àñVmdZm - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/62648/8/08... · 2018. 7. 7. · 5 ZoV¥ËdmMo j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dU o AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm

$Page 1: àñVmdZm - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/62648/8/08... · 2018. 7. 7. · 5 ZoV¥ËdmMo j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dU o AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm$
àH$aU 1 bo

àñVmdZm 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$

_mZd hm g_mOerb àmUr Amho. Vmo Zoh_r g§K{Q>V g_mO H$éZ amhVmo. Amnbr

C{ÔîQ>o,JaOm,gm_m{OH$ C{Ôï>>o g_mZ AgUmè`m_Üò g_yhm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. g_mOmV

g_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mH$arVm _mZdmZo AZoH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m AmhoV. CXm.

ì`mnma, H$maImZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$, e¡j{UH$ B. g§KQ>Zm {d{dY C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r

g_mOmZo ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m AmhoV.

g_mOmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm \$ma _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. Ë`mgmR>r g_mOmZo

{ejU g§ñWm, emim, _hm{dÚmbò B. g_mOmV {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AmhoV.

{d{dY joÌmVrb g§KQ>ZoV _mZdr KQ>H$ d ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$éZ Ë`m

g§KQ>ZoVrb C{Ôï>o gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mH{$aVm àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoV àemgH$s` g§KQ>Z,

ì`dñWmnZ, {Z`moOZ B. KQ>H$m§V `mo½` g§KQ>Z d {Z §ÌU amIUohr _hÎdmMo AgVo.

Amnë`m g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$m§Vrb nañna g§~§Y {H$§dm

Am§Va{H«$`m, ghH$m`©, g_Ýd`, Ë`m§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo.

Ë`mgmR>r ZoVm Am{U AZw`m`r `m§À`mVrb nañna g§~§Ym_wio Ë`m g§ñWoV gm_m{OH$

dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Ë`m_Üò g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$mV CËgmh,

nañna ghH$m`m©Mo g§~§Y Ë`mVyZ AZw`m`m§Mo H$m`© g_mYmZ `mda Ë`m g§ñWo_Yrb

dmVmdaUmMr {Z_uVr hmoVo. ho dmVmdaU Iwbo qH$dm ~§{XñV ho VoWrb à_wI ZoVm Am{U

g^mgX/AZw m`r `m§À`m nañna g§~§Ymda VgoM Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Ymda

Adb§~yZ AgVo.

Aem àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg 1963 _Ü o hmbnrZ Am{U

H«$mâQ> `m§Zr Ho$bm Ë`m§Zr embo` g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg H$éZ 6 àH$maÀ`m

dmVmdaUm§Mm emoY KoVbm.

2

{ejH$ à{ejU hr EH${dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m XeH$mVrb EH$ g§doXZerb

g_ñ`m ~Zy nhmV Amho. {ejH$mbm à{ejsV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmO JmdmoJmdr à{ejU

{dÚmbò, _hm{dÚmbò Am{U {dÚmnrR>o H$m ©aV AmhoV. ZdZdr _hm{dÚmbò {Z_m©U hmoV

AmhoV. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm à{ejU åhUOo H$m` Am{U à{ejUmMo ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U

ì`pŠVJV _hÎd H$m` Amho ho _m{hV Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. à{e{jV hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmO hOmamo

Vê$Um§Mr `m ì`dgm`mV òÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS> dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio à{ejUmgmR>rMr àdoe

nÕVr hr nydunojm IynM ~Xbbr Amho. amÁ`ñVar` àdoe à{H«$ o_wio {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò `m

joÌm{df`r AmñWm, ào_ H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

_m{hVrÀ`m g§àofUmMo emñÌ Am{U H$bm AdJV Pmbr Va `m {ejH$m§Zm Amnbo

H$m`© Iè`m AWm©Zo à^mdrnUo H$aVm òB©b. _m{hVrÀ`m `wJmV _m{hVrMo g§àofUmMo Zdo

emñÌ CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `m à{ejH$m§Zr bjmV KoVë`mg Ë`m§Zm ho emñÌ AmË_gmV

H$amdoM bmJob. åhUyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmMm Jm^m^yV KQ>H$ åhUoO g§àofU emñÌ hmo`.

{ejH$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejH$mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ^y{_Ho$Mm {dMma

H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agbobr j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì hmo .

ho H$arV AgVmZmM {ejH$mMo ì`pŠV_Îd g§nÞ ~Zob `mH$S>o bj XoUo JaOoMo

Amho. `war A°Pmamoìh (Yuri Azarov) ZmdmÀ`m EH$m a{e`Z {ejUVÁkmZo Ë`m§À`m

""Teaching calling and skills'' `m J«§WmV {ejH$mÀ`m `m ^y{_Ho${df`r {b{hVmZm

åhQ>bo Amho.''

""To be a teacher is to be a member of special profession, The future

make up of a new generation of a country's citizen depends on teacher's

cultural, professional and general standards.''

`mMm AW© Agm H$s, {ejH$m§Mm ì`dgm` hm EH$ {deof ì`dgm` AgyZ Ë`mMm

à{V{ZYr {ejH$ `m {deof ì`dgm`mMm gXñ` AgVmo. XoemÀ`m ^mdr {nT>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr

3

H$aUmÀ`m {ejH$m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` XOm©daM ho Adb§~yZ

AgVo. {ejH$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejH$m§À`m {deof ì`dgm`mMr V`ma H$ê$Z KoUmar à{H«$`m

hmo`.

hr à{H«$`m _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$ V`ma hmoVmZm H$er MmbVo, Ë`mM~amo~a _mÜ`{_H$

{ejUmMo _hÎd `m {df`r _m{hVr KoUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo.

_mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMo _hÎd

H$moUË`mhr XoemMr Wmoadr Ë`m XoemVrb _mZdr g§nÎmrdê$Z AmoiIbr OmVo. Á`m

XoemVrb _mZdr g§nÎmr gwOmU, gwg§ñH¥$V, g¥OZerb Am{U gwÑT> Amho Vmo Xoe lr_§V hmo .

{ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdmÀ`m A§Jr ho JwU g§nm{XV hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r AmYma^yV

{ejU hmo`.

ê$gmo {ejUm{df`r {b{hVmo -

""Plants are improved by cultivation and Man by Education'' {ejUm_wio

ì`{ŠVbm ì`ŠVr åhUyZ _mUygnU àmßV hmoVo. Vo {ejUmMr gwédmV _mÜ`{_H$

{ejUm_wioM. Vmo Amnë`m OrdZ_` B_maVrMm nm`m V`ma H$aVmo.

{ejU hm eãX ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo gd©Ì dmnabm Amho. {ejUmbm OrdZâ MmbUmar

ghoVyH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhQ>bo Va _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmbm `mM AWm©Zo B§J«OrV Secondary

Education Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

`m _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmbm `mo½` AmH$ma XoUmam {ejH$ {VVH$mM à{e{jV {d{dY

j_Vm§Zr `wŠV Agbm nm{hOo. VgoM {ejH$mMo ì`pŠV_Îd A{YH$ g§nÞ H$go hmoB©b `mH$S>o

bj {Xbo nm{hOo.

{ejH$mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdm_Üò g§nÞVogmR>r {Za{Zamù`m j_Vm øm Agmì`m

bmJVmV. CXm. g§dmXj_Vm, ñd§`ì`dñWmnZ j_Vm, ghH$m`© j_Vm, g§Kf© ì`dñWmnZ

4

j_Vm, ZoV¥Ëdj_Vm B. øm j_Vm {ejH$mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mgmR>r ^mdr

ì`dgm`mgmR>rMr _yb^yV ì`dgm` ZrVr Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eëò g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Cn`moJr nS>VmV.

{ejH$mbm {dÚmÏ`mªMo _mZgemñÌ, AÜ`mnZmMr C{ÔîQ>o, AÜ`mnZmÀ`m nÕVr,

gm_m{OH$ Om{Udm, g§àofU H$m¡eë` B. ~m~VrV kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r

Ë`mbm XO}Xma à{ejUmMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho. AmOMr à{ejU _hm{dÚmbò, {dÚmnrR>o

Am{U AÝ` à{ejU g§ñWm ho H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo {ejH$ à{ejUmMo _hÎd

{ejH$mbm Am{U Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm _mhsV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

AmOÀ`m _mhsVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV ì`dñWmnZm_YyZ AZoH$ g§H$ënZm `m

{ejUjoÌmV òV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio à{ejUmÏ`mª_Üò {d{dY j_Vm `m {dH${gV H$amì`m

bmJVmV, Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMr j_Vm hr ZoV¥Ëdj_Vm Amho. Ë`m j_VoMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr

AmO {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho åhUyZ n«ñVwV g§emoYZ _hÎdmMo Amho. ZoV¥Ëd hm ì`pŠVJV

àm§V Amho. Ë`mbm AZoH$ Am`m_ AmhoV. VgoM ZoV¥Ëd {dH$gZerb Amho. ì`ŠVr BVam§er

hmoUmè`m XodmU KodmUrVyZ {_iUmè`m àË`mâUmVyZ, g^modVmbÀ`m {dH$mgmVyZ gVV

ñdV:Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ZoVm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmo VgoM Vmo

~XbmMo à^mdr ì`dñWmnZ H$aV AgVmo.

èñdr ZoV¥Îd JwUm§Vrb EH$ _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo Ë`m ì`ŠVr_Üò H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. CXm.

1. g§X^m©Mo AmH b$Z

2. dmñVdmMo ^mZ

3. ÐîQ>onUm

5

ZoV¥ËdmMo j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg hm {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ KS>{dUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU

Vmo ^mdr {ejH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mbm {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

Xwgè`m eãXmV, ZoË`m§_Üò ^{dî`mV nmhÊ`mMr, èmg Amdí`H$ KQ>H$

AmoiIÊ`mMr VgoM H$_VaVm ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMr j_Vm AgVo. ZoVo ho ZdmonH«$_dmXr VgoM

bmoH$m§Zm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoUmao AgVmV. ZoË`m§Zm _yë`m§Mr Mm§Jbr OmU

AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

{ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb dmVmdaU

{ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ ñdmñÏ`nyU© dmVmdaUmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWv_Ü o ZoV¥Ëd

{dH$mg KS>dUo eŠ` AgVo. {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ

H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z `m_Yrb g§~§Y nm{hbobm

Amho.

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ho {ZH$mon AgUo JaOoMo

AgVo. H$maU Aem dmVmdaUmVyZM {ejH$ à{ejUmMr C{ÔîQ>o `mo½`àH$mao gmÜ` Ho$br

OmVmV.

{ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ ^mdr emim§_Yrb ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg gmYVm òVmo.

{dZm AZwXm{ZV VÎdmdarb AZoH$ {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {ejH$ VgoÀm

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm d¡ pŠVH$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOmhr ^mJV ZmhrV. AemàH$mao {MÌ

{XgyZ òV Amho. 21ì`m eVH$mV _m{hVrÀ`m wJmV JwUdÎmobm _hÎd Amho. Vr JwUdÎmm Oa

Zgob Va `mo½` à{ejU XoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _mZdr g§~§Y ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo

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AmhoV. g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU {ZH$mon amIÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©aV _mZdr KQ>H$mV ghH$m`©,

_mJ©Xe©Z {Z`§ÌU àemgZ `m KQ>H$m§Mo `mo½` g§KQ>Z H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

amîQ´>>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afX (N.C.T.E.) Zo XoIrb {ejH$ à{ejUmÀ`m

JwUmË_H$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dMma Ho$bobm {XgyZ òVmo.

{ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U VoWrb {ejH$

à{ejUm{WªMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~YmMm Aä`mg àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV

Ambm Amho.

n«mMrZ H$mimV {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV {ejUmMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. VoWo {ejUmV

ñdV:Mo àemgZ hmoVo. Ë`mMm H$ma^ma AmMm`© d F$fr_wZrM Mmb{dV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio amOo

_hmamOo Ë`m àemgZmV H$moUVohr T>dim T>di qH$dm hñVjon H$arV ZìhVo. F$fr _wZtÀ`m

{dÛÎmonwT>o amOo _hmamOo ZV_ñVH$ hmoV hmoVo.

nmaV§Í`mMm H$mimV amÁ` H$Ë`mªÀ`m hmVmV {ejUmMo àemgZ Jobo.

{ejU ho OrdZmer g§~§YrV Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo Üò YmoaUo R>a{dUo d hr Üò

YmoaUo am~{dÊ`mmR>r XoemMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, gm§n{ÎmH$ pñWVr, Amem AmH$m§jm, ho

gd© R>adyZ A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. e¡j{UH$

n«emgZ d emioMm ^m¡{VH$ n[aga Mm§Jbm Agob Va Aem {ejU g§ñWmVrb

{dÚmWmªÀ`m_Üò ZoV¥Ëd JwUm§Mm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo.

àñVyV g§emoYZm_Üò {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

H$em àH$maMo AgVo d `m dmVmdaUmÀ`m VoWrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z

{dH$mgmda H$em àH$mao hmoVmo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho.

1.2 g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU - g§H$ënZm, ì`m»`m d AW©

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU hr g§H$ënZm àW_ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVyZ {ejUmV Ambobr

Amho. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ _mZgemókmZr Am{U g_mOemókm§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg

KS>dyZ AmUbobm {XgyZ oVmo.

7

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU `m g§H$ënZobm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U g§KQ>ZmË_H$ _mZgemó d

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmJUyH$ `m joÌmV `m g§§H$ënZobm B{Vhmg Amho.

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm nm`m Wm°_g `m§Zr 1959 gmbr KmVbm. Ë`m§Zr

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMr AmYw{ZH$ g§H$ënZm 1976 gmbr _m§S>br.

Wm°_g `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s -

1) EImÚm emioVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm A§XmO hm Ë`m emioVrb àemgZmMr

daH$aUr nmhUr H$aVm ~m§YVm òVmo.

2) emioÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r embo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg gmYZ åhUyZ

H$aVm òVmo.

{d{dY g_mOemókmZr, _mZgemókmZr Am{U {ejUemñÌkmZr Am{U Vkm§Zr

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`m»`m {Xboë`m AmhoV. H$mhr ì`m»`m

Imbrbà_mUo.

1) H$m°_}b ßbm§{gg ZoZoZoZo(1855) Mo åhUUo Amho H$s,

“Organizational climate is the result of interaction among persons

in the organization”

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m AmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§_Yrb g§~YmMm n[aUm_ åhUOoM

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Amho.

2) \$moaqhS> Or.E. (1864) À`m AZwgma

“Organizational climate is a process at operation level. The

essential variables that form part of the organizational properties are :

size, structure, system, complexity, leadership. pattern and goal”

AWm©V AmH$ma, én, nÕV ZoV¥ËdmMo àH$ma Am{U CÔoe ho g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo

à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV.

3) Om°ZgZ S>r. S>ãë`w (1870) `m§Zr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmbm Imbrb eãXmV

ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. "g§KQ>ZoVrb gd© gXñ`m§Mo d ì`º$s_ËdmMo d¡{eîQ>o Am{U g§KQ>Z eº$s

{_iyZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ~ZVo'.

8

4) S>m°. e_m© E. Ama. (1970) `m§À`m AZwgma

"Organizational climate may be explained in terms of interaction

that takes place between organizational ingredients as they fulfill their

prescribed roles while satisfying their individual needs'.

AWm©V, "g§KQ>ZmÀ`m AmVrb bmoH$ Ooìhm Amnë`m d¡ {º$H$ Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu,

hoVy B. Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ H$aVmZm EH$ Xwgè`m§er ì`dhma H$aVmV Ë`mbmM

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU åhUVmV.'

5) ~mD$Z EbZ (1867) À`m AZwgma

“Organizational climate is a eathetic pattern giving identity to sub

groups and the in living organizations”.

AWm©V - g§KQ>Zo_Üò H$m`©aV ì`º$s¨À`m g§~§YmMr ñdV§Ì AmoiI H$aUo åhUOoM

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU hmo .

6) _mB©H$b (1963) AZwgma g§KQ>ZmMo {díbofU

“The process of analysis of school organization is done by

analyzing it in to component parts. The first is the organic nature of

what we are studying and the second is the fact that school does not

exist in isolation. ‘A school is a part of society and its purpose is to meet

need which are social as well as locational.”

AWm©V -

g§KQ>ZmÀ`m {díbofUmMr à{H«$`m g§KQ>Zobm {d^m{OV H$éZ Ho$br Omdy eH$Vo.

g§KQ>ZoVrb KQ>H$ ho ^mJ Ad`d`wº$ AmhoV d `mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Amho H$s Amåhr H$m`

Aä`mg H$arV Amho ? Xwgao nyU© VÏ` ho Amho H$s, g_mOmV {dÚmb` {H§$dm e¡j{UH$

g§ñWoMo Amnbo doJio ApñVËd amhV Zmhr Vmo g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo Am{U gm_m{OH$

qH$dm d¡ {º$H$ Amdí`H$VoMr qH$dm e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu H$aUo hm

Ë`m§Mm CÔoe AgVmo.

_mB©H$b doS>Z Zo {ejU joÌmVrb g§ñWm_Yrb g§KQ>ZoMo Mma _w»` ^mJ gyM{dbobo

AmhoV.

9

1) Aä`mgmg§~§Yr Am{U Aä`mgnyaH$ g§KQ>Z - `mÀ`m A§VJ©V doimnÌH$,

{df`, AÜ`mnZ nÕVr {d{dY Aä`mg _§S>io, Aä`mgnyaH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Mo

g§KQ>Z B. g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) {eñVrMo g§KQ>Z - {eñVrgmR>r {Z`_, {ejm qH$dm {eñVrÀ`m àVr

AÜ`mnH$m§Mr A{^d¥Îmr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ - {ejH$ `m§Mo `mo½` g§KQ>Z B. Mm

g_mdoe `mV Ho$bm Amho.

3) àemgH$s` g§KQ>Z -`m àH$mamV H$m`m©À`m {d^mOZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`mV _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm`© {dÚmb` qH$dm _hm{dÚmb`mV Oo H$m ©

H$aVmV Vo àemgZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm gj_ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$arV

AgVmV. Ë`mMo `mo½` g§KQ>Z hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo.

4) g§àofU - ~mø Am{U Am§V{aH$ g§KQ>Z - `m_Üò _w»`mÜ`mnH$ qH$dm

àmMm`© Amnë`m ghmæ`H$ {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z e¡j{UH$ H$m_ H$adyZ KoVmZm

{dMma {d_e© H$aVmV Am{U ì`dñWmnZ Am{U g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§er

g§nH©$ `mMo g§KQ>Z H$aVmV.

7) Q>°½`war d {bQ>drZ (1968)

`m§Zr EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo `m_Üò dmVmdaU ~m§YUrMo ñdén Ë`m§Mr ì`m»`m

Am{U n« moJmda AmYm[aV {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV.

dmVmdaUmMr g§H$ënZm 1939 bm hm eãX ApñVËdmV Ambm Agbm Var `m§Mr

g§nyU© ì`m»`m Am{U ñdén `mMr _m{hVr 1968 gmbr Q>°½`war d {bQ>drZ `m§Zr H$éZ

{Xbr.

8) go{ZS>a (1990) AZwgma -

"ì`{º$JV _mZdr _yëò hr ~moYmË_H$ énmZo g§KQ>Zoda à^md Q>mH$VmV. H$s Á`m

~m¡{ÕH$ à^mdm_wio g§KQ>ZoMr Üò o d Üò nyVugmR>r bmJUmao `mo½` _mJ© gyM{dVmV.'

9) àrMS>© Am{U H°$a°{gH$ (1993)

àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgXm§À`m dV©Zmda g§KQ>ZoMo dmVmdaU Adb§~yZ AgVo.

10

"àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb A§VJ©V n`m©daU ho doJio AgVo H$s, Á`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrb

g^mgXm§À`m dV©Zmda Am{U Ë`m§À`m YmoaUmda g§KQ>ZoVrb A§VJ©V dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_

hmoVmo. '

10) A°e\$moW© (1994) åhUVmV, "àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb dmVmdaU d[að> Am{U H${Zð>

`m§À`m Am§Va{H«$òda Adb§~yZ AgVo.'

11) {dë`_ (1996) `m§Zr Amnbr ì`m»`m g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgXm_Üò AgUmao

dmVmdaU nmofH$ Amho H$s ~mYH$ `mdéZ Ho$bo Amho.

12) Ooåg (1997) `m§Zr Amnbr ì`m»`m g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m g^mgXm§À`m ^ë`mgmR>r

{H$VnV {dMma H$aVo `mda Ë`m g§KQ>ZoMo dmVmdaU Adb§~yZ AgVo `mda Ho$bobo Amho.

A) g§KQ>ZmË_H$ A§VJ©V dmVmdaU H$s, Oo Ë`m g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgX AZw^dVmV.

~) Á`m dmVmdaUmMm Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmda à^md nS>Vmo Am{U Á`m dmVmdaUm_wio

g§KQ>ZoMr JwUd¡{eîQ>o d _yëò ñnï> hmoVmV.

13) hmbnrZ Am{U H«$mâQ> (1963) `m§Zr {ejU g§ñWoVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoVbm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ho gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU

Am{U e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU `m§À`m {_lUmVyZ V`ma hmoVo.

ì`m»`m- "emioMo g§K{Q>V dmVmdaU ho g§K{Q>V ì`º$s_Ëdmà_mUo ~m§YVm òVo, Ogo

ì`º$sbm ì`{º _Ëd AgVo Vgo àËòH$ g§KQ>Zog dmVmdaU AgVo.' Aer H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr

_m§S>br.

darb ì`m»`m Am{U g§H$ënZoMm AW© `mdéZ Aä`mgmVyZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaUmMo Imbrbn«_mUo d¡{eîQo gm§JVm òVrb.

1) g§KQ>ZoV d[að> Am{U H${Zð> `m§À`m dV©Zmda qH$dm Am§Va{H«$òVyZ dmVmdaUmMr

{Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

2) g§KQ>ZoVrb à_wI Am{U g^mgX `m§À`mVrb g§~Ÿ {ZH$mon AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

3) g§KQ>ZoV H$m ©aV g^mgXm§Mo d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJdÊ`mda g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU {ZH$mon d CËgmhnyU© dmVmdaUmV g^mgX H$m`© g_mYmZr AgVmV.

11

4) àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m dmVmdaUmV doJdoJionUm {XgyZ òVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV àËòH$ g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$

KQ>H$m§Mo gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$aUo / g§KQ>Z H$aUo åhUOo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU.

CXm. {ejU g§ñWmV àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$ - {dÚmWu, ì`dñWmnZ

_§S>i d g_mO `m_Üò nañna g§~Ym_wio Ë`m g§ñWoV EH$ àH$maMo gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMr

{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ho dmVmdaU àËòH$ {ejU g§ñWo_Ü o doJio AgVo AWdm àË oH$ {ejU

g§ñWobm Ë`mMo ñdV:Mo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU AgVo.

àñVwV g§emoYZmV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ>

(1963) VgoM S>m°. _moVrbmb e_m© (1976) JwOamV `m§Zr emoYboë`m 8 KQ>H$m§À`m

AmYmao {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mV

Ambobm Amho.

Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rbn«_mUo

gggg§§§§KQKQKQKQ>>>>ZmË_HZmË_HZmË_HZmË_H$ $ $ $ dmVmdaUdmVmdaUdmVmdaUdmVmdaUKQ>H$KQ>H$KQ>H$KQ>H$

1) 1) 1) 1) H$m`m©VH$m`m©VH$m`m©VH$m`m©V Z Z Z Z JwJwJ wJ w§§ §§VboboVboboVboboVbobo{{{{ejHejHejHejH$ $ $ $

(Disengement)

2) 2) 2) 2) {{{{ejH$mejH$mejH$mejH$m §§ §§À`mÀ`mÀ`mÀ`mH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbAS>AS>AS>AS>WimWimWimWim

(Hindrance)

3)ñ3)ñ3)ñ3)ñ\\\\y$Vuy$Vuy$Vuy$Vu(Espirit)

4) 4) 4) 4) gbmoImgbmoImgbmoImgbmoIm / / / / _¡_¡_¡_¡ÌrnyUÌrnyUÌrnyUÌrnyU© g© g© g© g§§ §§~~~~§§ §§Y Y Y Y

(Intimacy)5) 5) 5) 5) ____w»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnH$ $ $ $ / / / / àmMm`màmMm`màmMm`màmMm`m©© ©© §§ §§MrMrMrMrA{A{A{A{báVmbáVmbáVmbáVm

(Aloofness)

6)6)6)6)H$m`m©daH$m`m©daH$m`m©daH$m`m©da / / / / H$m_mdaH$m_mdaH$m_mdaH$m_mda â â â â (Production

Emphasis)

7)_7)_7)_7)_mZdrmZdrmZdrmZdrdmJUyHdmJUyHdmJUyHdmJUyH$ $ $ $

(Thrust)

8) 8) 8) 8) ghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©H

$ $ $ $ dV©ZdV©ZdV©ZdV©Z(Consideration)

12

1) 1) 1) 1) H$m`m©V Z Jw§Vbobo {ejH$$$$ (Disengement)

`m_Üò AmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s, {ejH$ EH$Ì òdyZ Mm§Jbo H$m_ H$é eH$V

ZmhrV. Va EH$Q>o amhÿZ H$m_ H$aUo ng§V H$aVmV. g§K ^mdZm H$_r à_mUmV Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmV

{XgyZ òVo.

2) 2) 2) 2) {ejH$m§À`m H$m_mVrb AS>Wim (Hindrance)

emioVrb / _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Zoh_rÀ`m AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©~amo~a

AZoH$ g{_Ë`m§_Ü o H$m_o H$aVmZm _w»`mÜ`mnH$, àmMm`© `m§À`m X~mdmImbr H$m_o H$amdr

bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio {ejH$m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© hmoV ZmhrV VgoM BVa

AZoH$ AS>MUr AgVmV.

3) 3) 3) 3) ñ\y$Vu (Espirit)

gd© {ejH$ CËgmhnyU© d Omo_mZo H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mV Cƒ ZsVr Y¡ © {XgyZ

òVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© hmoVmV Am{U Vo H$m`©g_mYmZr

AgVmV.

4) 4) 4) 4) gbmoIm / _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y (Intimacy)

`m_Üò {ejH$m§_Üò EH$_oH$m§_Üò _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y AgVmV. CËgmh, AmZ§X d

_¡ÌrnyU© gm_m{OH$ g§~Y AgVmV. ghH$mar {ejH$m§_Üò K{Zð> g§~Y AgVmV.

darb Mma KQ>H$ `m {ejH$m§À`m dV©Zmg§~§{YV AmhoV. VgoM àmMm`mªÀ`m dV©Zm

g§X^m©V Mma KQ>H$ nwT>rb à_mUo.

5) 5) 5) 5) _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm`m©§Mr A{báVm (Aloofness)

`m_Üò _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm © ho Am¡nMm[aH$ d ì`º$s^md a{hV àmMm`mªMr

dmJUyH$ AgVo. {Z`_mZwgma OmUo YmoaUmZwgma OmUo `m JmoîQ>r OmñV ng§V H$aVmV. `mV

{ejH$m§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ Am{U g_moamg_moarb MMm© qH$dm g§~§Y Q>miVmV.

6) 6) 6) 6) H$m`m©da / H$m_mda â (Production Emphasis)

`m_Üò àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zo$ {ZasjU H$aUo, hþH$y_ XoUo,

H$m`m©da â, H$m`©àdUVm `mH$S>o A{YH$ bj XoVmV.

13

7) 7) 7) 7) _mZdr dmJUyH$ $ $ $ (Thrust)

`m_Üò àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ho ñdV:À`m CXmhaUmVyZ {ejH$m§Zm H$m`© àoaUm

XoVmV. `m_Üò {ejH$ ñQ>m\$Mo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZasjU ZgVo.

8) 8) 8) 8) ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ dV©Z (Consideration)

àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ghmæ`H$ {ejH$m§àVr ghmZw^yVrXe©H$ dV©Z d

_mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ R>odVmV. {ejH$m§À`m _Vm§Mm {dMma H$aVmV.

darb 8 KQ>H$m§VyZ hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ> (1963) VgoM S>m°. _moVrbmb e_m©

(1976) `m§Zr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo nwT>rbà_mUo 6 àH$ma emoYbobo AmhoV.

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo àH$ma

1) 1) 1) 1) _wŠV/Iwbo dmVmdaU (Open Climate)

_wº$ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Üò {ejH$ Amnë`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$

Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu H$aÊ`mV g\$b hmoVmV d ì`dgm`màVr g§Vwï> amhVmV. g§ñWoMo àmMm ©

/ _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§er _wº$ ì`dhma H$aVmV {ejH$ gwÕm Ë`m§Zm nyU© AmXa Am{U

gh`moJ XoVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUm_wio g§KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`© Hw$ebVonyd©H$ MmbVo.

`m_Üò ZoV¥Ëd {Z{_©Vrbm g§Yr àmá hmoVo.

14

2) 2) 2) 2) ñdm`Îm g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU (Autonomous Climate)

ñdm`Îm / ñd`§em{gV dmVmdaU ho àmW{_H$ g_yhmVyZM OÝ_mbm òVo. `m

g_yhmVrb EImXr ì`º$s Ë`m g_yhmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aVmo. Vmo Ë`m ZoV¥ËdmMm Cn`moJ Ë`m g_yhmda

{Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmo.

`m àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUmV {ZVr{Z`_ / Zs{VY¡ © ho daÀ`m XOm©Mo AgVmV. `mVyZM

g§ñWoVrb bmoH$m§Zm g_mYmZ {_iV AgVo. `m dmVmdaUmV H$m`m©nmgyZ AWdm

H$V©ì`mnmgyZ hr g_mYmZ {_iVo. na§Vw Vo WmoS>o H$_r à_mUmV {XgVo.

3) 3) 3) 3) {Z`§{ÌV dmVmdaU (The Controlled Climate)

`m dmVmdaUmMo d¡{eïo> åhUOo ì`º$sbm ñdV:À`m H$m`m©Mr OmUrd AgVo. `m

dmVmdaUm_Üò {Z`§ÌU Agë`m_wio àËòH$ ì`{º$À`m H$m_mMr gË`Vm {XgyZ òVo. {Z`§{ÌV

dmVmdaUm_Üò Zs{V{Z`_ ho H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmibo OmVmV.

{ejH$m§À`m H$m`m©bm àoaUm d àe§gm {_iV Zmhr.

4) 4) 4) 4) n[a{MV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU (Familiar Climate)

`m dmVmdaUmV àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§er ñdV§Ì {_ÌdV ì`dhma H$aVmV. {OWo

{dÚmb`m_Üò EH$ g§K / n{admamgmaIo dmVmdaU AgVo. `mV Á`mà_mUo Hw$Qx¨~ à_þI

BVa gXñ`m§Zm EH$mM n[admamV AgÊ`mMr dmJUyH$ XoVmV. ZoV¥Ëd {Z{_©Vrbm dmd ZgVo.

5) 5) 5) 5) {nV¥H$ dmVmdaU (Paternal Climate)

`m àH$maMo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Üò àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Mo nyU© dM©ñd

AgVo. VemM àH$maMo H$m`© {ejH$m§Zm H$amdo bmJVo. _mÌ {ejH$ Amnbo Xm{`Ëd g§ _nUo

gm§^miVmo Ogo n[admamÀ`m _w»` ì`{º$bm n[adma gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r H$S>H$ amhmdo bmJVo

VgoM àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ emioÀ`m / H$m°boOÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H$S>H$nUo H$m_ H$aVmV.

6) 6) 6) 6) ~§{XñV / H$m|XQ>> dmVmdaU (Closed Climate)

`m àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Üò _w»`mÜ`mnH$mZm / àmMm`mªZm

{ejH$m_Üò g§KQ>ZmÀ`m H$m`m©àVr H$moUVmhr CËgmh amhV Zmhr Va gd©M KQ>H$m§_Ü o

15

CXm{gZ VËd {XgyZ òVo. `m_Üò àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§_Üò éMr KoV ZmhrV d

{ejH$ hr Amnë`m H$m_màVr bmnadmhr H$aVmV.

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU nX{ZíM`Z loUrMm Cn`moJ H$éZ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoVbobm Amho.

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb dmVmdaU ho {ZH$mon hdo. H$moUË`mhr {ejU

g§ñWoV AJa _hm{dÚmb`mV g§ñWoMr Üò o ! C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mr d

^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mr gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$éZ g§~{§YV

g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r g§ñWoV H$m`© H$aUmè`m _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mr

d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© H$aUohr _hËdmMo AgVo. `mH$[aVm `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ

g§aMZm AgUo AË`§V JaOoMo AgVo. AWm©V {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV Üò o gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_ d AmMma§{hVm {b{IV AWdm A{bIrV ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV

AgVmV. CXm. `m_Ü o àmMm`© /{ejH$ à{ejH$, H$_©Mmar, {dÚmWu `m _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mo

g§KQ>Z H$aUo d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z `mo½` JwUdÎmmnyd©H$ H$m`© H$adyZ KoUo d C{Ôï>màV OmUo

AemàH$mao {ejU g§ñWm_Üò {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo g§KQ>Z H$amdo bmJVo. CXm. {dÚmÏ`mªZm

JwUdÎmmnyd©H$ g~b H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb _mZdr KQ>H$m§_Üò nañna g§~YmV Am¡nMm[aH$

g§~Ÿ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y, n«ñWm{nV hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~ŸmV

{Z`_mZwgma H$m`m©Mr {d^mJUr, àemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm B. g_mdoe hmoVmo. EH$mM g§ñWoV H$m_

H$aUmè`m_Ü o AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_Üò ghH$mar, {_Ì, K{Zð>Vm B.

g_mdoe hmoVmo. AemàH$mao Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~YmVyZ ì`º$sÀ`m d¡ {º$H$

JaOm Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm `mo½` à_mUmV ^mJVmV d Ë`m g§~§YmVyZ gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU

V`ma hmoVo.

