ³U±îj° ¹�¼®e ã»ME

,@u¯E ÇM ϧBÇ« Ø¿áA ©w±Çª§A ã»� ¾BT�¿A pA±] ¨kíM n±~®ª§A o«FM

c½o\ÇT§A° ¥½kíÇT§A ,@ê3ì@:@1 jAk�ÇM g½nBU ,@1ë7@:@18 ¤Bªñ§A K½m´U o�¯A (2)

cÄBÇæ° ¹ÄBÇ«° ¼íÇMnE° ¬BªÇY ¹®Çw S\\Çe ¤BÇ� Kµ° MA î ,@ì99@:@2

/@¹ª¦wã»ME M q½qí§AkLî° u¯E M ϧB« Ø¿ áA tB®§A

ã»T�½@ @¿ c¼d~½

¹¼«Àwá¿A KµAmª§A nB~d¯BM H«BTi°(2)<@ϧB« Ø¿áA ؼT�½ ¿@> :@³§±�§

/@¹�eÀ§A n±~í§Aã»� ��� ¹íMn Ñ¿BM

RB½o\Ç« Çî S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE ¹ªÇÄE jBíÇM á¿ A±íÇÇw ©´ÇØ @ áA »¦M

,@¼¼L§BÇ�§A »¦Çî � ØoíÇT§A Amǵ ©´¦ªíÇM ¬±�k´½ A±¯B ° ,@VAkeÑ¿A

±§° ,@¹¼wBØLÇí§A° ¹½±Ç« Ñ¿A ¼T«±ñd¦§ ¼¼wB¼v§A ¼�§Bhª§A ©´¯±ñ§

,@B¯Bîk«ã»� B¯±ªTk~§ ¹¼´��§A �A±ª§A° ¹¼X½kd§A|±~®§A ©TíMBU

»§ áA ³M »{° Bª®¼e [ @¬°nBµ o½p° @] ¼��½ Mã»¦î ¹¼� ÓÀX« miF®¦�

oÇ« Ñ¿A î ºØodT½° kØ @FT½ ¬E ¬°nBµ jAnF� ,@¹í¼z§A « ³Ø¯@FM k¼{o§A

ÇMA ¾±Ç�° »§áA nAk§A K�ÇY « o�®� ,@¸À~§A S° o�T¯B� ,@³v�®M

k ¬B ¼��½ M㻦î ج Ñ¿ ;@³ oT� ,@¹«Bí§A ¾±�° F�±T½ ²Co� ¼��½

¥Ç]n Ñ¿A cÇv« ¹§Fv« Çî ³§Fv½ ¹§BwoÇM ©�BÇñ§A ¨B«á¿A »§ áA ¥wnE

¥v�ÇM ²o«E° ,@³M ¥Ã Ôw B« o¼� oiC JA±\M ¨B«á¿A ³MB]F� ,@Hw±ñ®«

³Ø®Çñ§ ,@¨BÇ« á¿A JA±] « ¼��½ MA K Ø\íT� ,@¾±�±§A ã»� ¥]n Ñ¿A

,@o« Ñ¿A »´T¯A B«k®î° ,@¹«Bí§A ¾±�±M F�±T½ miE° ,@¨B« á¿A o«E ¥XT«A

»§ áA �±]o§BM ²o«F½ ¨B«á¿A « oiC JBT ²¾B] ³¼� ¬°nBµ ºEn oؼ�U°

/@270@:@77 ,@13ì@:@ê8 nA±¯¿A nBdM ,@33ë@:@1 cÄAo\§A° [ÄAoh§A o�¯E (1)

/@(1)�MBv§A ¾±�±§A

¼¼L§B�§A »¦î ¬±Ç� ØoíT½ A±¯B ¨BØñd§A ج@FM B®� Øoí½ Ø}®§A Amµ°

¼M B´¼� �¦Thª§A n±« Ñ¿A « Bµo¼�° ,@¸À~§A° ¾±�±§A ¤Ài «

¿ ¬B ¾¿Æµ° Ç@mnopq &A ¤±wn ¾B®ME ©µ@Ç ¼¼L§B�§A ج Ñ¿ ,@¼ª¦vª§A

¹�wA±M ²±�oî ãºm§A° ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn ©µ Øk] ¹Ø®w ¹�§Bh« ©´®ñª½

¹eB�áÀ§ ¥ikª ½k§A A±«khTwA ¨BØñd§A جE ãºE /@©µjAk]E° ©´ÄBMC

,@¤±�¯ B« »¦î ¸o¼X ¹¦X«E ÎB®µ° ,@¼wB¼v§A ¼�§Bhª§A° ¼®Ø½kTª§BM

ϼ§ áA@° ,@B´¼Ç� oØMkÇT§A° Bµ¾B~�TwA° B´¼¦î �±±§A ¼XeBL¦§ ñª½

Çî :@¼¼L§BÇ�§A ¥UB�Ç«ã»� ¾B] B« ±µ° ,@�B¼v§A Amµ

ã»� oiC ¤BX«

ÇM &A@kLÇî ÇM »¼dǽ »¦î èL�§A k½o½ ¬B ³Ø¯E° k¼{o§A ¬°nBµ

RoXÇîã»ÇØ áA ¤B° }h{ ²¾B\� ,@ϧm§ ¸qÄB] ؼî k° ,@vd§A

/@³¼¦î

?@&AkLî M »¼d½ ³Ø¯@E S�oî �¼ :@¬°nBµ ¤B

37

¤A°q§A kíM ¬B Bª¦� ,@o´�§A »Ø¦~� ¸À~§A S° ³Uk´{ :@¤B

/@¼Uo¼i Ñ¿A �me° ¼¼§ Ø° Ñ¿A ã»� ¤B�E ,@o~í§A B´T®®� ¸Àæ »Ø¦æ

,@o~í§A ¸ÀæϦU S��e B« jB\§ αME & :@k¼{o§A ³§ ¤B��

/@êìë Ç êìê@:@ê ãºoL§A g½nBU ,@310@:@¼¼L§B§A ¥UB�« o�¯A (1)

/@(1)¨±�§A k®î B´T° ϧl°

¾±Ç�±§A ¤Ài «¼¼L§B�§A »¦î ¬±� ØoíT½ A±¯B ¨BØñd§A ¬láB�

±µã»¦~ª§A جE �oî k¼{o§A° ,@¹½jBLí§A n±« Ñ¿A « Bµo¼�° ,@¸À~§A°

:@³§ ¤B�� o~í§A° o´�§A ¼M éª]° ¸À~§A o Ø~ ³Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ,@¼¼L§B�§A «

³¼¦î° ,@<@¨±�§A k®î B´T° ϧl° o~í§A ¸ÀæϦU S��e B« jB\§@>

¬B¼eÑ¿A « o¼X ã»� ¹¼wB¼w n±«¿ ¹í�BiRnBæ ¹¼®½k§A ¥ÄBvª§B�

Kv B´®Ç« ,@¸o¼XÇ H�AkµE ¬±]o½ A±¯B ¤BªîÑ¿A ²m´M ¨BØñd§A جE°

³�� »¦î A°jBTîA k A±¯B tB®§A ج Ñ¿ ,@©´í« tB®§A « ¾B�vL§A ¬°BíU

o¼�ÇM F�±Tǽ °Eã»Ø¦~½ H~h{ A°En ±¦� ,@¹í½oz§A

ã»� Ø|Bi �ª¯

/@¨Àwá¿A ¸oÄAj î ²°kíME° HL�� ³¼¦î A°nBX§ ²±�§E ãºm§A ¥ñz§A

Ç« }hÇÇ{ »¦Çî S�LÇ ±§ ¹�¦Çv§A جE :@oÇÇiC »®íªÇÇM

Amǵ جE º±îkM ,@© @Bd§A pB´\§A é« ¬±¯°BíT¼w tB®§B� ,@¼¼L§B�§A

»§ áA o�¯A ,@³«BñeE ã»� ¨Àwá¿A è�o½

ã»��An ±µ ¥M ,@©¦vªM u¼§

,@ÏUÀ~ u¼§ ±´� ³UÀæ »§áA@° ,@ξ±�° ¥X« u¼§ ±´� ²¾±�°

,@ÏTí½oÇ{° Ϯǽk§ �§BhÇ« ±´� ,@Ï Ø\ ßd u¼§ ±´� ³ Ø\ ße »§áA@°

Amǵ جFM ¬°k�Tíǽ @° ,@¤A±Ç Ñ¿A ²m´ÇM ¬°oØYFT¼Çw ¾B�ÇÇvL§A tB®§BÇ�

38

¹í½o{° ¸ Øo´�ª§A ¹Ø® Ûv§A�§Bh½ ,@¨Àwá¿A î ZnBi° �kL«}hz§A

�§Bhǽ ³Ä±Ç�°° ©´UÀÇæ �§BhÇU ¹UÀÇæ جѿ ,@¼ª§BÇÇí§A ØJn

BÇ« ¥ØªdÇU kÇ ¬BÇ ãº±¦Çí§A }hz§A Amµ جE ¼e ã»� /@©´Ä±�°

Çî ¹§±�®Çª§A ,@¹d¼d~§A ¹Ø® Ûv§A »¦î �B�d¦§ c�B ° oMBY° ,@¥ØªdU

/@q½qí§A JBTñ§A ¤kî ©µ ½m§A ¸oµB�§A ¸oTí§A

,@©Ç @BÇd§A ³�Ç�§A ©´Ç�Ç�o§ ,@è�o§BÇM ©µ±ª´ÇUA ©´ÇØ @ áA ©íǯ

¬±d Ø�±Çª§A° ,@³X½jBÇe Ñ¿ ¬°o{BÇ®§A ©´ÇØ @ áA ¥M ,@¨Àwá¿A ©´��o§@@¿

©TLLeE ±§° /@¨BñeÑ¿Aã»� ¨BØñd§A ³îkME B« ¨B«E ¬±�A±§A° ,@³«BñeÑ¿

¸o¼X Bµ±ªT½Eo§ c¼d~§A ³��§A �±¼i »¦î�±±§A° ²B®¦ Bª« kØ @FT§A

ã»� ¾B] k�� ,@B´UBT� éª] K\½ ¸oYB®T« ,@W½kd§A° g½nBT§A KT

�

¬B¼�w «K¦� ³Ø¯@E o½o] MK¼í{ î <@¹Ø® Ûv§A ¥µE jB�TîA@> JBT @

תÇeo§A &A ©ÇvM KTÇ @A :@¤B�� ,@¹Ø® Ûv§A W½kdM ³Y Økd½ جE ãºn±X§A

/@©¼eo§A

¿ K¼íÇÇ{ Bǽ :@¤±�ǽ ¬E »§áA ///@�±¦h« o¼� &A ¨À ¬Co�§A

جE ºoÇU »ØTÇe° ,@¼Ø�Çh§A »¦î cvª§A ºoU »ØTe SLT B« Ïí�®½

ºoÇU »ØTÇe° ,@³ÇM o´\§A « ¥��E ©¼eo§A תeo§A &A ©vM ¾B�iáA

°E GoÄBÇ] ¬B�¦v§A ¾A±§ SdU oL~§A° ,@o]B�° ØoMØ¥ �¦i ¸À~§A

/@ Ó¿kî

?@B´Ø¦ ¸À~§A &AkLî BME B½ :@S¦��

Ç« �¦Çiã»Ø¦æ ,@½k¼í§A° ¹íª\§A ¸ÀÇæ ñ§° ,@¿ :@¤B

³ÇM �XU « �¦i Ø¿áA Ø¥~U ¿ ,@o ؼh« S¯F� ϧl oÄBw BØ«E ,@S njE

39

/@31ê b . 1ëê@:@1ã»ÄBñ§À§A ¹® Ûv§A ¥µE jB�TîA (1)

/@(1)¹Ø®v§A ¥µE « ³Ø¯@E ©¦íU°

¹¼�ÀTi¿A é¼�A±ª§A « ¤BXª§A ¥¼Lw »¦î ¹¦ªvL§A �±�±ª�

©ÄÀÇî Ç« ¹¦ªvL§BÇM o´Ç\§A ºoÇU S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE ¹wnkªÇ� ,@¹Ø«BÇ´§A

/@788@:@k\´Tª§A bBL~« (2)

�jBÇ~§A° oBÇL§A@Ç㻦Çî k§° Ç« ¹ØªÇÄ Ñ¿A Çî ¾BÇ] láA

(2)«ÆÇǪ§A

&A ©vLÇM o´Ç\§A »¦Çî kªdÇ« ¤C éªTÇ]A :@©´§±Ç Ç@ rstuv B�o§A°

/@©¼eo§A תeo§A

/@ê0@ :@ ãºpAo§Aoh�¦§ ,@¹¦ªvL§A ¨BñeE (3)

/@(3)o´\½ ¿ «�¦i ¸ÀÇ~§A

ã»�L®½ ¿ :@³§± oBL§A î°

/@1ì0@:@1 ¨Àwá¿A ©ÄBîj (ê)

/@(ê)ϧl »¦î ¹ª�B� k§° B®íªT]A :@³§± jB Ø\v§A î°

תÇeo§A &A ©vLM o´\½ ¬B &A ¤±wn جE tBLî MA î°

²jB®ÇwA° (10ìë1)ã»Ç¯AoLǧA ²A°n 13ë@:@32 k¼¯BÇvª§A é«BÇ] y«Bǵ

ã»ÇÇ� (ë)

/@c¼dæ

/@(ë)©¼eo§A

¹wnk« ¾An° ¹¦ªÇvL§A �±�±«ã»� A±Bv¯A tB®§A جE ¼e ã

»�

;@o´Ç\§Aã»� �§BL½ ¬B H¼¦î جE :@ ãºpAo§A ½k§A oh� ¤B l áA ,@¹Ø¼«

ÔEã»®M

ã»� A±�§BM ¹Ø¼«E ã

»®M »§ áA ¹§°k§A S¦æ° Bª¦� (@¹¦ªvL§A ãºE@) ¹¼ªvT§BM

/@20ì@:@1 o¼Lñ§A o¼v�T§A (ì)

/@(ì)

㻦î nBYC ¤B�ME

ã»� H¼íw o´\§A « 鮪§A

¹¦ªvL§BM o´\§A A± oÇU tB®§A جFM b Øoæ ³Ø¯@E ¸o½oµ ã»ME î°

ê0

תÇeo§A &A ©vLÇM o´\ǽ &A ¤±Çwn ¬B :@¤B l áA ,@&A ¤±wn kíM

³�nkTÇv«ã»Ç� ©Ç�@BÇd§A° 307@:@1

ã»®Ç�nAk§A ®Çw î êë@:@¹¦ªvL§A ¨BñeA (1)

/@233 Ç 232@:@1

/@(1)tB®§A ³ oU Ø©Y ©¼eo§A

¸nBÇTÇ� ,@²o¼Ç�° u¯E Çî �¦ThÇU ¤±�®§A ºoU Amµ ¥]Ñ¿°

oh� ¤B�� W§BY ¾ã»zM ¹X§BY° ,@RB�iá¿A ºoiE° ,@o´\§A ³®î º°o½

KLÇv§A Am´¦Ç� ,@©´®Ç« �BÇi Hv¯E Ø¥í¦� :@²o¼v�Uã»� ãºpAo§A ½k§A

³Ø¯@E ØÏz¯@@¿ Bد áB� ¾ ã»{

ã»� B®ñØñ{ ¬áA° d¯° ,@³¼� ³§A±E SMo��A

Mã»¦î ¤± ¼M° ¥��ª§A MA° u¯E ¤± ¼M çnBíT§A é° Bª´«

Ç@²oªî ¤±� ³¼¦îã»�M ãºm§A@Ç [ @¹¦ªvL§BM o´\§A ã

»�@] cdefg @K§B�ã»ME

/@20ì@:@1 o¼Lñ§A o¼v�T§A (2)

/@(2)¹§Fvª§A

ã»� é�B JA±] Am´� »§°E

ã»¦î ¤±�M mi¿A ج áB�

,@è¼Ç� Ç« è¼Ç� Ø¿áA 㻵 B« BµB¯o @l

ã»T§A RAjo�ª§A ²m´�

¼¼L§B�§A@Ç ¼\´®§A ³��§ ¹¼�¼L�U ZlBª® BµB¯o @l ,@odM « ¸oÇ�°

©îkÇU S¼L§A ¥µE »§ áA W½jBeE HMm A±Lv¯ ½oi пA ج áA° Ç@¨BØñd§A°

��½ B´UBvMÀ«° ¹§Fvª§A g½nBT§ ¹í½ow ¹í]AoªM WeBL§A° ,@©´´��

/@©´TM°m @E »¦î

Ø©ÇY 㻦Çî ¨BÇ« á¿A î ¼¦�®§A keFM B¯miE ±§ d¯ :@¹æÀh§A

ϦÇU RBvMÀÇ« B®§ Sd�U¿ ¹¼X½kd§A B®LT ã»� ¾B] B« é« BµBدnB

:@¤BÇ ©¦v« M kªd« îã»�Bñ§A

ã»� º°n B« »§áA o�¯B� ,@¨BñeÑ¿A

ê1

¤BǪ§A ,@ ØkÇ]° fE MA B´¼�㻯B Ø�¦U B« ¤ Ø°F� ¹�¼dæ &AkLî ±ME oz¯

/@¬B�~¯ Bª´®¼M

é« fÑ¿A M¿ ¬±��½ ¿ B¯k®î ¸B��§A ج áA ÎAk� S¦í]S¦��

!!@¾ã»zM Øk\§A

/@3271ê b 1ë9@:@2ì ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw°ã»� ³®î° 1 b ,@112@:@7

ã»�Bñ§A (1)

/@(1)&A ¤±wn ¾À«áA@° ã

»¦î Ø�hM JBTñ§A Amµ ج áA :¤B��

±ME B´¼� o�®½ ¹�¼dæ »§áA Ro�¯ :@¤B ºoiÔE ¹½A°nã»� ³®î°

/@¾A±w Bª´®¼M ¤Bª§A Øk]° fE MA :@HM±Tñ« B´¼� REo�� o�í]