16

hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ> (1963) `m§Zr {ejU g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg H$éZ

Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaU åhUOo g§ñWoMo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo . Á`mà_mUo

àËòH$ ì`{º$bm ì`pŠV_Îd AgVo Vgo àËòH$ g§ñWobm dmVmdaU AgVo.

g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaU hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§H$ënZm Amho. S>çwB©À`m _Vo {dÚmÏ`mªMo

AÜ`mnZ Ë`mg n«má e¡j{UH$ AZw^dmZwgma hmoVo d e¡j{UH$ AZw^dm§Mr JwUdÎmm VoWrb

dmVmdaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

Mm§Jë`m d ñdmñWnyU© dmVmdaUmMo AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr AZoH$ KQ>H$ gm§{JVbobo

AmhoV dmVmdaUmV nwT>rb KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

1) g§K^mdZm

2) nañnam§{df`r Am{Ë_`Vm

3) bmoH$emhr {ZU© à{H«$`m

4) gdmªMo {_ÌËdmMo Am§Vag§~§Y

5) gw mo½` àË`mâU

6) Iwbo g§àofU

7) àemgZr` bd{MH$Vm

8) nañna {dídmg

9) g§Kfm©Mo gw mo½` g_mYmZ

10) g_ñ`m {ZdmaU nÕVrMm Adb§~

11) àoaUm

12) gw mo½` {ZòmOZ

13) g¥OZerbVog dmd AgUo

14) g§KH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm

15) gw mo½` ZoV¥Ëd d {X½Xe©Z

16) gdmªMo gh^m{JËd

17) H$m`© g_mYmZ AmË_moÞVrMr ^mdZm B.

17

g§ñWoVrb (g§KQ>ZoVrb) dmVmdaU ñdmñWnyU© Agmdo åhUOo g§ñWo_Yrb gdmªMo

d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJyZ H$m`m©Mo g_mYmZ {_iVo. Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥Îd nwadÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Mr Agbr Var

àËòH$mZoM Ago _¡ÌrnyU© d Iwbo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdbm nm{hOo. VaM

àËòH$ g§ñWoV ñdmñWnyU© dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eH$Vo.

Aem àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg KS>dUo

An{ojV Amho. AmOMm {ejH$ à{ejUmWu CÚmMm ^mdr {ejH$ AgVmo Ë`mÀ`mOdi

{dÚmÏ`m©Mo d ghH$mar {ejH$m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWmVrb

dmVmdaUmMm AZw d {ejH$ n«{ejUmWvZm {_iUo JaOoMo Amho. {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r

Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o j_Vm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m nwT>rb j_Vm§Mo {ejH$

à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {dH$mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

1.3 ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdddd j_Vm

Competency `m B§J«Or eãXmMm eãX H$moem_Üò {Xbobm AW© fitness,

capacity, sufficiency, Legal power Agm Amho.

`m{R>H$mUr {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©Zwgma j_Vm åhUOo {ejH$mbm ñdV:Mr

^y{_H$m, ZoV¥Ëd `mo½` àH$mao ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr Agboë`m eº$sMo qH$dm nmÌVoMo

nyaogo à_mU hr nmÌVm ì`{º¨$À`m A§Jr OÝ_OmV Agy eH$Vo qH$dm gamdmZo / à`ËZmZo Vr

H$_dVm oVo.

j_Vm§Mm gamd, à{ejU, g§Yr d n¹$dVm `m_wio hiyhiy {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo.

AemM ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg Amnë`mbm {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ KS>dyZ AmUUo

Ano{jV AgVo.

ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm g¨H$sU© d ì`mnH$ Aer Amho.

1.4 ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§H$ënZm

EImÚm ì`dgm`mV, g§ñWoV, Hw$Qw>§~mV, emioV {dÚmWu dJm©V {d{eï> C{Ôï> gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ooìhm AZoH$ ì`º$s EH$Ì òVmV Voìhm ì`º$s g_yhmÀ`m à`ËZm§Mr

18

n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm `mo½` {Xem XoÊ`mgmR>r à^mdr ZoË`mMr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

{ejUmÀ`m g§MmbZ H$m`m©V ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm A{^àoV Amho. ì`dgm`m_Üò gd©

KQ>H$m§Zm H$m`©àd¥Îm H$aUmam _hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .

ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nwT>rbn«_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

ì`m»`m

1) qH$W S>opìhg (1998)

"{ZpíMV C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r BVam§Zm àd¥Îm H$éZ àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mMr

`mo½`Vm åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .'

2) Aë\$moS>© d ~oÅ>r (1999) `m§À`m AZwgma

"X~mdmMm dmna Z H$aVm Amnë`m ghH$mè`mH$Sy>Z, g_yhmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m ñdoÀN>oZo

Ano{jV H¥$Vr H$éZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo ZoV¥Îd hmo .'

3) MoñQ>a ~ZmªS>© (1982)

ZoV¥Îd åhUOo ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo Ago JwU H$s, Á`m_wio Vmo BVa ì`{º$Zm Ë`mÀ`m

g§K{Q>V à`ËZm_Üò _mJXe©Z H$aVmo.

4) am°` Am{U ~ohbtJ (1984)

"Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an

organized group toward goal achievement'.

AWm©V -

"ZoV¥Îd åhUOo C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r g§K{Q>V g_yhmbm à^m{dV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

hmo`.'

Richards and Engle (1986)

"Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and

visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which

things can be accomplished.'

19

AWm©V - "ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo {d{eï> Ñï>rH$moZmMr {Z{_©Vr _yë`m§Mr àñWmnZm d

gm_y{hH$ à`ËZ èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo .'

O°H$moãg Am{U O°H$sg (1990)

"ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Zm (AW©nyU© {Xem) CÔoí`nyU© {Xem XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

VgoM C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r EopÀN>H$ à`ËZm§Mr gdmªJrU dmT> H$aUo åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo`.'

B©. EM. eoBZ (1992) (E.H. Schein)

Leadership is the ability to step outside the culture..... to start

evolutionary change processes that are more adaptive.” "ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r~mho~a OmdyZ gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ghO

OwiUmè`m CËH«$m§V ~Xbm§Mr à{H«$`m hmo .'

S´>mW Am{U nmbg (1992) (Drath & palus)

"Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are

doing together so that people will understand and be committed'.

"bmoH$ gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ~m§Ysb ahmdoV d Amnë`m à`ËZm§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmU

Agmdr `mÑï>rZo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Zm AW©nyU© OmUrd XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Îd hmo .'

hmD$g BQ>. Ab. (1999) House et. al.

"Leadership is the ability of an individual to intluence, motiveate,

and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success

of the organization. '

"g§KQ>ZoMo è d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm `mV à^mdr gh`moJmMr ì`{º$JV j_Vm

d¥ÕtJV H$aUo ào[aV H$aUo d BVam§Zm H$m`©àdU H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo`.'

H$moPog Am{U nm°ñZa (2002) Kouzes & Posner

"Leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead

ad those who choose to follow.'

"ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUmao d AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m

AgUmao KQ>H$ `mVrb nañna g§~§Y hmo .'

20

ìh°boÝPw`bm (2007) Valenzuela

"Leadership is the ability of developing and communicating a

vision to a group of people that will make that vision true.'

"gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMm X¥{ï>H$moZ dmñVdmV CVa{dÊ`mgmR>r g_yhmbm Amdí`H$ Ñï>r

XoÊ`mMr {dH$gZerb d gwg§dmXr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .'

ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004) _Üò ZoV¥Ëd e¡br~m~V {dMma _m§S>bm

"ZoVo AZw m§ mer Am§Va{H«$`m gmYV AgVmZm Amnë`m A§JMo ñdm^m{dH$ JwU,

H$m¡eëò Am{U dV©Z `m dmnam§Mm {_bm\$ åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z/e¡br hmo .'

ZoV¥ËdmVrb dV©UyH$sMo gmVË`nyU© bjUo ho ZoË`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo.

Zm°W© hmD$g (2004) `m§Zr gy{MV Ho$bo H$s, doJdoJù`m g§X^m©V ZoVm Amnë`m

AZw`m§ mer H$gm dmJVmo ? `m ~m~VrV e¡br Ñï>rH$moZmZo ZoV¥ËdmMm Aä`mg ì`mnH$ Ho$bobm

Amho.

`mnydu ZoV¥ËdmMm Omo Aä`mg Pmbm Ë`m_Üò dV©Z hr g§km {XgVo. nU AmYw{ZH$

boIZmV e¡br hr g§km {XgVo XmoÝhtMm AW© VmoM Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV dasb ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm ZoV¥ÎdmMr d¡{eîQo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm

òVrb.

1.4.1 ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdmMr d¡{eîQo

1) ZoV¥Ëd hr AZw m`m§Zda à^mdmMr à{H«$`m Amho.

2) ZoV¥Ëd hr ~m¡{ÕH$ à{H«$`m Amho.

3) ZoV¥Ëdmbm AZw`m`r Agmdo bmJVmV.

4) ZoV¥Îd à{H«$òV ZoVm Am{U AZw`m`r `m§À`m_Üò H$m`©g§~§Y Agbo nm{hOoV.

5) ZoV¥ÎdmV ZoVm Am{U AZw m`r `m§À`m_Ü o {dídmg Agbm nm{hOo.

6) ZoVm Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Mm AmXe© Agmdm

7) g_yhmbm Amdí`H$ Ñï>r XoÊ`mMr d {dH$gZerb d gwg§dmXr à{H«$`m AgVo.

8) gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Z AW©nyU© {Xem XoÊ`mMr VmH$V ZoV¥ËdmV AgVo.

21

9) ZoVo gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ~m§{YbH$s AgUmao AgmdoV.

10) ZoV¥ËdmÛmao A{^àoaU, _mJ©Xe©Z, g§KQ>Z Am{U {ZX}eZ H$obo OmVo.

11) ZoV¥Ëdm_Üò gd© AZw m`mÀ`m _Vm§Zm / {dMma§mZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr nm{hOo.

12) ZoË`m§H$S>o g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo, n[apñWVrMo `mo½` AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`mdaVr

`mo½` {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr gj_Vm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.

13) ZoË`mOdi ghH$mè`m§À`m CÎm_ H$m_{JarMr XIb KoUo Am{U àË`mâU XoÊ`mMr

j_Vm AgVo.

14) ZoË`mbm CÎm_ àemgZ d ì`dñWmnZmMo kmZ AgVo.

Z°H$ (2005) Zo XoIrb _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr ZoV¥Îd {dH$gZmgmR>r à{gÕ ì`ŠVtMr

ì`m»`mZo Am`mo{OV H$amdr. Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r g§JrV, H$bm Ago {d{dY H$m`©H«$_

Am`mo{OV H$éZ {ZYr Jmoim H$amdm, Ë`mM~amo~a H$a_UwH$sMo H$m`©H«$_, n`m©daUr`

H$m`©H«$_, dmX{ddmX, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_, {Z~§YboIZ, EImÚm _m{gH$mMo g§nmXZ Ago

H$m`©H«$_ _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.

_hm{dÚmb`m_Üò EZ.Eg.Eg.`w{ZQ>, EZ.gr.gr.`w{ZQ>, {d{eï> _{hbm EZ.Eg.

Eg. Agmdo. amï´>r` gU d CËgdmbm {dÚmÏ`mªZm _hm{dÚmb`mV òUo A{Zdm © Agmdo.

eŠ` Pmë`mg Am§VaamÁ`m_Üò {dÚmÏ`mªMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ AXbm~Xb H$amdr. àËòH$

_hm{dÚmb`m_Ü o ÑH$lmì` gm{hË` AgmdoV.

_hm{dÚmb`m_Üò g§Kf© ì`dñWmnZ, ES²>g OZOmJ¥Vr, dm°bnmoñQ>g© ho H$m ©H«$_

EZ.Eg.Eg. H$Sy>Z H$adyZ ¿`mdoV. {d{dY emIoVrb CXm. AmQ>©g², gm`Ýg, H$m°_g© `m

emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZr EH${ÌV òdyZ H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV H$amdoV. {dÚmÏ`mªZm AÜ`mnZmV

gh^mJr H$éZ ¿`mdo, Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{dY àH$ën H$adyZ ¿`mdoV. VgoM

{dÚmÏ`mªZm {d{dY joÌôQ>rgmR>r KodyZ Omdo. _mJ©Xe©Z d g_ynXoeZ `m§Mo H$m`©H«$_, {e~rao

Am`mo{OV H$amdrV. `moJm à{ejUgwÕm _hm{dÚmb`mZo Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.

_hm{dÚmb`mMo e¡j{UH$ ghbgwÕm Xadfu Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.

22

1.4.2 ZoV¥Ëdm{df`H$ {gÕm§V

à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r H$mhr {d{eï JwU à^mdrZoË`mÀ`m A§Jr AgUo ho _mÝ` H$aUo

åhUOo ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m JwUmda AgUmam {gÕmÝV _mÝ` H$aUo hmo`. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ZoV¥Ëd ñnï>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm EH$_od {gÕmÝV ZgyZ, BVahr {gÕmV ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r dmnabo

OmVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) JwU {df`H$ {gÕm§V

`m {gÕ¨mVmZwgma èñdr ZoË`mOdi H$mhr emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ Am{U ì`{º$_Ëd

{df`H$ JwU AgVmV. nU hm {gÕmV H$mhr àH$aUmVM Iam _mZVm òVmo H$maU gd©M

à^mdr ZoË`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmMo ahñ` `m {gÕmVmda {dg§~yZ ñnï> H$aVm oV Zmhr. CXm _hmË_m

Jm§Yr

2) ZoV¥Ëd dV©UyH$ {df`H$ {gÕm§V

Á`m nÕVrZo ZoVm H$m_ H$aVmo Ë`mMr Amnë`m AZw m§ mer dV©UyH$ H$go AgVo ?

Ë`mda hm {gÕ¨mV AmYm[aV Amho `m {gÕmVmda Á`m g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm Ago

AmT>ibo H$s, ZoË`m§Mr dV©UyH$ XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ AmO_mdVm oVo.

A) H$_©Mmar H|$ÐrV dV©UyH$ - `m_Üò H$_©Mmè`m§Mo {hV d JaOm `m§Mm OmñVrV OmñV

{dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio gh^mJ `wº$ ì`dñWmnZmV dmT> hmodyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_

ZoË`mÀ`m H$m`©j_VoV {XgyZ òVmo.

Am) CËnmXZ H|$ÐrV dV©UyH$ : H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo H$s,

Á`m_wio H$m_mMo ñdén ì`d[ñWV g§K{Q>V Ho$bo OmVo. `m_Ü o g_Ýd` gmYbm

OmVmo. Ë`mMo ñdén AemàH$mao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo H$s H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$m` H$m_

H$amd`mMo ? H$go H$amd`mMo ? `mMm CbJS>m hmoVmo.

3) n[apñWVr{df`H$ {gÕm§V

`m {gÕm§VmZwgma ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV ì`º$sÀ`m g_m`moOZ H$m¡eë`mda

Adb§~yZ AgVo. n[apñWVrMm doY KoUo, n[apñWVr da n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm

Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`m§Mm ZrQ> AW© bmdUo d Ë`mà_mUo OéarMo Cnm``moOZm H$aUo B. KQ>H$m§Mm

23

`m {gÕmÝVmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. n[apñWVr_Ü o ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$, g§ñWm, JQ>mMr C{ÔîQ>ço d

g§ñWoMr g§ñH¥$Vr VoWrb gm_m{OH$ Zs{V{Z`_, na§nam, _yëò `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

ZoV¥Ëd ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVmhr EH$ {gÕmV nwaogm Zmhr. åhUyZ g§emoYZmZwgma

gd© g_mdoeH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. d[ab VrZ {gÕmVmÀ`m

Am§Va{H«$òVyZ ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm CJ_ nmdVo. Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) ZoVm d Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr Agbobo {d{eï JwU

2) AZw`m`m§Mo {d{eï> àíZ, JaOm, Ñï>rH$moZ B.

3) n[apñWVr

`m J¥hrVH$mbm àUmbr nÕVr Ago åhUVmV AmOH$mb gm_m{OH$ emóm§Mo ~aoMgo

{gÕmV àUmbr nÕVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.

g§KQ>Zo_Yrb ZoË`m§À`m A§Jr AgUmao ì`{º$JV JwU

ZoV¥Ëd hr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. ZoË`mMo H$m`© qH$dm ^y{_H$m EImÚm

g§KZm`H$mgmaIo AgVo. ZoË`mbm g§KQ>ZoMr C{ÔîQ>o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghH$mè`m§Mr JaO

AgVo. Aem ghH$mè`m§_Üò {d{dY ñd^md, d¥Îmr {dMmam§À`m bmoH$m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd Ë`mbm H$amdo

bmJVo.

EH$ àH$maMo ì`dñWmnH$mMr y{_H$m Ë`mbm nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r ZoË`m_Ü o Imbrb

JwU AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

24

darb AmH¥$Vr _Yrb {d{eï> JwUm§da ZoË`mMo ZoV¥Ëd Adb§~yZ AgVo. ZoË`m

{df`H$ qH$dm à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmH$[aVm AZoH$ Vkm§Zr d g§emoYH$mZr 100 EH$ JwUm§Mr `mXr

{Xbobr Amho.

Ë`mVrb darb AmH¥$Vr à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmH$[aVm {H$_mZ JwUm§Mr `mXr {Xbobr Amho.

Ë`m gd© JwUm§Mm {dH$mg à{ejUmVyZ hmoD$ eH$Vom.

1.4.3 ZoV¥ÎdmMo _hÎd

àËòH$ ì`dgm` / g§KQ>Zm AWdm {ejUg§ñWm B. _Ü o à^mdr ZoV¥Ëdm{edm`

g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` hmoUo AeŠ` Amho. Ë`mgmR>r ZoV¥ËdmMo _hËd g§~{YV g§ñWobm d

g_mOmbm n`m© mZo Xoembm Ë`mMr AË`§V JaO AgVo.

ZoV¥Ëd JwU

{Z`moOH$

g§KQ>H$

g_Ýd`H$

{X½Xe©H$

{ZU©` à{H«$`m

H$m`©àoaH

{Z`§ÌU

g§doXZerb

_yë`_mnZ H$aUmam

25

Imbrb AmH¥$Vr_YyZ ZoV¥Ëd _hËd ñnîQ> Ho$bobo Amho.

darb AmH¥$Vr_YyZ ZoV¥ËdmMo _hËd bjmV òVo. g§KQ>ZoVrb ZoV¥Ëdm_wio g_mOmMr

C{Ôï>m§Mr nyVu hmoVo. g_mOmbm àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo _mJ©Xe©Z, g§KQ>Z d àoaUm {_iVo. `m gd©

KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ / à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.

1.4.4 ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z / e¡btMo àH$ma

ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmV ZoË`mÀ`m JwUm§Mm, j_Vm, H$m¡eëò Am{U dV©Z `m§Mm {_bm\$

åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd e¡br AWdm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z hmo .

`mnydu ZoV¥ËdmMm Aä`mg Pmbm Ë`m_Ü o dV©Z hr g§km {XgVo. nU AmYw{ZH$

boIZmV e¡br hr g§km {XgVo. `m Xmohm|Mm AW© EH$M Amho. ZoV¥Ëd e¡br / dV©Zm~m~V Mma

doJdoJio Ñï>rH$moZ AmhoV.

ZoV¥Ëd _hÎd

{d{dY H$m`m©V EH$gyÌVm

gwg§dmX gmYZo

ì`dgm`mer {Zð>m

g~brH$aU

_mZdr g§~§Y OmonmgUo

g_mOmMr C{Ôï>o nyU© H$aUo

{ dÚmÏ`mªZm àoaUm XoUo

gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyVu

CÎm_ _mJ©Xe©Z

{ dÚmÏ`mªZm àoaUm XoUo

26

1) Am`mo dm {dÚmnrR> e¡br Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm Ñï>rH$moZ gdm©V OwZm Amho.

2) Xwgam Ñï>rH$moZ {_{eJZ {dÚmnrR> A_o[aH$m

3) Amo{hAmo amÁ` {dÚmnrR> A_o[aH$m

4) ãboH$ Am{U _m±Q>Z `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` Omio (Grid)

darb ZoV¥Ëd e¡brÀ`m 4 Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$éZ Imbrb n«H$maMo ZoV¥Ëd

e¡brMo àH$ma gy{MV Ho$bobo AmhoV. Ë`m§ZmM ZoV¥Ëd e¡brMo àH$ma åhUVmV. Vo

nwT>rbà_mUo:

Hw$Q>© bo{dZ d ghH$mè`m§Zr ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m ZoV¥Ëd e¡brda g§emoYZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm

XmoZ àH$ma AmT>ibo.

1) EH$m{YH$ma ZoV¥Ëde¡br qH$dm dV©Z

`m àH$mam_Üò ZoVm ñdV: {ZU©` KoVmo. H${Zð>m§Zm Amkm XoUo, hþHy$_ JmO{dUo, d

H${Zð>m§Mo n`©dojU d ~maH$mB©Zo [ZarjU H$aUo B. Jmoï>r `m e¡brV {XgyZ òVmV.

2) bmoH$emhr ZoV¥Ëde¡br

`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço gdm©Zw_Vo {ZU©`m§Zm àoaUm d gm§[KH$ H$m`m©bm _hÎd AgVo. `m_Ü o

H${Zð>m§À`m _Vm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. `m n«H$mam_Üò H${Zð>m§Mo n`©dojU ZgVo.

3) ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëde¡br (Transformational Leadership)

Zm°W© hmD$g 2004 `m§Zr g§emoYZmVyZ Ago gw{MV Ho$bo H$s, ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëde¡br

g§KQ>ZoVrb ^mdZm, Zs{V_yë` XyyaJm_r Üò o, JaOm `mda ~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd g§H$ënZm Adb§~yZ

Amho.

`m_Üò ~XbV OmUmè`m j_Vm§da OmñV bj AgVo.

S>mD$Z Q>Z (1973) "~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd' hm eãX. hm eãXà`moJ àW_ "ao~b

{bS>a{en H${_Q>_ÝQ> A°ÝS> H$[aî_m BZ E [aìøë`wEeZ àmogog' `m Ë`m§À`m nwñVH$mV

AmT>iVo.

AmOn`ªV 1/3 g§emoYZ ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëd e¡br `mda Pmbobr {XgyZ òVmV. Ago

Ho$.~r. bmo Am{U S>ãby Eb JmS>©Za `m§Zr 2001 _Üò XmIdyZ {Xbo.

27

Oo. E_. ~Z©g d ~r. E_. ~mg `m§Zr Á`m H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m Ë`mdaVr `m

g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg Adb§~yZ Amho.

`yb (2002) åhUVmV AmXmZ àXmZmË_H$ ZoV¥Ëd e¡br Am{U ~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd

e¡br `m XmoÝhr e¡br AZw m`mda à^md nmS>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. VgoM AZw`m`mda ZoË`m§Mm

à^md H$gm nS>Vmo ? ho OmUyZ `m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV.

4) A{Z`§{ÌV ZoV¥Ëd / Iwbo ZoV¥Ëd

`m àH$maÀ`m ZoË`m_Üò ~XbUmao AmXmZ - n«XmZmË_H$ dV©ZmMr d¡{eîQ>o {XgyZ òV

ZmhrV. `m_Üò ZoVm hm Ho$di Zm_Ymar amhVmo. H$moUVohr _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV Zmhr g§KQ>Zm

Am{U ~møeº$s `m§À`m_Yrb g§nH©$ _mÜ`_ AgVmo.

Á`mdoir JQ>mVrb bmoH$ AË`§V ~w{Õ_mZ AgVmV d Ë`m§Zm Amnbr y{_H$m Am{U

O~m~XmarMr nyU© OmUrd AgVo. Amdí`H$ kmZ d H$m¡eëò Ë`m§À`mOdi AgVmV VoìhmM

hr e¡br èñdr hmody eH$Vo.