¿° ¾B�Ç�§A Am´M ¬±��½ ¿ B¯k®î « جáA :@o�í] ã»M Ñ¿ S¦��

?@Hü{ Øk\§A é« fÑ¿A M¿ ¬±¦í\½

³¼Ç� Ç«Ø㻦î Ø�i° &A ¤±wn ¾À«áA ³Ø¯ áA B«E :@o�í] ±ME ¤B��

¹í¼ÇÇz§A ¥ÄBÇÇw° ,@110ê b 308@:@9 K½m´ÇÇT§A° ,@ë b ,@113@:@7ã»�BÇÇñ§A (2)

/@32718 b 1ì@:@2ì

/@(2)²k¼M

¿ ©´Ø¯@E ²k¦M ¸B� î ¥�®½ ²AoU ©¦v« M kتd« »§áA o�¯B�

جE n ØoÇ° ³«ÀÇ ØoÇE ,@hijkl @oBL§A° ,@㻦î JBT ��A±½ BªM ¬±��½

ϧm§ ,@S¼L§A ¥µE ¹ØªÄE ³M ã»��½ BªM ¬±��½ ¿ ¹®½kª§A

ã»� ¸B��§A

㻦î Ø�hMJBTñ§A جE° ,@²k¼M ³¼� « l±iF« ³ªñe جE »¦î oBL§A kØ @E

/@mnopq @&A ¤±wn ¾À«áA°

㺰n k�� ,@k¼~§A ¹§Fv« :@ 㻵° ,@B´M »UE ºoiÔE ¸jo�« ÎB®µ°

ê2

d¯° ,@ã»�ØT½ ¬B ° ã

»T�½ã»ME ¬B :@�jB~§A ¤B :@¤B ³Ø¯@E

Øã»L¦d§A î

Ø¥dǽ ¿° �Bhǯ ¿ Bد áBÇ� ¬Ð¿A BÇØ«E ,@n±�~§A° ¸AqL§A k¼æ ã»� �Bh¯

:@¤B Ø¥]° Øqî &A ج áA 㻦î JBT

ã»� ³Ø¯ áB� ,@³UB @l ÎnkU ¬E Ø¿áA ,@Bµk¼æ

/ê :¹½ п ,¸kÄBª§A ¸n±w (1)

,@³®ÇÇî }ÇÇ®§A° 130 b 33 Ç 32@:@9 K½m´ÇÇT§A ,@1 b ,@207@:@ìã»�BÇÇÇÇñ§A (2)

/@2ìì b ìê JBL§A 73@:@ê nB~LTw¿A

/@(2)JÀñ§A »Øªv�

(1)( @¼L¦ñÔ« bnA±\§A « ©TªÚ¦Òî B«°@)±µ°

ã»T�½ ¬E «� رÇhT½ ¬B �¼ cdefg @oBL§A ¨B«á¿A»§ áA o�¯A

/@ ãºoñ�§A JBµn á¿A �±��SdUy¼í½ ³¯±ñ§ ,@kªd« ¤C ©§Bî

¿° ,@rstuv @S¼ÇL§A ¥µE î 㺰o½ ¿ ¬B © @Bd§A [´®§B� ³¼¦î°

¨kÇî جE BÇ®§ c Ø�±Ç½ ±µ° ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn î ²±Ø�¦U B« oz¯ k½o½

« Gj±~�« ¬B ½oi пAKT ã»�rstuv @S¼L§A ¥µÑ¿RB½°o« j±]°

BªLÇve ,@¥¼ÇwAoÇ« B´¯±Ç °E ,@©´UB½°o« �í�§ u¼§ ±µ° ,@©´¦L

»¦Çî ��ǽ ®v§A° bBd~§A »§ áA ¹í½ow ¸o�®M WeBL§A° ,@¬±§±�½

,@©´LT « S¼L§A ¥µE RB½°o« �¼Y±T§ ¸j±]±ª§A ¹L~h§A ¹¼�n Ñ¿A

¤±wn î ©´ÄBMC î ,@¹d¼d~§A ©µk¼¯BwFMrstuv @²±¦B®U B« Ø¥ ج áA°

o¼Çw o�¯A° ,@cdefg kªd« M o�í] ¨B«áÀ§ ,@9ë0 R . 77@:@ë ¤Bªñ§A K½m´U (3)

/@2ë7@:@ì ¾ÀL®§A ¨ÀîA

/@(3)&A ¤±wn î ¹MBd~§AèíM k®î j±]±«mnopq &A

¹d¼d~§ARBíMBTª§A îWdL§A ¹§Fv« B¯mhUA ±§ d®� ³¼¦î°

³¼� d¯ ãºm§A ³��§BM B®]oh§ ¼íMBT§A° ¹MBd~§A îRB½°oª§A ²m´§

ê3

¸oL�§A㻦\®U ϧmM° ,@mnopq @¤±wo§A jAnE Bª

㻪«ÔA

㻫ÀwáA ³�� »§áA

ãºm§A Ç ã»�ÄB�§A ³��§BM u¼§ ³Ø¯E ؼLT½@° ,@³M B®¯±ª´T½ ¬E ¬°k½o½ Bªî

㻪ǫE

㻫ÀÇwáA ³�Ç� ³Ø¯ áA ¥M Ç ½oi пA ¬°j èíL§A »¦î ¹ Ø\e ±µ

/@B®§ ¹MBd~§AèíM ¹��A±ª§° B¯k®î ³T Ød~§ ¸±L®§A ¼í« « ã»�Tv½

kíÇM ³Ç¼§ áA SǦ Øæ±U B« ±µ° ,@ ã»Te°o� á¿ ¤Bª]áA ±µ Amµ ¬B @

¬E B®®ñª½ã»T§A ¹�½o�§A

ã»�RoØñ�

ã»Ø¯ áB� <@ ã

»L®§A ¾±�°@>JBTñ§ã»TMBT @

RBí�B�ÇT§A ¸oXÇ ©Ç�n ,@¹«BÇí§A ³�Ç�° ¹¼«BÇ« á¿A ³�Ç� ¼M B´¼� �Ø�±¯

« B®®ñª½ ¹�½o� »¦î�±±§A ¥ °E ,@Bª´®¼M ¹¼wBwÑ¿ARB¼§Bñ{á¿A°

ã»Çµ Bª ©´¼¦î ¹ Ø\e ¬±ñT§ ©´o� « ¹¼«B«á¿A ³�� �¼Y±U B´§Ài

B´d Ø�°Bw° B´B�CèíM Sd Ø�°ã»T§A ¸oñ�§A ²mµ

ã»®Uj°Ao� ,@B®¼¦î

¸p±Çd§Aã»Ç� ¾À��§A ¸mUBwÑ¿A ¸±iÑ¿A « K¦�E° ¹¦¼¦§A ²mµ oX @E

³ÇØ @ Ñ¿ ;[µB®Ç« Amñ´M ¨BªTµ¿A ¨°q¦M ãºjB�Tî¿ Bµ°n ر�½ ¬E ¹¼ª¦í§A

/@kÄB�í§A° ³��§A »¦î o¼Xñ§A o¼h§BM j±í½

¹¦¼Ç¦§A ²mÇǵ B´ÇeoTA ¬E k½nEã»T§A ¹íMn Ñ¿A n°Bdª§B� ³¼¦î°

鼪Ç] ¬±ñ¼Çw° ,@¹¼«BÇ« á¿A ³�Ç� �¼Y±ÇT§ ¹À�ǯ¿A BµnBLTîA ñª½

©µ Økí¯ ¬E ñª½ ½m§A ,@¹MBd~§A « ©µ n°Bdª§A ²mµ RB¼~h{

,@n°BdǪ§A° oñ� »§áA ½oi пA « S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnkª§ Goñ� JoE

:@㻵

/@¼¯ Ù°kª§A :@¤ Ø° Ñ¿A n±dª§A

ã»ME :@¤BX«E |Bh{A ³ØÇwEoT½ © @Be [´¯ j±]±M H�MBw B®�oî

êê

W½kdT§A ¬±�Uo½ ¿ A±¯B ¾¿Æµ° ,@¹½°Bí«° ,@¬BªXî° ,@oªî° ,@oñM

,@©½oÇñ§A ¬Co�§BÇM ¾B�TÇ @¿A »§ áA ¬±î Økǽ @° ,@mnopq &A ¤±ÇÇwn ÇÇî

ã»�° ,@³M W½kdT§A°mnopq &A ¤±wn îW½kd§A ½@°kU ¬±�§Bh½@°

W½kdÇT§A »¦Çî ¬° Øo~ǽ ¹MBd~§A « ¹î±ª\« ÎB®µ ¬B ¥MB�ª§A

(@�¼Çv§A@) ¹«B~ª~§A Sí�° ¬áA@°mnopq &A ¤±wn î ½@°kT§A°

ã»Ç«nAk§A ®Çw ,@¥ªí§A° ¤±�§A ¥L� ©¦í§A JBM ,@37@:@1 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ o�¯A (1)

ºoLÇñ§A RB�LǧA ,@®Çv§A ©¼¦íU° &A ¤±wn î ïÀL§A JBM ,@ëêë.1êì@:@1

/@ìê@:@2 ¾ÀL®§A ¨ÀîA o¼w ,@ ׺±T�§A° ©¦í§A ¥µE JBM ,@2ëê@:@2

/@(1)©´B®îE »¦î

JB�Çh§A M oªí§ ¼�§Bhª§A جFM u«E ¹¦¼§ B®d�°E d¯°

½m§A « ãºE ,@RB¯ Ú°kª§A JBdæE « A±¯B Ç@¹¼´��§A RAjo�ª§Aã»�@Ç

¬±�Uoǽ ¿° ,@|±~Ç®§A ¬±íLTǽ° mnopq &A ¤±wn î ¬±Y ØkdT½

ã»� ñ½ ©§ ½oi пA° oªî ¼M �Àh§A جE »§ áA B¯k{o½ Amµ° ,@ ãºEo§A

kÇ° ,@H�ǽE ¹¼´��§A ¥ÄBvª§A ¥ªz½ ¬B ¥M ,@��� ¹¼wB¼v§A n±« Ñ¿A

M oªí§ ¼ÃÙ�hª§A K¦�E جE (@W½kd§A ½°kU 鮫@) B®MBT ã»� B®TLYE

»§ áA B®Ø§kǽ Amǵ° ,@RB¯ Ø°kª§A JBdæE « A±¯B ²A°BT�ã»� JBØ�h§A

³¦�®U B« ©îk§ ;@¹MBd~§A ¾¿Æµ ¤BX«E RBؽ°o« « ¸jB�Tw¿A ¬Bñ«áA

RBؽ°oÇ« B®íØLTÇU ±§ d®� ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn î S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk«

HüÇ{ B®½kǽFM �L½ ©§ã»T§A° oªî B´oeE

ã»T§A@Ç RB¯ Ú°kª§A JBdæE

ã»� Ç@RBØ�®~ª§A° ®v§A° bBd~§A

ã»� ¸oYB®Tª§A ©´X½jBeE Ø¿áA ,@B´®«

¤±wn î ³¯°°o½ B« جE B¯k]±§ ÓÀX« kªeE k®vª k¼¯Bvª§A ºkeáA

êë

B®ª]BíÇ«ã»Ç� B®TªÇÄE Çî º°oǽ B« é« ¹¼§Bî ¹Lv®M ��T½ mnopq &A

¹MBd~§A ¾¿Æµ « ¹vªi °E ¹íMnE RBؽ@°o« ÔSíLTUã»Ø¯ áA° ,@¹¼X½kd§A

B®UBǽ @°oÇ« »§áA ¹L½o mnopq &A ¤±wn î ³¯°o½ B« ¼«B�« S½Eo�

/@% 90 »§áA % 70 ¹Lv®M

n±dª§A ±µ RBǯ Ú°kª§A JBdæERBؽ°o« nBLTîA B®®ñª½ ³¼¦í�

¾¿Æµ جѿ ,@B®UBؽ@°o« �¼Y±U ã»� ³®« k¼�Tv¯ ¬E B®®ñª½ ãºm§A ,@¤ Ø° Ñ¿A

¤B° ,@©´LT mnopq @&A ¤±wn î ¹½A°o§A î oªî ©µB´¯ ½m§A ©µ

/@29ê79 b .130@:@10 ¤Bªí§A q®� ,@ë00@:@ê0 �z«j g½nBU (1)

/@(1)©ñ¼¦î Ôjo¯° ,©ñ®« miF¯ ,©¦îE d¯ :@¹MBd~§A « ©´íª] ª§

ã»� B« éª] JBØ�h§A M oªî جE kíw MA RB�L�

ã»� ¾B]°

k¼¼�ÇU . ë9@:@ë ¾ÀLÇ®§A ¨ÀÇÇîA o¼ÇÇw ,@188@:@ë kíÇÇw ÇÇMA RB�LÇÇ� o�ÇǯA (2)

/@ë2@:@©¦í§A

/@(2)B´odM o«F� W½jBeÑ¿A «tB®§A ãºk½E

¹�¼¦Çh§A جFM ¬°n ر~Tǽ ¿ A±¯BÇ ¹MBdÇ~§A ¾¿Æǵ ¼e ã»�

¬°k�Tí½ A±¯B ¥M ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn W½jBeE « ²±íª] B« �od¼w

�od½ @°�eB~«ã»� B´®« vd§ASØLX¼� ,@B´«± ÔA° B´§kîE ºo¼w ³Ø¯@E

Ç« B´¼Ç� B« é« ,@²°°n B« 鼪\§ ³Aoe áBM A±´]A° ©´Ø®ñ§ ,@BµA±w B«

/@¹§À\§A ¾BªwE

H½oñ�° H¼wB¼w ¬B ¹ÇMBd~§A èíM° oªî ¼M �Àh§A ¬láA

ã»wB¼w �ÀTiA ³¼§ áA o�®½ cLæF� H�e¿ n ر�U ¬áA° ,@Hí« H¼]±§k½ áA°

/@SdM

êì

é« ¹MBd~§A ¾¿ÆµèíM RBؽ@°oª§ 㻧 Ø° Ñ¿A ãºjo\M ã

»Ø¯ áA ,@»¦M

»¦Çî jBªTÇî¿A ¹îB®Çã»v�ǯ

ã»Ç� Rkا±ÇU k S¼L§A ¥µE RBؽ°o«

¿ o¼�§A Amµ جE° ,@B¯o¼� »¦î ¸kµB{ ¬±ñT§ ¹MBd~§A ¾¿Æµ RBؽ°o«

RBؽ°oÇ« ¹ ØdÇæ ©ñdÇM B®UBؽ°oÇ« ¹¼ÇAk~ªM �oTí½ ¬E Ø¿áA ³®ñª½

S¦ Øæ±U BªM ,@¹�¼�d§A ²m´M ¸±iÑ¿A oØ @lA ¬E SLLeF� ,@²k®î ¹MBd~§A

RBؽ°oª§ ã»TwAnj k®î ¥í�§BM B´L¯A±]èíMS�ØL� ã

»T§A° H½o�¯ ³¼§ áA

(³®Çî ¥�Ç®§A �ÀTÇiA° tBLÇî ÇM &AkLî) ¬A±®î SdU jAo�¯A »¦î �±Lª§A (1)

/@㻯BX§A k¦\ª§A <@

ã»L®§A ¾±�°@> ª� Am�°

A°°n ǽm§A K¦Ç�E ¬Bñ� ,@H¼¦ªî(1)¾±�±§A

ã»� tBLî M &AkLî

,@³®î ¥v�§A º°n «uñíM ,@¼¯ Ø°kª§A « tBLî MA î cvª§A

/@�ÀL§A ¾Bª¦î° ¸B��§A « A±¯Bñ�

¹�oíª§ H½oñ� H��í®« ½°kT§A ¹§FÇv« oLTí¯ ¬E B®®ñª½ ³¼¦î°

³�Ç� �¼Y±ÇU B®®ñªÇ½ ³§ÀÇi Ç«° ,@¼ª¦Çvª§A ¼M �Àh§A n°m]

¹í¼Çz§A RB½°o« ¬°oLTí½ ½m§A ,@¹í¼z§A o¼� « ½oiÐÀ§ ¹¼«B«á¿A

/@¼ª¦vª§A « ©µo¼� RBؽ°oª§ ¹�§Bh«

B®¼¦îK\½¥ªí¦§ �¦�®ª n±dª§A Amµ ¨khTÇv¯ ¬A B¯jnE ±¦�

ºoÇ®§ ©´UBؽ°oÇ« tnk¯ Ø©Y ,@¼¯ Ø°kª§A ¾BªwE »¦î �ØoíT¯ ¬EÓ¿ Ø°E

¥µ B´¼¦î ¥~d®wã»T§A ¹Lv®§A ϦU ج áA° ,@B®UB½°o« é« B´�MB�U ºk«

«S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« »§áA Goñ� JoE ©µ ¼¯ Ø°kª§A جE ã»î Øk¯ B®¦í\U

ϦÇU ¼ÇM B®í¦ÇØ�A ±§ ¥í�ǯ AlBÇ«° !?@¿ ¨E ½°kT§A ¬±�§Bh½ ½m§A

ê7

% 10 ¹Lv¯ »¦î k½qU BµAnE ¿ ãºn ر~TM° ?@B®�§Bh½ B« »¦îRBؽ@°oª§A

»¦Çî ��ǯã»ñ§ ;@B´MBLwE î WdL§A »§ áA B¯±îk½ Amµ° Ç@% 30 »§áA

,@¹MBd~§A ¾¿Æµ ¤BX«E »§ áA ¤A± Ñ¿A ²mµ ¹Lv¯ « k¼�Tvª§A° é�T®ª§A

¥´� ,@©´®îRB½A°n Amñµ n°kæã»�RBvMÀª§A°RB¼�¦h§A

㻵 B«°

kÇ° ?@¨BØñdǦ§ HªÇîj RB½A°o§A ϦU ©´¼§ áA SLv¯ ¨E ?@Bµ±§B H Ø�e

ºoÇiE n±« ÔA ÎB®µ ¬±ñU k° ,@B´M k�Tí½ ªî Bµ°°n ©´Ø¯@E ñª½

/@B´®î �zñ§A K\½

nB~¯Ñ¿A ³�� :@㻯BX§A n±dª§A

»¦Çî ¬±��ǽ S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE° nB~¯¿A جE ¨±¦íª§A SÇMBX§A «

c¼dÇæ° nB~¯¿A ¥ÄB�� JBM 19ê8@:@ê ¬Bª½¿A JBT� 8ë@:@1 ©¦v« c¼dæ (1)