~XbVo ZoV¥Îd dV©Z nwT>rb dV©Zmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m dV©Zmdê$Z H$mhr ZoV¥Ëd

e¡brMo àH$ma {XgyZ òVmV Vo nwT>rbn«_mUo :

A) AmXe©dV dV©Z

`m àH$maÀ`m ZoË`m§da AmXe©dmXr à^md AgVmo. `m àH$mamVrb ZoVm hm

AZw`m`mgmR>r AË §V AmXe© AgVmo, Ë`mÀ`m Odi Cƒ XOm©Mr Zs{V_yë o

AgVmV VgoM ZoVm Amnë`m AZw m`m§Zm XyaÑï>r d Üò m§Mr OmUrd H$éZ XoV

AgVmo.

~ ) CËñ\y$V© àoaUm

Á`m ZoË`m_Üò `m àH$mamMm JwU AgVmo Vo AZw`m`m§Zm Cƒ Anojm gmÜ`

H$am`bm ào[aV H$aVmV. gm§{KH$ ^mdZoMm {dH$mg H$aVmV. àoaUmXm`r d

àmoËgmhZna ^mfU H$aVmV d AZw m`m§Zm Ysa XoUmao eãX dmnaVmV.

28

H ) ~m¡{ÕH$ CÎmoOZ XoUmao ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z

`m àH$mamVrb ZoVo AZw`m`m§À`m Zd {Z{_©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ XoVmV.

Zm{dÝ`mÀ`m AZwH$aUmbm àmoËgmhZ XoVmV. éT> Jmoï>tZm AmìhmZ XoÊ`mg ^mJ

nmS>VmV.

S ) ì`{º$JV gmamgma {dMma H$aUmao ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎd e¡br

`m àH$mamVrb ZoVo AZw m`m§À`m ì`{º$JV JaOm EHy$U KoVmV, Ë`mZwgma

g„m XoVmV VgoM _XVrMo AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

5) AmXmZ àXmZmË_H$ dV©Z

`m_Üò XmoZ àH$maMo dV©Z {XgyZ òVo.

A) AZw`m`m§À`m H$m_mÀ`m AZwf§{JH$ ~jsg XoVmo. AZw m`r Oo H$aVmV Ë`mMo

_yë`_mnZ ~jsg énmZo Ho$bo OmVo. `mV ZoV¥ËdmMm hmM à`ËZ AgVmo.

~) AndmXmZo ì`dñWmnH$ dV©Z : {d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r Ooìhm H$mi _`m©Xm AgVo,

{ZpíMV à_mUHo$ qH$dm H$mhr {d{eï> R>a{dboë`m Jmoï>r `m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV

Zmhr. H$m_ Ë`m§À`m _`m©Xo~mhoa Omdy bmJVo. Aemdoir d[að> A{YH$mar

hñVjon H$aVmo Vmo gwYmaÊ`mgmR>rM g_sjU H$aVmo ZH$mamË_H$ à~bZ XoVmo.

`m_Üò XmoZ CnàH$ma nS>VmV.

1) g{H«$` dV©Z d 2) {Z[îH«$` dV©Z

g{H«$` dV©ZmMo d¡{eîQ>o Ago H$s, MyH$ Vm~S>Vmo~ gwYmabr OmVo.

Am{U {ZîH«$s` dV©ZmÀ`m àH$mamV Á`mdoir à_m{UV Jmoï>r qH$dm à{H«$`m

Anèr R>aVmV. Ë`mMdoiobm `m {Z{îH«$` dV©ZmMm ZoVo dmna H$aVmV.

6) g§K ZoV¥Ëd (Zm°W© hmD$g 2004)

`m§Zr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br Amho.

Á`m bmoH$m§Mr g_mZ Üò o AgVmV VgoM hr Ü o o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$_oH$mer

g_Ýd` gmYZmè`m H¥$Vr H$aVmV. Aem nañnam§da Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m OZ g_wXm`mÀ`m

ZoV¥Ëdmg g§K ZoV¥Ëd Ago åhUVmV.

29

~XbË`m OJmV doJmZo hmoUmè`m gwYmaUm ~mOmanoR>oVrb doJdmZ ~Xb, J«mhH$m§À`m

~XbË`m JaOm CËnm{XV dñVy§Mo Aënm`wfr `m_wio g§KQ>Zm§Zm Ë`m§À`mVrb OZg_yhmdaVr

Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo Am[U `mgmR>r ZoV¥Ëd Mm§Jbo AgUo AË §V JaOoMo Amho. ZoV¥ËdmMr

H$m`©o AË`§V Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVmV.

AemàH$mao dasb gd© ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z àH$mam§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s,

H$moUË`mhr joÌmVrb ZdrZ ~XbË`m g§KQ>Zm§À`m H$m`©j_Vm d g§KQ>ZoMm {dH$mg

gmYÊ`m_Üò ZoË`mMo `moJXmZ A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho.

gd©gm_mÝ` nUo {ejU joÌmVrb ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMm

{dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ~XbË`m OJmV àËòH$ joÌmVrb ZoV¥ËdmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r

ZoË`m§Odi _hÎdmMr ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

1.4.5 {ejH$ ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎd {dH$mg

H$m`© d O~m~Xmar `m_Ü o EH$mH$s / ì`{º$JV ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio Ago _moR>çm

à_mUmV AmT>iyZ Ambobo Amho H$s ,{deofV: `w. Eg. E. H°$ZS>m, Am°ñQ>o{b`m `m Xoem_Ü o

{ejH$ ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m àH$mam_Üò ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ Ambo.

A_o[aHo$_Üò Joë`m XeH$mV {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m`©H«$_ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bobo

AmhoV. VgoM {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMr g§H$ënZm g§emoYH$mZr Am{U ì`dgmB©H$m§Zr _moR>çm

n«_mUmV ñdrH$mabr Amho.

{ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMo ZoV¥Îd Am{U embo {ZU©`mV A{YH$ma

XoÊ`m~m~V Amho.

{ejH$ ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdmMr ì`m»`m - {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëdm~m~VÀ`m ì`m»`m AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr {Xboë`m

AmhoV. {H$ Á`m ZoV¥Îdm~m~VÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ _Vm§er doJionU Xe©dVmV.

dmñbo (2006) `m§Mr ì`m»`m {ejH$ ZoV¥Îd åhUOo "Amnë`m {dÚmWu g_yhmg d

ghH$mar {ejH$m§Zm ~XbÊ`mg d ZoV¥Îd pñdH$maÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo hmo`.'

30

_m°ba Am{U H°$PoZ_o a (2001) `m§Mr ì`m»`m

"{ejH$ ZoV¥Îd åhUOo {ejH$ Omo dJm©V Am{U dJm©~mhoa ZoV¥Îd H$aVmo, Am{U

{dÚmWu, ghH$mar {ejH$ d ZoVo `m§À`m g_yhmer g§~§Y OmoS>Vmo. Am{U gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$

H¥$VrH$S>o BVam§Zm di{dVmo Vo {ejH$ ZoV¥Îd hmo`.'

`m ì`m»òV Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {dMmam§À`m CbQ> darb

ì`m»òV {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëdmg gm_y{hH$ ñdénmV _mZbo Amho. H$s Á`m_Üò gd© {ejH$ {_iyZ

EH$Ì H$m`© H$[aV Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo d Vo VÁkhr hmoVmV.

1.4.6 {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Îd dV©Z {dH$mg

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`dgm` H$m`m©V AZoH$ ì`º$s, H$_©Mmar, A{YH$mar åhUyZ ^mJ

KoV AgVmV `mÑï>rZo ì`dgm` H$m`m©V ^mJ KoUmè`m gd© ì`º$s åhUOo EH$ ì`º$s g_yh

R>aVmo. n«ËòH$ ì`dgm`mV àemgZmMr ì`dñWmnZmMr JaO AgVo. H$maU {Z`mo{OV C{ÔîQ>o

gmÜ` H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m_Yrb H$m`©aV ì`{º$§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z, H$m_mMr dmQ>Ur d Ë`mMr

àËòH$mH$Sy>Z A§_b~OmdUr B. Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmá AgVo. hr gd© H$m ©o

ZoË`m_m\©$V Ho$br OmVmV. ì`dgm`mVrb ZoV¥ËdmMm n[aUm_ d à^md ì`dgm`mVrb {d{dY

ì`º$s¨À`m H$m`m©da, H$m`©nÕVrda, dV©Zmda d {dMma H$aÊ`mda {XgyZ òVmo.

Ho$di amOH$maUmVM ZoV¥Ëd AgVo Ago Zìho Va àËòH$ ì`dgm`mV g§KQ>ZoV,

CnH«$_mV ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo. CXm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CnH«$_mV hr _w»` ì`dñWmnH$ g§KQ>ZoMo

ZoV¥Ëd H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dY {d^mJ à_wI hr Amnmnë`m {d^mJmMo ZoV¥Ëd

H$arV AgVmV.

ZoV¥Ëd hm g§MmbZmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. g§MmbZm_Üò JQ>mbm qH$dm g_yhmbm

g§K{Q>V H$éZ C{Ôï>nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo MmbZm XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ZoV¥Ëd ho ì`dñWmnZ

H$m`m©Vrb EH$ _hÎdmMo VËd Amho.

ì`dñWmnZ d ZoV¥Ëd `m XmoÝhrhr JwUm§Mr nyV©Vm EH$mÚm ì`dñWmnH$m_Üò AgobM

Ago ZgVo.

31

`mdéZ g§KQ>ZoV ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m¡eë`mà_mUoM CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm§Mr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

{ejU à{H«$òV gVV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>V AgVmV. Ë`m Am§Va{H«$ò_wio g_yh OrdZ

JVr_mZ ~ZVo. ì`º$sda {d{dY g§ñH$ma hmoVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ ì`{º$À`m dV©ZmV ~Xb hmoV

AgVmV dJ© g_yhmV AÜ``ZmÏ`mªda OmUrdnyd©H$ g§ñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. e¡j{UH$ n[agamV

g_yhmMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho.

{ejH$ hm {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMm ZoVm AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo BVa ghH$mar, H$_r

AZw^dr {ejH$m§Mm Vmo _mJ©Xe©H$, {dÚmÏ`mªMo `mo½` _yë`_mnZ H$aUmam, {ZU©` à{H«$òV

gh^mJ KoUmam d {df`m~m~V VÁk BË`mXr Jmoï>tMo ZoV¥Ëd {ejH$mH$S>oM AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r

Ë`mÀ`m CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmMm {dH$mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU

emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. S>m°. Om°Z ñ_rW `m§Zr ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m j_Vm§Mm

nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao emoYbobo 8 j_Vm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

ZoV¥ËdZoV¥ËdZoV¥ËdZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm

1) 1) 1) 1) gggg§§§§d oXZerbVmdoXZerbVmdoXZerbVmdoXZerbVm(Empathy)

2) 2) 2) 2) àË`mâUàË`mâUàË`mâUàË`mâUj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm

(Feedback) ) ) )

3) 3) 3) 3) gggg§§§§nmXZnmXZnmXZnmXZj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm

(Achievement)

4) 4) 4) 4) ì`dgm`mì`dgm`mì`dgm`mì`dgm`m{{{{df`rdf`rdf`rdf`r

{{{{ZðZðZðZð>m >m >m >m (Commitment)

5) 5) 5) 5) H$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_Vm(Performa

nce)

6) 6) 6) 6) g~brH$aUg~brH$aUg~brH$aUg~brH$aU(Empower

ment)

7) 7) 7) 7) gggg§§§§àofUàofUàofUàofU(Communicat

ion)

8)8)8)8)àoaUmàoaUmàoaUmàoaUm XoUmamXoUmamXoUmamXoUmamàoaHàoaHàoaHàoaH$ $ $ $

(Motivation)

32

1) g§doXZerbVm (Empathy)

`m_Üò {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm à{ejUmVyZ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg KS>V AgVmo. `m

KQ>H$mV Xwgè`m§Mo AZw^d AZw^dÊ`mMr Hw$dV, Ë`mM~amo~a ghH$mè`m§À`m g_ñ`m d

JaOm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm.

2) àË`mâU j_Vm (Feedback)

`m_Üò ZoË`m_Üò AZw`m`m§{df`H$ JwU J«mhH$Vm, bmoH$m§Zm AmoiIUo, g§K ^mdZm

`mo½` àË`mâU XoUo B.

3) g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm / g§nmXUyH$ j_Vm (Achievement)

^mdZm§Mo AmXmZ àXmZ AZw`m`rZm OwÝ`m {dMmamVyZ Zì`m {dMmamH$S>o ào[aV H$aUo.

Zì`m Jmoï>tMm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo.

4) ~m§{YbH$s / ì`dgm`m{df`r {Zð>m (Commitment)

ì`dgm`m{df`r AmdS> {Zð>m O~m~XmarMm pñdH$ma Z¡{VH$Vm AZw m`m_Ü o

{dídgZr` ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aUo B. nmÌVm AgUo.

5) H$m`©j_Vm (Performance)

AZw`m§Zm C{Ôð>màV didUo, àËòH$ d¡ {º$H$ ghH$mè`m§À`m H$m`©j_Vo{df`r

doimodoir Zm|X KoUo CËgmh d Amem, {dídmg {Z_m©U H$aUo, {ZU© j_Vm B.Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo.

6) g~brH$aU (Empowerment)

g§KQ>ZoVrb BVa g^mgXm§Zm ZoV¥ËdmMr g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo Ë`m§À`m Amem,

AmH$m§jm, JaOm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU B. j_Vm Amdí`H$

AmhoV.

7) g§àofU (Communication)

g§^mfU H$m¡eë` `m_Üò g§KQ>ZoVrb gwg§dmX dmT>dUo CXm. EImXm KQ>H$ H$Wm /

qH$dm à{VH$ énmZo g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mMr j_Vm dº¥$Ëd d g§^mfU H$m¡eë` j_Vm.

33

8) àoaUm XoUmam àoaH$ (Motivation)

g§KQ>ZoMr AWdm g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZw m`m§Zm ào[aV H$aUo d

AZw`m§Mr_Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm \$m`Xm {H§$dm Cn`moJ C{Ôð>m§er qH$dm _yë`m§er OmoS>Uo `mo½`

H$m_m~Ôb ~jsg XoUo em{ãXH$ A{^Z§XZ H$aUo B.

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg à{ejUmVyZ KS>Uo JaOoMo AgVo H$maU

AmOMm à{ejUmWu hm CÚmMm {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mg g_W© AgUo `mMr OmUrd H$éZ

XoUo _hËdmMo Amho.

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaer g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømV 10 {ejUemñÌ

_hm{dÚmb`mn¡H$s (8 {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmbò) EH$ dfm©Mm {ejH$ à{ejU

Mmb{dUmao ~r.ES>. _hm{dÚmb o d XmoZ (~r.E.~r.ES²>. EH$mpË_H$ {ejUemñÌ

_hm{dÚmbò) Aem {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmMo H$m`© MmbVo.

àñVwV g§emoYZm_Üò {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U

{ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `mMm emoY KoVbobm Amho. VgoM g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m_Yrb g§~§Y

emoYbobm Amho.

1.5 àñVwV g§emoYZmMr JaO

AmO OmJ[VH$saUmÀ`m àdmhmV {ejUmMr ì`mnH$Vm dmT>V Mmbbobr Amho.

Ë`mM~amo~a {ejH$ à{ejU d {ejH$s noemV àdoe KoUmè`m§Zr XO}Xma n«{ejU KoVbo

nm{hOo. Á`m Aä`mgH«$_mÛmao Am{U à{ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`{º$bm AÜ`mnH$s`

ì`dgm`mgmR>r d H$m`m©gmR>r KS>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m {ejUmbm d Aä`mgH«$_mbm {ejH$

à{ejU Ago åhUVmV. gmh{OH$M à{ejUmWuda VoWrb dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m

à{ejUmVyZ {ejUemñÌmMm n[aM`, AW©, Ü o d C{ÔîQ>o, AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZmVrb

à{H«$`m Ë`m§Mo ñdén, {gÕ§¨mÝV {d{dY à{H«$`m, _yë`_mnZ nÕVr, embo ì`dhma `m§Mm

emóewÕ n[aM` Ë`m§Mr `WmW© OmUrd H$éZ {Xbr OmVo. Mm§Jë`m {ejH$mbm ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r

Amdí`H$ j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo CXm. AÜ`mnZ H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aÊ`m~amo~a ghH$mar

34

{ejH$m§Mm _mJ©Xe©H$, {dÚmWudJ© g_yhmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r Amdí`H$ JwUmMm {dH$mg d

V`mar H$éZ KoUo ho {ejH$ n«{ejUmMo C{Ôï> hmo`. nU {ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb

g§KQZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm {ejH$ à{ejUmWudarb n[aUm_ åhUOo VoWrb _mZdr KQ>H$

åhUOoM àmMm`©, {ejH$ à{ejH$, H$_©Mmar `m§À`mVrb Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$

g§~ ŸmVyZ Ë`m _hm{dÚmb`rZ dmVmdaUmMm g§~Y {ejH$ à{ejUmWuer oV AgboZo Vo

dmVmdaU {ZH$mon d e¡j{UH$ AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mVyZM {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV

Agë`mZo _hm{dÚmb`rZ à{ejUmVyZ Mm§Jë`m dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ ^mdr {ejH$m§gmR>r

Cn`wº$ d H$m`© g_mYmZ H$aUmam Agmdm.

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V Iyn H$_r

Aä`mg Pmbobm Amho.

VgoM {ejH$ n«{ejUmWuÀ`m ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zm~m~VrV g§emo{YV gm{hË`mMo Aën

à_mU {ejUmVrb `m joÌmÀ`m àJVrÀ`m JaOoda â XoVo {ejH$ à{ejUmWu hm ^mdr

{ejH$ AgVmo Am{U ^{dî`H$mimVrb à^mdr d Mm§Jë`m d n[aUm_H$maH$ {ejH$

ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg {ejH$ n«{ejU KoV AgVmZmM hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

åhUyZ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V Am{U

n«{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m g§X^m©V A{YH$m{YH$ {dH$mg g§emoYZmË_H$ Aä`mg

hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

àñVwV g§emoYZmVwZ hr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ

àËòH$ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m_Yrb g§~§Y emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm

Amho.

1.6 g§emoYZ g_ñòMo eãXm§H$Z

{ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg - EH$ Aä`mg.

àñVwV g§emoYZ {df`mVrb g§km§Mo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo.

35

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmbò

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmbò

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb

nXdrZ§Va _mÜ`{_H$ emim§_Üò {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU XoUmao _hm{dÚmbò Á`m§Mm

H$mbmdYr EH$ dfm©Mm AgVmo Aer _hm{dÚmbò.

~r.E.~r.ES>². _hm{dÚmb o

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb ~mamdr

(H$bm) Z§Va Mma dfm©Mm à{ejU H$mbmdYrV {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU XoUmao

_hm{dÚmb`.

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

H$moUË`mhr {ejU g§ñWoVrb C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo g§KQ>Z

H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`mà_mUoM {ejH$ à{ejU XoUmè`m _hm{dÚmb`mV _mZdr KQ>H$ Am{U

^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mo gwgyÌ Jw§\$Z H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo {ejH$ à{ejU

_hm{dÚmb`mV àmMm`©, A{Yì`m»`mVo, H$_©Mmar, {ejH$ à{ejUmWu BË`mXr_Ü o

KQ>H$m§V nañna g§~YmVyZ EH$ àH$maMr gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Ë`mbmM Ë`m

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Ago åhUVmV. `m g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaUmMo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo

1) H$m`m©V Z Jw§Vbobo {ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mVo (Disengagement)

{ejH$ EH${ÌV {_iyZ {_giyZ H$m_ Z H$aVm EH$Q>o amhÿZ H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr ng§Vr

Xe©dVmV. Ë`m§À`mV g§K{Q>VnUm H$_r à_mUmV {XgyZ òVmo.

2) A{Yì`m»`mË`m§À`m H$m_mVrb AS>Wim (Hinderance)

{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Zoh_rÀ`m

AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©~amo~a AZoH$ g{_Ë`m§_Üò H$m_o H$aVmZm _w»`mÜ`mnH$ d àmMm`© `m§À`m

36

X~mdmImbr H$m_o H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio {ejH$m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU©

hmoV ZmhrV VgoM d¡Mm[aH$ _VôX H$m_mVrb Q>mimQ>mi H$aUmao AÜ`mnH$ BË`mXr AZoH$

AS>MUr AgVmV.

3) ñ\y$Vu (Espirit)

gd© {ejH$ à{ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mVo CËgmhnyU© Am{U Omo_mZo e¡j{UH$ H$m ©

H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mV Cƒ ZsVsY¡ © {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m d¡ º$sH$ d gm_{OH$ JaOm

^mJVmV d Vo H$m © g_mYmZr AgVmV.

4) gbmoIm / _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y (Intimacy)

{ejH$m§_Üò CËgmh d AmZ§X Am{U EH$_oH$m§V _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y AgVmV. ghH$mar

{ejH$m§_Üòo K{Zï> g§~§Y AgVmV.

darb Mma KQ>H$ qH$dm CnMmMÊ`m `m {ejH$ à{ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mË`m§À`m

dV©Zmg§~[YV AmhoV. VgoM àmMm`mªÀ`m dV©Zm g§~§{YV nwT>rb Mma CnKQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo.

5) àmMm`mªMr {ejH$ à{ejH$m§er {H$§dm A{Yì`m»`mË`m§er A{báVm/AbJVm

(Aloofness) àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {Z`_mZwgma OmUo, YmoaUmZwgma OmUo OmñV ng§V H$aVmV.

Am¡nMm[aH$Vm AgVo. `m_Üò àmMm`© - ghH$mar àmÜ`mnH$m§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ AWdm

g_moamg_moarb MMm© / g§~Y Q>miVmV.

6) H$m`m©da / H$m_mda â / ~b (Production Emphasis)

àmMm © gd© {ejH$m§Moo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$aVmV. H$m`m©da â XoVmV, hþHy$_ XoUo

B. KQ>H$m§Mm `m_Üò g_mdoe hmoVmo. H$m`m©bm OmñV _hËd XoUo ng§V H$aVmV.

7) _mZdr dmJUyH$ (Thrust)

n«mMm`© ñdV:À`m CXmhaUmVyZ {ejH$m§Zm H$m © àd¥Îm H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zo

{ZarjU Z H$aUo BË`mXr JmoîQ>r {XgyZ òVmV.

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8) ghmZw y{Vnyd©H$ dV©Z (Consideration)

àmMm © ho Amnë`m ghH$m`mªMo {dMma / _Vm§Mm AmXa H$aVmV. {ejH$m§À`m

d¡ {º$H$ JaOm Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§~m~V _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ R>odVmV.