/@10ì@:@13 ¤Bªí§A q®� 7@ì3ë@:@ë ãºm«oT§A

BÇ« Amǵ° ,@(1)�B�ǯ ©´��ÇM° ¬Bª½ áA ©´ØLe جE ã

»µ° ¸keA° ¹¼�nE

nB~Ç Ô ¿A ¸o¼Çw SíMBÇU ±§ Ïد áA° ,@BªÇÇ´§ mnopq &A ¤±ÇÇwn ³ªÇÇwn

A±§A±½ ©§ Am§° ,@¾B�¦h§A k´îã»� ½k´��ª§A « ©´T½Eo§ ©´h½nBU°

kÇeE k�Çî ¼eã»� ê20@,@ê02@,@3êì@:@2 g½nBT§A

ã»� ¥«Bñ§A ϧl

ã»� o�¯A (2)

/@y½o� « ©´L§B� ¬B� Ó¾A±§ ozî

,@(2)RAnB« á¿A° B½Aov§A ã

»� ¾B�¦h§A ¾¿Æµ ©´Ø§±½ ©§° ,@oªî ¿° oñM BME

oñM BME�½ ©¦� ¬BªXî° oªî° oñMã»ME é« ©ÄAj �Ài»¦î A±¯B ¥M

/@ë8ê@:@1 �Ao{¿A JBv¯A (3)

M oªî ¤B°(3)(¾Anp±§A ©T¯E° ¾Ao« Ñ¿A d¯) nB~¯ÑÀ§ ³M k Ø íU BªM

ê8

/@ëë@ :@1 kªeE k®v« ,@êêì@ì@2 ãºoL§A g½nBU 111@:@ê ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ (1)

ã»ÄB~ÇeáA jo\ÇM ã

»Ø¯ áA@° ,@(1)BµowFM nB~¯ Ñ¿A BØ®î S�ئhU° :@JB�h§A

¾¿Æǵ oXÇ @ ÔA جE »¦Çî S�Ç° ,@¹YÀÇX§A ¾B�¦hǦ§ ¼ÃÙ�hª§A ¾BªwÑ¿

<ã»LÇ®§A ¾±Ç�°> ³MBTÇ� Ç«

㻯BÇX§A k¦\Ǫ§A

ã»Ç� o�Bdª§A jBTw¿A ³LT� B« o�¯A (2)

/@ ãºnB~¯¿A k½p M &AkLî »§ áA oLh§A ³Lv¯ ê3ë Ç ê11 ¹d�æ

»§áA B¯k{oǽ Amǵ° ,@(2)nB~ǯ Ñ¿A° ¼¯ Ù°kǪ§A Ç« A±¯BÇ ¼ÃØ�hª§A

RBؽ°o« « ¸jB�Tw¿AK\½ ¬láA ,@Bª´®¼M ã»´��§A°

ã»wB¼v§A�§BhT§A

جFM ¤±E ¬E 㻫ÀñM k½nE ¿° ,@B®´�� »¦î�±±¦§ à¬BY n±dª ¾¿Æµ

º°n BÇ« ¥XªÇM ¬°°oǽ ¹¼§Bî ¹Lv¯ ÎB®´� ,@¬±d§Bæ ©´Ø¦ nB~¯ Ñ¿A

j±Ç]° oñ®Ç¯@@¿ ³v�ǯ S±§Aã»Ç�° ,@mnopq &A ¤±Çwn Çî B®TªÇÇÄE

±¦� ,@SMBY M k½q ,@© @Bd§A [´®§A ¬±« ر�½ nB~¯ Ñ¿A « RB¼~h{

j±ív« M &AkLî° SMBY M k½p RB½A°n ¼M ¹�¼vM ¹¯nB�ªM Sª

Bª§ Jo Ñ¿A㻵 &A ¤±wn î j±ív« MA RBؽ°o« جFM Sª¦í§ ÓÀX«

SMBÇY ÇM kǽp BØ«@E /@mnopq &A ¤±wn î S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« ³½°oU

/@S¼L§A ¥µE RBؽ°o« é« é�B�TU ³UBؽ°oª�

¹zÄBî RB½A°o� ,@¹ª¦w ¨E° ¹zÄBî »§áA ¹LÇv®§BM ¤Bd§A Amñµ°

¹ª¦w ¨E ¸k¼v§ARBؽ°o« �ÀhM ,@© @Bd§A ³��§A nB� áA ã»�SØLæ Bª§B�

/@¬B¼eÑ¿A « o¼X ã»� ,@S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnkª§ ¹��A±ª§A

¼M ¹¯nB�« RBwAnkM ¨B¼�§A ±µ ¤B\ª§A Amµã»� ³eoTE Bªª�

¬E ºnE ¿° ,@¼\´®§A ©§Bí« c¼�±T§ ,@¼\´®§A «RB¼~h{ Amñµ

ê9

oªî RBؽ@°o«° ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A RBؽ°o« ¼M ¹v½B�ª§A ã

»� o« Ñ¿A }ØTh½

RBؽ°o« ج Ñ¿ ,@¹MBd~§A ¹¼�M »¦î ³ª¼ªíUK\½ ¥M ,@ÓÀX«JBØ�h§A M

ã»Ç� ØK~U ©´§BX«E° ¹Lí{ M ¸o¼�ª§A° ,@¹½°Bí«° |Bí§A M °oªî

ã»� ØK~U ©´§BX«E° j±ív« MA° ,@lBí«°tBLî MA RBؽ°o«° ,@¹´]

¹¼~hÇ{ ¹ÇwAnkÇM ¸±ÇiÑ¿A kÇeE ¨±�ǽ ¬E AmØLe B½@° ,@ºoiE ¹´]

¹zÄBÇî ج Ñ¿ ,@¹ª¦Çw ¨E° ¹zÄBÇî ³¼T]°p nB�®« « ©�îÑ¿A ¤±wo§A

جE ºoU ¼e ã»� ,@oiC Hü{ ²n ر~U ¹ª¦w ¨E° Hü{ &A ¤±wn n Ù±~U

¨E ¥�¯ BØ«E ,@¼ª¦vª§A k®î �°oíª§A° kÄBv§A ±µ ¹zÄBî ³Un رæ B«

B´T¼~hÇ{ ¾B�h ¼ª¦vª§A »¦î à�Bi ±´� &A ¤±wn î ¹ª¦w

/@©´¼¦î

ج Ñ¿ nB~¯¿A Ø¥ ã»®îE ¿ nB~¯ Ñ¿A RBؽ°o« »¦î kØ ÅE Bª®¼e°

¤±�§ ,@vd§A ¬B ©´¼¦î ¹L§B�§A ¹�~§A ñ§ ,@vd§A° ¾ã»v§A ©´¼�

© kÇ� A°oLæBÇ� ,@ ãºkíÇM ¸oÇY Ñ¿A ¬±�¦TÇw ©ÇñØ @E :@©´§ ¤±wo§A

/@171@:@3 kªeE k®v« (1)

/@©´ek«ã»� R¾B]

ã»T§A RB½A°o§A « Bµo¼� »§áA /@

(1)¹®\§A

¥ÄB��§A ¸A°n :@W§BX§A n±dª§A

k®Çî B®´�Ç� �¼Y±ÇT§ ³®« ¸jB�Tw¿A ñª½ W§BY n±d« ÎB®µ°

¨BÇ« á¿A ¥ÄB�Ç� RB½A°n ¸A°n ¤Ài « ±µ° ,@¨Aq§¿A JBM « B¯o¼�

A°°n ½m§A ¹MBd~§A ¾¿Æµ ¾BªwE »¦î �ØoíT¯ ¬EÓ¿ Ø°E K\¼� ,@

㻦î

ë0

k�� ,@B´íª\¯° ©´UBؽ°o« ã»� ϧl kíM o�®¯ Ø©Y ,@ ã

»¦î ¨B«á¿A ¥ÄB��

to�M B´§±E ¿ ,@㻫B«á¿A ³��§A ©îk½ B« ¾¿Æµ RBؽ°o« ã

»� ¬±ñ½

/@�¼Y±T§A ¹§Fv«ã»� ³®« ²jB�Tw¿A ñª½ ¤BªTeB ³eo�E ¥M ,@é�B

³M°oe Hؼ¦î A°k´{ ½m§A :@éMAo§A n±dª§A

©´ÇM mÇiFU ©§° A°oؼ�½ ©§° A±� Øod½ ©§ ½m§A ¹MBd~§A ©µ°

¤±wo§A ©´�íL§ k´{ ½m§A ,@©´®« BµmiF« B¼¯k§A �nBip° ¾A±µÑ¿A

¹ª¼�Tvª§A ©´UB¼e ¸o¼vM g½nBT§A k´{° ,¬Bª½ á¿BM oi п° ,@�k~§BM

ϧl « oX @FM cdefg @

ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A ©´§ k´{ Am ° ,@�jB~§A ©µjB´]°

î° ¾¿Æµ îWdL§A Ó¿ Ø°E B®¼¦í� ,@ 㻯A±iáBM ©´L�Bi° ©´¼¦î ¬qe°

¥µE ¹wnk« î BµkíM °E B´Mo ºk« ºo®§ ¨±�§A KT ã»� ©´UBؽ°o«

Çî B®UBؽ°oǪ§ kؽÆǪ§A ¬±ÇñU kÇ° ,@©Çñd§A ¬±ÇñU k�Ç� S¼ÇÇL§A

/@mnopq @&A@@¤±wn

,@k½kÇ] [´®Ç« ±µ ãºo�®M° ã»Te°o�E ¹æÀi ±µ Amµ ¬B @

¿ « k®î S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« �¼Y±T§ H�½o� ¹MBd~§A RBؽ°o« mhT½

Çî WdL§A boT�ª§Aã»MBd~§A جFM ϼ¦î »�h½ ¿° ,@¹±Y±« BµAo½

jAjpA BªØ¦ñ� n°Bdª§A « n±d« « oX @FM pBTª½ ¬E ñª½ ³UBؽ@°o«

جFM GkØ ÆÇ« /@S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE ¹wnkÇ« »§áA HMoÇ° Ó¿BªTÇeA jAjpA Gn±d«

¹e°o�« B´Ø¯@ áA ¥M ¥«Bñ§A �¼L�T§A qؼe ã»� ¥ikU ©§ ²mµ

ã»Te°o�E

B´UB¼®TLÇ«° Bµn°mÇ] »¦Çî �±±§A ØKeE «° ,@¹½o�¯ ¥ñ{ »¦î

ã»LTÇ ° (

ã»LÇ®§A ¾±Ç�°)° (W½kÇd§A ½°kÇU é®Ç«) JBT é]Ao¼¦�

/@ºoi Ñ¿A

ë1

u¼§ <@¹¼«Bí§A ®v§A° bBd~§A « ¹¼«B«á¿A ³��@> �¼Y±T� ³¼¦î°

²mǵ �¼L�ÇU »§ áA B®�Ø�° ±§ Bد áA@° ,@èíL§A n ر~T½ Bª o¼ví§A ¾ ã»z§BM

B®´�� B®¦ijE° ,@¨BÇ´U¿A « ³¼¦î d¯ Bª« B®]oh§ Bµo¼�AmdM ¹½o�®§A

BªÇ @Çã»�ÄBÇ�§A ²nB� áA « B®´�� Zoh½ ³®«° ,@鼪\§A ³¦L�½ qؼe »§áA

³îBLØUA ¼ª¦vª§A 鼪] »¦î K\½ ,@㻫ÀwáA ³�� qؼe »§áA Ç@¬±§±�½

¸°Àî ,@©µk®î ¹d¼dæ�o�M ¹MBd~§A î 㺰o« ³Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ;@³M ¾AkT¿A°

/@B¯k®î 㺰o« ³Ø¯E »¦î

¤±�¯ B« جFM S�oí§ ¹¼�Àh§A ¹¼´��§A KTñ§A Sí]An ±§ Ïد áA@°

o½k�ÇU Ø¥ÇE »¦î° ,@©´ÄBª¦î °E ¹íMn Ñ¿A KµAmª§A ¹ªÄE keÔA ³§B ³M

©µk®î RBؽ°oª§A ϦT§ GjB®TwA ,@¹�o�®ª§A KµAmª§AèíM ³M S§B

,@¹�¼®e BME ºoiE° ,B®��A±½ ϧB« ¸nBU ºoT� ,@¼íMBT§A° ¹MBd~§A î

ã»ÇT§A KµAmǪ§A »¦î � ØoíT§A B®¼¦î K\¼� ,@Amñµ°

ã»í�Bz§A ¹X§BY°

¹Çاj Ñ¿ ©Çµ Øjn ¹¼�¼Ç ° ,@B´¼¦Çî °kªTîA ã»T§A ©´TاjE

ã»� o�®¦§ B®��A±U

ã»Ç� ¤BÇwn á¿A° èL�§A ÓÀXª� ,@B®§° ©´§ ¹�§Bhª§A ºoiÑ¿A KµAmª§A

ã»Ç� ¸o~ThÇ« ¹§BÇwn o�ǯA° ¹v«BÇh§A ¹§Fvª§A) 192@:@1 k´T\ÇǪ§A ¹ÇǽAkÇÇM (1)

/@(ÎnBLª§A M k¼ªd§AkLî n±T�k¦§ è¼�§A

BªµkeE(1)½k¼§A é�° ¹µAoñM ±§B ©´«B«á¿ HíLU ¹¼ñ§Bª§B� ,@¸À~§A

/@201@:@1 éÄB®~§A éÄAkM o�¯A° 291@:@2 oL§AkLî M¿ nB�mTw¿A (2)

㻵 ¹®v§A جFM é� ϧB« ¨B«á¿A ج áA

(2)nB mTw¿A

ã»� ¥M ,@ºoi Ñ¿A »¦î

,@èLÇ�§A »¦Çî ¬°oi пA ³M ؤkTwA B« A°Øjn ¾¿Æµ° ,@½k¼§A ¤Bwn áA

ë2

/@ê01 ©�n 1ë JBM ©¦v« c¼dæ (1)

&A ¤±Çwn جE »¦Çî(1)o\Çe ÇM ¥ÄA° î ©¦v« ²A°n B« ±¦ªe°

,@joÇL§A « Ó¾B�UA ¬B ºov¼§A »¦î »®ª¼§A ²k½ é�°° ³M±XM �dT§A

¸À~§A ¾B®YE J±X§BM �BdT§¿A JBLdTwBM ¤±�§A ¨q¦§ ¹Ø®w ¬B ±§ ³Ø¯@ Ñ¿

/@keE ³¦�½ ©§ B« Amµ°

¤Fw ³ÇØ E ¹�¼®Çe ã»ME î ¾B]° ¹ªÄ Ñ¿A ³¼§ áA B¯Bîj [´®« Amµ°

¬±§±�½ ¹®½kª§A ¥µE° ,@Am ¬±§±�U ©T¯E :@¤±�½ cdefg �jB~§A ¨B«á¿A

B®�§BÇi BªÇØMn° ,@©´íMBU BªØMn° ,@B®íMBU BªØMo� ,@Am ¤±�¯ d¯° ,@Am @

�ÀTiBÇM ©´ª¦ÇîE tBÇ®§A ©¦ÇîE ج áA /@¹�¼®Çe ±ÇME ¤BÇ Ø©ÇY Hí¼ªÇ]

/@73@ :@1 ��±ª¦§ ¹�¼®eã»ME K�B®« ,@222@:@1 ¹�¼®e

ã»ME k¼¯Bv« é«B] (2)

/@(2)tB®§A

,@¤±Çwo§A ¤C ³�Ç� ²nAkÇ« 㺰kÇe° ³��M ç±´®§A B®¼¦î ¬láA

¼¦�ÇX§A kÇeE° ¬Co�§A ¤kî ©´Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ;¹MBd~§A ¤A±FM Gkؽ@Æ«° Gk®v«

Økw ³¼� ¬Bñ§ Amµ B®¦í� ±¦� ,@³TØ«E ã»�mnopq &A ¤±wn ©´�¦iE ½m§A

/@B®´��° B®Lµmª§ ¹½jAo�¯¿A° ¹¼�ÄB�§A ©îq½ « »¦î �½o�§A

ج áA° (@©Ç @) ¹�B�X§A° ©¦í§A ¥�í« ã»� & kªd§A° ,¨±¼§A d¯°

B¯¾B´�Ç�° ,@B´UB½±Tv« »¦îEã»� B´¼� ¹¼§¿kTw¿A° ³¼´��§A t°nkǧA

JØÀÇ�§A° ¸mUBÇw Ñ¿A ¸±ÇiÑ¿A »¦Çî ³ÇeoTÇE ãºm§BÇ� ,@¥¼¦�§BM A±v¼§

d¯° ,@²±zB®¼§° nBLTî¿A o�®M oi пA ãºEo§A A°miF½ ¬E ±µ ¼´MB®§A

»§ áA k®TÇvª§A ³½qÇ®§A 㻪¦í§A WdL§A �¦�®« «@Ç ¹¼´��§A B®Y±dM

�

°Eã»w±�§A g¼z§A ¤A±E yB®¯ Ç@¸k¼�í§A° ³��§A

ã»�S¼L§A ¥µESMA±Y

ë3

,@¹¯BTÇ«° ¨AoTÇeA Ø¥ÇñM ,@///@°E oµA±\§A KeBæ °E ãºnB~¯ Ñ¿A g¼z§A

»ØTÇe ,@¹�¼®eã»ME° ϧB«°

ã»í�Bz§A ãºEn ¹zB®« « JB´¯ ¿ Am °

KµAmǪ§A ¤A±ÇE° ¾An пA çoíÇ� ³¼¦Çî° ,@¹½°kÇe° ¹½ÅoÇM Zoh¯

,@B´¼� ¸ ر�§A°�í�§A �A±«»¦î�±±¦§ H½n°o� ¬B ¬áA° ºoi Ñ¿A

¿ ãºm§A ãºEo§A ¹zB®Ç« B®¼¦î ¥M ,Bµke° B´M ¾B�T @¿A ñª½ ¿ ñ§

,@¹¼ª¦Çî b°oM B´zB®®¦� ,@B®TاjE B®§° ©´ÄAnC Ïç°Ñ¿ ج Ñ¿ ,@B®í« ��T½

ã»MBTÇ

ã»� ³�¼L�U S¼íw B« ±µ° ,@鼪\§A B´¦L�½ ¹½j°ke° ³½Ån°

/@ºoi Ñ¿Aã»UBwAnj°

ã»YBdME

ã»�° (@

Øã»L®§A ¾±�°@)

,@B´UBvMÀÇ« »§áA o¼Ç{E ¥ÇM ,��Ç� ¤A± Ñ¿A çoíMã»�T @E À�

oÇi пA B´�íM° ,@¹MBd~§A ¥´] »§áA B´LLw j±í½ RB¼�Àh§A èíL�

éÇMAn ÎB®Çµ° ,@¹¼wB¼w çAo� ÔA »§ áA W§BY° ,@©´ª´� ¾±w »§áA é]o½

ÒSLLÇeE ±§° ,@¹MBdÇ~§A »¦Çî Ó¿ ر�U Amµ u¼§° ,@tjBw° u«Bi°

/@(@W½kd§A ½°kU 鮫@)ã»MBT é]An kØ @FT§A

k´Ç] »§áA ZBTdǽ Bµo¼Ç�° ¹e°oÇ� Ñ¿A ²mǵ �¼L�TÇ� ³¼¦Çî°

AmÇ´§ ¹¼wBwÑ¿A RB« ر�ª§A جFM B®¯Bª½ áA é« ,@B®¯A±i áA ¥L « �îB�«

³ÇØ E ±Çµ oÇ« Ñ¿A ã»� B« ¹½B� ,@©´UB½A°n° B®UB½A°n

ã»� ¸j±]±« ¥ªí§A

¹wnk« ج áA° ,@B´¼¦î �±±¦§ ¼XeBL§A ¥L « éw±§A ¤mM »§ áA ZBTd½

,@¥½°FT§A° o¼v�T§A ²±]° B®ÖTªØ¦î° ,@ço�§A Am´§ B®ÖU ØkîE k S¼L§A ¥µE

¤±Ç�§ ¥«BdǪ§A »¦Çî ©´«ÀÇ ¥ªdǯ �¼Ç B¯±ªØ¦Çî rstuv @©´ÇØ áA°

è½nBíÇ« �oí½ »ØTe H´¼�� ©ñ®« ¥]o§A ¬±ñ½ ¿° :@cdefg @�jB~§A

Ç« BÇ®§ H´Ç]° ¼íLw »¦î �o~®T§ B®«À « ¹ª¦ñ§A ج áA° B®«À @

ëê

×»§°¿A ¹d�Ç~§A o�ǯA° ,@ë b . 18ê@:@2 nBdÇL§A

ã»� ³®î° ,@2@ :@nBLi¿A

㻯Bí« (1)

éwBÇT§A JBÇL§A ,@3ê8@:@RB]nk§A oÄB~M o�¯A° ,@nBLiÑ¿A㻯Bí« JBT� « H�½E

/@B´]° ¼íLw »¦î ¬±ª¦ñT½ ¹ªÄ Ñ¿A ¬Aã»�

/@(1)Zohª§A B´í¼ª]

¸j±]±Ç« �BL®TÇw¿A ¸ ر° ,@B¯k®î ¸j±]±« jB´T]¿A ¸ ر ¬láA

ã»Ç� ¬±´MBǯ JØÀÇ�° ,@¬±±«oÇ« ¸mUBÇwE BÇ®§ & kªÇd§A° ,ϧm @

AmØLeB¼� ,@¤±æÑ¿A° ³��§A ã»� ©´T° K§B� ¬±��½ ¹¼ª¦í§A RAp±d§A

¼íM oi пA ³��§A miFU ¹¯nB�« t°nj㻵 ¹¼´��§A ©´w°nj ¬±ñU ¬E

ÇMA° ¹�¼®e ±ME° ϧB«°ã»í�Bz§A ³M ؤkTwA B« A±zB®¼§° ,@nBLTî¿A

¾B´�� « ©´í« �¦Th½ « ¹Ø§jA ±zB®½ ¬E A°jBTîA ©µ Bª ,@¥L®e

/@¹¼«B«á¿A

ã»´��§A ¤¿kTw¿A »¦î ã»h½nBT§A WdL§A oYE

o�®§BÇM@Ç㻫ÀÇwá¿A g½nBÇT§A ºoǯ ¬E H Ø�Çe �wÆÇǪ§A ÇÇ«

¼eã»� ,@¹¼ª¦í§A B®UAp±e

ã»� ¹Ø¼ تµÑ¿A ϦU ³§ »�í½ ¿ Ç@³UBvMÀª§

B´¼e±TÇv¯ ¬E ñªÇ½ ³�Ç�§A ©´Ç�ã»Ç� ¸oØYÆǪ§A n±« Ñ¿A « Go¼X جE

¹Ø®Çv§A ±Çµ ¹¼îoÇz§A ¹Ø§j Ñ¿A keE جFM B®ª¦í§ ,@g½nBT§A « B´��®Tv¯°

c Ø�±Ç½ g½nBT§A° ,@¨±~íª§A o½o�U° ¥í�° ¤± Ø¿áA ±µ B«° ,@¹½±L®§A

B®TªÇÄE ¸o¼Çw جE BªÇ ,@¹Ø®w 㻵

ã»L®§A ¤A± ÑA° �A±ª� ,@n±« Ñ¿A ²mµ

ã»� B¯k¼�½ B« g½nBT§A KT

ã»� ¸oYB®Tª§A ©´§A±E° ©´�A±«

ã»�� ,@¹Ø®w

ØãºE ã»Ç�@Ç �ÀTi¿A g½nBU »¦î �±±§A ج áA° ,@ϧm

ã»´��§A ¥ªí§A

ëë

Ø¥dU جE ñª½ ³®« ½k¼�Tvª§A° ³UBvMÀ« ¹�oí«° Ç@�°o�§A « �o�

Rk�TwA kã»Y±dM ¤Ài «

ã»Ø¯ áA@° ,@¹¼�Àh§A ¥ÄBvª§A « Go¼X B®§

k½kdTÇM (@ã»LÇ®§A ¾±�°@)

ã»MBT R¾kM k° ,@g½nBT§A ¸ ØjB« « Go¼X @

¾B´��§A ³¼¦î jBTîA Bª§ H�Ài ¾±�±§Aã»� ¼ª¦vª§A �ÀTiA g½nBU

¥�®§A �ÀTiA ¹¦ñz« Ø¥eE جE ã»®®ñ«E ³§Ài«° ,@¹Ø§j Ñ¿Açoî

�

Ø©µE ãºo�®M ã»h½nBT§A WdL§A ج áA° ,@¾±�±§A ã

»�mnopq &A ¤±wn î

Ç« ¾±Ç�±§A ¹§Fv«ã»Ç� B´´MBÇz½ B«° RA¾Ao�§A �ÀTiA WdM «

¹¦ñzª§A B®§ Ø¥dU ©§ ¹Ø§j Ñ¿A ¹zB®«° RA¾Ao�§A WdL« ¬Ñ¿ ;V±dL§A

B®®ñ«E ³¼îA°j°�ÀTi¿A «p k½kdU ¤Ài«° B®Ø®ñ§ ,@¬°o m®«°

/@nBª�ª§A Amµã»� ³¼MB\½ áA ¸±�hM ¨±�¯ ¬E

³MBLÇwE° ¾±Ç�±§Aã»Ç� �ÀÇh§A g½nBÇU »¦Çî B®�±±ÇM BÇØ Ñ¿

kÇeÑ¿ HdÇ Ø]oÇ« ²oLTí¯ ¬E B®®ñ«E ,@³®« ¼í�T®ª§A ¹�oí«° ,@³¼îA°j°

ج Ñ¿ ;n°kÇ~§A ¹´\ÇM ¾B´�Ç�§A bÀ�æA ã»� »Øªv½ B« ±µ° ,@¼§±�§A

n±Ç« Ñ¿Aã»Ç� Hæ±~Çi° çnBíÇT§A k®î n±«E Amñ´M ¼íTv½ ³¼��§A

°E ¹¼¯Ao�§A RA¾Ao�§Aã»� °E ¹½A°o§A

ã»� �ÀTi¿A ¬B ¾A±w ,@¹¼�Àh§A

/@Bµo¼�

¬±XdLǽ A±¯BÇ B®½o Øv�«° B®¼ªØ¦ñT«° B¯¾B´�� جFM ©¦í½ Ø¥ñ§A°

,@¹¼Ç¯AoÇ�§A ¸¾AoÇ�§A° ,@¹½±dÇ®§A° ,@¹½±�¦§A ¹´]±§A « ¾±�±§A ¹§Fv«

,@¹¼h½nBT§A ¹´\§A « ³MBLwE° �ÀTi¿Aã»îA°j î WdL§A ¼wB®T«

¹�½o�§BM Ø¥dU ©§ ¹§Fvª§A ²mµ جE ¼e ã»� ,@�ÀTi¿A «p k½kdU°

WdL§A ¤Ài «° d¯ BØ«E ,@¹½jBªT« ¬°o�§ ¹�§Bî S¼�M ¥M ³�¯ пA

ëì

o mǦ§ é«BÇ\§A@Ç ¬BØ�Çî ÇM ¬BªXÇî جFM c Ø�±¯ ¬E B®®ñ«Eã»h½nBT§A

S�¦TiA ãºm§A ¾±�±§A ã»� ¥]n Ñ¿A ¥v� ¾An° ¬B Ç@¥¼ Bª¼� ©¼ñd§A

ǽm§A ½oÇi пA ¹MBdÇ~§A ¹ÇÄAoÇ ¾B�§BM ϧl° ,@³¼� ¹¼¯Ao�§A ¸¾Ao�§A

/@HîBªwã»L®§A ©� « ¬Co�§A A±íªw

B®í�n ¾±�±§Aã»� �Àh§A g½nBT§ B¯k½kdU° B¯o½±~TM d¯°

cÇvª§A R¿±�ǯ ¼ÇM çnBíÇT§A j±Ç]° Ç« ¤B�ǽ BÇ« Ç@B« ákd§°@Ç

¥v�ã»� ¹¼îoz§A Gk¼�Tv« ÎB®µ جFM B®d Ø�° ¥M ,@¥v�§A R¿±�¯°

»§áA ¬±�k´½ A±¯B ½m§A ¬±½±« Ñ¿A° ,@¬BØ�î M ¬BªXî ±µ° ,¥]n Ñ¿A

¸o¼X ÓAn±«E B®§ Sd�UA ³§Ài «° ,@�ÀTi¿A Amµ ¥X«ã»� B« o«E

¬B ¥M ³Uo¼zî° ³MnB Ñ¿ ³L½o�T§ ñ½ ©§ ¬BªXî ¥T جE ¥X« ,@ºoiE

JBTñ§BÇM ³¦ªÇî ¨kÇí§ ãºE ,@³Ç«j nk´§ ¹L]±ª§A ¹¼îoz§A ³UBYAkeá¿

¨j ج áA :@j±íÇv« ÇMA ¤B�� ,@¹í½oz§A ã»� ñ½ ©§ B« ³¯B¼U áA° ,@¹Ø®v§A°

/@3ì@ :@ë �Ao{¿A JBv¯A (1)

/(1)¤Àe ¬BªXî

/@28 Ç 27@:@3 k½kd§Aã»ME M¿ ¹�ÀL§A [´¯ bo{ (2)

/(2)&A ¤±wn JBdæE ³¦T BªØ¯ áA :@�±î M ¬Bªeo§AkLî ¤B°

¼M B« Ø¿áA ³¦]E ¼M �L½ ©§ ±§ &A° :@ ãºnB~¯ Ñ¿A ³½q� M ZB\d§A ¤B°

/@90@ :@ë �Ao{¿A JBv¯A (3)

Ø¿ áA B®¼� B« &A° :@oªî MA ¤B° /(3)³«kM&A »§áA B®M Øo�T§ ¥¼¦§A »§ áA o~í§A

/@8@ :@3 k½kd§Aã»ME M¿ [´®§A bo{ (ê)

B®Ã{ ±§° d¯ B®ñv«E° :@|BØ°ã»ME M kíw ¤B° /

(ê)¥UB °E ¤lBi

ë7

/@ê8@ :@1 ¹wB¼v§A° ¹«B« á¿A (1)

/@(1)³®î B®í�j

Ç« »§áA kتdÇ« JBdÇæE « ¹®½kª§BM « ¹§Bwnã»� ¾B]°

:@¥«Bñ§Aã»�°@) ©ñ�ئi « ²kv�E k kتd« ½j ج áB� :³¼�° �B�пBM

/@1ì8@:@3 g½nBT§Aã»� ¥«Bñ§A ,@3ì7@:@ê ãºoL§A g½nBU (2)

/@(2)kتd« ½j A±ª¼F� A± ت¦´� ///@ÎoU° (@©ñT�¼¦i

,@B´¼¦î ¾±�§A �ئvÔ½ ©§ ½k§A ã»�RBYAkeá¿A°RAoؼ�T§A ²mµ°

جE ¼e ã»� ,@³MnBE ³L½o�T§ S¯B B´Ø¯@FM RBYAkeá¿A ¬°o Øv�½ ©´Ø¯ áA ¥M

ϧl ج áA ¥M ,@¥T�§A K]±Tv½ ¿ ¤A±«Ñ¿A ©´ÄB�îáA° JnB Ñ¿A K½o�U

,@³Ç«j ±Ø¦eE° ³¦T A°p ر] ¹MBd~§A Bª®¼M HYAkeáA ¿ ¸o¼w ¾±w oLTí½

&áA oe ã»T§A u�®§A A±¦T�U ¿°@) ³MBT ©ñd«ã»� ¤±�½ ³¯BdLw &A°

/1ë1 :¹½ пA ,¨Bí¯ Ñ¿A ¸n±w (3)

©®´Ç] ²¾Aq\Ç� GkªíTÇ« H®«Æ« ¥T�½ «°@) ³§±Ç°(3)( @ d§BM Ø¿áA

/93 :¹½ пA ,¾Bv®§A ¸n±w (ê)

¤°kíÇM ¤±�¯ ¬E Ø¿áA B®ív½ ¿ ºo]B« ¨B«E d¯°(ê) ( @B´¼� Gk§Bi

,@¹¼«Àwá¿A ¨BñeÑ¿BM ©´¯°B´U° ,JA±~§A ¸jB] î ¹MBd~§A 鼪]

¿° ,@¹îBª\§A ãºEn î ³]°oi° ¬BªXî �Aod¯A »§ áA Kµm¯ ¬E BØ«E°

/@W§BY

¨q§ F�Çh§A »¦Çî ©´îBªTÇ]A ¨kÇî° ¹MBd~§A ¹§AkíM B®¦ ¬áB�

©´®¼M « ºo¯ Bª®¼e Hæ±~i° ,@¸jB\§A î ¬BªXî �Aod¯BM ¤±�§A

,@¹d¦Ç�° ,@|BÇØ°ã»ME M kíw :@¤BX«E ¸o ØzLª§A ¸ozí§BM A± تw «

ë8

/@¹MBd~§A �v� ¨q¦Tv½ ±´� ¹�¼¦h§A ¸¾AoLM B®¦ ±§ BØ«E° ,@o¼Mq§A°

¨°q§ î ²B®¦ B« »§ áA é]o¯° n±« Ñ¿A ²mµ ¥X« î ¨Àñ§A ÎoT¯

g½nBÇU k½kdÇT§ ,@¹¼´�Ç�§A ¥ÄBÇvª§A éÇ« ¹¼h½nBÇT§A n±Ç« Ñ¿A ¹ÇÇwAnj

d®Ç� ,@�ÀTÇi¿Aã»îAj° ¬B¼M° ¹�¦Thª§A ¥ÄBvª§A

ã»� �ÀTi¿A

ã»Ç� �jB~§A ¨B«á¿A ¨À cT�¯ ¬E B®®ñ«E ¹¼h½nBT§A V±dL§A ¥��M°

ج Ñ¿ ,@¬B�Çî M ¬BªXî ã»®í½ ¬B cdefg @³Ø¯@E° (@¹îkM ¹X§BX§A@) :@¾±�±§A

¤±wn ¹Ø®w BµoLTí½ @° ¹X§BX§A ¸oª§A »¦î ³Ä±�° ã»� kØ Æ½ ¬B o¼i Ñ¿A

¸ ØoǪ§A F�±ÇU ³ÇØ @Emnopq &A ¤±Çwn Çî SLÇY ¼Çeã»� ,@mnopq &A

,@¹MBd~¦§ HíLU ,@¼ª¦vª§A ¼Mã»�ÀTiA ¬Bñ� ¹X§BX§A BØ«E ,@¼U Øoª§A°

¬Aoªd ¹¼§A±«° ¬BªXî BØ«E ,@¹îkM ²oLTíU S¯B S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnkª�

¾±�±§A »¦î ¹MBd~§A ¬BªXî jB´{áA ج áA@° ,@¹Ø®w B´¯°o½ A±¯B ¬BME M

/@2ì797 b ê23@:@9 ¤Bªí§A q®� ,@8 b 207@:@1 ©¦v« c¼dæ (1)

ج Ñ¿ ,@¸jo�ª§A ²mµ ã»�

(1)tB®§A é« �Ài»¦î ¬B ³Ø¯@FM B®ª´�½ HYÀY

/@³¼� �¦Th« o«Eã»� HL§B�

ã»UF½ jB´{á¿A

Çî WdLǦ§ B¯±îkǽ ¹¼�ÀÇh§A ¥ÄBÇvª§A Çî WdL§A ¬láB�

±§ Ø¿áA ã»�ñU ¿ Ç@B¯o�®M@Ç ¹Ø§j Ñ¿A ¹zB®« ج áA° ,@B´í« ¹¼h½@nBT§A Bµn°m]

g½nBÇT§A ¹�v¦�ÇM ³®Çî oØLíǽ BÇ« Amǵ° ,@B´¦¦î° Bµn°m] é« SXdM

VBdME Amñµ ¥X«ã»� (³�Bd§ A±]o¯ B«) ±µ° JBLwÑ¿A° ¾

ã»{B®ª§A°

/@¹½kÄB�î ,@¹¼«À ,@¹¼´��

bBd~§A « B®´�� �¼Y±U ¨°q§ »¦î ãºk¼ @BU n Øo @ÕA ¨BTh§A

ã»�°

ë9

©µ « »¦î �±±¦§ �¦�®ª ¹íMn Ñ¿A n°Bdª§A boTE° ,@k¼¯Bvª§A°

RBؽ°oÇ« جE ãºjB�TîBÇM° ,@S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE [´®ÇÇ«° oÇÇñ� »§ áA JoÇÇE

㻦Çî ¨BÇ« á¿A A°k´{ ½m§A° ,@¥ÄB��§A ¸A°n° ,@nB~¯ Ñ¿A° ,@¼¯ Ø°kª§A

k®î B®UB½A°n° B®´�� �¼Y±U B´§Ài « B®®ñª½ ¹¼§ Ø°E ¸ ØjB« 㻵 ³M°oe

¥µE ³�� K§B� جE ãºjB�TîBM° ,@¹ ØªÄ Ñ¿A ¬Bv§ »¦î ¹M°mñ« BµAo½ «

¥ªí¦§ B¯±îk½ ±µ° ,@RB½k§A »§ áA ¸nB´�§A « ©µk®î j±]±« S¼L§A

ã»Ç�

ã»�TÇñ¯@@¿ ¬E° ,@k¼¯Bvª§A° RBØ�®~ª§A 㺰B�« « ³îAqT¯A »¦î

Z°oh§A B®¼¦î ¥M ,@Bªµo¼� °E ¹¼ñ§Bª§A °E ¹¼í�Bz§A ³MS§B BªM B®Y±dM

Ç« BǵA±w B« �Øí�U° S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« �ØY±U ¹½j°ke° ¹½ÅoM

¹�§BhǪ§ G ØjB] »ív½ ¬B © @Bd§A [´®§A ج Ñ¿ ,@© @Bd§A [´®ª§A �BLUE

Ò©§ ãºnkÇUE :@¤B ³Ø¯E �jB~§A ¨B«á¿A í� ,@¹wB¼w° Goñ� ã»¦î ¨B«á¿A

/@ ãºnjE ¿ :@S¦�� ?@¹«Bí§A ¤±�U B« �ÀhM miÑ¿BM ©Uo«E

³¼¦Çî S�§Bi Ø¿áA ½kM &A ½k½ ñ½ ©§cdefg @H¼¦î ج áA :@¤B��

î ¼®«Æª§A o¼«E ¬±§Fv½ A±¯B ° ,@²o«E ¤B�M¿ ¸jAn áA ,@²o¼� »§áA ¹Ø«ÔÑ¿A

©µk®Çî Ç« G ØkÇ� ³§ A±¦íÇ] ,@©µBTÇ�E Al áB� ³¯±ª¦í½@@¿ ãºm§A ã»z§A

/@11ì@:@27 ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw°ã»� ³®î° 1 b ë31@:@éÄAoz§A ¥¦î (1)

/@(1)tB®§A »¦î A±vL¦¼§

Ø�etB®§A « keE k®îu¼§ :@¤B ³Ø¯@E oBL§A ¨B«á¿A î ¾B]°

« Zoi B« Ø¿áA ,@ Ø�e ¾B��M ã»��½ tB®§A « keE ¿° ,@JA±æ@@¿°

,@©´®Ç« B�Çh§A ¬BÇ n±Ç« Ñ¿A ©´ÇM SLØíÇzU Al áA° ,@S¼ÇL§A ¥ÇµE B¯k®î

ì0

/@ã»¦î « JA±~§A°

[ @�jB~§A@] kتd« M o�í] î K¼�h§Aã»ME M k¼íw î°

?@ã»��U ¾

ã»{ ØãºFM :@»¦¼§ ã

»ME M¿ ¤B ³Ø¯E :@W½keã»�

/@oªî° oñMã»ME î°

㻦îî°&A ¤±wn î

ã»®�¦M BªM :@¤B

?@© @B�E Hؼ¦î ج áA :@¤B ³Ø¯@E &A ¤±wn î Ï�¦L� :@¤B

/@©í¯ :@¤B

/@20@ :@27 ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw°ã»� ³®î° ë b ê08@:@7

ã»�Bñ§A (1)

(1)///@?@Amµ Ï�¦M k°

ã»¦î ¾B� o¼�M

ã»��U �¼ñ� :@¤B

¬BÇ ©Ç @BÇd§A [´Ç®§A جFM Ç@b±�±M°@Ç kØ ÆU |±~®§A ²mµ°

¨BÇ« á¿A ج Ñ¿ ,@³í« ½oiC ¥í\½ ¬E H«°j »ív½ ¬B ° ,@ ã»¦í§ H�§Bh«

¬°oi пA ³î Øo{ B« ¬±�Uo½ ¿ A±¯B ²k§° « ¹ªÄ Ñ¿A° ¾Aoµq§A° H¼¦î

ã»Ç� Bµ±¦ÇijA° ¹¼¦µBÇ\§A

ã»Ç� Bµ±�oÇî° B´¼¦Çî A°jBTîA ¤BªîE «

/@¨Àwá¿A

¥µE ¹ªÄE ¬Bñ� ¬nB�ª§A ³��§A ¹wAnj »§ áA ¹Lv®§BM ¤Bd§A Amñµ°

A±dªv½ ¬E° ,@©µo¼� ³�� »¦î� ØoíT§A ã»� ½oi пA ¬±í Ø\z½S¼L§A

/@Hí« B´TwAnj° ,@½oi пA ³�� K®\M ©´´�� ZnkM

:@¬Bªñe ©ñd§A :¤B [ @oBL§A @] o�í]ã»ME î o¼~M

ã»ME í�

Ø¥Ç]°@ ØqÇî &A ¤BÇ k° ,¹¼¦µB\§A ¥µE ©ñe° ,@ Ø¥]°@ Øqî &A ©ñe

/ë0 :¹ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇǽ пA ,¸kÄBÇÇÇÇÇÇÇǪ§A ¸n±ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇw (2)

M k½p »¦î k´{E°(2)( @¬±®�±½ ¨±�§ Hªñe &A « veA «°@)

ì1

/@23@ :@27 ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw°ã»� ³®î° 2 b ê07@:@7

ã»�Bñ§A (1)

/@(1)³¼¦µB\§A ©ñdMèÄAo�§A

ã»� ©ñe k�§ SMBY

,@¹¼¦µB\§A ¥µE ©ñe° ,@&A ©ñe ¬Bªñe ©ñd§A :@³¼��§Aã»�°

©Çñe Ç«° ,@¹¼¦µBÇ\§A ¥ÇµE ©ñdÇM ©Çñe &A ©Çñe B�ÇiE ª�

/@ì b 3@:@3 ³¼��§A (2)

/@(2)»§BíU &BM o� k�� Ø¥]°@ Øqî &A ¤q¯E B« o¼�M ¼ªµnkM

:@¤B [ @�jB~§A@] &AkLîã»ME î 㺱d®§A ©¦v« M lBí« î°

�B�E Ø©Y@] ©í¯ :@S¦ ?@tB®§Aã»T�T� é«B\§A

ã»� kí�U ÏدE ,@ ã

»®�¦M

ã»Ç� kíÇE

ã»ÇØ áA ,@ZoiE ¬E ¥L ϧl î ϧFwE ¬E RjnE° [ @lBí«

�Àh§BM ³T�oî Al áB� ,@¾ ã»z§A î

ã»®§Fv¼� ¥]o§A ¾

ã»\¼� ,@k\vª§A

,@©ñØLe° ©ñUØj±ªM ³�oîE ¥]o§A ¾ ã»\½@° ,@¬±¦í�½ BªM ³UoLiE ©ñ§

,@±µ « ãºnjE ¿° ,@³�oîE@@¿ ¥]o§A ¾ã»\½@° ,@©ñ®î ¾B] BªM ²oLiF�

B«ã»� ©ñ§± ¥ijF� ,@Am ¬À� î ¾B]° ,@Am ¬À� î ¾B] :@¤±F�

/233 : 1ì ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw° (3)

/(3)@é®æE Am

ã»Ø¯ áB� ,@Am é®æáA :@ ã

»§ ¤B�� ,@ϧl ¼M

B¯o¼Ç� k®î B®´�� ¥¼æFT§ ¸±�i ¹«Bí§A ³�� »¦î �ØoíT§A ¬láA

ºnE° ,&A ¤±wn W½ke ±µ B®X½ke° ,@mnopq kتd« ã»L®§A ³�� ³Ø¯@E°

�nBíT¦§ ¬Ak¼« o¼i ¬nB�ª§A ³��§A ج Ñ¿ ,@B®w°nj é« B´v½nkU ¸n°o�

,¹¼«ÀÇwá¿A KµAmǪ§A k®Çî ¹½oÇñ�§A RB¼®TLÇǪ§A »¦ÇÇî � ØoíÇÇT§A°

« ¥Ø¦�¼wKµAmª§A ¼M㻧±æÑ¿A

ã»´��§A nA±d§A cT� جE ãºjB�TîBM°

ϧlã»�° ,@oi пA �o�§A ¹Ø§jE »¦î�o� Ø¥ �±½ @° ,@¨Ak~§A ¸ Øke

ì2

/@½oi пA nmí½ B«

¥µE ¾Bª¦î keE é«ã»§SYke ¹íA±M ³UEkM Bª

㻫À ©TiE°

î B®®¼M W½kd§A nAj°ã»¯nAp W¼e k´z« ¹®½k«

ã»� ¹îBª\§A° ¹Ø®v§A

,@SØTÇzT§A° � ØqªÇT§A Ç« ³Ç¼§ áA S¦Çæ° BÇ«° ,@¹¼«ÀÇw á¿A ¹Ø«ÔÑ¿A é�°

/@�wƪ§A㻧Bd§A B´í�°°

o�e »ØTe ,@oi пA »¦î ¹¼§°Ævª§A ¥ªd½ BØ®« keA° Ø¥ miE°

/@¸À~§A S°

,@¼Ø¦~Ǫ§A Ç« &A Ϧí] ©í¯ ¤B ,@㻦~¯ ¨±�¯ :@³§ S¦��

?@ã»UÀ~M

㻦~U ¨ÔA ÏUÀ~M

ã»Ø¦æÔA ¥µ ?@

ã»Ø¦~¯ �¼ ñ§°

¤±Çwn ¸ÀÇæ Ïí« WdL¯ ¬E㻯Bîj Amµ Ï«À :@³§ S¦��

,@&A ¤±wn î ¸À~§Aã»� �ÀTiA ÎB®µ ¥µ° ?@�¼ :@¤Bmnopq @&A

©T¯E° Hü{ &A ¤±wn î ¥�®¯ d¯ ,@ϧl �oíU S¯E° ,©í¯ :@S¦

?@ÏUÀæ㻧 c Ø�° :@¤B /@oiC Hü{ ³®î ¬±ñdU

,@mnopq @&A ¤±wn ¸À~M B®� Øoí½ [´®« »¦î ��ØT®§ H®ve :@S¦

,@K]A°° ¨p¿ ±Çµ BªM ¬B¼U á¿A ©ñ®¼M° B®®¼M ÎoTzª§A ©wB�§A ñ¼§°

î Hdz ½°B� ,@¼�o�§A k®î ¸À~¦§ ¥�L«° Ø¥h« ±µ B« ÎoU°

/@p±\½ @° qÄB]° ,@¥�� Ñ¿A

/@Îk®îB« Ø©¦µ° HLeo« :@¤B

,@©¼¦vT§A BµoiC° o¼LñT§A B´§ Ø°E ¸À~§A جE Hí¼ª] ©¦í¯ :@S¦��

/@©í¯ :@¤B

ì3

Amǵ :@¤B�� Çã»UÀæ ³§ n رæE ã

»ñ§ Ç Ø ãºk½ S¦wnE° RoØLñ�

/@B®UÀ~§ �§Bh« ³M S¼UE ¥í� ¤ Ø°E

,ºov¼§A »¦î×»®ª¼§A , Øãºk¼MèLE ¥µ ?@¥í�E AlB« ¬láA :@S¦��

¤B Bª ¸ Øov§A �±� °E ?@¹�¼®e ã»ME î ¾B] Bª ¸ Øov§A SdU B´¦í]E°

¨E ºoÇv¼§A »¦î×»®ª¼§A Øãºk¼M èLE ¬E K\½ ¥µ° ?@

ã»í�Bz§A B´M

keFM k�í§BM miÑ¿AØ»¦î ¨q¦½ ¨E ,@kªeE î ¾B] Bª ³¼¦î B´í�E

/@ϧB« î SLY Bª ¤Bwn á¿A »¦î B´¼�ME ¨E ?@kªeE 㻧±

¤±Çwn ¥íÇ� k½kdÇU ©ñ®ñª½ ¿° © k®î ¹¼�Ài ¹§Fvª§B�

S¼¦Çæ ±§ :@³§ S¦�Ç� ,@Sñv� ,@B´Un ر~ÇU ã»ÇT§A n±~§BM ,@mnopq @&A

¿ cLæF� ?@¹¦�BM B´Ø¯@E ¨E Ï´�� ¤±æE �L�ã»UÀæ Øc~U ¥µ ÓÀLv«

¤±Çwn B´¦íÇ� k�Ç� SÃÇ{ BÇ« ¥íÇ� áA :@¤B ¹Ã¼®µ kíM° ,@HMA±] o¼d½

/@mnopq @&A

¹MBdÇ~§A B´¦íÇ� kÇ° ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn ¹Ø®w B´Ø¯ áA ,@©í¯ :@S¦

/@ϧB« ¨B«á¿A B´M é�° ,@S¼L§A ¥µE°

Bª§ ,@èL�§A Ï®ñª½ ¬B ñ§ :@㻫À »¦î �Ø¦í¼§ ºoL¯A B®µ°

///@mnopq @&A ¤±wn î 㺰n

ϧFwE° ,@ñªÇ« o¼Ç�° ñªÇ« ±Çµ BªÇîã»®Çîj :@³§ S¦ÇÇ

ÏUÀÇæ ¥ÇM ,@¿ :@¤BÇ ?@¹¦�BÇM Îo�®ÇMã»UÀÇæ ¥Çµ Ç@k½kdT§BÇM@Ç

/@¹d¼dæ

Ïد Ñ¿ ;@¹¦�BÇM B®´�� �L� ÏUÀæ ñ§ ,@& kªd§A :@³§ S¦��

,@B¯o�®ÇM ¸À~Ǧ§ ¥�LÇ« ±Çµ° ,@¸ÀÇ~§A ¤Bí�E « u¼§ ÓÀí� ãºØjÆU

ìê

¿Î¾B´�� keE° ,ÏUB½A°n Kve¤Bwn á¿A ج Ñ¿ ,@H�B¼TeA ³ oUϼ¦í�

B®UB½A°n Kve³§ ¥�L«° ¸À~§BM Ø¥h« ±´�èL�§A BØ« ÔA ,@¸À~§A ¥�LÔ½

³¼¦î ��Tª§BM ¥ªí§A° αñzª§A ÎoU »§ áA αîk½ �B¼Te¿B� ,@B®´��°

Ç« ¼\îq®Ç« ¹MBdÇ~§A ºoÇU ²o¼�° Amµ ¥]Ñ¿° ,@© k®î° B¯k®î

¹¼îo{ ¨BñeÑ¿A « Go¼X ج Ñ¿ ,@¸À~§A ã»� S¦ijA

ã»T§A RB�½odT§A

:@¹½±L¯ B´Ø¯@E B´®î S¦¼ ¬áA° ,@¹¼¯B�¦w

¬FM ¬°o«Æǽ ¬BÇ tB®§A جFM ,@ ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ ã»� ¾B] k��

/@ê80@:@JBM ì97.ê80@:@2 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ (1)

/@(1)¸À~§A

ã»� ºov¼§A ³îAnl »¦î »®ª¼§A ²k½ ¥]o§A é�½

»¦î »®ª¼§A é�±M ¬°o«Æ½ A±¯B tB®§A جFM kØ Æ½ Ø}®§A Amµ°

/@G ØowØ¿áA A±Ø¦~½ ¿ ¬E ¹MBd~§AèíM Bîj ãºm§A ±µ° ,@ºov¼§A

ã»Ø¦~½ ¿ ¥]o§A ¥í] »ØTe B®¼¦TMA :@¤B ¬Bª¼§A M ¹�½me í�

/@11ì.2 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ ,@91.1 ©¦v« c¼dæ (2)

/@(2)G Øow

Ø¿áA

¨BñeÑ¿BM ¨BØñd§AKîÀU»¦î ¬±�wF½ A±¯B ¹MBd~§A ج áA ,@©í¯

,@¸ÀÇ~§A S¼ÇA±Ç« ¬°oؼ�ǽ A±¯BÇ ©´Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ,@¹Ø®v§A ©µo¼¼�T§ ¹¼îoz§A

B´ÇØ @E »¦Çî ©Ç´§ o« Ñ¿A ½n ر~« ,@¹L]A° o¼� n±«FM tBØ®§A ¬±«q¦½ @°

/@¹L]A°

ϧBÇ« ÇM u¯E »¦Çî S¦Çij :@¤BÇ ³ÇØ E ãºoµq§A î ¾B\�

B ت« Hü{�oîE ¿ :@¤B ?@ϼñL½ B« :@S¦ã»ñL½ ²ke° ±µ° ,@�z«kM

ìë

ãºnBhÇL§A c¼dÇæ ,@u¯E ¹ª]oU ºoLñ§A RB�L§A ,@2êê@:@2 ©¦í§A ¬B¼M é«B] (1)

/@ì32@:@ê ãºm«oT§A é«B] ,@1ê1@:@1

/@(1)Síؼ� Øk° ¸À~§A ²mµ Ø¿áA S njE

±MEØã»¦î ¥ij :@¤B ¾Ajnk§A Ø ÔA î ,@²k®vM ãºnBhL§A ZoiE°

¿ &A° :@¾Ajnk§A ±ME ¤B�� ?@ÏL��E B« :@S¦ ,@K��« ±µ° ¾Ajnk§A

/@109@:@2 ãºnBL§A cT� ,@1ìì@:@1 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ ,@2êê@:@ì kªeE k®v« (2)

/@(2)Hí¼ª] ¬±Ø¦~½ ©´Ø¯@E Ø¿áA Hü{ kتd« o«E « ©´¼� �oîE

¸À~§A ¬°oiƽ ¹ØªÄA ¬±ñTw B´Ø¯ áA :@j±ív« M &A kLî î°

/@¹¦�B®§Aã»®íU ¹dLv§A° êë9 Ç êëë@:@1 kªeE k®v« (3)

/@(3)¹dLw ©´í« ¸À~§A A±¦í]A° ©µ°o�T®U À� B´T¼A±« î

ÎAoz§A nk ²Co� Ø¥�§A »§ áA j±ív« M &AkLî o�¯ :@oiC ã»�°

ïo� B« &A±� :@¤B ,@¬ пA Zoh½ ©ñ¼L¯ ¹Ø®w ©ñLeBæK~½ ¬áA :@¤B��

/@êë9@:@1 kªeE k®v« (ê)

/@(ê)¸À~§A ¤±�½ owB½ M nB تî Zoi »ØTe ³«À « &A kLî

Ç« ¼¦Ç]n جE ±§ :@¤BÇ ³Ø¯ áA |Bí§A M °oªî &A kLî î°

tBØ®§A B¼U Ñ¿ ¹½j° Ñ¿A ²mµèíMã»� ©´�eB~ªM A±¦i ¹Ø«

ÔÑ¿A ²mµ ¥ÄA°E

/@1êê@:@1ã»L®§A ¸o¼w

ã»� c¼d~§A

ã»� Bª� ìì@:@�ÄB�o§A° kµq§A (ë)

/@(ë)³¼¦î B¯B Bª« Hü{ ¬B�oí½ ¿° ¨±¼§A

³Ø¯E ³¼ME î ϧB« MA ¥´wã»ME ³Øªî î ϧB« ¨B«á¿A º°n°

/@2êê@:@2 ©¦í§A ¬B¼M é«B] ,@93@:@1 (//////o½±®U é« �±Lª§A) F�ƪ§A (ì)

/@(ì)¸À~§A

ã»� ¾Ak®§A ¿áA tBØ®§A ã

»� ÎnjE B ت« Hü{ �oîE B« :@¤B

ìì

¤±wn ³M ¾B] Bت« ¾ ã»{ »¦î ©µB« &A° ¿ :@¤B �jB~§A î°

/@91@ :@ìì nA±¯ Ñ¿A nBdM (1)

/@(1)��� ¹Líñ§A ¤BL�TwA Ø¿áAmnopq &A

B®Ø¼¦æ Bت§ &A kLî M �o�ª§ ³§± ¼~e M ¬Aoªî î°

㻯oÇ @l kÇ�§° ,@k تdÇ« ¸Àæ »¦æ k�§ :@K§B�

ã»ME M

㻦î �¦i

¤B تÇÇí§A q®ÇÇ� ,@ê1ë ,@ê00 ,@êêê ,@êê1 ,@ê29 ,@ê28@:@ê kªÇÇeE k®ÇÇv« (2)

/@ì8@:@2 ºoLñ§A ®w ,@1ê3@:@8

/@(2)kتd« ¸Àæ

B´¼¦~¯ BØ® ¸Àæ 㻦î B¯o Ø @l :@¤B ãºoí{ Ñ¿A »w±« ã

»ME î°

é�n Bª¦Ø °è�i BªØ¦ oØLñ½ ,@Gkªî BµB® oU BØ«A° BµB®¼v¯ BØ«@ áA ã»LØ®§A é«

/@k\w BªØ¦ °

oØ mÇU ¬BÇ«q§A ϧlã»Ç� K§B�

ã»ME M

ã»¦î ¸Àæ S¯B Al áB�

¬BÇ«q§A ¤BÇ� kÇ° ¬Ð¿A B®§BÇM BªÇ� mnopq @&A ¤±Çwn ¸À~M ¹MBd~§A

¨B«á¿A ¸À~M ã»Ø¦~½ « ºEn ª� ,@¹ Ø�z§A RkíM° ©§Bíª§A Roؼ�U°

B´Ø¯@FM ãºoí{ Ñ¿A »w±« ±ME° ¼~e M ¬Aoªî B´M ØoE ã»T§Acdefg @

㻦î

ã»T§A|±~®§A ²mµ B®¼�ñU ©§E° ?@ Øo�½ AlBªM° ¤±�½ Bª� ,@k تd« ¸Àæ

³wEoM �o�F� ,@¸À~§Aã»� BªØ¼w ¹í½oz§A ã

»� é° H�½odU جE BµB¯o @l

/@B®¼´T¯A W¼e «W½kd§A ¥æA±®¦� ,@ϼ¦î ¿ :@S¦�� ,@GoØñ�T«

?@¹¦ªvL§A ²mµ B« :@¤B ©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM :@BµkíM S¦�°

BÇ«° :@¤BÇ ?@¬±ñ½ AlB« ,@¹¦ªvL§BM EkMF� ¸n±v§A EoE ¬E k½nE :@S¦

ì7

¹MBdÇ~§A èíÇM ¥íÇ� Bª ,@¹¦ªvL§A ¬°kM ¸n±v§A REo ±§ ¬±ñ½

/@¤±wo§A î ¤±�®ª§A°

© k®î° B¯k®î ñ½ ©§E :@ Ó¿AÆwϼ¦î bo�Eã»Ø¯ áA ¥M ,@¿ :@S¦

« ¾q] ¹¦ªvL§A B¯k®í� :@S¦ ,@©í¯ :@¤B ?@¹¦«B ¸n±vM ¬B¼U á¿A ¨°q§

,@¹½q\« o¼� ãºE ,@¹¦«B o¼� ¸n±v§A ¬±ñU B´M ã»UB¯ ©§ ¬áA@° ,@¸n±v§A

oªÇî° oÇñM ±ÇME° Bµ±ÇUF½ ©§ ¹MBd~§A èíM° ,@�¼ ° ,@ Ò©§° :@¤B��

¬BÇ cdefg @H¼¦Çî جE :@ ãºpAoǦ§ o¼Lñ§A o¼v�T§A ã»� ¾B] :@S¦ BµB¼�iE

/@1ì8@:@1 ãºpAo¦§ o¼Lñ§A o¼v�U (1)

/@(1)RA±¦~§A 鼪]

ã»� ©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vLM o´\§A ³Lµm«

kØ Æ½ ±µ° ,B´M ¬±UF½ A±¯B ¹MBd~§A « oiCèíMã»®í½ Amµ°

¹Ç½A°o§A ²mǵ »¦Çî ãºpAo§A �ئÇî k° ,@¹MBd~§A k®î ¼\´¯ j±]°

¤°qÇU ¿ ,@㻦�î

ã»� ¹hwAn ,@

ã»v�¯

ã»� ¹Ø½± ¹ Ø\d§A ²mµ جáA :@³§±�M

/@1ì8@:@1 ãºpAo¦§ o¼Lñ§A o¼v�U (2)

/@¹¦ªvL§BM o´\¦§ ¼�§Bhª§A ãºE(2)¼�§Bhª§A RBª¦ KLvLM ³TL§A

¹®½kǪ§A ¨kÇ ¹½°BíÇ« جE ²jB®wáBÇM :@¨ Ô¿A ã»�

ã»í�Bz§A º°n°

k®Çî oØLÇñ½ ©§° ,@©¼Çeo§A ªÇeo§A &A ©ÇvM Eo�ǽ ©§° ©´ÇM »Ø¦~�

nB~¯ Ñ¿A° ¬°o]B´ª§A ²AjB¯ ©Ø¦w B ت¦� ,@j±\v§A° �± o§A »§ áAè�h§A

ǽE° ,@©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM ½E ,@¸À~§A « Sow ¹½°Bí« B½

/@108@:@1 ¨ Ô¿A (3)

/@(3)ºoiÔA ¸Àæ ©´M »Ø¦~� ?@j±\v§A° �± o§A k®î o¼LñT§A

ì8

¬BÇ ¹½°BíÇ« ج áA :@ÓÀÄBÇ �¼¦íT§BÇM ²A°n BÇ« ã»í�Bz§A �jnE Ø©Y

¬BÇ ¹Ø¼ªvT§BM o´\§A جE ¿ ±¦� ,@¹ ±z§A k½k{ ,@¸ ر�§A ©¼�î ¬B�¦w

Bª§ Ø¿áA@° ½o]B´ª§A° nB~¯ Ñ¿A « ¹MBd~§A Ø¥ k®î n Øo�Tª§A o«Ñ¿B @

/@¹¼ªvT§A ÎoU KLvM ³¼¦î nBñ¯ á¿A nB´� áA »¦î A°nk

¾B] ¹½°Bí« Ø¬E :@BµjB�« ¨ Ô¿A ã»� ºoi ÔA ¹½A°n

ã»í�Bz§A jow Ø©Y

¬áA ,@¹¼¯BÇX§A ¸n±Çv§A ã»Ç� B´ÇM RF½ ©§° JBTÇñ§A ¹dUB�

ã»� ¹¼ªvT§BM

/@¸À~§A ¸jBîáA »§ áA Øo��A »ØTe ³¼¦î A±�oTîA ¹MBd~§A

B ت¦Ç� ,@¹¼ªvT§BÇM o´Ç\§A ã»Ç� �§BLǽ ¬B H¼¦î ج áA :@ ãºpAo§A ¤B

ã»Ç� H¼íÇw ,@o´Ç\§A « 鮪§A

ã»� A±�§BM ¹¼«ÔA

ã»®M »§ áA ¹§°k§A S¦æ°

/@¥«FTM ãºpAo§A ¤B� B« »§ áA &A Ϫen o�¯ ÔA /@1ì9@:@1 ãºpAo§A o¼Lñ§A o¼v�U (1)

/@(1)cdefg @

㻦î nBYC ¤B�MáA

mnopq @&A ¤±Çwn ¬B :@¹ª¦w Ø ÔA î ¬Co�§A ¨BñeE ã»� 㺰n°

/@1ì@ :@1 ¬Co�§A ¨BñeE (2)

/@(2)©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM Eo�¼� B´T¼M

�

㻦~½

&A ©vLÇM ¬B¼U á¿A ¨kí§ ¬BªXî »¦î tBØLî MA ¸ Øo« çoTîA°

¸ÀÇ~§A ¬±�Uo½ ¿ A±¯B ¼¼L§B�§A جFM kØ Æ½ ±µ° ,©¼eo§A ªeo§A

/@¹¦ªvL§A ¬°kM

¹¦ªvL§BÇM ¬B¼U á¿A J±]±M b Øo~U ã»T§A RB½A°o§A « Bµo¼�°

/@B´M o´\§A°

&A ©vLM ¬B¼UáÀ§ ¹L]±«RB½A°o§A ²mµ ñU ©§E ,@&BM ϧFwF�

ì9

,@³¼¦î B®��UA Bª§ H�L� ϧBwE° j±îE Ø©Y ?@¸À~§A ã»� ©¼eo§A ªeo§A

¨E ¸À~Ǧ§ ¹¦�L« ©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM é« ¸n±v§A ¸¾Ao جE ¥µ

?@¿

¾ã»{ ¿ B´M »UE « B¯k®î Am ° ,@B´§ ©ñ¯B¼U áA ã

»� ¤Bñ{áA ¿ :@¤B

/@ϧl »¦îã»®T��A° k�� ,@& kªd§A :@S¦�� ,@³¼¦î

S�jnE° ,@(@¼§BÇ�§A° @) »§A ¹dUBÇ�§A ¸¾Eo� ã»� S¦woTwA Ø©Y

è�T¯B� ,@ºoi ÔA ¸o¼�æ ¸n±w ¸¾Ao�§ ©¼eo§A ªeo§A &A ©vM BµkíM

?@¼«C SdLæE ½E :@¤B° H�oTí«

B¯o«E Bªî kÄAp ãºE ,@ ã»�B�áA ¨À B´Ø¯ Ñ¿ ;@B´M ßRF¯ ©§ d¯ :@S¦

/@B¯k®î ¸À~¦§ ÓÀ�L« ¬±ñ¼� ,@³M ³§±wn° &A

/©µo¼�° ¹MBd~§A B´M »UE k :@¤B��

© k®î B´M ¬B¼U á¿A ¨kî 㻧 ¥° ³¼¦î B®��UA Bªî Zoh¯ ¿ :@S¦

,@¿ :@¤BÇ ?@¿ ¨E Gjo�®« »Ø¦æ Al áA Hæ±~i° ,@© k®î ¸À~¦§ ¥�L«

B´M ¬B¼U á¿A ¨kî BØ«@E ,@B¯k®î ¸À~¦§ B´¯À�L§ B´M ßRF¯ ©§ d®� :@S¦

�±±§A « H¼{BdU° H�B¼TeA B´ oU « é¯Bª§A Bª� ,@¥�L« o¼� © k®î

/@¹îkL§Aã»�

/@ϧl « é¯B« ¿ :@¤B

:@²k¼ÇM nBÇ{F� ,@BµkíÇM ¸o¼�~§A ¸n±v§A ¤Bª�@áA ã»� Rnkd¯A°

/@¸¾Ao�§A Sí��� ,@é�A

¹½C Ao�U ¬E kªd§A kíM Ͻq\½° ¹¦«B ¸n±w Eo�U AlBª§ :@¤B��

70

,@¹¦«BÇ ¸n±w Ø¿áA kªd§A kíM ãºq\½ ¿ B¯k®î d¯ :@S¦ ,@¼T½C °E

/@nB�~§A n±v§A B®UÀæã»� Eo�¯ d¯°

/@¹MBd~§A B´¦í� k° ¼T½ пA° ¹½ пA ϼ�ñ½ :@ã»®MB]F�

¸n±ÇvM ¬B¼U á¿A ¥µ :@ 㻧 ¥° ,@Amµ î

ã»®îj

ã»iE B½ :@S¦��

?@¿ ¨E ¸À~¦§ ¥�L« kªd§A kíM ¹¦«B @

/@B´Mã»UBU ¿ ¬áA ϧ p±\½ :@¤B

㻧 ¥Ç° ,@Amǵ Çî

ã»®Çîj ¤±E°

㻫À ϼ¦î k¼îÔA :@S¦

?@¿ ¨A Îo�®M ¹d¼dæã»UÀæ

/@B®LµAm« Kve ¹d¼dæÏUÀæ ©í¯ :@¤B

,@kªd§A kíM ¹¦«B ¸n±vMã»UFU ¬E p±\½ À� B¯k®î BØ«E :@S¦��

¹Ç½ пA ¤kÇM nB�Ç~§A n±v§A « ¹¦«B ¸n±vMã»UBU ¬E « é¯Bª§A Bª�

�B¼TÇe¿A »§ áA JoÇ Ñ¿A ±µ ¹¦«B ¸n±vM ¬B¼U á¿A ñ½ ©§E ?@¼T½ пA°

¸n±vM ¬B¼U á¿A K]±U S¼L§A ¥µE ¹wnk« ج Ñ¿ ,@¹í½oz§A »§ áA ��°Ñ¿A°

¹¦«B ¸n±vM ¸À~§A ¬À�LM ¬±§±�U À� ©T¯E BØ«E ,@kªd§A kíM ¹¦«B @

,@¥ªÇ @E SkÇæ :@¤B ?B´U¾Ao �B¼Te¿A « ñ½ ©§E ,@kªd§A kíM

Çî oªíÇ« Çî ³�Ø®~Ç« ã»� �Apo§AkLî ²A°n B«

㻫À kؽƽ :@S¦

ã»Ç� Ao�ǽ Ç H¼¦Çî

ã»®íǽ Ç ¬B ¤B é�An

ã»ME M &AkLî î ãºoµq§A

/@½oi пAã»� Eo�½ ¿° ¸n±w° ¬Ao�§A ¨FM o~í§A° o´�§A « ¼§°Ñ¿A

o´�§A « ¼§°Ñ¿Aã»� Eo�½ &AkLî M oMB] ¬B ° :@ ãºoµq§A ¤B

:@ ãºoµq§A ¤B ,@¬Ao�§A Ø FM ½o¼i Ñ¿A ã»�° ,@¸n±w° ¬Ao�§A ¨FM o~í§A°

71

¸nBÇ{A (©´«BÇ«FM ¬°kT�ǽ ¨±Ç�§A°) ãºoµq§A ¤±�° 100@:@2 Apo§AkLî �®~« (1)

u¼§ ©´´�Ç� ¬A° K§BÇ�ã»ÇME ÇM

㻦íÇM ¬°kT�½ © دE° ,@²k´î ã

»� ¹í¼z§A »§ áA

/@³®îã»L®]BM

/@(1)©´«B«áBM ¬°kT�½ ¨±�§A°

ãºm§A �±Ç o§A »§ áA Kµmǯ ¸¾AoÇ�§A ¥ªñ¯ ¬E kíM d¯ :@S¦

/@»§BíU & o @l ³¼� ¤±�¯

/@ϧm d¯° :@¤B��

©¼�Çí§A ã»ÇMn ¬BdLÇw) ³¼Ç� B¯k®Çî oÇ @l ¥�Ç�E° :@S¦�ÇÇ�

/@(²kªdM°/@ϧl

Ø»¦îçoTí½ ©§° ,@o m§A ©í¯° :@¤B��

»§áA 㺱ǵE Ø©ÇY K~T¯A° �± o§A «ã»wEn é�nE ¬¿A :@S¦��

/@j±\v§A

/@ºoLñ§A ¹Ø«B�§A »§ áA B®¦æ° k ³Ã¼®µ :@¤B��

»§áA S½±Çµ Al áA :@¤BÇ ?@ 㻵BÇ«° ,@

ã»®ªen° &A Ϫen :@S¦

/@AlB« »¦î k\vU j±\v§A

㻧 S¦íÇ] :@³§±�M ³T¼M ¥µE°

ã»L®§A

ã»®ª¦î Bª k\wE :@S¦

/@328@:@W½ke BMAoU ¿° ¾B« k\½ ¿ ©§ « JBM 128@:@1 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ (2)

³®Ç« SL®Ç½ B«°çnÑ¿A »¦î k\wE ãºE(2)An±´�° Gk\v«çnÑ¿A

»¦Çî ¬°k\ÇvU ©TǯE :@¤B�� Hw±L¦« ¿° Ó¿± @F« ¬±ñ½ ¿ ¬E �ozM

,@ ÒS¦ÇØ«FU ±§ ϧmM S~d� B¯E :@S¦�� ,@¹MoU B´¯± تvU Bª °E o\e

ϧlã»� o\e M ¥ÄA° î ²k®v«

ã»� kªeE Bµo @l ¹½A°n ϧ ¥�¯E°

72

/@çn Ñ¿A »¦î ³�¯E° ³T´L] é�° k\w AláAmnopq @

ã»L®§A S½En :@¤B

»¦Çî k\Çv½ ¬BÇ ã»LÇ®§A جFM kØ ÆÇU ºoÇiE RB½A°n ÎB®µ°

/@301.193@:@1 nBY¿A K½m´U (1)

/@(1)²oªh§A° »~d§A

k\wmnopq @

ã»L®§A ج áA tBØLî M î ³®®w ã

»�ã»�´¼L§A º°n k°

/@102@:@2ã»�´¼L§A ®w (2)

/@(2)o\d§A »¦î

mnopq @&A ¤±wn S½En B« :@S§B ¹zÄBî ¬A ¤B تí§A q® ã»� jn°°

/@212@:@ê ¤B تí§A q®� (3)

/@(3)¾ã»zM ³´]° H¼�T«

:@Ç ³�íÇM Amǵ Ç W½kÇeã»Ç� ¤B ³Ø¯ áA ¾Ajnk§A ã

»ME î ¾B]°

À� /@»§BíU &A « ¸jBLí§A �¦L« ³Ø¯ áB� JAoT§Aã»�

ã»ØMo§ ã

»´]° o¼�íU°

© kÇeÑ¿ ØkÇM À� ;@³¼¦î j±\v§A صoñ½ ¿° ,@JAoT§A © keE Ú¼�T½

³TLÇn ÎBñ� ϧmM K¦�½ BªØ¯ áA ³Ø¯ áB� ,@¹�§BLª§A © keE ã»�T½ ¿° /@³®«

/@331@:@1 ¹¦MB®d§A RB�L� (ê)

/@(ê)nB®§A « B´æÀi°

¤±�½èíL§A :@HªvTL« ¾B¼dTwA :@»¦îã»Ø®v§A ©§Bí§A ϧl ¤B��

©ñLTÇ Ç« RBǽA°n ¸ ØkíM ÏTL]E k S¦�� ,@©®~§ ¬°k\vU ©T¯E

�¼ ° ,@&A o¼�§ k\v¯ ¬E « &A lBí«° ,@¨Àñ§A Am´M㻧 ¤±�US¯E°

,²kªdM°»¦îÑ¿Aã»ØMn ¬BdLw :@B¯j±\w ã

»� ¤±�¯ d¯° ©®~§ k\v¯

j±\v§Aã»� B®T®v§A »¦î ãºo\½ ãºm§A u½k�T§A° k¼ªdT§A Amµ ª¦�

73

¹¦¼¦§A° ¨±¼§Aã»� fo~¯ d¯° ϧl ¬±ñ½ �¼ ° !?@¨B®æÀ§ ¨E &E

/@&A Ø¿A ³§ áA ¿ ¬E° &A Ø¿áA ³§ áA ¿ ¬E k´{BM ¹«B á¿A° ¬Al Ñ¿BM

»¦Çî k\v¯ B¯AoU° ©´T§A ²mµ »¦î ©ñv�¯E ©ñTî°B� �¼ @

¼M q½qí§Aã»iE � Øo�U ©§E ,@mnopq &A ¤±wn o« Ñ¿ Ó¿BXT«A ¸oµB�§A ¹MoT§A

²mǵ »¦Çî k\v¯ d®� ,@?¾ã»z§A »¦î j±\v§A° ¾

ã»z¦§ j±\v§A

« ¸l±iB« B´Ø¯@ Ñ¿ ,@B´«oTd¯ BØ® ¬áA° ³MoT§A ²m´§ k\v¯ B¯E ¿ ,@& ¹MoT§A

/@¼vd§A ¾Ak´z§A k¼w ¹MoU

ϼ¦Çî K½oXÇU ¿ :@S¦ ,@ÏTepB«ã»iE B½ ϼ¦î ¬ رµ :@¤B

Amµ »¦î ãºj±\w :@¤±E° ,@³¼¦î B®��UA Bª§ j±í¯ ñ§° ,&A Ϫen

¥µ ,@Gn±v¼« ¬B AlAçnE »¦î °E ,@tB�o�§A °E Kzh§A °E JAoT§A

?@¥�L« o¼� ¨A ¥�L« ?@¿ ¨E Øc~½

c¼dæã»� B¯k®î ¾B] ³Ø¯ Ñ¿ ,@¸À~§A Øc~U° ,@¥�L« o¼� ¿ :@¤B

»¦Çî ¾Bª§A° ¼�§A oYE S½En »ØTemnopq @

ã»L®§A B®M »Ø¦~� ///@ ãºnBhL§A

/@11ì7 b 82ì@:@2 ©¦v« ³]oiE° ,@780.280@:@1 ãºnBhL§A c¼dæ (1)

/@(1)³TL¯nE°mnopq @¤±wn ¹´L]

¸ÀÇ~§A SªÇU ¬Ð¿A S¦�� ,@ÏMBYE° :@¤B�� ,@&A ÏMBYE :@S¦��

¸Àæ㻦~¯ ¬láA :@¤B° ,@Ïd�� ,@¹¼¦ªî ¸Àæ B´¦í\¯ ©�� ¹½o�®§A

¹d¼dæ ¸À~§A ϦU S¯B ¬áA ϧl « ©ñí®ª½ B«° :@S¦ ,@¹¼í¼{

A±§±�U ¿° B®¼¦î A±¦ªdU À� B®UÀ~M㻦~U ¿ ¬E RjnE ¬áA° ,@Îo�®M

/@©¦î « ³M ©ñ§ u¼§ BªM

»¦î �ØoíT§A° ã»�Àh§A

ã»´��§A WdL§A جE S�oî k�� ³¼¦î°

oñ�§A ¨khU ½oiÐÀ§ ¹¼§±æÑ¿A° ¹¼§B]o§A㻯BLª§A° ¹½oñ�§A uwÑ¿A

¾±�° »¦î �ØoíT§A ã»®®ñ«E V±dM Amñµ ¤Ài «

ã»Ø¯ áA° ,@¸k¼�í§A°

Ø[Çe »¦î � ØoíUE ¬E ã»®®ñª½ Am ° ,@&A ¤±wn ¸Àæ° ,@&A ¤±wn

¹¯nB�Ç« RBÇwAnj㻧° ,B´§BXÇ«E° K]A° uªÇh§A ¥µ° ,@&A ¤±wn

,@S±§A �¼�§ ¹¦¼¦§A ²mµ Bµo @l « »{BdUE ¤B\ª§A Amµã»� ºoiE

/@³UB oM° &A ¹ªen° ©ñ¼¦î ¨Àv§A° ,¹§B�á¿A « Gnmî ©ñd¼ªTwB�

njB~ª§A

㻯BíǪ§A° ¨BñeÑ¿A « B´M �¦íT½ B«° ¹¦ªvL§A ¨BñeA Ç 1

¼Çvd§A ÇM oªÇî ÇM kªdÇ« ,@ ãºpAo§Aoh�Ǧ§ :@¾Bª¦í§A ÀTiA°

¹LTÇñ« ,@©¼ÇµAoÇM áA k¼Çv§A ãºk\Ç« :@�¼�dÇU ,@(ì0ì R)㻯BTwoL�§A

/@¸oµB�§A ,@¬Ao�§A

ã»ME ,@ ãºpAo§A ã

»¦î M kªeE ,@|B~\¦§ :@¬Co�§A ¨BñeE Ç 2

/@R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@(370R) oñM

,@k¼�ª§A g¼z¦§ :@jBLí§A»¦î &A [\e¹�oí«ã»� jB{n¿A Ç 3

,@(ê13 R)&AkLÇîã»ÇME ,@ ãºjAk�ÇL§A ¬BªíÇ®§A M kªd« M kªd«

/@µ 1ê13 ,@1 � ,@VAoT§A ¾B¼eá¿ S¼L§A ¤C ¹vwÆ« :@�¼�dU

M kªd« ,@㻯Bí®~¦§ :@jB´T]¿Ao¼v¼U »§ áA jB�®§A jB{nA Ç ê

SíL� ,@¨ 1990 jAk�M ,@ã»Moí§A VAoT§A ¹LTñ« ,@(1182R)¥¼îBªwáA

/@(¥ÄBwn VÀY) ¬A±®î SdU ¼T½oiE ¼T§Bwn é«

,@ã»w±�§A g¼z¦§ :@nBLi¿A « ¦TiA Bª¼� nB~LTw¿A Ç ë

Çve kؼÇv§A :@�¼�dÇU ,@(êì0 R) o�í]ã»ME ,@vd§A M kªd«

/@1390 ,@¹¼«Àwá¿A KTñ§A nAj ,@¬Bwoh§A 㺱w±ª§A

,@ ãºoª®Ç¦§ :@nB~Ç«¿A ¥µE KµAmª§ é«B\§A nB�mTw¿A Ç ì

:@�¼�dU ,@(êì3R) oªî ±MEã»L�o�§A oL§AkLî M &AkLî M �w±½

R°o¼M ,@¹¼ª¦í§A KTñ§A nAj ,@ç±í«ã»¦î kªd« ,@B�î kªd« ©§Bw

/@2000

¨BÇ« á¿A ,@kªdÇ« M ©wB�¦§ :@¼Tª§A &A ¥LdM ¨B~Tî¿A Ç 7

,@¬jn Ñ¿A Ç ¬BªÇî ,@¹¼ñ¦Çª§A ¹¼íªÇ\§A éMB�Ç« ,@(1029 R) ãºk½q§A

/@1ê03

(20êR)&AkLîã»ME ,@u½nj áA M kªd« ,@ ã

»í�Bz¦§ :@¨¿A Ç 8

/@1973 Ç 1393 ,@R°o¼M ,@¹�oíª§A nAj ,@2 �

/@nk¼e kwA lBTw¿A :@¹íMn¿A KµAmª§A° jB~§A ¨B«á¿A Ç 9

/@µ 1ê27 © 1 � ,@¹µB��§A oz¯ :@oz¯° �¼�dU

ÇM &AkLÇî ,@ ãºn±®Ç½k§A ¹L¼T M¿ :@¹wB¼v§A° ¹«B«á¿A Ç 10

ã»L¦Çd§A ¹vwÆÇ« ,@

㻮ǽq§A kªdÇ« ³Ç� :@�¼�dU ,@(27ì R) ,@©¦v«

/@²ÅB o{°

¹®Çv§A ¥µE jB�TîA ¤±æA bo{ = ¹®v§A ¥µE jB�TîA Ç 11

¹Lµ ,@ã»ÄBñ§À§A :@¹MBd~§A �Bª]A° ¹®v§A° JBTñ§A « ¹îBª\§A°

n±T k§A :@�¼�dU ,@(ê18 R) ©wB�§A ±ME ,@n±~®« M vd§A M &A

/@1ê02çB½o§A ,@¹L¼� nAj ,@¬Akªe kíw kªeE

k¼íwã»ME ,@kªd« M ©½oñ§AkLî ,@

㻯Bíªv¦§ :@JBv¯¿A Ç 12

RB«kÇh§A q oÇ«) ãºj°nBÇL§A &AkLÇî :@�¼¦íÇU° ©½k�ÇU /@(ëì2 R)

77

/@1988 Ç 1ê08 ,@R°o¼M ,@¬B®\§A nAj ,@1 � ,@(¹¼�B�X§A VBdM¿A°

:@(㻦Çen Ç u«BÇh§A k¦\Ǫ§A) AoÇ{¿A JBÇÇv¯A Ç 13

¹LTÇñ« ,@(279 R) ãºjAk�ÇL§A oMB] M »¼d½ M kªeE ,@ ãºnlÀL¦§

/@(¹�MBw ¹íL� î S¼v�°A) jAk�M ,@»®Xª§A

:@nB´Ç�¿A ¹ªÇÄ Ñ¿A nBLÇiA nnk§ ¹í«B\§A nA±¯¿A nBdM Ç 1ê

R°o¼M ,@¾B�±§A ¹vwÆ« ,@(1111 R) oBM kªd« g¼z§A ,@ã»v¦\ª¦§

/@1983 Ç 1ê03

,@ã»�z«k§A o¼X M¿ /@o¼X� MA g½nBU = ¹½B´®§A°¹½AkL§A Ç 1ë

/@(77ê R) ¾Ak�§Aã»ME

oñM ±ME ,@㻯BwBñ¦§ :@éÄAoz§A K¼UoU

ã»� éÄB®~§A éÄAkM Ç 1ì

Ç 1ê02 R°o¼ÇM ,@ã»MoÇí§A JBTÇñ§A nAj ,@2 � (ë87 R) j±ív« M

/@1982

kªd« ,@ã»L�o�§A k{n M¿ :@ºoLñ§A RB]nk§A ¹½AkM Ç 17

R°o¼ÇM ,@ã»Moí§A JBTñ§A nAj ,@2 � (ë9ë R) k¼§±§A ±ME ,@kªeE M

/@1983 Ç 1ê02

vd§A M kªd« ,@nB�~¦§ :@ºoLñ§A RB]nk§A oÄB~M Ç 18

Apo¼Ç« ZBd§A :@�¼¦íU° ©½k�U ,@2 � (290 R) o�í] ±ME ,@f°o� M

/@µ 1ê0ê ¬Ao´� ,@㻪¦î¿A RAn±z®« ,@

ã»�BM ³]± vd«

ÇM תÇeo§AkLÇî /@¬°k¦i M¿ :@¬°k¦i MA g½nBU Ç 19

/@¨198ê R°o¼M ,@©¦�§A nAj ,@ë � (808R)㻫o�d§A kªd«

78

,@ ãºjAk�ÇL§A K¼�hǦ§ :@¨Àv§A ¹®½k« °E jAk�M g½nBU Ç 20

¹®½kǪ§A . ¹¼�¦Çv§A ¹LTÇñª§A ,@(êì3 R) oÇñM ±ME ,@㻦î M kªeE

/¸n±®ª§A

㻦î ,@o @Bvî M¿ :@o�@Bvî MA g½nBU = �z«j g½nBU Ç 21

/@(ë71 R)©wB�§Aã»ME ,@

ã»í�Bz§A &A ¹Lµ M ¼vd§A M

,@ ãºoL�Ǧ§ :@α¦Çª§A° ©Ç«¿A g½nBU = ãºoL�§A g½nBU Ç 22

¥��§A ±ME kªd« :@�¼�dU ,@(310 R) o�í]ã»ME ,@o½o] M kªd«

/@R°o¼M ,@VAoT§A nAj ,@©¼µAoM áA

,@ ãºn±� nBLª¦§ :@ ãºm«oT§A é«B]bo{ ãºl±e¿A ¹�dU Ç 23

KTñ§A nAj ,@1 � ,@(13ë3R)©¼eo§AkLî M תeo§AkLî M kªd«

/@¨ 1990 Ç µ 1ê10 R°o¼M ,@¹¼ª¦í§A

¨ÀÇîA ¹�oíǪ§ ϧBÇvª§A K½o�U° ÎnAkª§A K¼UoU Ç 2ê

,@(ëêê R)ã»®¼z§A çB¼î M »w±« ,@çB¼î M¿ :@ϧB« Kµm«

/@¨ 19ì7 R°o¼M

é«B\§Aã»� ãºnBhL§A ³§ Zoiª§ c½o\T§A° ¥½kíT§A Ç 2ë

R) kǼ§±§A ±ÇME ,@kíÇw ÇM �¦i M ¬Bª¼¦w ,@ã»]BL¦§ :@c¼d~§A

çB½o§A ,@oz®¦§ ¾A±¦§A ,@1 � ,@¼ve ¹MBL§ ±ME n±T k§A :@�¼�dU ,@(ê93

/@¨ 198ì Ç µ 1ê0ì

oªî M kªd« :@ ãºpAo§Aoh�§A o¼v�U = o¼Lñ§A o¼v�T§A Ç 2ì

/@3 � (ì0ìR)&AkLîã»ME ,@¼vd§A M vd§A M

79

ÇM㻦Çî M kªeE ,@ ãºjAk�L§A K¼�h¦§ :@©¦í§A k¼¼�U Ç 27

¹®v§A ¾B¼eA nAj ,@yí§A �w±½ :@�¼�dU ,@(êì3 R) oñM ±ME ,@SMBY

/@¨197ê

:@&A ¤±Çwn Çî SMBÇX§A ¥¼~�ÇU° nBÇY пA K½m´ÇU Ç 28

j±ªdÇ« :@�¼�dÇU ,@(310 R) k½qǽ M o½o] M kªd« ,@ ãºoL�¦§

/@¸oµB�§A ,@㻯kª§A ¹íL�« ,@o @B{ kªd«

ÇM kªdÇ« ,@ã»w±�Ǧ§ :@¨Bñe¿AK½m´U = K½m´T§A Ç 29

� ,@ 㺱w±ª§A ve k¼v§A :@�¼�dU ,@(êì0 R) o�í]ã»ME ,@vd§A

/@µ 1390 ¬Ao´� ¹¼«Àwá¿A KTñ§A nAj ,@3

ZB\Çd§Aã»ÇME ½k§A ¤Bª] ,@ ãºqª¦§ :@¤Bªñ§A K½m´U Ç 30

¹vwÆÇ« ,@1 � ,@�°oíÇ« jA±Çî nBÇzM :@�¼�dU ,@(72ê R)�w±½

/@¨ 1992 Ç µ 1ê13 R°o¼M ,@¹§Bwo§A

ãºoÇÄAqÇ\§A oµBÇ�§ :@oÇY¿A ¤±ÇæA »§ áA o�Ç®§A ³¼]±U Ç 31

¹LTÇñ« ,@1 � ,@¸kÇ� ±ÇME bBT�§AkLî :@�¼�dU ,@(1338 R)ã»�z«k§A

/@¨ 199ë Ç µ 1ê1ì K¦e ,@¹¼«Àwá¿A RBî±L�ª§A

oL§A M &AkLî M �w±½ ,@ ãºo¼ª®¦§ :@©¦í§A ¬B¼M é«B] Ç 32

/@R°o¼M ,@¹¼ª¦í§A KTñ§A nAj ,@(êì3R) oªî ±ME ,@ã»L�o�§A

kªÇeE ÇM kªd« ,@ã»L�o�¦§ :@¬Co�§A ¨Bñe¿é«B\§A Ç 33

©¼¦Çí§AkLÇî kªÇeE :@³ddÇæ ,@(ì71 R) &AkLÇîã»ÇME ,@ ãºnB~¯¿A

,@ã»MoÇí§A VAoÇT§A ¾B¼ÇeA nAj :@S¼v�°¿BÇM ³TîBLÇ� RjBîA ,@

㻯°oL§A

80

/@R°o¼M

:@�¼�dÇU ,@(1ë1 R) ãºjp¿A k{An M oªíª§ :@é«B\§A Ç 3ê

/@1ê03 R°o¼M ,@㻫Àwá¿A KTñª§A ,@2 � ,@

㻪�î¿A K¼Le

,@oªî M ¥¼îBªwáA ,@o¼X M¿ :@®v§A° k¼¯Bvª§Aé«B]Ç 3ë

:@³¼¦Çî �¦Çî° ,@³X½jBÇeA Zoi° ³§±æA �Y° ,@(77ê R) ¾Ak�§Aã»ME

Ç µ 1ê1ë R°o¼ÇM ,@oÇñ�§A nAj ,@ã»\í¦Ç ¼«A

ã»�íª§AkLî n±T k§A

/@¨ 199ê

¹Lǵ ÇM k¼íw ,@ ãºk¯°Ao§A K��¦§ :@cÄAo\§A° [ÄAoh§A Ç 3ì

,@ ãºk´ª§A ¨B«á¿A ¹vwÆ« :@oz¯° �¼�dU ,@(ë73R)¼vd§A ±ME ,@&A

/@¹¼ª¦í§A ¹íL�ª§A Ç 1ê09 ©

ÇM kªdÇ« ÇM ¬Bªí®§A ,@¹�¼®eã»M Ñ¿ :@¨Àwá¿A ©ÄBîj Ç 37

o�æA㻦î M �æC :@�¼�dU ,@(3ì3 R)

ã»Mo�ª§A

㻪¼ªT§A n±~®«

/@¨ 19ì3 Ç µ 133 ¸oµB�§A ,@�nBíª§A nAj ,@ã»�¼�

&AkLîã»ME ,@ ãºp±\¦§ :@BLí§A o¼i ãºkµ ã

»� jBíª§A jAp Ç 38

nAj ,@ ãºj±ívª§A kªd« ve :@�Ao{ áBM cdæ ,@(7ë1R)©¼�§A M

/@µ 1ê0ë R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A

,@k½q½ M kªd« ,@ã»®½°q�§A ¹]B« M¿ :@¹]B«MA ®w Ç 39

/@ã»BL§AkLî jAÆ� kªd« :@�¼�dU ,@(27ëR)&AkLî

ã»ME

WíÇ{¿A ÇM ¬Bª¼¦Çw ,㻯BTv\Çv¦§ :@j°Aj

ã»ME ®w Ç ê0

nAj ,k¼ªÇd§AkLÇî ǽk§Aã»d« kªd« :�¼�dU ,(27ë R) , ãºjp¿A

81

/R°o¼M ,oñ�§A

»v¼îã»ME ,@¸n±w M »v¼î M kªd« :@ ãºm«oT§A ®w Ç ê1

R°o¼ÇM ,@oÇñ�§A nAj ,@�¼�¦§AkLî JBµ±§AkLî :@�¼�dU,@(279 R)

/@¨ 1980 Ç µ 1ê00

תÇeo§AkLÇî ÇM &AkLÇî ,@ ã»Ç«nAkǦ§ :@

㻫nAk§A ®w Ç ê2

/@¨ 1978 Ç µ 1398 ¸oµB�§A ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@(2ëëR)㻪¼ªT§A

,@(38ëR)oªî M㻦î ,@

ã»®�nAk¦§ :@

ã»®��nAk§A ®w Ç ê3

,@¹îBL�¦§ wBdª§A nAj ,@㻯kª§A

㻫Bª¼§A ©{Bµ &AkLî kؼv§A :@�¼�dU

/@¨ 19ìì Ç µ 138ì ¸oµB�§A

,@㻦î M ¼vd§A M kªeE ,@

ã»�´¼L¦§ :@ºoLñ§A ®v§A Ç êê

¹vwÆÇ« ,@9 � ,@¸mUBÇw¿A Ç« éªÇ] :@�¼�dU ,@(êë8 R) oñMã»ME

/@¨ 1993 Ç µ 1ê13 R°o¼M ,@¹§Bwo§A

,@K¼í{ M ©eE ,@ã»ÄBv®¦§ :@(»LT\ª§A)

ã»ÄBv®§A ®w Ç êë

Ç µ 13ê8 R°o¼ÇM ,@oÇñ�§A nAj ,@1 � (303 R) תÇeo§AkLÇî ã»ME

/@1930

ÇM kªÇeE ÇM kªdÇ« ,@ã»LµmÇǦ§ :@¾ÀL®§A ¨ÀîA o¼w Ç êì

,@9 � ,@¸mUBw¿A « éª] :@�¼�dU ,@(2ê8R)½k§A uª{ ,@¬BªXî

/@¨ 1993 Ç µ 1ê13 R°o¼M ,@¹§Bwo§A ¹vwÆ«

M k¼ªd§AkLî ,@k½kd§Aã»ME M¿ :@¹�ÀL§A [´¯ bo{ Ç ê7

82

¥��§A ±ME kªd« :@�¼�dU ,@(ìëë R) k«Be ±ME ,@㻧qTíª§A &A ¹Lµ

/@¨ 19ìëã»Moí§A VAoT§A ¾B¼eA nAj ,@2 � ,@©¼µAoM áA

ÇM »¼dǽ ,@ 㺰±®Ç¦§ :@©¦Çv« c¼d~§ 㺰±®§A bo{ Ç ê8

/@(ì77 R) B½o p ±ME ,@�o{

¥¼îBªÇw áA ÇM kªdÇ« ,@ ãºnBhLǦ§ :@ ãºnBhÇL§A c¼dæ Ç ê9

Çî S¼v�°A ,R°o¼M ,¥¼\§A nAj ,(2ëì R)&AkLîã»ME ,@

ã»�í\§A

/¹�MBw ¹íL�

kؼÇv§A ,@ 㻦«BíǦ§ :@©�Çî¿A

ã»LÇ®§A ¸o¼w

ã»� c¼d~§A Ç ë0

R°o¼M ,@¹îBL�¦§ ãºjB´§A nAj ,@ê � ,@(oæBí«) 㻦«Bí§A »�Uo« o�í]

/@¨ 199ë Ç µ 1ê1ë

ZB\Çd§A ÇM ©¦Çv« ,@ ãºn±MBv¼®Ç¦§ :@©¦Çv« c¼dÇÇæ Ç ë1

,@ã»BL§AkLî jAÆ� kªd« :@�¼�dU ,@(21ì R)¼vd§A

ã»ME ,@ ãºo¼z�§A

/@¨ 1978 Ç µ 1398 R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@2 �

,@kíÇw ÇM¿ :@kíÇw MA RB�L� = ºoLñ§A RB�L�§A Ç ë2

¬BveA n±T k§A :@�¼�dU ,@(230R) ãºkA±§A KUB ,@kíw M kªd«

/@R°o¼M ,@njBæ nAj ,@tBLî

»¦íǽã»ME M kªd« ,@¼vd§A

ã»M Ñ¿ :@¹¦MB®d§A RB�L� Ç ë3

/@R°o¼M ,@¹�oíª§A nAj ,@ã»��§A k«Be kªd« :@�¼�dU ,@(ë2ìR)

¼Çvd§A M㻦î M kªd« ,@�°k~¦§ :@éÄAoz§A ¥¦î Ç ëê

�jBæ kªd« kؼv§A :@�¼�dU ,@(381R)㻪�§A ³½±MBM M »w±« M

83

/@¨ 19ìì Ç µ 138ë ,@ã»Moí§A VAoT§A ¾B¼eA nAj ,@2 � ,@¨±¦í§A odM

o\Çe ÇM¿ :@ ãºnBhÇL§A c¼dÇæ boÇz§ ãºnBL§A cT� Ç ëë

VAoÇT§A ¾B¼ÇeA nAj ,@2 � ,@(8ë2 R)㻦Çî ÇM kªÇeE ,@

㻯À�ví§A

/@1ê02 R°o¼M ,@ã»Moí§A

�BdÇw áA ÇM J±�íǽ ÇM kªdÇ« ,@ã»®¼¦Çñ¦§ :@

ã»�Bñ§A Ç ëì

¬Ao´Ç� ,@¹¼«ÀÇw á¿A KTÇñ§A nAj ,@2 � ,@(328) o�íÇ]ã»ÇME ,@ ãºpAo§A

/@13ì2

ÇM㻦Çî :@o¼ÇY¿A ÇMA g½nBU = g½nBT§A

ã»� ¥«Bñ§A Ç ë7

/@¨ 1979 R°o¼M Ç njBæ nAj ,@(ì30R)vd§Aã»ME ,@kªd«

¨BÇve ÇMã»�Tª§A

㻦î ,@ ãºk®´§A ã

»�Tª¦§ :@¤Bªí§A q®� Ç ë8

¸±�æg¼z§A :@³ddæ° ,@㻯B¼e oñM g¼z§A :@³�L� ,@(97ëR)½k§A

/@¨198ë Ç µ 1ê0ë R°o¼M Ç ¹§Bwo§A ¹vwÆ« ,@ë � ,@B�v§A

,@ã»�®Çd§A kªÇeE ÇM kªdÇ« ,@

ã»Çviov¦§ :@�±vLª§A Ç ë9

/@¨ 198ì Ç µ 1ê0ì R°o¼M ,@¹�oíª§A nAj ,@(ê83R)½k§A uª{

ã»¦î ½k§A n±¯ ,

㻪X¼´¦§ :@kÄA±�§A éL®«° kÄA°q§A éª\« Ç ì0

Ç µ 1ê02 R°o¼M ,ã»Moí§A JBTñ§A nAj ,3 � ,(807R) ,oñM

ã»ME M

/198ì

ÇM ǽk§Aã»d« ,@ 㺰±®¦§ :@Jm´ª§A bo{ �±ª\ª§A Ç ì1

/@R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@(ìêìR) B½o pã»ME ,@�o{

ÇM kªÇeE ÇM㻦Çî ,@

ã»v§kǯ¿A ¨qe M¿ :@»¦dª§A Ç ì2

,@o @B{ kªd« kªeE g¼z§A :@³ddæ ,@(êëì R) kªd«ã»ME ,@k¼íw

/@R°o¼M ,@¸k½k\§A �B� пA nAj

©Ç @BdǦ§ :@W½kd§Aã»� ¼d¼d~§A»¦î ÎnkTvª§A Ç ì3

,@oñ�§A nAj ,@(ê0ë R) &AkLîã»ME ,@&AkLî M kªd« ,@ ãºn±MBv¼®§A

/@¨ 1978 Ç µ 1398 R°o¼M

/@(¹�MBw ¹íL� î)R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj :@kªeEk®v« Ç ìê

M ¼vd§A M㻦î M k½p ¨B«áÀ§ :@k½p ¨B«á¿A k®v« Ç ìë

nAj ,@ ãºjAk�ÇL§A �BdÇw áA M q½qí§AkLî :@³íª] ,@K§B�ã»ME M

㻦î

/@R°o¼M ,@¹¼ª¦í§A KTñ§A

㻦î M vd§A M kªd« ,@

ã»w±�¦§ :@k\´Tª§AbBL~«Ç ìì

R°o¼M ,@¹í¼z§A ³�� ¹vwÆ« ,@1 � ,@(êì0R)o�í]ã»ME ,@vd§A M

/@¨ 1991 Ç µ 1ê11

/@(211R)㻯Bí®~§A ¨Bªµ M �Apo§AkLí§ :@®~ª§A Ç ì7

u¦\Ǫ§A RAn±z®Ç« ,@㻪�Çî¿A תÇeo§A K¼LÇe :@�¼�dÇU

Ç µ 1390 R°o¼ÇMã»Ç� éLÇ� ,@k®Ç´§A ,@Rn±w ,@Ϧªw

�

㻪¦í§A

/@¨ 1970

,@¹L¼Ç{ã»ÇME ÇM¿ :@nBY¿A° W½jBe¿A

ã»� ®Ç~ª§A Ç ì8

kªd« k¼íw :@�¼�dU ,@(23ë R)ã»vLí§A

ã»�±ñ§A kªd« M &AkLî

/@¨ 1989 Ç µ 1ê09 R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@1 � ,@¨Bd¦§A

¼vd§A M㻦î M kªd« ,@�°k~¦§ :@nBLi¿A

㻯Bí« Ç ì9

,@ ãºnB�Ç�§A oL @A 㻦î :@�¼�dU (381 R)

㻪�§A ³½±MBM M »w±« M

/@µ 1379 © Ç ¹¼ª¦í§A ¸p±d§Aã»� ¼wnkª§A ¹îBª] RAn±z®«

kªÇeE ÇM ¬Bª¼¦Çw ,@ã»Ç¯AoL�Ǧ§ :@�Çw°¿A ©\íǪ§A Ç 70

ÇM &A ç±î M �nB� :@�¼�dU ,@(3ì0 R) ©wB�§A ±ME ,@㻪h¦§A

¸oµBÇ�§A ,@¼«oÇd§A nAj ,@ã»®¼vd§A ©¼µAoM áA M vdª§AkLî ,@kªd«

/@µ 1ê1ë

,@㻪h¦§A kªeE M ¬Bª¼¦w ,@

㻯AoL�¦§ :@o¼Lñ§A ©\íª§A Ç 71

,@2 � ,@ã»�¦Çv§A k¼\ª§AkLî ãºkªe :@�¼�dU ,@(3ì0 R) ©wB�§A ±ME

/@¨ 198ë Ç µ 1ê0ë R° o¼M ,@ã»Moí§A VAoT§A ¾B¼eA nAj

nAj ,@(3ëìR)㻯B´�æ¿A Zo�§A

ã»M Ñ¿ :@¼¼L§B�§A¥UB�« Ç 72

/@R°o¼M ,@¹�oíª§A

tA°n kªd« n±T k¦§ :@JB�h§AM oªî ³�� ¹î±w±« Ç 73

/@¨ 1989 Ç µ 1ê09 R°o¼M ,@uÄB�®§A nAj ,@2 � ,@ã»\í¦

:@�¼�dU ,@(179R)u¯E M ϧB« ¨B«áÀ§ :@ϧB« F�±« Ç 7ê

,@ã»MoÇÇÇÇí§A VAoÇÇÇÇT§A ¾B¼ÇÇeA nAj ,@

ã»BÇÇL§A@kLÇÇî jAÆÇÇ� kÇǪdÇÇÇ«

/@R°o¼M

�w±Ç½ M㻦î M ©¼µAoM áA ,@ ãºjBMCp°o¼�¦§ :@Jm´ª§A Ç 7ë

/@R°o¼M ,@oñ�§A nAj ,@(êì7R)�BdwáA ã»ME ,@ ãºpAo¼z§A

ÇM kªd« ,@�°k~¦§ :@³¼��§A = ³¼��§A ²o�d½ ¿ « Ç 7ì

ve kؼv§A :@�¼�dU ,@(381 R)㻪�§A ³½±MBM M ¼vd§A M

㻦î

¬Ao´ÇÇ� ,@¹¼«ÀÇÇw á¿A KTÇÇñ§A nAj ,@ë � ,@¬BwoÇÇh§A 㺱w±ÇÇÇǪ§A

/@1390

,@o¼ÇY Ñ¿A ÇM¿ :@oÇY Ñ¿A° W½kÇd§A K½oÇ�ã»Ç� ¹½B´®§A Ç 77

oµB� :@�¼�dU ,@(ì0ìR)RAjBív§A ±ME ,@ ãºnq\§A kªd«M ÎnBLª§A

/@© Ç ¬B¼¦¼îBªwáA ,@ê � ,@ ã»eB®�§A kªd« j±ªd«° 㺰Aq§A kªeE

odǦ§ :@¹í½oÇz§A ¥ÄBv« ¥¼~dU »§ áA ¹í¼z§A ¥ÄBw° Ç 78

:@oÇz¯° �¼�dÇU ,@(110ê R) Çvd§A ÇM kªdÇ« g¼z§A ,@㻦«Bí§A

/@µ 1ê12 ,@© ,@1 � ,@VAoT§A ¾B¼eá¿ S¼L§A ¤C ¹vwÆ«

87