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg

àñVwV g§emoYZmV {ejH$ à{ejUmWu åhUOo Oo nXdr d nXdrì`wÎma {ejU àmá

Ho$ë`mZ§Va {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU KoV AmhoV

Ë`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ~r.E.~r.ES²>. (EH$mpË_H$) à{ejU KoV Agbobo

eodQ>À`m dfm©Vrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWu H$s Oo gZ 2007 - 2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©V

à{ejU KoV hmoVo.

darb {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg emoYÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m 8

j_Vm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg emoYÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb 8 KQ>H$m§Mm

nX{ZpíM`Z loUrÛmao emoYboë`m gj_Vm Imbrbà_mUo

1) g§doXZerbVm (Empathy)

ZoVm åhUyZ gdmªZm g_OmdyZ KoUo CXm. {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_OmdyZ

KoUo. Ë`m§Mr _Vo Ë`m§À`m JaOm Ë`m§À`m nmVirda OmdyZ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm.

2) àË`mâU j_Vm (Feedback)

JwU J«mhH$Vm, H$m¡VwH$ H$aUo B. j_Vm ZoË`mH$S>o AgmdoV `mo½`doir àË`mâU XoUo

CXm. {dÚmÏ`mªZo g§nmXZ Ho$boë`m è Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mbm ~jsg / em~mgH$s XoUo B. j_Vm.

3) g§nmXZ j_Vm (Achievement)

^mdZm§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ, ZdrZ Jmoï>r {Z_m©U H$aUo OwÝ`m {dMmamVyZ Zì`m

{dMmamH$S>o AZw`m§Zm di{dUo Ë`m§Zm C{Ôï> g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm

ZoË`mOdi AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.

38

4) ~m§{YbH$s / O~m~Xmar (Commitment)

g§ñWo~Ôb AWdm emio~Ôb {Zð>m / O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mMr j_Vm {ZU©`mer Z_«nUo

ahmUo B.

5) H$m`©j_Vm (Performance)

ZoË`m_Üò AZw m`m§À`m H$m`©j_Vo~Ôb d¡ {º$H$ Zm|Xr KoUo. AZw m`m_Üò CËgmh

d Amem {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.

{ejH$m§Zr Mm§Jë`m H$m`©j_VoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr `mo½` Zmo§X ¿`mdr d Ë`m§À`m_Üò

AmË_{dídmg dmT>{dUo B. j_Vm.

6) g~brH$aU j_Vm (Empowerment)

ZoVo Amnë`m gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aVmV. Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>rgmR>r g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

g§KQ>ZoVrb àËòH$ ì`{º$À`m JaOm / BÀN>m `mMr OmUrd AgVo. CXm. {ejH$ ho

{dÚmÏ`mªZm ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r H$mhr g§KZm`H$ H$mhr H$m_o dmQy>Z XoUo d Ë`m§Zm g§Yr {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.

7) g§àofU / g§^mfU (Communication)

ZoVm d Ë`mMo dº¥$Ëd CÎm_ AgUo, Ë`mMà_mUo g§KQ>ZoVrb àËòH$ ì`{º$er

gwg§dmX gmYÝ`mMo H$m¡eë` CXm. {ejH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$Wm / g§dmX `mo½` àH$mao gmYZ d

H$_rV H$_r eãXmV ñnîQ> H$aVmo. Aer g§àofU j_Vm ZoV¥Ëdmg AgUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho.

8) àoaUm (Motivation)

{ejH$m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm \$m`Xm C{Ôð>m§er d _yë`m§er OmoS>Uo.

{dÚmÏ`mªMm {dH$mgmgmR>r àoaUm XoÊ`mMr j_Vm

darb 8 j_Vm§_YyZ {ejH$ à{ejUm§WvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU

emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `m j_Vm Ë`m§À`m_Üò {H$Vr à_mUmV {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ

{dH${gV hmoVmV. `mMo à_mU nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

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1.7 g§emoYZmMo _hËd

àñVwV g§emoYZmMo _hËd nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.

1) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMr _m{hVr àmMm`©,

A{Yì`m»`mVo, à{ejUmWu d nmbH$ `m§À`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma Amho.

2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm {ZH$mon {dH$mg

gmYÊ`mgmR>r àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma AmhoV.

3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~Ym{df`r _m{hVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r

àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wº$ R>aUma AmhoV.

4) {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z j_Vm {df`H$ OmUrd àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ

{ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWu_Üò {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg ghmæ`

hmoB©b.

5) àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© ho {ejH$ à{ejUmWu _Yrb CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd e¡br

~XbmgmR>r Cn`wº$ R>aUma AmhoV.

6) {ejH$ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mV AmYw{ZH$ AÚ`mdV ZdrZ CnH«$_, VgoM Zd{dMma

àdmhm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `m g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma

AmhoV.

1.8 g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o nwT>rb à_mUo.

1) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoUo.

2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zm§Mm emoY KoUo.

3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~Y emoYUo.

40

3.1) ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU Am{U nwéf d ór {ejH$ à{ejUmWu§Mm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo

à_mU emoYUo.

3.2) ~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U

nXdràmá d nXì`wÎma {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg à_mU

emoYUo.

3.3) ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo n«_mU emoYUo.

3.4) ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ nÕVr ^mfm (_amR>r, qhXr, B§J«Or B.)

{df` KoVboë`m à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo KoVboë`m

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.

3.5) ~r.ES²>.d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$

dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ nÕVr gm_m{OH$ emóo (B{Vhmg, ^yJmob,

AW©emó, dm{UÁ` B.) {df` KoVboë`m à{ejUmWvMo ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z

{dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.

3.6) ~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_

AÜ`mnZ nÕVr emó ({dkmZ d J{UV B.) {df` KoVboë`m

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.

4) ~r.ES²>. Am{U ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm

ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg à_mUm§Mr VwbZm H$aUo.


à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo n«_mU `m{df`r {e\$magr H$aUo.

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1.9 eyÝ` n[aH$ënZm


à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Üò gmW© g§~Y ZgVmo.

2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U nwéf d ór

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Üò gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.

3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U nXdràmá d

nXì`wÎma {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Üò gmW©H$ g§~Y ZgVmo.

4) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ

nÕVr ^mfm (_amR>r, qhXr, B§J«Or B.) {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg

`m_Üò gmW©$ g§~§Y ZgVmo.

5) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ

nÕVr gm_m{OH$ emóo (B{Vhmg, ^yJmob, AW©emó, dm{UÁ` B.) {df` {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg `m_Üò gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.

6) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ

nÕVr {dkmZ ({dkmZ d J{UV B.) {df` {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z

{dH$mg `m_Ü o gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.

7) ~r.ES²>. Am{U ~r.E.~r.ES²>. {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$

à{ejUmWu§Mm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mgmV gmW©$ \$aH$ ZgVmo.

8) ór / _{hbm {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z

{dH$mg Am{U ór-nwéf (Co-education) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmV gmW©$ \$aH$ ZgVmo.

9) {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$

à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Üò gmW©$ g§~§Y ZgVmo.

42

1.10 g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$

àñVwV g§emoYZ nwT>rb J¥{hVm§da AmYmabobo Amho.

1) àËòH$ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmV doJionUm

AgVmo.

_mZdr KQ>H$m§V nañna Am¡nmMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~Y AgVmV. CXm. àmMm ©

- A{Yì`m»`mVo ({ejH$ à{ejH$) - H$_©Mmar - {ejH$ à{ejUmWu `m§À`m_Yrb

nañna g§~YmVyZ EH$ àH$maMo gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU V`ma hmoVo. `mbmM Ë`m {ejH$

à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Ago åhUVmV.

AemàH$mao àËòH$ {ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV ñdV:Mo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

AgVo.

hmbnrZ Am[U H«$mâQ> Zr (1963) gm§{JVbo Amho e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU +

gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU = g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

ho àËòH$ {ejU g§ñWoV doJio dmVmdaU {XgyZ òVo.

2) {ejH$ à{ejUmWv_Üò ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm AgVmV.

àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m j_Vm§À`m {dH$mgmMo à_mU nX{ZíM`Z

loUrÛmao emoYbobo AmhoV.

1.11 g§emoYZmMr _`m©Xm

àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm nwT>rbn«_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.

1) ho g§emoYZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya

{OëømVrb ~r.ES>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU

Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m {df`mnwaVoM

_`m©{XV Amho.

2) ho g§emoYZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo 8 KQ>H$m§nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho.

3) ho g§emoYZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m 8 j_Vm nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho

Am{U ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES². _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$, à{ejUmWu Oo gZ

43

2007-2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©_Üò {ejH$ à{ejU KoV hmoVo Ë`m§À`m nwaVoM

_`m©{XV Amho.

4) ho g§emoYZ gZ 2007 - 2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©V {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya

(_hmamï´>) `m§À`mer g§b¾rV Agboë`m 10 {ejH$-à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ

(H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb XmoZ ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmbò Am{U 8 ~r.ES²>.

_hm{dÚmb o) àmMm`©, {ejH$ à{ejH$ / (A{Yì`m»`mVo) Am{U VoWrb {ejH$

à{ejUmÏ`m©nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho.

1.12 g§emoYZmMr H$m ©nÕVr

àñVwV g§emoYZ dV©_mZ n[apñWVrer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo gd}jU nÕVrMm Adb§~

H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb 10 {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU nmhÊ`mH$arVm nX{ZíM`ZìXmao {ejH$ à{ejH$ (A{Yì`m»`mVo)

H$Sy>Z _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br. VgoM {ejH$ à{ejUmWvÀ`m H$Sy>Z ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zmg§~Yr

nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br.

gmYZo

1) g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU nX{ZíM`Z loUr

2) ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aUmar nX{ZíM`Z loUr.

Z_yZm {ZdS>

H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb 2 ~r.E.~r.ES². (Mma df} EH$mpË_H$ Aä`mgH«$_)

_hm{dÚmbò d 8 ~r.ES². (EH$ dfm©Mm Aä`mgH«$_) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb gd© {ejH$

à{ejH$ (A{Yì`m»`mVo) Am{U VoWrb gd© {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm Z_yZm {ZdS>rV

g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.

44

1.13 àH$aUrH$aU

àH$aU n{hbo - àmñVm{dH$

`m àH$aUm_Üò {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U

VoWrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

g§emoYZ g_ñòMo eãXm§H$Z, _hËd, C{ÔîQ>o, n[aH$ënZm d AhdmbmVrb {d{dY

àH$aUo `m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

àH$aU Xwgao: g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm

`m àH$aUm_Üò g§emoYZ g_ñòer {ZJS>rV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U ZoV¥Ëd

dV©Z `m {df`mg§X^m©Vrb gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

àH$aU {Vgao : g§emoYZmMr H$m`©nÕVr

`m àH$aUm_Üò g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVr g§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r

dmnabobr gmYZo, Z_wZm {ZdS> d gm§p»`H$sMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

àH$aU Mm¡Wo : g§emoYZ gm_J«rMo {díbofU d AW© {Zd©MZ.

`m àH$aUm_Üò à{VgmXH$m§H$Sy>Z àmá Pmboë`m gm_J«rMo gmaUrH$aU, {díbofU,

AW©{Zd©MZ H$éZ AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

àH$aU nmMdo : g§emoYZmMm gmam§e, {ZîH$f© d {e\$maer

`m àH$aUm_Üò àñVwV g§emoYZmMm gmam§e, {ZîH$f© d {e\$maer VgoM nwT>rb

Aä`mgmgmR>r gyM{dboë`m {df`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.

1.14 g_mamon

`m àH$aUm_Üò g§emoYZ g_ñòMo eãXm§H$Z, JaO / _hËd, C{ÔîQ>o, n[aH$ënZm d

AhdmbmVrb {d{dY àH$aUo `m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

nwT>rb àH$aUmV {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U

{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m g§X^m©V Chmnmoh Ho$bobm Amho.

Documents

àñVmdZm - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/62648/8/08... · 2018. 7. 7. · 5 ZoV¥ËdmMo j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dU o AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm