{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya 2019/M... · 2019-10-24 · (v) àñVmdZm nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$ê$Z nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r åhUOoM E_. E. cm OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gÌ narjm gwê$

$Page 1: {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya 2019/M... · 2019-10-24 · (v) àñVmdZm nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$ê$Z nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r åhUOoM E_. E. cm OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gÌ narjm gwê$$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ

X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ(Dalit Studies : Issues and Perspectives)

gÌ-3 : nona H«$_m§H$ SOE 025

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2014-15 nmgyZ)

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2015E_. E. ^mJ 2 (gÌ 3 : X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ) H$[aVmgd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm oUmaZmhr.

àVr : 500

àH$meH$S>m°. EZ. ìhr. qeXoà^mar Hw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya : 416 004

_wÐH$lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rcAYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya : 416 004

ISBN- 978-81-8486-626-1

Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)

Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.

(ii)

Aä`mg_§S>i : g_mOemñÌ

S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð kmZy gH$Q>o_§Jc am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, C§~«O,Vm. H$amS>, {O. gmVmam

AÜ`j - àm. (S>m°.) Ama. ~r. nmQ>rc{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ d _mZìèmñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

(iii)

Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya gëcmJma g{_Vr

_m. S>m°. S>r. ~r. qeXoHw$cJwê$,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io_m. Hw$cJwê$,èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$,åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya

àm. nr. àH$me_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr

àm. (S>m°.) gr_m òdcoJrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2,1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ,H$moëhmnya-416001

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. S>m°. Ama. ~r. nmQ>rcà^mar g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmcò d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ìhr. EZ. qeXoà^mar Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>onarjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. EZ. ìhr. H$m|Jio{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

H°$. S>m°. EZ. nr. gmoZOo (gXñ` g{Md)à«^mar g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya

S>m°. AéU nm¡S>_cg_mOemñÌ {d^mJà_wI,

èd§Vamd MìhmU (Ho$E_gr) H$m°coO,H$moëhmnya.

X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZE_. E. ^mJ-2 gÌ-3 : g_mOemñÌ

(iv)

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

àm. nr. E. Km|JS>o 1èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO, hcH$Uu

S>m°. _h|ÐHw$_ma OmYd 2ZmB©Q> H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g©, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. gm¡. g§Ü`m nm¡S>_c 3g§^mOramd H$X_ H$m°coO, XoD$a, {O. gmVmam

S>m°. AéU nm¡S>_c 4èd§Vamd MìhmU (Ho$E_gr) H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

coIZ gh^mJ

g§nmXH

gÌ-3KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

(v)

àñVmdZmnXdr Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$ê$Z nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r åhUOoM E_. E. cm OyZ 2013

nmgyZ gÌ narjm gwê$ Pmcocr Amho. gÌ 3 Am{U gÌ 4 gmR>r EHy$U AmR> nong© Aä`mgmdo

cmJUma AmhoV. {ÛVr` dfm©gmR>r EHy$U AmR> nong© (gÌ 3 d 4 gmR>r) AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s Mma

Amdí`H$ (Compulsory) Am{U Mma EopÀN>H$ (Elective) nong© AmhoV.

E_. E. g_mOemñÌ {df`mcm {Z`{_V Am{U Xÿa {ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V àdoe KoVcoë`m gd©

{dÚmÏ`mªMo _r EopÀN>H$ nona SOE-025 gÌ-3 ""X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ'' (Dalit

Studies : Issues and Perspectives) `mMm à_wI g§nmXH$ åhUyZ _Z…nyd©H$ ñdmJV H$aVmo.

""X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ'' `m EopÀN>H$ nona_Ü o gÌ H«$. 3 gmR>r Mma w{ZQ>Mm

g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo ^maVmVrc X{cV, X{cVm§Mo àíZ, X{cV : n[adV©Z Am{U

{dH$mg d X{cVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m w{ZQ>Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. AWm©VM E_.

E. g_mOemñÌ {df`mcm àdoe KoVcoë`m gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm `m emñÌmÀ`m g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>UrMm `mo½` d

dmñVd Agm n[aM` hmoÊ`mg Iyn _mocmMr _XV hmoUma Amho Ago _mPo àm_m{UH$ _V Amho.

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xÿa {ejU {d^mJmZo E_. E. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mgmR>r ñd §

AÜ``Z nwpñVH$m (SIM) XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo coIH$m§Mr gyMr V`ma Ho$cr. ""X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U

ÑîQ>rH$moZ'' `m nonagmR>r àm. nr. E. Km|JS>o, S>m°. _h|ÐHw$_ma OmYd Am{U S>m°. gm¡. g§Ü`m nm¡S>_c `m

coIH$m§Zr _mocmMo `moJXmZ {Xco Amho. Ë`m_wioM gXaMr nwpñVH$m ~è`mn¡H$s V`ma H$aÊ`mMo AdKS> H$m_

_cm nyU© H$aVm Amco.

eodQ>r à_wI g§nmXH$ `m ZmË`mZo _r gd©àW_ _m. Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. S>r. ~r. qeXo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>

H$moëhmnya, Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmMo g§MmcH$ H°$ßQ>Z S>m°. EZ. nr. gmoZOo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR> g_mOemñÌ

{d^mJà_wI d Aä`mg_§S>imMo MoAa_Z S>m°. amO|Ð nmQ>rc, Aä`mg _§S>imMo gXñ` S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o,

g_mOemñÌ {dÚmemIoer g§~§{YV gd© àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmVrc gd© àemgH$s` godH$m§Mo

_mocmMo ghH$m © {_imë`m_wioM _cm g§nmXH$s` O~m~Xmar ì`dpñWVnUo nma nmS>Uo eŠ` Pmco ho _r

àm_m{UH$nUo H$~yc H$ê$ BpÀN>Vmo. darc gdmªMm _r eVe… F$Ur Amho.

g§nmXH$S>m°. AéU nm¡S>_c

g_mOemñÌ {d^mJà_wI,èd§Vamd MìhmU (Ho$E_gr) H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1. ^maVmVrc X{cV 1

2. X{cVm§Mo àíZ 16

3. X{cV : n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mg 43

4. X{cVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU 65

KQ>H$H«$_m§H$

KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(vii)

X{cVm§Mm Aä`mg : àíZ Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZE_. E. ^mJ-2 gÌ 3 : g_mOemñÌ

(viii)

{dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm

àË oH$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV C{ÔîQ>m§Zr hmoB©c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe©H$ Am{U nwT>rc

~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü o H$m` {Xcoco Amho.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.

3. {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m © nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hmoÊ`mMr

Anojm Amho.

ñd § _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV

Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmoB©c. Vw_Mr CÎmao

{chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË`m_Ü o {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr

CÎmao (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnZmgmR>r nmR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr

`mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, mgmR>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool)

åhUyZ Cn wŠV R>aVrc.

{à` {dÚmWu,

ho ñd §AÜ``Z gm{hË` `m nonagmR>r EH$ nyaH$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhUyZ

Amho. Ago gy{MV H$aÊ`mV oVo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZr 2014-15 nmgyZ V`ma

Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿZ Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmgmR>r

g§X^©nwñVHo$ d BVa gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.

1

KQ>H$ 1

^maVmVrb X{bV(Indian Dalits)

KQ>H$ g§aMZm (Unit Structure)

1.0 C{Ôï>ço (Objectives)

1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)

1.2 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject matter)

1.2.1 X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm (Concepts of Dalits)

1.2.2 X{bV Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n d ì`már (Nature of scope of Dalit Sudies)

1.2.3 X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd (Importance of Dalit Sudies)

1.2.4 ^maVmVrb X{bVm§Mr énaofm (Profile of Dalit in India)

1.3 nm[a^mfrH$ g§km (Glossary)

1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress)

1.5 gmam§e (Let us sum up)

1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exerciese / Home Assignment)

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings)

2

1.0 C{Ôï>ço (Objectives) :

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm,

1. X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

2. X{bV Aä`mgmMr ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

3. X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

4. ^maVmVrb X{bVm§Mr dmñVd pñWVr OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :

OJmVrb kmV g§ñH¥$Vrn¡H$s maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg A{VàmMrZ Agm Amho. qgYy g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb {bntMr

CH$b AÚmn Pmbobr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio VËH$mbrZ bmoH$OrdZm{df`r AÚmnhr Hw$VyhbM Amho; nU d¡{XH$

g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb bmoH$OrdZm{df`r J§«W ñdê$nmV _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. `mdê$Z ^maVr` g_mOOrdZ g_OyZ KoVm

oVo. Am © Am{U Am }Îma `m§À`m g§Kfm©VyZ dU© ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. gwadmVrbm XmoZM dU© hmoVo nU

hiyhiy g_mOmV Mma dU© {Z_m©U Pmbo. Mm¡Wm dU© Amho ewX². `m ewÐm§Zm g_mOmV AË §V X`{Z` AdñWoV OrdZ

OJmdo bmJbo. dU© ì`dñWoVyZ OmVrì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. `m OmVr ì`dñWoV Cƒ-{ZƒVoMr H$ënZm

namH$moQ>rMr hmoVr Am{U Amho. `m_wio H${Zð> OmVrMo ApñVËdM ZmH$maë`mgmaIr pñWVr ^maVr` g_mOmV V`ma

Pmbr. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rZ§Va {ejUmMo XadmOo gdmªgmR>r Iwbo Pmbo. {ejUm_wio OmVrì`dñWoVrb Xmof bjmV

oD$ bmJbo. Añn¥í`m§ZmM Z§Va X{bV åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. `m X{bV g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm Ë`m§Mr

dmñVd pñWVr `m àH$aUm_YyZ AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject matter) :

àñVmdZoV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo `m KQ>H$mV AmnU ^maVmVrb X{bV Aä`mgUma AmhmV. {ddoMZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo

`m KQ>H$mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s n{hë`m {d^mJmV X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm, Xwgè`m

{d^mJmV X{bV Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr, {Vgè`m {d^mJmV X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd Am{U Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV

^maVmVrb EHy$U X{bVm§Mr énaofm BË`mXtMo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho.

1.2.1 X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm (Concepts of Dalits) :

^maVmbm EH$ {XK© gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam bm^bobr Amho. Am`m©Mo AmJ_Z ^maVmV Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$

^maVr` bmoH$m§~amo~a wÕ Ho$bo. `m wÕmV ñWm{ZH$ ^maVr`m§Mm namd^ Pmbm. Am © ho {dO`r Pmbo. nam yV _yi

^maVr`m§Zm Am`mªZr Xmg ~Z{dbo. Am`mª_Ü o dU©ì`dñWm hmoVr. dUm©Mm àW_ C„oI F$½doXmV AmT>iVmo. dU© `m

eãXmMm F$½doXmV {Xbobm AW© "earamMm a§J' `m AWm©Zo {dMma H$aVm `m H$mimV XmoZ dU© hmoVo. EH$ Am © Oo

a§JmZo Jmoao hmoVo. Xwgao Xmg ho a§JmZo H$mio hmoVo. "Xmg' `m eãXmbm Z§Va godH$ Jwbm_ Agm AW© àmá Pmbm d

g_mOmVrb H${Zð> XOm© ho Xmgm§Mo EH$ d¡{eï>ço R>abo. d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV Mma dU© V`ma Pmbo. ~«m÷U, j{Ì`,

3

d¡í` d ewÐ. `m H$mbI§S>mV dU© `m eãXmMm AW© ~Xbbm d¥-d¥UmoVr åhUOo {ZdS>Uo åhUOoM ì`dgm` {ZdS>Uo

Agm AW© Ambm. F$½doXmV n{hë`m VrZ dUmªMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. nwéfgyŠVmVmMr aMZm F$½doXmVrb BVa gyŠVm§À`m

Z§Va Pmbr Agmdr. nwéf gyŠVmV _mÌ eyÐm§Mm C„oI AmT>iVmo. Mmahr dUm©Mr H$V©ì o {Z{üV H$aÊ`mV Ambr

AgmdrV. `m g§X^m©Vrb EH$ gyŠV AmT>iVo.

~«m÷Uñ` _yI_m{gX ~mhÿ amOÝ`H¥$VmŸ&

CéñVXñ` `X²d¡í`m eyÐmo nmXOm`VoŸ&&

`m gyŠVmZwgma Mmahr dUmªMr H$V©ì o nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. ~«m÷U : AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, `k H$m`m©Vrb n¡am{hË`, XmZ XoUo B. H$m_o CnOr{dHo$gmR>r _mo~XbmåhUyZ nm¡amo{hË` Ho$ë`m~Ôb X{jUm KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

2. j{Ì` : nyê$f gyŠVmV j{Ì`m§Mm C„oI amOÝ` Agm Ho$bm AgyZ jmÌVoOmer {ZJS>rV wÕ, emgH$s`Y_© H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma.

3. d¡í` : newnmbZ, eoVr, ì`mnma.

4. eyÐ : eyÐm§Mr {Z{_©Vr nm`mnmgyZ Pmbr. nm` g§nyU© earamMr godm H$aVmV åhUyZ eyÐm§Zr g§nyU© g_mOmMråhUOoM darð> VrZhr dUu`m§Mr godm H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo H$V©ì` R>aVo.

Añn¥í` OmVtMr {d{dY Zmdo :

doJdoJù`m Y_©emómZwgma, {dMmad§VmZwgma Añn¥í` OmVrMm C„oI doJdoJù`m g§kmZr Ho$bm OmVmo.

1. F$½doXmV M_©Z åhUOo Mm_S>o (H$mVS>r) H$_{dUmam AWm©V Mm§ ma `m§Zm Añn¥í` _mZbo hmoVo.

2. _Zwñ_¥Vr - _Zwñ_¥Vr Zwgma à{Vbmo_ {ddmhmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m g§VVrbm Añn¥í` åhQ>bo Amho.

3. {dîUwY_©emó - `m Y_©J«§WmZwgma Mm§S>mi, åboÀN> Am{U nmagr `m§Zm Añn¥í` _mZbo Amho.

4. _. Jm§Yr `m§Zr gd© Añn¥í`m§Zm h[aOZ `m g§koMm dmna Ho$bm.

5. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a - S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ñdV: EH$m Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVrV OÝ_mbmAmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ^¾öX`r _mUgo (Broken men) Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

6. {~«Q>re gaH$ma - {~«Q>re gaH$maZo `m OJmVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r àW_V: X{bVdJ© qH$dm X{bV OmVr(Depressed class or caste) `m g§koMm dmna Ho$bm.

7. OZJUZm Am wŠV - B. g. 1931 À`m OZJUZm A{YH$mè`m§Zr OZJUZm AhdmbmV `m OmVtMmC„oI ~mø OmVr (Exterior caste) Agm Ho$bm.

8. gm`_Z H${_eZ - gm`_Z H${_eZZo `m OmVrgmR>r àW_M AZwgy{MV OmVr (scheduled caste) `m

4

g§koMm dmna Ho$bm. Z§Va ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVnU Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVrgmR>r AZwgy{MV OmVr hrg§kmM dmnabr.

_amR>rVrb _mÝ`da eãXH$moeH$ma H¥$. nm. Hw$bH$Uu d am. e. dmit~o `m§Zr X{bV eãXm§Mo AW© \$moS>bobo,Hw$Q>bobo, {MaS>bobo, âS>boobo, VwS>{dbobo, X~bo Jobobo Ago {Xbo AmhoV. {MaS>Uo, âS>Uo, Hw$Q>Uo `m {H«$`mOmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$ë`m OmVmV. X{bV g§H$ënZm AemM ì`ŠVr AWdm g_mOmbm bmdVm oVo H$s, Á`m§Mo emofU

BWë`m nma§n[aH$ ì`dñWoZo OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U {Z`moOZnyd©H$ Hoo$bobo Amho. darb eãXm§_Ü o XmoZ {H«$`m XS>boë`m

AmhoV. \$moS>bobo `m_Ü o \$moS>Umam Am{U \w$Q>bobm, Hw$Q>bobo `m_Ü o Hw$Q>Umam Am{U Hw$Q>bm Jobobm, {MaS>bobo

`m_Üò {MaS>Umam Am{U {MaS>bm Jobobm Ago. Ë`m_wio X{bVnU ho Z¡g{J©H$ ZgyZ Vo Cƒ dUu`m§Zr V`ma

Ho$bobr ì`dñWm Amho.

X{bV eãXmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

1. S>m°. à^mH$a nm§S>o : X{bV åhUOo Aem ì`ŠVtMm g_yh Á`m§Mm _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ {hamdbm

Jobobm Amho. Á`m§À`m OÝ_mZo Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm `m g_mOaMZoV EH$mM àH$maMo OrdZ Ambo Amho. _mUyg åhUyZ

Ë`m§Mo _yë` Aìhoabo Jobo Amho. Á`m§Zm _mUgmgmaIo _mZmZo OJUo ZmH$mabo Amho, Vo X{bV.

2. Ho$ed _olm_ : hOmamo df} Á`m§À`mda AÝ`m` Pmbm Ë`mZm X{bV åhUmdo.

3. ^mbM§Ð \$S>Ho$ : qhXy Y_m©Zo Á`m§Zm ~{hîH¥$V _mZbo Jobo Vo X{bV.

darb ì`m» odê$Z "X{bV' ~Ôb nwT>rb {dYmZo H$aVm oVrb.

1. X{bV åhUOo Á`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ A{YH$ma ZmH$mabo Jobo AmhoV.

2. OÝ_mZoM Á`m§À`mda Jwbm_rMo OrdZ bmXbo OmVo Vo X{bV.

3. _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$maM ZmH$mabm Jobm Amho, Aer ì`ŠVr.

4. Á`m§Mm ñne©hr d[að>m§Zr ZmH$mabobm Amho Agm dJ©.

"X{bV' g_mOmbmM nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV "Añn¥í`' åhUyZ g§~moYbo Amho. doJdoJù`m ^mJmV

doJdoJù`m Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmVo. åboÀN>, Mm§S>mi, n[ahm, n§M_ (nmMdm dJ©), AdU©, {ZfmX, nwbHo$em,

AË §O, A{VewÐ B. AZwgw{MV OmVr hm eãX gd©àW_ E{àb 1935 _Ü o dmnabm Jobm. X{bV eãXmMm dmna

AmVm, "Oo VimJmimVrb bmoH$ AmhoV, Á`m§Zm _yb yV h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo Jobo Am{U Á`m§Mm C„oI Ë`m§À`m

ImbÀ`m OmVrVrb OÝ_m_wio hmoV Jobm Ë`m g§nyU© g_whmbm X{bV hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. (AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb

X{bV Ñï>rH$moU nmZ Z§. 4) dU© ì`dñWoV CX² dboë`m OmVrì`dñWoZwgma Oo hbŠ`m XOm©Mr H$m_o H$aVmV

H$bmd§V, ~oaS> B. m gdmªMo gm_m{OH$ A{YH$ma hOmamo df} ZmH$mabo Jobo. Ë`m§Zr OrdZ H$go OJmdo, ho Y_©emóm§Zr

gm§{JVbo Amho. Mm§S>mi, ñdnH$ B. Jmdm~mhoa ahmdo. Ë`m§Zr ñd §nmH$mgmR>r \w$Q>H$s ^m§S>r dmnamdrV. JmT>d hoM

Ë`m§Mo YZ, àoVmdarb H$nS>o hrM Ë`m§Mr dóo, Ë`m§Zr \w$Q>Š`m _S>Š`mV Imdo BVa OmVtZr Ë`m§À`mer H$gboM

5

ì`dhma H$ê$ Z oV. H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emómV Agm C„oI Amho H$s, Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr EH$m JmdmV A{YH$

AgVm H$m_m Z o. Ë`m§Mr dñVr dmT>VmM Ë`m§Zm JmdmVyZ hmH$byZ Úmdo. X{bVm§À`m g§X^m©V \$maM H$S>H$ {Z`_

Ho$bo Jobo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo ApñVËdM g_mOmZo ZmH$mabo hmoVo, Ago åhQ>bo Var dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. S>çw~m°Bg åhUVmV,

X{bVmZm H$YrM g_mZVoMm XOm© {Xbm Jobm Zmhr. Añn¥í`m§À`m _Zmda Ë`m§À`m OÝ_mnmgyZM Ago q~~{dbo Jobo

H$s, Vmo BVam§nojm H$_r Amho Am{U Ë`m_wioM Ë`mbm AmnU `mVyZ H$Yr ~mhoa nSy> Agm {dMma H$am`bmhr O_bo

Zmhr d VoM Ë`mMo àmŠVZ Amho, Agm Ë`mMm g_O hmoVm. gJir _mUgo EH$mM _mVrnmgyZ ~Zbr AmhoV ho H$Yr

Ë`m§À`m _Zmbm {edboM Zmhr. OmVrì`dñWm hr Z ~XbUmar ì`dñWm hmoVr. EImÚm ~«m÷UmMo H$_r CËnÞ

Agbo Var Vmo ImbÀ`m Ym{_©H$ loUrV oV Zmhr qH$dm lr_§V Añn¥í` Cƒ Ym{_©H$ loUrV oV Zmhr. _Zwñ_¥Vr_Ü o

Añn¥í`mg§~§Yr \$maM H$R>moa {Z`_ gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. eyÐmbm H$m`XmH$mZyZ H$moUr {eH$dy Z o qH$dm Ë`mbm

Ym{_©H$ {dYr H$aÊ`m~Ôb _m{hVr XoD$ Z o. hr Amkm Omo nmiUma Zmhr Vmo eyÐm~amo~a Ag_d«V ZmdmÀ`m ZaH$mÀ`m

Wmoa A§YmamV {IVnV nS>ob. (_Zwñ_¥Vr AÜ`m`-4, íbmoH$ 78-81) Jm¡V_Y_©gyÌmà_mUo eyÐmbm doX_§Ì EoH$Ê`mMm

A{YH$ma Zmhr, doXmMo nR>Uhr Ë`mZo H$ê$ Z o. `m Y_©emór` AmXoemMo Oa ewÐ d Ë`mM~amo~a A{VeyÐ OmVrZo

C„§KZ Ho$bo Va, Ë`mbm C o {Mê$Z-H$mnyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMr A{VH«y$a Aer {ejm Amho. `mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s,

eyÐm§Zr H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV {ejU KoVm H$m_m Z o.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1 - (Check your progress) :

Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1. nyéfgyŠVmV ................. `m§Mm C„oI amOÝ` Agm Ho$bm Amho.

(A) ~«m÷U (~) j{Ì` (H$) d¡í` (S>) eyÐ

2. eyÐm§Mr {Z{_©Vr ................. nmgyZ Pmbr.

(A) _wIm (~) ~mhÿ (H$) Ca (S>) nma (nm`)

3. _Zwñ_¥VrZwgma ................. àH$maÀ`m {ddmhmVyZ ewÐmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.

(A) AZwbmo_ (~) à{Vbmo_ (H$) Jm§Yd© (S>) OaR>Hw$_mar

4. _. Jm§Yr `m§Zr Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ................. `m g§koMm dmna Ho$bm.

(A) Mm§S>mi (~) nmagr (H$) h[aOZ (S>) {JarOZ

5. Añn¥í`m§gmR>r "AZwgy{MV OmVr' hm eãX àW_ ................. gmbr dmnabm Jobm.

(A) 1931 (~) 1935 (H$) 1918 (S>) 1920

1.2.2 X{bV Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n d ì`már (Nature of scope of Dalit Sudies) :

Añn¥í`Vm hr ^maVr` qhXw g_mOmbm eVH$mZweVHo$ bmJbobr g_mOKmVH$s, amï´>KmVH$s H$sS> Amho.

"Añn¥í`Vm' hm gm_m{OH$ {df_VoMm AW© Amho. EH$ dJ© Xwgè`m dJm©bm H$moUË`m AdñWoàV Voê$ eH$Vmo `mMo

6

EH$ {hS>rg d ogya {MS> åhUOoM Añn¥í`Vm hmo .

Añn¥í`m§Zm 1931 Z§Va X{bV Ago g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo. Añn¥í`VoMm AË §V gImob Aä`mg S>m°.

~m~mgmom Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ hmM X{bV g_mOmV Pmbm. Ë`m g_mOmbm gmogmdo bmJV Agboë`m

`mVZm Ë`m§Zr ñdV: AZw dë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr {ejU KoVë`mZ§Va Amnë`m g_mO~m§Ydm§Zm Añn¥í`VoÀ`m

`m e¥§IboVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. 1935 gmbr odbm ({Oëhm Zm{gH$) oWrb Y_mªVamÀ`m g oV

Amnbo {dMma _m§S>VmZm Vo åhUmbo hmoVo H$s, ""_r qhXy Y_m©V OÝ_mbm Ambmo, Ë`mbm _mPm ZmBbmO hmoVm; nU

_r qhXy åhUyZ H$Xmnr _aUma Zmhr.'' eyÐm{edm` qhXy g§ñH¥$VrV AmUIr VrZ dJ© AmhoV. `m dJm©H$S>o H$moUmMoM

åhUmdo Vgo bj Zmhr. 1. JwÝhoJma åhUyZ _mZboë`m OmVr (gw_mao XmoZ H$moQ>r), 2. {JarOZ (Am{Xdmgr) OmVr

(gw_mao 1 H$moQ>r) d Añn¥í` OmVr (gw_mao 5 H$moQ>r) `m OmVtMo ApñVËd {hM H$_rnUmMr Jmoï> Pmbobr Amho.

qhXy g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o eyÐm§Mo ñWmZ newnojmhr H${Zð> hmoVo. `mg§X^m©V Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, Á`m Y_m©V A_§Jb newMm

ñne© Pmbm AgVmZm MmbVmo; nU _mUgmMm ñne© MmbV Zmhr, Vmo Y_© ZgyZ doS>JinUm Amho. dmñV{dH$

nmhmVm X{bV Aä`mgmbm gwadmV _. \w$ë`m§Zr Ho$br. Añn¥í`m§Zm Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mÀ`m

H$m`m©nmgyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OrdZH$m`m©Mm Iam nm`m KmVbm. Ë`m§Zr `mgmR>r gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm

Ho$br. `mÀ`m Om{haZmå`mV \w$bo åhUVmV, Oo ewX« AJa H$moUrhr Amnë`m AmXaUr` åhUyZ, ZrVrg AZwgê$Z d

ñdÀN> CÚmoJY§Xm H$aÊ`mMm {Zü` H$ê$Z Ë`mMn«_mUo AmMaU H$arV AmhoV, Aer Ë`m{df`r _mPr ImÌr

Pmë`m~amo~a _r Ë`mg Ho$db Amnë`m Hw$Qy§~mVrb ~m§Ydmà_mUo g_OyZ Ë`mO~amo~a AÝ` ì`dhma H$arZ; _J Vo

H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb AgmoV.

h§Q>a H${_eZ g_mo[ab gmj :

1884 gmbr Á`mo{V~m§Zr h§Q>a H${_eZ g_moa gmj XoVmZm åhQ>bo hmVo, "_hma, _m§J Am{X Añn¥í`m§MmCÕma H$amd`mMm Agob Va Ë`m§Zm gŠVrMo _mo\$V {ejU Úm. gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm {hV _mZboë`m Añn¥í` _hma,_m§J Am{X g_mOmbm gm_m{OH$ g_Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ào[aV hmoD$ZM _. \w$bo `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {damoYr dOmVr`{damoYr Amnë`m {dMmamZo d H¥$VrZo àhma gwê$ Hoo$bo. Ë`m§À`m {dMmamV XyaÑï>r hmoVr. Ë`mbm ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXmMmAmYma hmoVm. _. \w$bo `m§Mm H$mi, n[apñWVr d gmYZo `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm, Ë`m§Mo Ñï>ço {dMma, Añn¥í`Vm{ZdmaÊ`mMo H«$m§Vr H$m ©, {df_ OmVr OmVtMm g_mO _ybV: Zï> H$ê$Z Ë`m {R>H$mUr gm_m{OH$ g_Vm {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mMo H$m © ho gd© \$ma _mobmMo Amho. åhUyZM AmO e§ a dfm©Z§Vahr _hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mr JaO dmQ>VAmho. X{bVm~ÔbMo Amnbo naIS> {dMma Ë`m§Zr Jwbm_{Jar, AmgyS>, VËgmJa, Bemam, ~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~, gmd©O{ZH$gË`Y_© m J«§WmVyZ _m§S>bm. _hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md {dî`H$mimV X{bV gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r,

Añn¥í` {ZdmaU H$m © H$aUmè`m H$m ©H$Ë`m©gmR>r \$maM Cn`moJr R>abo.

_. \w$ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gËèmoYH$ MidirMo H$m © nwT>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ho$bo.

Ë`m§Zr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV Añn¥í`m§gmR>r 50% AmajU R>odbo. ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb _wbm§gmR>r dgVrJ¥ho {Z_m©U

Ho$br. X{bV g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr AË §V gImob Aä`mg nwT>rb H$mimV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr

7

Ho$bm. X{bV Aä`mgmbm g_mOemómÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dÊ`mMo H$m_ ~m~mgmho~m§Zr Ho$bo. OmVrÀ`m

CËnÎmrg§~§YrMm {gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. 1917 gmbr 'Caste in India, Its Mechanism, Genesis &

Development' hm g§emoYZna nona A_o[aHo$À`m H$mob§{~`m {dÚmnrR>mV gmXa Ho$bm. X{bVmg§~§YrM {dnwb boIZ

Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio X{bV Aä`mgmbm JVr Ambr. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr \$ŠV {bImZ Ho$bo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m§Zr

Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©bZmgmR>r Midir Cä`m Ho$ë`m. 1927 Mm _hmS>Mm MdXma Vù`mdaMm gË`mJ«h, 1927 bm

A_amdVr oWrb A§~m~mB© _§{XamV Añn¥í`m§Zm àdoe {_imdm `mgmR>r gË`mJ«h, 1930 Zm{eH$_Yrb H$mimam__§{XamVrb àdoemMm gË`mJ«h B. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo X{bV `m eãXmV AZwgw{MV OmVrVrb gd© OmVr, AZwgy{MVO_mVr_Yrb gd© O_mVr Am{U AÝ` _mJmgdJu` OmVrVrb gd© OmVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. àemgH$s` nmVirda`m gdmªgmR>r X{bV `m eãXm§Mm dmna Ho$bobm Amho. B. g. 2001 gmbr Pobr Am°Q> `m§Zr Hoo$boë`m Aä`mgmdê$ZAgo {XgyZ oVo H$s, g_mZVoda AmYm[aV g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r g§Kf© H$aUmar §ÌUm qH$dm g§KQ>ZmåhUOo X{bV. H$mhtÀ`m _Vo, ~m~mgmho~m§À`m MidirMo EH$ AnË` åhUOo "X{bV' g§H$ënZoMr {Z{_©Vr hmo .

X{bV Aä`mgmMr ì`már (Scope of Dalit studies) :

kmZmÀ`m {jVrOmda Ooìhm ZdrZ Aä`mg{df` CX`mg oVo Voìhm Ë`m Aä`mg {df`m§À`m ì`már g§X^m©VZoh_rM {dMmad§Vm_Ü o MMm© gwê$ hmoVo. X{bV Aä`mgmÀ`m ì`márg§~§Yr nwT>rb _wÔo {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV.

1. ^maVr` OmVr ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg : ^maVr` g_mOmV OmVrì`dñWm hr XrK© H$mimnmgyZ AmbobrAmho. nma§n[aH$ maVr` g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ ñV[aH$aUmMm _w»` AmYma OmVr ì`dñWm hrM Amho. OmVr ì`dñWoVyZX{bV Aä`mgmbm gwadmV Pmbr. loð>-H${Zð>ËdmMr ^mdZm hr OmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m _yimer Amho. H${Zð> OmVtZmAZoH$ gm_m{OH$ A{YH$ma ZmH$mabo Jobo. ZmH$mabo Joboë`m`m OmVrg_whmgmR>rM "X{bV' hm eãXà`moJ dmnabmJobm. Ë`m_wio X{bV Aä`mgm_Ü o OmVrg§ñWoMm Aä`mg AË §V _hÎdmMm Amho. åhUyZ OmVr ì`dñWm, OmVrì`dñWoMm CJ_, OmVrg§ñWoMo H$m`©, OmVrg§ñWoMo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ B. KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg X{bV Aä`mgmVg_m{dï> Ho$bm OmVmo.

2. X{bV hm EH$ gm_m{OH$ dJ© åhUyZ Aä`mg : nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV dU©ì`dñWoMm EH$ ^mJAgbobm ewÐ dU©. `mM ewÐ dUm©Mo CÎma H$mimV H${Zð> dU©ì`dñWoMm OmVr_Ü o g_mdoe Pmbm. AmO Añn¥í`g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVtMmhr EH$ X{bVdJ© åhUyZ CX` Pmbobm Amho. `m X{bV dJmªVrb g_m{dï> hmoUmè`mgd© OmVtMm gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Amho.

3. gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm d§MrV dJm©Mm Aä`mg : X{bV dJ© hm nma§nm[aH$ qhXw g_mOmVrb EH$ d§MrVKQ>H$ Amho. ewÐ åhUyZ X{bVm§Mo gd© gm_m{OH$, amO{H$`, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ gd© A{YH$ma Ym{_©H$VoÀ`mZmdmImbr H$mTy>Z KoVbo. Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í` g_mO hm {XK©H$mi gd© gm_m{OH$ A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§MrV am{hbm.Ë`m_wio `m g_mOmMr AYmoJVr Pmbr. ^maVmVrb BVa H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ JQ>mnojm X{bVdJ© IynM _mJoam{hbm. Aem gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm d§MrV Agboë`m dJm©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo ho X{bV Aä`mgmMo _w»` gyÌ Amho.

4. X{bVm§À`m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg : ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bV dJ© hm Zoh_rM Cno{jV am{hbobm Amho.

8

BVa OmVrÀ`m g_ñ`mnojm X{bVm§À`m g_ñ`m m Iyn {^Þ AmhoV. S>moŠ`mdê$Z _¡bm dmhÿZ ZoUo, hmVmZo _¡bm gm\$H$aUo, Jmdm~mhoa ahmUo, gmd©O{ZH$ {dhrarVyZ nmUr Z âUo, gdUm©Zm ñn¥í` Z H$aUo B. `m_wio J«m_rU ^maVmÀ`mH$mhr ^mJmV AmOhr Añn¥ñ`Vm nmibr OmVo. `m_wio Ë`m§À`m d¡ {ŠVH$ d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV J§ ra g_ñ`m{Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg dmñVd nmVirdê$Z hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hm Aä`mg X{bV Aä`mgm§À`m

A§VJ©V Ho$bm OmVmo.

5. X{bVm_Yrb n[adV©ZmMm Aä`mg : nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Zm gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ ZJÊ`

hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamZ§Va ^maVr` g_mOmV B§J«Or {ejUmZo à^m{dV Pmbobm EH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mm

EH$ dJ© V`ma Pmbm. m g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr X{bVm§À`m ì`Wm _m§S>Ê`mg gwédmV Ho$br. _. \w$bo m§Zr X{bVmoÕmamgmR>r

Ho$bobo H$m © ho _¡bmMm XJS> R>ê$ eHo$b BVHo$ _hÎdnyU© Amho. {~«Q>re H$mimV Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`mÀ`m {ejUmgmR>r

Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ pñWVrV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo. _. \w$b|À`m Z§Va S>m°. ~m~mgmom

Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bV gwYmaUogmR>r {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H$m`Xo

H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV nwÝhm Zì`mZo H$mhr H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo d Ë`m§À`mgmR>r "AmajU.

YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr gwê$ Pmbr. {ejUmMo XadmOo Iwbo Pmbo. ZmoH$arVrb AmajUm_wio Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$

pñWVrV ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbo. gm_m{OH$ Midir gwê$ Pmbr. H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr X{bVm§Zm Ý`m` {_imdm `mgmR>r

amOH$s` njm§Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z amOgÎmoV àdoe Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio gÜ`m X{bV dJ© hm n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o

g_m{dï> Pmbobm Amho. X{bVm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r A°Q´>m°{g © A°ŠQ> g§_V Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo

Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmamdr `mgmR>r {eî`d¥Î`m, CÚmoJ, ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$O}, AZwXmZo, doJdoJù`m

{dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm, _mJmgdJu` _hm_§S>io B. _mÜ`_mVyZ n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Amho. `m_wio

X{bV dJm©V n[adV©Z KSy>Z oV Amho. ho n[adV©Z H$moUË`m KQ>H$mV hmoV Amho, {H$Vr à_mUmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z

Ambo, n[adV©ZmV H$moUVo AS>Wio òV AmhoV, {ejU Am{U n[adV©Z `mMm {H$Vr à_mUmV g§~§Y Amho B.

KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg X{bV Aä`mgmV Ho$bm OmVmo.

6. X{bV MidirMm Aä`mg : ñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV XoenmVirda AZoH$ X{bV

Midir Cä`m am{hë`m. X{bVm§Zm dfm©Zwdf}À`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m OmoIS>mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV;

nU Midir H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zo_Ü o _V oX gwê$ Pmbo. `mVyZ H$Yr H$Yr `m Midit_Ü oM g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbo.

Aem gd© àH$maÀ`m X{bV MidirMm Aä`mg H$aUo ho `m X{bV Aä`mgmMo joÌ Amho.

1.2.3 X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd (Importance of Dalit Sudies) :

1. ^maVr` g_mOmMo `WmW© Xe©Z : qhXy Y_© hm EH$ gZmVZ Y_© Amho. `m Y_m©bm H$moUrhr g§ñWmnH$

Zmhr, hm EH$ Anm¡ê$fr` Y_© Amho. `m Y_m©V gwadmVrbm VrZ dU© hmoVo; nU H$mbm§VamZo Mm¡Ï`m eyÐ dUm©Mm

g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g_mOmVrb hbŠ`m XOm©Mr H$m_o H$aUmè`m§Mm g_mdoe eyÐm_Ü o H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

dU©ì`dñWoMo CÎmamoÎma OmVrì`dñWoV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. OmVr m OÝ_mZoM R>ê$ bmJë`m. H${Zð> OmVrMo gd© gm_m{OH$,

9

amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma d[að> OmVrZo H$mTy>Z KoVbo. Ë`m_wio hOmamo df} emofrVm§Mo OrdZ H${Zð>

OmVtZm OJmdo bmJbo, hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. OmVrì`dñWm hr ñn¥í`-Añn¥ñ`Voda AmYmabobr Amho. hr

OmVrì`dñWm g§nyU© ^maVr` g_mOmbm ì`mnyZ am{hbobr Amho. àË oH$ amÁ`mVrb OmVrì`dñWoMo ñdê$n Am{U

X{bVm§Mo AgUmao ñWmZ g_OyZ ¿`md`mMo Agob Va X{bV gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ^maVr`

g_mOmMo `WmW© Xe©Z `m X{bV gm{hË`mVyZM hmoD$ eH$Vo.

2. X{bVm§À`mgmR>r H$m © H$aUmè`m ZoË`m§Mm Aä`mg : X{bV _wŠVrbm Iè`m AWm©Zo gwadmV hr 19

ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr. _. \w$bo `m§Zr Iè`m AWm©Zo X{bV _wŠVrMo H$m © Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mr àoaUm KoD$Z amOfu

emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV H$m © Ho$bo. lr. _. _mQ>o, {d. Xm. gmdaH$a d _. Jm§Yr `m§Zrhr Añn¥í`Vm

{Z_y©bZmMo H$m © Ho$bo. _. Jm§Yr d S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a m§À`m Añn¥ñ`Vm {ZdmaUmÀ`m H$m`m©V {^ÞVm hmoVr.

`mVyZM nwUo H$ama Pmbm. dmñV{dH$ _. Jm§Yr ho dU©ì`dñWm, OmVrì`dñWoMo nwañH$V} hmoVo; nU ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {dMmamZo à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo. ~m~mgmho~m§ZrgwÕm _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mÀ`m Am§XmobZmÀ`m H$mimV

gË`mJ«h n[afXoÀ`m _§S>nmV Ho$di _. Jm§YtMoM N>m`m{MÌ bmdbobo hmoVo. (_hmamï´>mVrb Midir - S>m°. dm.

^m. nmQ>rb) AmO AZoH$ ZoË`m§À`m {df`r qH$dm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©{df`r g_mOmV OmUrdnyd©H$ J¡ag_O nga{dbo

OmV AmhoV. Amnbr amOH$s` nmoir ^mOyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUrhr H$moUË`mhr _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$arV AmhoV.

Aemdoir dñVwpñWVr H$m` Amho, X{bVm§À`mgmR>r H$m © H$aUmè`m ZoË`m§Mr y{_H$m VËH$m{bZ n[apñWVrV H$m`

hmoVr `mMm dñVw{Zð> Aä`mg AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV hmoUmar MwH$sMr Am§XmobZo Wmon{dVm oVmV.

X{bVmoÕmaH$ ZoË`m§Mr dmñVd y{_H$m _m§S>Ê`mMo H$m_ X{bV Aä`mg H$aVo åhUyZ Ë`mMo _hÎd A{YH$ Amho.

3. X{bVm§Mm g_ñ oMm g_mOemór` Aä`mg d {ZamH$aU : X{bVm§Mm Aä`mg AZoH$ A§JmZr

AmO Ho$bm OmVmo Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bV Aä`mgmbm EH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$n àmá Pmbobo Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd©H$mimnmgyZ

Añn¥ñ`Vm {Z_y©bZmMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV Añn¥ñ`Vm {Z_y©bZmgmR>r d Añn¥ñ`m§À`m

CÞVrgmR>r AZoH$ àH$maMo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AmO ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr I¡abm§Or gma»`m KQ>Zm nwamoJm_r _hmamï´>mV

KS>VmV. X{bVm§da JmdnmVirda gm_{OH$ ~{hîH$mamMo àH$ma KS>VmV, X{bV {ejH$mbm JmdmV Ka ^mS>çmZo

{Xbo OmV Zmhr. EImXr X{bV ór gan§M Pmë`mg {VÀ`m {déÕ OmUrdnyd©H$ A{dídmgmMm R>amd AmUbm OmVmo

qH$dm {Vbm H$m_M H$ê$ {Xbo OmV Zmhr, Aem KQ>Zm `m {h_ZJmMo Q>moH$ åhUmdo bJob. OmV n§Mm`Vr S>moHo$ da

H$mT>VmZm {XgyZ oVmV. `mMm AW© X{bVm§À`m g_ñ`m g§nboë`m AmhoV Ago Zmhr. `mgmR>r X{bVm§À`m g_ñ oÀ`m

_yimer OmD$Z Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ àým§Mm g_mOemór` Aä`mg

X{bV Aä`mgmV Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUyZM X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>VM Amho.

4. X{bV dJm©Vrb n[adV©ZmMm Aä`mg : AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r AZoH$ `moOZm

emgH$s` nmVirdê$Z am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV. amï´>r` Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. n§Mdm{f©H$

`moOZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ X{bVm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{W©H$ VaVyX H$aÊ`mV oVo. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV 30.04

10

H$moQ>tMr VaVyX hmoVr Va AmR>ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV 1772.36 H$moQ>rMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. (àm. nr.

Ho$. Hw$bH$Uu) hr VaVyX àË oH$ n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZoV dmT>{dbr OmV Amho. embo , _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU KoUmè`m

{dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Îmr {Xbr OmVo. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a g§emoYZ g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Cƒ {ejU KoUmè`m

AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr_Yrb wdH$- wdVtZm Am{W©H$ _XV {Xbr OmVo. 73 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVr_wio n§Mm`V

amOì`dñWoV AZw. OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m _{hbm d nwéfm§Zm gÎmoV gh^mJ {_imbm. H$b_ H«$_m§H$ 330 Zwgma

bmoH$g oV Va H$b_ 332 Zwgma {dYmZg oV OmVr-O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r (ImgXma, Am_Xma) amIrd OmJm§Mr

VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m_wio gÎmoV gh^mJ dmTy> bmJbm. `mVyZ ZoV¥Îd H$aUmao amÁ` d amï´>r` nmVirdarb ZoVo

{Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Amho. ho n[adV©Z H$moUË`m {XeoZo gwé Amho, Ë`mMo

VwbZmË_H$ à_mU {H$Vr Amho? `mMm Aä`mg X{bV Aä`mgmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVmo. n[adV©ZmMm gmH$ë`mZo,

emñÌr` nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo mMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago Amho. m Aä`mgm_wioM H$ë`mUH$mar

`moOZm {H$Vr à_mUmV OmD$Z nmohMë`m, H$moUVo AS>Wio V`ma hmoVmV ho `m Aä`mgm_wioM g_OyZ eH$Vo.

1.2.4 ^maVmVrb X{bVm§Mr énaofm (Profile of Dalits in India) :

^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Mo à_mU bjUr` Amho. B. g. 2001 À`m OZJUZmZwgma ^maVmVrb gd©

àm§VmVrb X{bV bmoH$g§» oMm {dMma H$aVm X{bVm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m 13.82 H$moQ>r BVH$s Amho. åhUOoM EHy$U

bmoH$g§» oÀ`m 16.48% BVHo$ Amho. maVmVrb H$mhr n«_wI àm§VmVrb X{bV bmoH$g§» oMo à_mU Imbrbà_mUo

Amho.

VŠVm H«$. 1

X{bV bmoH$g§» oMo à_mU

A.Z§. àm§V à_mU A.Z§. àm§V à_mU

1. n§Om~ 28.85%

2. {h_mMb àXoe 24.72% 9. {Ìnwam 17.20%

3. npíM_ ~§Jmb 23.02% 10. amOñWmZ 17.16%

4. CÎma àXoe 21.15% 11. {X„r 16.92%

5. h[a`mUm 19.35% 12. Amo[agm 16.53%

6. V{_iZmSy> 19.00% 13. H$Zm©Q>H$ 16.20%

7. CÎmamI§S> 17.87% 14. Am§Y« àXoe 16.19%

8. M§{XJS> 17.50% 15. nm±S>oMar 16.19

darb AmH$S>odmardéZ Ago bjmV oVo H$s, CÎm_ ^maVmV X{bVm§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ Amho.

11

VŠVm H«$. 2

AZwgy{MV OmVr_Yrb bmoH$m§H$S>o Agboë`m O{_ZrMo à_mU (gZ 1992)

A. amÁ` ^y{_{hZ AÜ`m© EH$amnojm AYm© EH$a EH$ EH$amn ªV

Z§. H$_r

1. Am§Y« àXoe 12.49 49.95 9.91% 59.86%2. Amgm_ 5.52 37.10 7.94% 45.04%3. {~hma 19.73 62.62 6.15% 68.77%4. JwOamV 18.09 34.11 4.22% 38.88%5. h[a`mZm 7.95 7310 3.63 76.736. _Ü` àXoe 20.53 19.04 3.17 22.217. Amo[agm 11.19 49.82 9.78 59.608. _hmamï´> 24.31 32.13 2.99 35.129. CÎma àXoe 06.15 45.98 16.08 62.06

10. ^maV 13.34 47.50 8.89 56.39

VŠVm H«$. 3

Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb AZwgy{MV OmVtMo ñd §amoOJmamMo à_mU (gZ 93-94)

AZwgy{MV OmVr ñd §amoOJma AH¥$fr ñd §amoOJma eoV_Oya AÝ` _Oya

eoVr_Yrb eoVr ì`{V[aŠV

J«m_rU 37.70 59.77 46.49 19.26

{Z`{_V _§Owar {_iUmao Z¡{_ÎmrH$ BVa _Oya

ehar 54.60 35.28 70% 45%

VŠVm H«$. 4

gmjaVoMo à_mU

dJ© gmb

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

gd©gmYmaU (AZw. OmVr d O_mVr) 24 29.45 36.23 52.21 65.38

AZwgy{MV OmVr 10.27 14.67 21.38 37.41 --

12

VŠVm H«$. 5

Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU (Poverty Ratio) AZwgy{MV OmVr (J«m_rU)

A.Z§. amÁ` 93-94 99.2000 A.Z§. amÁ` 93-94 99-2000

1. Am§Y« àXoe 26.0 16.5 5. {~hma 70.9 59.8

2. JwOamV 32.2 17.8 6. h[a`mUm 46.5 19.0

3. _Ü` àXoe 46.0 41.3 7. _hmamï´> 51.7 33.3

4. ^maV 48.1 36.2 8. CÎma àXoe 59.3 43.7

Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU (ehar)

A.Z§. amÁ` 93-94 99.2000 A.Z§. amÁ` 93-94 99-2000

1. Am§Y« àXoe 43.9 41.4 5. JwOamV 44.9 29.1

2. _Ü` àXoe 64.7 54.3 6. {~hma 55.0 52.0

3. h[a`mUm 23.6 25.4 7. _hmamï´> 51.8 40.0

4. g§nyU© ^maV 49.9 38.6

darb gd© H$moï>H$mdê$Z H$mhr Jmoï>r bjmV oVmV. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Ama{jV OmVr_Yrb J[a~rMo à_mUBVa OmVrnojm A{YH$ Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ~XbmMr à{H«$`m IynM _§X Amho. ehar mJmVrb amoO§Xmarda _mob_OwarH$aUmè`m H$ï>H$ar bmoH$m§V Jar~rMo à_mU 70% À`m Amgnmg Amho. Ama{jV O_mVtMr pñWVr AZwgy{MVOmVtnojm IynM {dXmaH$ Amho. 1991 Zwgma Am{XdmgtMr g§»`m ^maVr` bmoH$g§» oV 8% BVH$s Amho. OdiOdi 83% Am{Xdmgr _Ü` ^maVmÀ`m dZ{d^mJmV amhVmV. 12% Am{Xdmgr B©emÝ` ^maVmÀ`m S>m|JanÅ>rVVa Ho$di 5% BVa àXoemV amhVmV. 90% nojm A{YH$ Am{Xdmgr J«m_rU ^mJmV amhVmV. gZ 1999-2000 gmbr J«m_rU ^mJmVrb 46% Am{Xdmgr Jar~ hmoVo.

1991 gmbr Ama{jV OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m maVmÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§» oÀ`m 17% åhUOo gw_mao 13.20H$moQ>r hmoVr. `mn¡H$s 81% bmoH$ J«m_rU ^mJmV amhVmV. na§Vw Vo Xoeâ {dIwabobo AmhoV. nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZAma{jV OmVtZm eoVO_rZ, O§J_ _mb_Îmm, ~miJÊ`mda VgoM {ejU KoÊ`mda ~§Xr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ho$di emar[aH$l_ H$aUo Vohr hbŠ`m XOm©Mo emar[aH$ l_ H$aUo EdT>m EH$M ì`dgm` Ë`m§Zm CnbãY hmoVm. Xm[aÐçmVyZ-Xm[aÐçmH$S>o`m Xwï>MH«$m_wio AZoH$ {nT>çm Xm[aÐçmV dmT>ë`m Am{U Xm[aÐçmVM g§nwï>mV Amë`m. AkmZm_wio {dH$mgmÀ`mAZoH$ `moOZm Ë`m§À`mn ªV nmohMë`mM ZmhrV qH$dm Vi_irZo Hw$Urhr Ë`m§Zm gm§{JVë`m ZmhrV.

13

Or pñWVr J«m_rU ^mJmV Amho {VM pñWVr WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo ehar ^mJmVhr Amho. amï´>r` Z_wZmgd}jUmZwgma (NSS) ehar ^mJmV Ho$di 22% Ama{jV OmVr_Yrb Hw$Qw>§~o ñdV:Mm ì`dgm` `m ZmdmImbrH$mhrVar bhmZghmZ CÚmoJ H$arV hmoVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Ama{jV OmVr_Yrb H$m_Jmam§Zm Anwè`m amoOJmamMmgm_Zm H$amdm bmJVmo. H$m¡eë` wŠV H$m_Jmam§Mo à_mU H$_r {XgVo. gZ 1991 gmbr Ama{jV OmVrV 37%bmoH$ gmja hmoVo. BVa OmVrMo gmjaoMo à_mU _mÌ 58% BVHo$ hmoVo. `mMm AW© Ama{jV OmVt_Ü o {ejUmVrbñW{JVr d JiVrMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho. {ejU Zgë`m_wio H$m¡eë` n«má H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm amoO§Xmar {_iÊ`mda Z¸$sM n[aUm_ hmoVmo. AZwgy{MV O_mVr `m O§Jb ^mJmV amhmVmV Ë`m_wio Vrg§nyU© O_rZ O§JbImË`mÀ`m AH$Ë`m[aV oVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$gÊ`mgmR>r O_rZ Zmhr qH$dm {_imbr Var dZA{YH$mè`m§Mm X~md A{YH$ ahmVmo. Ë`m_wio Vo AË §V OwO~r eoVr H$aVmV. CËnÞhr OwO~rM oVo. dfm©VyZ EH$-XmoZ _{hZo nwê$ eHo$b BVHo$M CËnÞ {_iVo. n[aUm_r, AÞmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ^Q>H§$Vr H$amdr bmJVo. EH$ àH$mao Ë`m§Zm~{hîH¥$V dmJUyH$ {_iVo Am{U Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m_Ü o A{YH$ à_mUmV J[a~r AmT>iyZ ooVo. H$m¡eë` wŠV H$m_Jmam§MrH$_VaVm AZwgy{MV O_mVr_Ü ohr A{YH$ AmT>iyZ oVo.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 2 - (Check your progress) :

Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1. Añn¥í`m§Zm ................. gmbmnmgyZ X{bV Ago g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.

(A) 1930 (~) 1929 (H$) 1931 (S>) 1918

2. "_r qhXy åhUyZ OÝ_bmo nU qhXy åhUyZ _aUma Zmhr' Aer KmofUm ................. gmbr S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$br.

(A) 1940 (~) 1935 (H$) 1929 (S>) 1955

3. _. \w$bo `m§Zr h§Q>a H${_eZg_moa Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ................. Mr _mJUr Ho$br.

(A) _mo\$V {ejU (~) AmajU (H$) H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm (S>) gdbVr

4. ................. `m§Zr Añn¥í`m§gmR>r 50% AmajU Om{ha Ho$bo.

(A) {~«Q>re gaH$ma (~) amOfu emhÿ _hmamO (H$) g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>

(S>) S>m°. ~m~mgmom Am§~oS>H$a

5. _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mÀ`m Am§XmobZmMo ZoV¥Îd ................. `m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo.

(A) _. Jm§Yr (~) S>m°. ~m~mgmo Am§~oS>H$a (H$) _. \w$bo (S>) lr. _. _mQ>o

1.3 nm[a^mfrH$ g§km (Glossary) :

1. _wI_m{gX - _wImVyZ (Vm|S>mVyZ)

2. amOÝ` - j{Ì`

14

3. D$éñVXmñ` - _m§S>rnmgyZ

4. nmXOm`Vo - nm`mnmgyZ

5. M_©Z - Mm§^ma

6. _Zwñ_¥Vr - lwVr Am{U ñ_¥Vr Ago J«§W {b{hbo Jobo. _Zwñ_¥Vr_Ü o _mZdr OrdZmg§~§YrMo {dMma dMmVwdÊ`mªMr Ord H$m } gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

8. `WmW© - gË`

1.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :

1) 1. (~) j{Ì` 2. (S>) nm` 3. (~) à{Vbmo_ 4. (H$) h[aOZ 5. (A) 1935

2) 1. (H$) 1931 2. (~) 1935 3. (A) _mo\$V {ejU 4. (~) amOfu emhÿ _hmamO

5. (~) S>m°. ~m. Am§~oS>H$a

1.5 gmam§e (Let us sum up) :

OJmVrb em§V g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg A{VàmMrZ H$gm Amho. d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mVgwadmVrbm dU©ì`dñWm d Z§Va OmVrì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m OmVrì`dñWo_Ü o _mUgm_mUgm_Ü o oX {Z_m©UHo$bo. hOmamo df} Añn¥ñ` g_mO hm gm_m{OH$ A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV am{hbm. {~«Q>rem§À`m {ejUmZ§Va {Z_m©UPmboë`m g_mOgwYmaH$m_wio Añn¥ñ`m§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMr OmUrd hmoD$ bmJbr. _. \w$bo `m§Zr Añn¥ñ`m§ZmÝ`m` XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g_mOemór` ^mfoVyZ Añn¥ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg OJmg_moa_m§S>bm. 1935 Z§Va X{bV Aä`mgmbm gwadmV Pmbr. X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Pmbr. AZoH$A§JmZo X{bVmÀ`m Aä`mgmbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo. X{bVm§Mo àíZ, Ë`m àíZmda gwM{dbobo Cnm`, X{bVm§_Ü o hmoVAgbobo n[adV©Z, n[adV©ZmV oV AgUmao AS>Wio B. Aä`mg gmH$ë`mZo H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m X{bV Aä`mgm§VJ©Vgwê$ Pmbr. X{bVm~ÔbMr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm d Aä`mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ EH$ N>moQ>mgm à`ËZ gXa àH$aUmVHo$bobm Amho.

1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exerciese / Home Assignment) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.

1) X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

2) X{bVm§Mr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z X{bV Aä`mgmMo _hÎd gm§Jm.

3) ^maVmVrb X{bVm§Mr énaofm ñnï> H$am.

Q>rnm {bhm.

1) X{bVmMr g§H$ënZm

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2) X{bVm§À`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd

3) X{bV Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :

1) AmMm`© Ho$ed (2011) : "OmVr {Z_y©bZmMr {Xem', Zrhmam àH$meZ, nwUo.

2) MìhmU am. Zm. (2012) : "S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d X{bV Midi',

lr. a_oe MìhmU, nwUo.

3) Hw$bH$Uu nr. Ho$. (2012) : "X{bVm§Mo Am{U Am{XdmgtMo g_mOemó', S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eZ,

nwUo.

4) IamV e§H$aamd (2010) : "X{bVm§Mo {ejU', B§ÐmÙr àH$meZ, nwUo.

5) IamV e§H$aamd (2009) : "Añn¥ñ`m§Mm _wŠVrg§J«m_', B§ÐmÙr àH$meZ, nwUo.

6) nmQ>rb dm. ^m. (2014) : "_hmamï´>mVrb Midir (gm_mOrH$ d amOH$s`), àem§V àH$meZ.

7) g~{Zg lr. {Z. (2014) : "AZw. OmVr d O_mVr A{Y{Z`_ 1989 d {Z`_ 1995',

_wHw§$X àH$meZ, R>mUo.

8) WmoamV gwIXod (2012) : "X{bV {Za§Va {df_Vm Am{U Xm[aÐç', gwJmdm àH$meZ.

9) K. Jamenadas (2014) : 'Dalits in 21th century', Kalpa Publication.

®¯®

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KQ>H$ 2

X{bVm§Mo àíZ(Issues of Dalits)





2.2.1 X{bVm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZ(Historical, Social and Cultural Issues of Dalits)

2.2.2 X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ(Educational and Economical Issues of Dalits)

2.2.3 X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ(Political Issues of Dalits)

2.2.4 gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr X{bVm§Mr AbJVm(Isolation from mainstrem social life)


2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km (Glossary)




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`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg,

1. X{bVm§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZm§Mo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

2. X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZm§Mo ñdén ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

3. X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ {deX H$aVm oVrb.

4. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmVyZ X{bVm§Mr Agbobr AbJVm g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.


_mJrb n{hë`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr X{bV hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVbobr Amho. VgoM X{bV Aä`mgmMoñdê$n, ì`mßVr d _hÎd VgoM ^maVmVrb X{bVm§Mr énaofmhr g_OmdyZ KoVbobr Amho. AmVm `m Xwgè`m KQ>H$mVVwåhr X{bVm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` àíZ g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Omo _w»` àdmh Amho Ë`mnmgyZ X{bV AÚmnhr H$go AbJqH$dm A{bßV AmhoV ho XoIrb Aä`mgUma AmhmV.

^maVmV gw_mao 5000 dfm©nmgyZ dU©ì`dñWm d Om{Vì`dñWm CX`mg Ambobr Amho. m ì`dñWoV X{bVm§daAZoH$ ~§YZo d AnmÌVm bmXÊ`mV Amë`m. OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao _yb yV Ago _mZdr h¸$ Ë`m§ZmZmH$maÊ`mV Ambo. gwIr OrdZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmo`rgw{dYm§nmgyZ Ë`m§Zm d§{MV R>odÊ`mV Ambo.n[aUm_r, X{bV ho AàJV qH$dm _mJmgbobo am{hbo. `mVyZM Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo. `màíZm§Mo ñdê$n Vwåhr `m KQ>H$mV Aä`mgUma AmhmV.


àñVmdZoV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo `m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr X{bVm§Mo {d{dY àíZ Aä`mgUma AmhmV. {ddoMZmÀ`mÑï>rZo `m KQ>H$mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s n{hë`m {d^mJmV X{bVm§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$,gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZm§Mr MMm© Ho$bobr Amho. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZm§MrMMm© Ho$bobr Amho. {Vgè`m {d^mJmV X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` àíZm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho Va eodQ>À`m Mm¡Ï`m{d^mJmV gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ X{bV H$go AbJ qH$dm A{bßV AmhoV `mMo {ddoMZ Ho$boboAmho.

2.2.1 X{bVm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZ : (Historical, Social and Cultural Issues of Dalits) :

X{bVm§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm àW_ ^maVr` g_mOmVrbdU©ì`dñWm d Om{Vì`dñWm `m§Mo ñdê$n WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ KoUo C{MV R>aVo. qgYy g§ñH¥$Vr hr ^maVmVrb kmVAgbobr gdm©V àmMrZ (Vm_« nmfmU wJmVrb) g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. `m g§ñH¥$VrMm èhmg hmoÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmÀ`mdm`ì` {XeoH$Sy>Z Am`mªMo ^maVmV AmJ_Z Pmbo. Am`mªMm oWrb ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§er (Ð{dS> qH$dm AZm ©)

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g§Kf© Pmbm. `m g§Kfm©V Am © {dO`r Pmë`mZo Vo ñdV:g loîR> d n[aOV ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm H${Zð> (Xmg, Xñ y)

g_Oy bmJbo. {edm` ^maVmV òÊ`mnyduM Am`mªH$S>o {ddmh, ImUo{nUo, gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$, ewÕmewÕVm

BË`mXr~m~VÀ`m H$ënZm hmoË`m. `mVyZM dU©ì`dñWm CX`mg Ambr. Am © ho "amOZ' (`moÕo d C_amd) ~«m÷U(nwamo{hV) d d¡í` (eoVH$ar) `m VrZ dUm©V {d^mJbo Jobo. nwT>o amOZbmM j{Ì` åhQ>bo OmD$ bmJbo. amOmÀ`m

gÎmog {Xì`Îd (A{Y_mÝ`Vm) ~hmb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AmnUmH$S>o KoD$Z ~«m÷U dJm©Zo Amnbm XOm© gd©loð>~Z{dbm. Ë`mImbmoImb j{Ì`m§Mm d Ë`mZ§Va d¡í`m§Mm XOm© loð> R>a{dbm. `m VrZ dUmªZm "{ÛO' _mZbo Jobo. `m

VrZ {ÛO dUmªÀ`m ~mhoarb bmoH$m§Mm "ewÐ' hm Mm¡Wm dU© _mZyZ Ë`mMm XOm© H${Zð> _mZbm Jobm. `m Mma dUmªMmXOm©, ì`dgm`, nañnag§~§Y `m~m~VMo {ZpíMV {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mVyZ Or ì`dñWm CX`mg Ambr {VbmM

MmVwd©U©ì`dñWm åhQ>bo Jobo. `m Mma dUmªÀ`m ~mhoa AmUIrZ EH$ g_yh {Z_m©U Pmbm Ë`mbm A{VeyÐ qH$dm

n§M_ dU© Ago Zmd {Xbo Jobo. H$mbm§VamZo bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V Jobr. g_mOmÀ`m JaOm dmT>V OmD$Z Ë`m§À`mnyV©VogmR>r doJdoJio ì`dgm` CX`mg Ambo. ho {d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m g_yhm§Mr ì`dñWm bmdÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$

dUm©À`m A§VJ©V AZoH$ g_yh d Cng_yh CX`mg Ambo. m g_yh d Cng_yhm§ZmM AZwH«$_o OmVr d nmoQ>OmVr åhQ>boOmD$ bmJbo. A{VeyÐ qH$dm n§M_ dUm©V Á`m OmVr d nmoQ>OmVr CX`mg Amë`m Ë`m dU©ì`dñWo~mhoarb Agë`mZo

Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© gdm©V H${Zð> R>abm. {edm` Ë`m§Mo Oo ì`dgm` hmoVo Vo KmUoaS>o d AZwËnmXH$ Agë`mZo Vo

hrZ XOm©Mo _mZbo Jobo. nwT>o ho ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m OmVr-nmoQ>OmVtZmhr hrZ, VwÀN>, KmUoaS>o, AewÕ d An{dÌ_mZbo Jobo. Am{U Ë`m§Mm ñne©XoIrb An{dÌ _mZyZ Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmVyZ ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo.

Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ AnmÌVm (Disabilities) bmXë`m. Aem m OmVtZmM Añn¥í` OmVr (Untounchable castes)

d Ë`m OmVrÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm Añn¥í` (Untouchables) åhQ>bo Jobo. Aem `m Añn¥í` OmVr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVyZ

~{hîH¥$V Pmë`m. Ë`m§Zm gd© A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV Ho$bo. OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV Xm~yZ R>odbo. Aem m X~boë`m,XS>nboë`m Añn¥í`m§ZmM {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV "X{bV' (Dipressed) åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo.

Ago ho Añn¥í` åhUOoM X{bV bmoH$ ^maVmV hOmamo df© d§{MV d Cno{jV am{hë`mZo Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV{d{dY àH$maMo àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`mn¡H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§S>mV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

àíZm§Mo ñdê$n `m{R>H$mUr Vwåhr g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.

1) {ZåZ gm_m{OH$ XOm© : X{bVm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© hm gdm©V H${Zð> qH$dm {ZåZ _mZbobm Amho.Om{Vì`dñWm ho ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMr ì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m_wio `m ì`dñWoV loð>-H${Zð>ÎdmÀ`m

^mdZoda AmYmabobr A{YH«$_r aMZm (gmonmZ na§nam) AmT>iVo. `m aMZoÀ`m gdm}ƒ ñWmZr ~«m÷U AgyZ gdm©V

H${Zð> ñWmZr Añn¥í` OmVr åhUOoM X{bV AmhoV. BVa OmVtMo ñWmZ dm XOm© `m XmoÝhtÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Amho.Om{Vì`dñWoV ì`{ŠVMm XOm© OmVrdê$Z d OmV OÝ_mdê$Z R>aVo. Ë`m_wio EImXr ì`ŠVr Á`m OmVrV OÝ_Vo Ë`m

OmVrMm XOm© {Vbm àmßV hmoVmo Am{U hm XOm© _aon ªV H$m`_ amhmVmo. ñdH$V¥©ËdmZo {Vbm Amnbm hm XOm© ~XbVmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷U OmVrV OÝ_bobr ì`ŠVr {H$Vrhr H$V¥©ËdeyÝ` Agbr Var {VMo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ dm XOm©

loð> R>aVmo d X{bV OmVrV OÝ_bobr ì`ŠVr {H$Vrhr H$V¥©ËddmZ Agbr Var {VMm XOm© H${Zð> R>aVmo. EH§$XarV

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^maVmV Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§S>mV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Om{Vì`dñWoZo ì`ŠVrbm A{n©V XOm© (Abscribed status)

àXmZ Ho$bm d XOm© ~XbÊ`mMr g§Yr ZmH$mabr åhUOoM CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVog (Upward Social

Mobility) dmd {Xbm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hOmamo df} X{bVm§Zm g_mOmV gdm©V {ZåZ XOm©Mo OrdZ OJmdo bmJbo.Amnë`m BÀN>m, AmH$m§jm, Anojm Xm~yZ R>odmì`m bmJë`m. Cƒ XOm©, _mZgÝ_mZ, à{Vð>m `mnmgyZ d§{MV amhmdo

bmJbo. Ë`m_wio hrZ, An_mZmñnX d X`{Z` gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ë`m§Zm eVH$mZweVHo$ OJmdo bmJbo. AmO maVràmÁ`KQ>ZoZo Om{V oX d Añn¥í`Vm Zï> H$ê$Z gd© maVr`m§Zm g_mZ XOm© d ñWmZ ~hmb Ho$bobo Amho. ñdH$V¥©ËdmZo

ì`ŠVrbm Cƒ gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmßV H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bV ì`ŠVr gÎmm,g§nÎmr, {ejU, H$bmH$m¡eë o àmßV H$ê$Z Cƒ gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AmhoV. VWm{n,

àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ Ë`m§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV AÚmnhr AZoH$ AS>Wio AmhoV. X{bV ì`ŠVr {H$Vrhr

Cƒ {e{jV Pmbr, {VZo H$moUVohr Cƒ ñWmZ qH$dm nX {_i{dbo, Vr Am{W©H$Ñï>çm {H$Vrhr g§nÞ Pmbr Var{VMo X{bVÎd åhUOo OmVrZo R>aUmao {ZåZ gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ (Lower Social Status) Zï> hmoV Zmhr. Cƒ

OmVtÀ`m _ZmV X{bVm{df`r Agbobr H${Zð>ËdmMr ^mdZm g§nbobr Zmhr. åhUyZ EImXr X{bV ì`ŠVr {H$Vrhr_moR>r Pmbr CXm. _§Ìr, _w»`_§Ìr EdT>oM Zìho Va amï´>nVrhr Pmbr Var {VMm C„oI A_wH$ amÁ`mMm n{hbm X{bV

_w»`_§Ìr qH$dm XoemMo n{hbo X{bV amï´>nVr AgmM Ho$bm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, AmO VÎdV: ^maVmV gdmªMm

gm_m{OH$ XOm© g_mZ _mZbm Agbm Var Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZ OÝ_mZo åhUOoM OmVrZo àmßV hmoUmam {ZåZgm_m{OH$ XOm© X{bVm§À`m ~m~VrV AÚmnhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. X{bVm§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo hm EH$ J§ ra Agm àíZ Amho.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©~m~VMm àíZ : Om{Vì`dñWoZo gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©~m~Vhr H$S>H$ {Z~ªY KmVbo.

{d{dY OmVrVrb gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ d g§~§Y H$go AgmdoV `m{df`rMo {Z`_ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo A{Zdm ©R>a{dbo. `m {Z`_mZwgma Cƒ OmVrVrb ì`ŠVtZr X{bV OmVrVrb ì`{ŠV§er K{Zð> Ago gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y R>odUo,

Ë`m§À`mer _wŠV g§nH©$ R>odUo, X{bVm§~amo~a CR>~g H$aUo {Z{fÕ _mZbo. X{bVm§Mm Ho$di ñne©M Zìho Va Ë`m§Mr

gmdbrXoIrb A§Jmda nS>Uo An{dÌ åhUOo {dQ>mi _mZbo Jobo. `mVyZM doJdoJù`m àm§VmV X{bVm§er gm_m{OH$g§~§Y d g§nH©$ R>odÊ`m~m~VMo H$mhr g§Ho$V éT> Pmbo. CXm. ~«m÷U Oa añË`mZo OmV Agob Va X{bVmZo añVm

gmoSy>Z ~mOybm OmD$Z C o amhmdo, X{bVmMr nmdbo añË`mda C_Qy> Z oV åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m H$_aog nmdbr nwgyZQ>mH$Ê`mgmR>r PmSy> ~m§YUo, Ë`mZo añË`mda Ww§Hy$ Z o åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m Jù`mV Ww§H$Ê`mgmR>r _S>Ho$ ~m§YUo BË`mXr.

noedmB©V nwUo ehamV X{bVmZo gH$mir d gm §H$mir gmdë`m bm§~ nS>VmV V|ìhm añË`mdê$Z {\$ê$ Z o, Agm{Z`_ hmoVm. _b~ma_Ü o (Ho$ai) "{Væ`Z' Am{U "nwbæ`Z' `m X{bV OmVtZm ~«m÷UmnmgyZ AZwH«$_o 36 d 96

nmdbm§À`m A§Vamn ªV d Zmà bmoH$mnmgyZ 12 nmdbo A§Vamn ªV oÊ`mMr nadmZJr hmoVr. ho A§Va Amobm§Sy>Z

~«m÷UmÀ`m A{YH$ Odi OmÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. ^maVmV gd©ÌM X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVrÀ`m KamV àdoe {Xbm OmVZìhVm. AJXrM A{Zdm © Pmbo Va A§JUmV àdoe {Xbm OmB©. X{bVm§À`m hmVyZ AÞnmUr KoUo, Ë`m§À`m dñVy

dmnaUo `m Jmoï>rhr {Z{fÕ _mZë`m OmV. X{bVm§Mr dñVrXoIrb JmdR>mÊ`mnmgyZ AbJ dg{dbr, OoUoH$ê$ZË`m§Mm \$magm g§nH©$ oD$ Z o. EH§$XarV Cƒ OmVtZr X{bVm§er gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ R>odÊ`mda H$S>H$ {Z~ªY KmVë`mZo

X{bV ho gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ AbJ nS>bo, ~{hîH¥$V Pmbo. gm_{OH$ OrdZmV Vo _wŠVnUo

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gh^mJr Z hmoD$ eH$ë`mZo Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg amoIbm Jobm. Vo A{dH${gV, AàJV dm _mJmgboë`mM am{hë`m.

AmO X{bVm§darb gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©~m~VMo darb A{Zï> {Z~ªY H$m`ÚmZo CR>{dbo AmhoV. VWm{n, J«m_rU

^mJmVyZ ho {Z~ªY ~è`mM à_mUmV {Q>Hy$Z AmhoV. X{bV ì`ŠVr IoS>çmVrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV nyU©nUo gm_mdbrJobr Amho, Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. AZoH$ IoS>çm§V CƒOmVr X{bVm§er R>am{dH$ A§Va R>odyZM gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$

R>odVmV.

3) X{bVm§darb AnmÌVm qH$dm {Z`m}½`Vm : Om{Vì`dñWoV Cƒ OmVtZm AZoH$ {deofm{YH$ma {XboVa Añn¥í` OmVtda åhUOoM X{bVm§da AZoH$ AnmÌVm qH$dm {Z`m}½`Vm bmXë`m. CXm. X{bVm§Zr Cƒ OmVtÀ`m

dñVrV Ka ~m§Yy Z o VgoM Ë`m§Zr C§M, Xw_Obr, _moR>r Kao ~m§Yy Z oV, C§Mr dñÌo, _m¡ë`dmZ Ab§H$ma, Mßnbm,

N>Ìr BË`mXr dmnê$ Z oV. Cƒ OmVtMo ì`dgm` H$ê$ Z oV BË`mXr. ho gd© {Z~ªY ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMr _wñH$Q>Xm~rH$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mm àM§S> H$m|S>_mam Pmbm. Ë`m§Zm _Zwî` åhUyZ AgUmao _yb yV h¸$ ZmH$maë`mZo

OrdZmMm Cn^mo½` KoVm Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV ñdV:{df`r Ý yZVoMr, {hZVoMr ^mdZm (infer complex)

{Z_m©U Pmbr. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. AmO ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo VgoM

H$m`ÚmZo X{bVm§darb `m gd© AnmÌVm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`m AmhoV. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m ~amo~arZo gd© A{YH$ma X{bVm§Zm{Xbobo AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Mr CÞVr ìhmdr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm H$m§hr gmo r gdbVrhr {Xboë`m AmhoV. VWm{n,

na§naoZo X{bVm§da bmXboë`m AnmÌVm H$m`Xm d ñdV: X{bV ZmoH$arV Agbo Var Cƒ OmVtÀ`m _ZmVyZ _mÌ `m

AnmÌVm Joboë`m ZmhrV. X{bVm§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m gmo rgw{dYm d gdbVr Ë`m§À`m _ZmV gbVmV. {deofV:X{bVm§gmR>r Agboë`m AmajUmg Ë`m§Mm {damoY AmT>iVmo. IoS>çmVrb EImÚm X{bVmZo Ho$bobr ^m¡{VH$,

Am{W©H$ CÞVr AZoH$ gdUmªZm ~KdV Zmhr. Ë`m_who X{bVm§Mr Kao OmiUo, Ë`m§Mr hÎ`m H$aUo, X{bV eoVH$è`m§À`mg{nH$m§Mr ZmgmS>r H$aUo, J[a~ X{bVmH$Sy>Z {dZm_mo~Xbm H$m_o H$ê$Z KoUo qH$dm Aën_OyarV X{bVm§Zm am~dyZ

KoUo `mgma»`m AÝ`m`H$maH$ KQ>Zm KS>Vm§Zm {XgVmV. EH§$XarV X{bV ho AZoH$ ~m~VrV AnmÌ AmhoV, Ë`m§Zr

na§namJVM OrdZ OJbo nm{hOo, gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm XyaM R>odbo nm{hOo, Ë`m§Zmgmo rgdbVr XoÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr, Aem àH$maMr _mZ{gH$Vm Cƒ OmVtÀ`m AZoH$ bmoH$m§Mr Amho. X{bV{damoYr

hr _mZ{gH$Vm hm X{bVm§À`m Ñï>rZo EH$ qMVmOZH$ àíZ Amho.

4) {ddmh{df`H$ àíZ : Om{Vì`dñWoZo A§V{d©dmhmMm {Z`_ ê$T> Ho$bm. OmVrÀ`m AmV amhÿZ Ho$bobm{ddmh åhUOo A§V{d©dmh hmo . `m {Z`_mZwgma ì`ŠVrg Amnë`m {ddmhmMm OmoS>rXma hm ñdV:À`m OmVrVyZM

{ZdS>mdm bmJVmo. naŠ`m OmVrVrb ì`ŠVrer {ddmh H$aUo hm _moR>m J§ ra d X§S>Zr` JwÝhm R>a{dbm. Ë`m_wio

na§namJV g_mOmV ì`ŠVr OmVrVM {ddmh H$arV AgV. VWm{n `mg§X^m©V"AZwbmo_' {ddmhmg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.Cƒ qH$dm OmVrVrb (dUm©Vrb, Hw$bmVrb) nwéf d H${Zð> OmVrVrb ñÌr `m§À`m {ddmhmg AZwbmo_ {ddmh

åhUVmV. `mCbQ> à{Vbmo_ {ddmh _mÌ {Z{fÕ R>a{dbm. Cƒ OmVrVrb ór d H${Zð> OmVrVrb nwéf `m§À`m{ddmhmg "à{Vbmo_' {ddmh åhUVmV. AZwbmo_ {ddmhm_wio Cƒ OmVrVrb nwéfm§Zm H${Zð> OmVrVrb (`m_Ü o

X{bV OmVrhr oVmV) {ó`m§Mm {ddmh H$ê$Z qH$dm Z H$aVmhr Cn^moJ KoUo hm Amnbm A{YH$ma Amho Ago dmQy>

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bmJbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr H${Zð> OmVrVrb ór hr Amnë`m Cn^moJmMr dñVy _mZbr d `m OmVrVrb {ó`m§Mm

Cn^moJ KoUo àg§Jr Ë`m§À`mda ~bmËH$ma H$aUo ho `mo½` _mZbo Jobo. `mM _mZ{gH$VoVyZ AmOhr IoS>çmnmS>çmV

X{bV {ó`m§da AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ({dZ` §J-~bmËH$ma) hmoVmZm {XgVmV. à{Vbmo_ {ddmh _mÌ {Z{fÕ _mZyZVmo H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg AË §V H$S>H$ {ejm§Mr VaVyX Ho$br. OmVrVM {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm hm {Z`_ ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va

H$m`ÚmZo aÔ Ho$bm Am{U gd© OmVrÀ`m (Y_m©À`mhr) ñÌr-nwéfm§Zm nañnam§er {ddmh H$aÊ`mMr H$m`Xoera _mÝ`VmXoÊ`mV Ambr. Aem {ddmhmg Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh (Inter caste Marriage) Ago åhUVmV. AmO Am§VaOmVr`

{ddmh H$m`Xoera _mZbm Agbm Var ^maVr` g_mO_Z Aem {ddmhmgmR>r \$mago AZwHy$b Zmhr. Am§VaOmVr`{ddmhmg g_mOmMm {deofV: Hw$Qw>§~ d ZmVbJm§Mm {damoY AmT>iVmo. {deofV: Cƒ OmVrVrb _wbrZo/órZo EImÚm

X{bV _wbmer/nwéfmer {ddmh Ho$ë`mg qH$dm H$aÊ`mMr V`mar XmI{dë`mg Ë`mbm {VÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm, ZmVbJm§Mm,

OmVrMm àM§S> {damoY hmoVmo. AZoH$ nmbH$ `mVyZ Aem _wbrMr hÎ`m XoIrb H$aVmV. {edm` g§~§{YV X{bV_wbJm, Ë`mMo Hw$Qw>§{~` d ZmVbJ `m§À`mdahr OrdKoUo h„o Ho$bo OmVmV. IoS>çmnmS>çmV Va Aem àg§Jr g§nyU©

X{bV dñË`m§daM h„o Ho$bo OmVmV. EImÚm X{bV _wbmZo Cƒ OmVrVrb _wbrer ào_n«H$aUmVyZ {VÀ`m g§_VrZoniyZ OmD$Z {ddmh Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm gyS> (~Xbm) åhUyZ Ë`m X{bV _wbmMm IyZ H$aUo, Ë`mÀ`m ZmË`mVrb

{ó`m§Mr Z½Z qYS> H$mT>Uo, Ë`m§À`mda gm_y{hH$ ~bmËH$ma H$aUo Aer H¥$Ëò Cƒ OmVrH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV, X{bV ì`{ŠVer {ddmhg§~§Y hmoUo ho AmOhr Cƒ OmVtZm KamÊ`mÀ`m/Hw$bmÀ`m ~oA~«wMo dmQ>Vo.`mVyZM à{Vð>onm`r hmoUmè`m hÎ`m (Honor killing) KS>VmZm {XgVmV. AmO OmVrMo nma§n[aH$ AZoH$ {Z~ªY

ì`dhmamVhr ~è`mM à_mUmV gm¡å`/Zï> Pmbo AmhoV. _mÌ OmVrVM {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm {Z~ªY åhUOoM OmV-A§V{d©dmhmMm {Z`_ (law of caste - endogamy) _mÌ _moR>çm à_mUmda {Q>Hy$Z Amho. X{bV ì`ŠVrg {ddmhmgmR>r

Cƒ OmVtZr {Z{fÕ _mZUo hm XoIrb X{bVm§À`mÑîQ>rZoM Zìho Va gm_m{OH$ g_agVoÀ`m Ñï>rZohr J§ ra Agmgm_m{OH$ àíZ Amho.

gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZ (Cultural Issues) :

X{bVm§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZXoIrb J§ ra ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Zm OrdZmÀ`mBVa joÌmn«_mUoM gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmVyZhr ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bobo hmoVo. X{bVm§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb gh^mJmda

AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVhr àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo.

g§ñH¥$Vr ho _mZd g_mOmMo à oXH$ d¡{eï>ç Amho. àË oH$ _mZd g_mOmMr ñdV:Mr Aer doJir g§ñH¥$VrAgVo. ^maVr` g_mOmMrhr ñdV:Mr Aer EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o _mZd{Z{_©V Aem ^m¡{VH$ (KaoXmao,

H$nS>obÎmo, ^m§S>rHw§$S>r, XmJXm{JZo, hË`mao AdOmao BË`mXr) Am{U A^m¡{VH$ (ê$T>r-na§nam, AmMma-{dMma,

lÕm-_yë o, H$bmH$m¡eë o, V§Ìo, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo d gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm BË`mXr) dñVw§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gd©^m¡{VH$-A^m¡{VH$ dñVw§Zm "g§ñH¥$Vr VÎdo' (Cultural truits) Ago åhUVmV. maVr` g§ñH¥$VrVrb hr {d{dY VÎdo

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`m_Ü o X{bVm§Mmhr _moR>m gh^mJ Amho. VWm{n, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV Ë`m§Zm _wŠVnUo gh^mJ XoÊ`mVAmbm Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbo. `m {Z~ªYmMo ñdê$n nwT>rbn«_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

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1) mfm : mfm ho g§ñH¥$VrVrb EH$ _hÎdnyU© VÎd Amho. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmV mfoMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr

R>aVo. ì`ŠVrì`ŠVrV Am{U g_yhmg_yhmV g§àofU (Communication) gmYÊ`mgmR>r ^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

^mfo_wio Ë`m§À`mV K{Zð> Am§Va{H«$`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Aem `m ^mfoÀ`m g§X^m©V X{bVm§da {Z~ªY KmbÊ`mV Ambo.

àmMrZ ^maVmV g§ñH¥$V ^mfobm _hÎd hmoVo. g§àofU, kmZ{Z{_©Vr, kmZmMo g§H«$_U, J«§WaMZm BË`mXrgmR>r g§ñH¥$V

^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm OmB©. Ym{_©H$ {dYrÀ`mdoirhr g§ñH¥$V ^mfmM dmnabr OmB©. `k d AÝ` Ym{_©H$ {dYr nma

nmS>VmZm åhUmd`mMo §Ì ho g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVM hmoVo. Ym{_©H$ {dYr nma nmS>Ê`mMm åhUOoM nm¡amo{hË` H$aÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma Ho$di Amnë`m nwaVmM _`m©{XV amhmdm `m CÔoemZo ~«m÷Um§Zr g§ñH¥$V ^mfm hr XodmMr ^mfm (XoddmUr)

R>a{dbr d {VMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ho$di Cƒ dUm©g {deofV: ~«m÷Umg Amho Agm {Z`_ ê$T> Ho$bm

Am{U eyÐm{VeyÐ g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMm dmna H$ê$ Z o Agmhr X§S>H$ Ho$bm. Añn¥í` åhUOo X{bV ho An{dÌ Agë`mZo

XoddmUr Agbobr n{dÌ g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ë`m§Zr dmnaUo AY© R>a{dbo. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§Zm g§ñH¥$V {eH$Ê`mg _ZmB©

Ho$br. VËH$mbrZ kmZ g§ñH¥$V_Ü oM Agë`mZo d g§ñH¥$V ^mfm {eH$Ê`mg X{bVm§Zm _ZmB© Agë`mZo X{bV ho

kmZn«mßVrÀ`m _mJm©nmgyZ åhUOoM {ejU KoÊ`mÀ`m h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV am{hbo. kmZmA^mdr Vo AS>mUr, {Zaja,

A§YlÕ, X¡ddmXr ~Zbo. {ejUmMm h¸$ ZmH$maë`mZo Zdo kmZ, Zdo {dMma, Zì`m H$ënZm `m§Mr Ë`m§Zm AmoiI

hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. Vo gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñï>çm AàJV qH$dm _mJmgbobo am{hbo. {ejU KoUo, kmZ {_i{dUo ho Cƒ

OmVrMo H$m_ Amho. `m H$m`m©er Amnbm H$m§hrhr g§~§Y Zmhr Aer Ë`m§Mr g_OyV qH$dm YmaUm Pmbr. Ë`m_wio

{ejU KoÊ`mMr àoaU Ë`m§À`mV {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. `m àoaUoÀ`m A^mdm_wioM AmO Ë`m§Zm {ejU Iwbo

Pmbo AgVmZmhr Ë`m§À`mV {ZajVoMo à_mU Cƒ OmVtÀ`m VwbZoV OmñV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. WmoS>Š`mV, X{bVm§Zm

g§ñH¥$V ^mfm {eH$Ê`mg ~§Xr KmVë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMm h¸$ {_iy eH$bm Zmhr. n[aUm_r, Vo e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm

VgoM gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm _mJmgbobo am{hbo.

`mg§X^m©Vrb AmUIrZ EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ åhUOo g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m dmnamg X{bVm§Zm ~§Xr KmVë`mZo

H${Zð> OmVr àmH¥$V ^mfm CXm. AY©_mJYr, nmbr BË`mXr dmnaV. O¡Z d ~m¡Õ Y_m©À`m CËH$fm©À`m H$mimV O¡Z d

~m¡Õ {dÛmZm§Zr m mfm§Zm _hÎd {Xbo. Ë`m§À`mVyZ {dnyb J«§W{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Ë`m_wio m àmH¥$V mfm§À`m {dH$mgmg

_moR>r MmbZm {_imbr. g§ñH¥$VMo dM©ñd dm _hÎd H$m§hr à_mUmV H$_r Pmbo. VWm{n, `m XmoZ Y_mªMr ^maVmVyZ

{nN>ohmQ> Pmë`mZ§Va _mÌ àmH¥$V mfm§Mmhr à^md AmogaV Jobm. VgoM AZoH$ X{bV OmVr d Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m

~mobr^mem AmhoV. `m ^mfm§Zm {bnr Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m_Ü o gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Pmbr Zmhr. AmO Cƒ OmVtMm g§nH©$

dmT>ë`mZo VgoM {ejU KoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ o_wio X{bV d Am{Xdmgr ho Amnbr _yiMr ^mfm ~moboUmgo Pmbo AmhoV.

AZoH$m§Zm Amnë`m ~mobr^mfoMm dmna H$aUo b‚mmñnX dmQ>V Amho. n[aUm_r, `m ^mfm§XoIrb Zï> hmoÊ`mÀ`m

_mJm©da AmhoV. `m ^mfm§Mo OVZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo d Ë`mÛmao gm§ñH¥${VH$ R>odm qH$dm dmagm

g_¥Õ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. _mÌ ho gd© H$go d H$moUr gmÜ` H$amd`mMo hm EH$ _moR>m àíZ Amho.

2) Ym{_©H$ {dYr : ^mfoà_mUoM AY©lÕm d Y_m©MaU ho g§ñH¥$VrMo _hÎdnyU© VÎd qH$dm A§J Amho.

^maVr` g_mO d g§ñH¥$Vr hr Y_©àYmZ Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. H$maU ^maVr` ì`ŠVr, g_yh, g§ñWm d EH§$Xa

23

OrdZnÕVr åhUOoM g§ñH¥$Vr `m gdmªda Y_m©Mm _moR>m nJS>m Amho. ^maVmV OrdZmVrb {d{dY àg§Jr {d{dYàH$maMo Ym{_©H$ {dYr, g§ñH$ma, CËgd, gU-g_ma§ ì`{ŠVJV VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ ñdénmV gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV;nU Ë`m_Ü o gd© OmVtMm g_mZ gh^mJ R>odbm Zmhr. Ym{_©H$ {dYtMo YwarUÎd Cƒ OmVtH$S>o {deofV: ~«m÷UmH$S>oR>odbo Am{U Añn¥í` OmVtda _mÌ `mg§X^m©V AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbo. CXm. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m _§{XamV Ë`m§Zm àdoeH$aÊ`mg _ZmB© Ho$br. Y_©J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ dm nR>Z H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr KmVbr. Ym{_©H$ {dYtÀ`m doir X{bVm§Zr doX_§ÌmMmdmna H$ê$ Z o. doX_§Ì åhUUmè`m X{bVm§Mr {O^ N>mQ>mdr, doX_§Ì EoH$Umè`m X{bVm§À`m H$mZmV Vá {ego AmoVmdoAem àH$maÀ`m H«y$a {ejm§Mrhr VaVyX Ho$br. Ë`mM~amo~a X{bVm§À`m XodXodVmhr doJù`m _mZÊ`mV Amë`m. `mXodXodVm§Mr _§{Xao hr Jmdm~mhoa AgmdrV. hr _§{Xao ^ì` Agy Z oV. EdT>oM Zìho Va X{bVm§À`m XodXodVm§À`m _yVuAmo~S>Ymo~S> d AH«$mi{dH«$mi ê$n Agboë`m Agmì`mV. m XodXodVm§À`m nyOmAMmªMr nÕVrXoIrb Cƒ OmVtÀ`mnÕVrhÿZ doJir Agmdr BË`mXr VaVyXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. gmd©O{ZH$, Ym{_©H$ {dYr d CËgdmV X{bVm§Zr R>am{dH$A§Va R>oD$ZM gh^mJr ìhmdo. Ym{_©H$ {dYrÀ`m doir Ë`m§Mo `moJXmZ ho Ho$di l_n«YmZ ñdénmMo (gm\$g\$mB©H$aUo, bmH$S>o nwa{dUo, AmoPr CMbUo) R>odbo. Om{Vì`dñWoMo gd© {Z~ªY ho Y_m©À`mÛmao X{bVm§À`m Jir CVa{dÊ`mVAmbo. dU©ì`dñWm, Om{Vì`dñWm hr B©ídaàUrV Amho. Ë`m_wio {VMo nmbZ H$aUo ho Ym{_©H$ H$V©ì` R>a{dbo. `mYm{_©H$ H$V©ì`mg qhXy Y_m©Vrb H$_© d nwZO©Ý_ {gÕm§VmMr OmoS> {Xbr. JV OÝ_mVrb H$_m©Mo \$i åhUyZ `mOÝ_mV Cƒ dm ZrM OmVrV OÝ_ {_iVmo. `m OÝ_r ñdOmVrÀ`m Y_m©Mo (H$V©ì`mMo) nmbZ {Z_yQ>nUo Ho$ë`mgnwT>rb OÝ_mV Cƒ OmV àmßV hmoVo Ago VÎdkmZ bmoH$m§À`m _Zmda q~~{dbo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ X{bV OmVrhOmamo df} Om{Vì`dñWoVrb Amnbo {ZåZ ñWmZ ghZ H$arV Amë`m. Om{Vì`dñWog Ë`m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm Zmhr.OmVr {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ghZ H$arV am{hbo. AmOhr {Zaja, AS>mUr, X¡ddmXr d¥ÎmrÀ`mX{bVm§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm `m àH$maMr Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo na§namJV OmVrY_m©g {MH$Qy>Z am{hbobo AmhoV. qhXwY_m©VrblÕm d H$_©H$m§S>mMm Ë`m§À`mda nJS>m Amho.

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr bmImo X{bVm§Zr qhXy Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabm.Ë`mZ§Vahr Y_mªVamMr Midi MmbyM Amho. VWm{n, "_hma' dJiVm ~è`mM BVa X{bV OmVrVrb ì`ŠVr _mÌ`m Y_mªVamV gh^mJr Pmboë`m ZmhrV. qhXwY_©à{UV Om{Vì`dñWoZo {Xbobo {ZåZ ñWmZ d XOm© ñdrH$mê$Z VoOJVmZm {XgVmV. Amnë`m `m Xw:IX pñWVrV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$ V`mar AÚmnhrnwaogr Pmbobr Zmhr. hm EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMm Agm Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZ Amho. Á`m X{bVm§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabmË`m§Mrhr pñWVr Jm|YimMr Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s AZoH$OUm§Zm qhXy Y_©lÕm§Mm d H$_©H$m§S>mMm nyU©V: Ë`mJ H$aUo eŠ`Pmbobo Zmhr. VgoM ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mohr nyU© AmH$bZ Pmbobo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aem Y_mªVarV bmoH$m§_Ü ohr gm§ñH¥${VH$g§ «_mdñWm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. AWm©V g§H«$_UH$mimV Aer g§ «_mdñW H$m§hrer ñdm^m{dH$ AgVo hohr IaoAmho. ^{dî`mV _mÌ hr g§ «m_mdñWm g§nob Aer Amem Amho.

3) g§ñH¥$VrH$aU : ^maVmVrb Om{Vì`dñWoMo {díbofU CÜd©Jm_r J{VerbVoÀ`m g§X^m©V H$aVmZm E_.EZ. lr{Zdmg `m§Zr g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm _m§§S>br. Vo åhUVmV, ""g§ñH¥$VrH$aU hr Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s,{OÀ`mÛmao EImXr H${Zð> OmV qH$dm Am{X_ O_mV qH$dm EImXm AÝ` g_yh Amnë`m àWm, H$_©H$m§S>, {dMmagaUr

d OrdZnÕVr BË`mXr_Ü o {ÛO OmVtÀ`m {XeoZo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVmo.'' g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmÀ`m `m à{H«$ oV H${Zð>

24

OmVr m_Ü o X{bV OmVtMmhr g_mdoe Amho d Am{X_ O_mVr m Cƒ OmVtÀ`m OrdZnÕVrMo (åhUOo g§ñH¥$VrMo)

AZwH$aU H$aVmV. AWm©V `m AZwH$aUm_wio åhUOoM g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_wio X{bVm§_Ü o H$m§hr àíZ {Z_m©U

Pmbobo AmhoV. H$maU `m à{H«$ oV X{bV dV©_mZ H$mimVrb AmXem©Zwgma `mo½` d àH$m`m©Ë_H$ R>aUmè`m Amnë`m

dV©Z àH$mam§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Ë`m OmJr ~«m÷Umgma»`m Cƒ OmVrMr Aer _yë o d dV©ZàH$ma AmË_gmV H$aVmV

H$s, Or AmO An_mZmñnX d AnH$m`m©Ë_H$ _mZbr OmVmV. CXm. H${Zð> OmVrV KQ>ñ\$moQ> KoUo, {dYdoZo nwZ{d©dmh

H$aUo, àm¡T> {ddmh H$aUo `m§Zm _mÝ`Vm hmoVr. `mCbQ> ~«m÷Um§_Ü o KQ>ñ\$moQ> Z KoUo, {dYdoZo nwZ{d©dmh Z H$aUo,

~mb{ddmh H$aUo `m§Zm `mo½` _mZbo hmoVo. AWm©V AmYw{ZH$ {dMmamZwgma ~«m÷Um§_Yrb `m Jmoï>r A`mo½` AmhoV.

VWm{n, g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmV H${Zð> OmVr ñdV:À`m Mm§Jë`m/`mo½` Jmoï>tMm Ë`mJ H$aVmV d ~«m÷Um§À`m A`mo½`

Jmoï>tMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥$VrH$aU ho Am§Yio d A{ddoH$s AZwH$aU Amho. `m à{H«$ oV {ó`m§darb

A{Zð> {Z~ªY ñdrH$mabo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥$VrH$aU ho H${Zð> OmVr, X{bV d Am{Xdmgr {ó`m§À`mÑï>rZo

AÝ`m`H$maH$, AS>MUrMo d J¡agmo tMo R>abo Amho. AmOhr AZoH$ X{bV OmVr, Á`m§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabm

Zmhr, Ë`m Cƒ OmVtÀ`m OrdZnÕVrMo AZwH$aU H$aUo à{Vð>oMo _mZVmV. VWm{n, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV `mH$S>o _mÌ Ë`m§Mo Xwb©j hmoVo.

4) H$bmH$m¡eëò d gm{hË` : {d{dY H$bm, H$m¡eë o d gm{hË` ho XoIrb g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$ _hÎdmMo A§J

Amho. nma§n[aH$ g_mOmV `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Jmoï>tÀ`m {dH$mgmV X{bVm§Mohr _moR>o `moJXmZ hmoVo. AZoH$ X{bV OmVr `m

{eënH$bm, {MÌH$bm, Ab§H$ma ~Z{dUo, Jm{bMo ~Z{dUo, bmH$S>mdarb H$moard H$m_, {d{dY dmÚo ~Z{dUo d

Vr dmO{dUo, JrV, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` BË`mXr H$bm§_Ü o Va~oO hmoË`m. VgoM X{bV OmVrH$S>o A{bIrV ñdê$nmVrb

bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo `m ñdê$nmVrb gm{hË` qH$dm dmL²>_` hmoVo. VWm{n, AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV `m

{d{dY H$bm d gm{hË` èhmg nmdV Mmbbo hmoVo. AmO X{bVm§_Ü o AZoH$ CÎm_ H$bmH$ma/H$mamJra AmhoV.

VWm{n, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV (ZmQ>H$, {MÌ, nQ>, g§JrV, Ioi) Cƒ OmVtMmM daMî_m Agë`mZo X{bV H$bmH$mam§Zm

n`m©ßV g§Yr {Xbr OmV Zmhr. JrV, g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, A{^Z`, boIZ `m joÌmV Ë`m§Zm JwUdÎmm AgyZhr S>mdbbo

OmVo. nma§n[aH$ g_mOmV Jm`Z, dmXZ, V_mem, bmoH$ZmQ>ç, gm|J H$mT>Uo `mgma»`m H$bm§_Ü o AJ«oga Agboë`m

X{bVm§Mo H$bmJwU {hZ qH$dm ImbÀ`m A{^éMrMo (gd§J) g_Obo Jobo. Ë`m_wio `m H$bm d H$bmH$ma AmO

Zm_eof hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da AmhoV. nwaogr g§Yr d m§S>db m§À`m A^mdr X{bVm§À`m m H$bmàH$mam§Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU

hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AmO X{bVm§_Üòhr Cƒ{e{jV bmoH$m§Mo à_mU dmT>V Mmbbo Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hrOU

gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhtZm emgZXa~mar _mZgÝ_mZhr n«má hmoV Amho. VWm{n, Cƒ

OmVtÀ`m boIH$/H$dr _§S>imMr _ŠVoXmar Agboë`m gm{hË` joÌmV _mÌ X{bV gm{hË`mMr Cnojm Ho$br OmVo.

Iao Va X{bV gm{hË` ho A{YH$ dmñVddmXr, _ZmMm R>md KoUmao, àñWm{nV ì`dñWoVrb Xmof/C{Udm XmI{dUmao

Amho. na§Vw, àñWm{nV Cƒ OmVrVrb gm{hpË`H$ _§S>ir Am{U dmMH$dJ©hr boIZemómMo, ì`mH$aUemómMo,

A{ÔmVnUmMo ñd §{Z{_©V {ZH$f bmdyZ X{bV gm{hË`mMm XOm© Jm¡U R>a{dVo. EHy$UM gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmVhr

X{bV{damoYr ^mdZm H$m`_ AgUo hm hr EH$ qMVmOZH$ àíZ Amho.

25

ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1 (Check your progress) :

(A) ~hþn`m© r àíZ.

1. amOZbm H$m` åhQ>bo OmD$ bmJbo?

(A) ~«m÷U (~) j{Ì`

(H$) d¡í` (S>) eyÐ

2. Mma dUmªÀ`m ~mhoarb g_yhmg H$m` Zmd {Xbo Jobo?

(A) ~«m÷U (~) j{Ì`

(H$) d¡í` (S>) A{VeyÐ

3. Om{Vì`dñWoZo ì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`m àH$maMm XOm© àXmZ Ho$bm?

(A) A{n©V (~) A{O©V

(H$) {Z{fÕ (S>) g_mO_mÝ`

4. Om{Vì`dñWoZo {ddmh{df`H$ H$moUVm {Z`_ ê$T> Ho$bm?

(A) ~{h©{ddmhmMm (~) Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmMm

(H$) A§V{d©dmhmMm (S>) A§VaY{_©H$ {ddmhmMm

5. Cƒ OmVrVrb nwéf d H${Zð> OmVrVrb ór `m§À`m {ddmhmg H$m` åhUVmV?

(A) AZwbmo_ {ddmh (~) à{Vbmo_ {ddmh

(H$) Hw$brZ {ddmh (S>) A§V{d©dmh

(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1. H$moUH$moUË`m dUmªZm {ÛO _mZbo Joobo?

2. à{Vbmo_ {ddmh åhUOo H$m`?

3. A§V{d©dmhmMm AW© gm§Jm.

4. Om{Vì`dñWoV X{bVm§da H$moUH$moUË`m AnmÌVm bmXë`m hmoË`m?

5. OmVrMm H$moUVm nma§n[aH$ {Z`_ AmOhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho?

6. g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm H$moUr _m§S>br?

2.2.2 X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ : (Educational and Economical Issues of Dalits) :

X{bVm§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$d Am{W©H$ àíZ Aä`mgUma AmhmV.

26

e¡j{UH$ àíZ : X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ àíZ J§ ra ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ àíZm§Mo ñdê$n AmnUmg

nwT>rbà_mUo g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.

1) [ZajaVm : X{bVm§Mo {ZajaVoMo à_mU _moR>o Amho. 1991 À`m OZJUZoZwgma AZwgy{MV OmVrMo d

O_mVrMo AZwH«$_o 62.52% d 70.4% bmoH$ {Zaja hmoVo. na§naoZo X{bVm§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mg hOmamo df} _ZmB©

hmoVr. Ë`m_wio X{bV dJm©V {ejU KoÊ`mMr àoaUm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmO e¡j{UH$ g§Yr

CnbãY AgyZhr AZoH$ X{bV àoaUoA^mdr {ejUmnmgyZ Xya amhVmV. X{bVm§_Ü o {ZajaVm AgÊ`mMo Xwgao

H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§À`mV Xm[aÐç _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho. AZoH$ X{bVm§À`m AÞ, dó, {Zdmam m _yb yV JaOmXoIrb

ì`dpñWVnUo nyU© hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio _wbm_wbtZm emioV nmR>{dÊ`mnojm EImÚm H$m_Y§ÚmV Jw§VdyZ Mma n¡go

{_i{dUo X{bV nmbH$m§Zm A{YH$ \$m`Xoera dmQ>Vo. X{bV _wbtZm Jar~ nmbH$ KaH$m_mV d bhmZ ^md§S>m§Mm

gm§ mi H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©g Ow§nVmV. n[aUm_r, Aem _wbr {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, Cƒ OmVrÀ`m

VwbZoV X{bV OmVrV {ZajaVoMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho. {ZajaVoMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AZoH$ X{bV AS>mUr, X[aÐr,

A§YlÕ, X¡ddmXr am{hbobo {XgVmV.

2) JiVrMm àíZ : Cƒ OmVrVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VwbZoV X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªMo emioVyZ JiÊ`mMo ({ejU

KoUo _Ü oM gmoS>Ê`mMo) à_mU A{YH$ Amho. 1991 À`m _Zwî`~i {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mÀ`m AhdmbmZwgma B`Îmm 8

dr _Ü o àdoe H$aon ªV JiVrMo à_mU AZwgy{MV OmVrV 78.88% Va AZwgy{MV O_mVrV 86.76% BVHo$

àM§S> Amho. {ejUm{df`r AZmñWm, nmbH$m§Mo Xm[aÐç, e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm§Mm AnwaonUm amhË`m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ

emim-_hm{dÚmb` Xya AgUo BË`mXr KQ>H$ `m JiVrÀ`m àíZmgmR>r O~m~Xma AmhoV.

3) AmajU S>mdbUo : X{bVm§Zm {ejUg§ñWm§_Ü o AmajU (amIrd OmJm) {Xbobo Amho. na§Vw AZoH$

{ejUg§ñWm§_YyZ AmajU Om{Udnyd©H$ S>mdbbo OmVo. nwaogo {dÚmWu CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV Ago H$maU XoD$Z

AmajUmÀ`m OmJoda Iwë`m àdJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe {Xbm OmVmo. AmajUmg§X^m©Vrb VaVyXtVyZ nidmQ>m

H$mTy>Z X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoemnmgyZ d§{MV Ho$bo OmVo. _yimVM X{bV dJm©V {ejUmMo {deofV: Cƒ{ejUmMo

à_mU H$_r Amho Am{U Oo X{bV Cƒ{ejU KoD$ BpÀXVmV Ë`m§Zm AmajUmÀ`m \$m`ÚmnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo OmVo.

CÎma àXoemVrb 7 d¡ÚH$s` _hm{dÚmb`m§n¡H$s EH$mhr {dÚmb`mV 1980 n ªV EH$hr Añn¥í` {dÚmWu ZìhVm

Ago E. Oo. {\${bßg `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho. (g§X © 20/8/199 Mm B§{S>`Z EŠgàog) `mdê$Z X{bVm§Mo

{ejU g§ñWm§Vrb AmajU H$go S>mdbbo OmVo ho bjmV oVo.

4) Am{W©H$ j_Vo~mhoaMo Cƒ {ejU : X{bVm§Mm AmUIrZ EH$ _hÎdmMm e¡j{UH$ àíZ åhUOo Cƒ

{ejU ho Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ j_Vo~mhoaMo Pmbobo Amho. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV Cƒ{ejU {deofV: d¡ÚH$s`,

A{^`m§{ÌH$s, ì`dñWmnZ Aem ì`mdgm{`H$ emIm§Mo {ejU ho àM§S> _hmJ Pmbobo Amho. e¡j{UH$ eyëH$ d

e¡j{UH$ gmYZgm_J«rMm IM© dmT>V Mmbbm Amho. {dZmAZwXmZ VÎdmda Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m ì`mdgm{`H$

{ejUg§ñWm Va àdoemgmR>r àM§S> a¸$_oÀ`m XoU½`m KoVmV ho CKS> Jw{nV Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU ho

Ho$di X{bVm§À`mM Zìho Va _Ü`_dJu`m§À`mhr Am{W©H$ j_Vo~mhoa Jobobo Amho. B. g. 2004-05 À`m amï´>r`

27

Z_wZm nmhUrZwgma nXì wÎma ñVamda {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o BVa _mJmg {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 27%, AZwgy{MV

OmVtÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 6.64%, Va AZwgy{MV O_mVtÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo n«_mU 2.05% hmoVo. `mdê$Z

X{bV dJm©Vrb Cƒ{ejUmMr pñWVr {H$Vr X`{Z` Amho ho bjmV oVo.

5) njnmVr dmJUyH$ : X{bV dJm©Vrb AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm emim-_hm{dÚmb`mV njnmVr ( oX^mdmMr)

dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo. ~hþg§»` {ejUg§ñWm øm CƒdUu` bmoH$m§À`mÛmao Mmb{dë`m OmVmV Am{U Ë`m_Yrb

~hþg§»` H$_©Mmar ho CƒdUu`M AgVmV. hr _§S>ir X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm àd©J«hXy{fVnUo d VwÀN>VoZo dmJ{dVmV.

X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm {_iUmè`m e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm d gdbVr (CXm. {eî`d¥Îmr, JUdoe, døm, nwñVHo$ BË`mXr) hm

Ë`m§Mm KQ>ZmË_H$ h¸$ Amho, ho {dgê$Z Ë`m XoÊ`mV Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV qH$dm `m gmo r gwdbVr XoVmZm AmnU OUy

X{bVm§da CnH$maM H$arV AmhmoV Aem nÕVrZo XoVmV. AZoH$Xm {Z`_m§Mm MwH$sMm AW© bmdyZ qH$dm {Z`_m§Mo

AdS>§~a _mOdyZ gmo`rgdbVrnmgyZ X{bVm§Zm d§{MV R>odVmV. AZoH$ {ejUg§ñWm_Üò ~hþg§»` {ejH$ ho

CƒOmVrMo AmhoV. X{bV {dÚmÏ`mª{df`r Ë`m§Zm nwaogr AmnwbH$s d ghmZw yVr ZgVo. A§VJ©V _yë`_mnZmgmR>r

KoVë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY narjm§_Ü o (àmË`{jH$ narjm, Vm|S>r narjm) X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ago {ejH$ OmUrdnyd©H$

H$_r JwU qH$dm {ZåZ loUr XoVmV. Aä`mgH«$_nyaH$ CnH«$_m§_Ü ohr X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwaoem g§Yr {Xë`m OmV

ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gwßV JwUm§Zm nwaogm dmd {Xbm OmV Zmhr. AemàH$mao {ejUg§ñWm_Ü o X{bV

{dÚmÏ`mªZm oX^mdmMr dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ d H$[aAa {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©V AS>Wio

òVmV.

Am{W©H$ àíZ : X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ àíZ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ àíZ g_OmdyZ KoUma

AmhmV. X{bVm§Mo Am{W©H$ n«íZ ho AË §V ^`mdh d qMVmOZH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m BVa àíZm§Mo _yi ho Am{W©H$

n«íZmV AmT>iVo. Ë`m§Mo à_wI Am{W©H$ àíZ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) y{_{hZVm : àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ eoVr hm ^maVr` g_mOmMm _w»` ì`dgm` Amho. na§Vw, ~hþg§»`

X{bVm§H$S>o ñdV:À`m _mbH$sMr eoVr Zmhr. Vo y{_hrZ AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Zm O_rZ d

BVa àH$maMr _mb_Îmm YmaU H$aÊ`mg ê$T>rZo _ZmB© Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^y{_hrZ X{bV ho Amnbm {Zdm©h

Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r Cƒ OmVtÀ`m eoVmV _Oya åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. y{_hrZ X{bVm§Zm eoVr ì`dgm`mV gw_mao 5 Vo

6 _{hZo amoOJma {_iVmo. ~è`mMdoim Cƒ OmVrMo eoVH$ar `m _Oyam§Zm doioda _Oyar XoV ZmhrV. A{bH$S>o eoVrMo

`m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr H$_r hmoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio X{bV y{_hrZ ì`ŠVtZm Xm[aÐç,

~oH$mar, Cnmg_ma, Hw$nmofU, AZmamo½` Aem g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. y{_hrZ X{bVmn¡H$s H$m§hrOU ~S>çm

eoVH$è`m§H$S>o "gmbJS>r' åhUyZ amhVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm df© a H$m_ Agbo Var Ë`m§Zm eoVH$è`m§À`m eoVmV d

KamV EImÚm Jwbm_mgmaIo AhmoamÌ am~mdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Mo _moR>o emofU hmoVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmamà_mUo y{_hrZ

eoV_Oya g§KQ>rV Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`mH$S>o gm¡XmeŠVr ZgVo. n[aUm_r, Vo AZoH$ bm^mnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV.

2) Aën_Oyar : y{_hrZ Agboë`m X{bV eoV_Oyam§Zm Am¡Úmo{JH$ d ì`mnmar joÌmVrb _Oyam§À`m VwbZoV

H$_r _Oyar {_iVo. Or {_iVo Vr hr doioda {_iV Zmhr. {H$_mZ _OyarMm H$m`Xm AgyZhr m H$m`Úmà_mUo Ë`m§Zm

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_Oyar {_iV Zmhr. nwéf _Oyam§nojm ór _Oyamg H$_r _Oyar {Xbr OmVo. ~mbH$m§Zm Va Aën_OyarV eoVmV d BVa

H$m`m©V am~dyZ KoVbo OmVo. eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb _mJUrÀ`m VwbZoV _Owam§Mm nwadR>m A{YH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio JaOy

eoV_Oyam§Zm eoVH$ar åhUob Ë`m XamV _Oyar H$aUo ^mJ nS>Vo.

3) nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` CX²ÜdñV : nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmVrb ~bwVm nÕVrV AZoH$ X{bV OmVr øm

{~JaeoVr ì`dgm` H$arV. CXm. Mm§ ma OmV M_m}ÚmoJ H$ar. Va _m§J OmV XmoaXmoaI§S>o ~Z{dÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$ar.

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV `m X{bV OmVtMo ì`dgm` CX²ÜdñV Pmbo. n[aUm_r, `m OmVrMo bmoH$ _moR>çm

à_mUmda ~oH$ma ~Zbo. H$m§hr X{bV ~bwVoXma OmVtZm {ZpíMV Agm CËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMm ì`dgm` ZìhVm. (CXm.

_hma, §Jr) Ë`m§Zm Cƒ OmVtMr godm H$ê$Z {Zdm©h Mmbdmdm bmJo nU AmO ~bwVmnÕVr _moS>H$irg Amë`mZo

d n`m© r ì`dgm` nwaogo CnbãY hmoV Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm nmoQ>mgmR>r ì`dgm` nwaogo CnbãY hmoV Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm

nmoQ>mgmR>r CƒOmVtdaM Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV Amho. Á`m X{bV OmVr J¥hmoÚmoJ, hñVmoÚmoJ H$arV Ë`m§Zm AmO

H$maImZm nÕVrer ñnYm© H$aUo eŠ` Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Mo CÚmoJ ~§X nS>bo AmhoV Am{U Vo ~oH$ma ~ZyZ amoOJmamÀ`m

emoYmW© ñWbm§V[aV OrdZ OJy bmJbo AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV, AZoH$ X{bV OmVtMo na§namJV ì`dgm` CX²ÜdñV

Pmë`mZo d Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ ì`dgm`m§Mo {ejU, à{ejU d ^m§S>db Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`mda ~oH$marMr doi Ambobr

Amho.

4) ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ Z KoVm òUo : na§namJV g_mOmV ì`ŠVrMm ì`dgm` OmVrÀ`m

AmYmao {ZpíMV hmoB©. ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:À`m OmVrMmM ì`dgm` H$amdm bmJo. ñdBÀN>oZwgma ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`mMo

ñdmV§Í` ZìhVo. X{bV OmVtMo nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` ho àm_w»`mZo AZwËnmXH$, l_àYmZ d KmUoaS>o Aem àH$maMo

hmoVo. Ë`mVM Ë`m§Mo ì`dgm` Aà{Vð>oMo _mZbo hmoVo. X{bVm§Zm ñdOmVrMmM ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg Ë`m§Zm _ZmB© hmoVr.

n[aUm_r, X{bVm§_Ü o ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va amÁ`KQ>ZoZo BVa

^maVr`m§à_mUoM X{bVm§Zmhr ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. VWm{n, ho ñdmV§Í` Ë`m§Zm n`m©ßV ñdê$nmV Cn^moJVm

oV Zmhr. {ejU, à{ejU, H$m¡eë`, ^m§S>db BË`mXtÀ`m A^mdr X{bVm§Zm AmdS>rMm ì`dgm` H$aUo AeŠ`

hmoVo. ~hþg§»` X{bV ho J«m_rU ^mJmV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m CnH«$_erbVog/CÚmoJerbVog AmnmoAmnM H$m§hr

_`m©Xm nS>VmV. ehamVhr AZoH$ X{bV ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm OmVrda AmYmaboë`m oX^mdmg Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. CXm.

CƒOmVrÀ`m S>m°ŠQ>g©À`m VwbZoV X{bV S>m°ŠQ>g©Mr à°ŠQ>rg åhUmdr Ver MmbV Zmhr. H$maU Cƒ OmVrMo amoJr

eŠ`Vmo Cƒ OmVrÀ`m S>m°ŠQ>g©H$Sy>Z Am¡fYmonMma H$aÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoVmZm {XgVmV. IoS>çmVM Zìho Va N>moQ>çm

d _Ü`_ AmH$mamÀ`m ehamVhr X{bV ì`ŠVrMm hm°Q>ob d ImZmdirMm ì`dgm` qH$dm ImÚ nXmW© {Z{_©VrMm

ì`dgm` Mmbob `mMr ImÌr Zmhr. OmVrda AmYmaboë`m loð>-H${Zð>VoÀ`m ^mdZoMm nJS>m Cƒ OmVtda AÚmn

{Q>Hy$Z Amho. Ë`m§Mr hr ^mdZm X{bVm§À`m ì`dgm` {ZdS>rÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AmS> oVo.

5) Xm[aÐç : y{_hrZVm, Aën_Oyar, nm§an[aH$ ì`dgm` Zï> hmoUo, ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVog dmd ZgUo

BË`mXr H$maUm§_wio AZoH$ X{bVm§Zm Xm[aÐçmÀ`m g_ñ oZo J«mgbobo Amho. ~hþg§»` X{bV ho Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb

OrdZ OJVmV. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m _yb yV JaOmhr ì`dpñWVnUo nyU© H$aVm oV ZmhrV. ~hþg§»` X{bV H$ÀÀ`m

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KamV amhVmV. ehamVrb J{bÀN> dñË`m§_Ü o X{bVm§Mo à_mU bjUr` Amho. Xm[aÐçm_wio Ë`m§Zm e¡j{UH$ d

Amamo½`{df`H$ gw{dYm§Mm bm^ KoUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r, AkmZ d AZmamo½` Ë`m§Mr nmR> gmoS>V ZmhrV.

EH§$XarV X{bVm§Mm Xm[aÐçmMm àíZ J§ ra Amho. Xm[aÐçm_wio Ë`m§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm ñVa AË §V {ZåZ Amho.

6) H$O©~mOmarnUm : ~oH$mar d Xm[aÐçm_wio Ag§»` X{bVm§Zm Amnë`m {Zdm©h{df`H$ d BVa JaOm^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. ho H$O© Vo ImOJr gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z MT>çm ì`mOXamZo KoVmV. ì`mO, MH«$dmT>

ì`mO `m nÕVrZo Ë`m§À`mdarb H$Om©Mo AmoPo dmT>V OmVo. AZoH$m§Zm Am wî`â H$O©\o$S>rV amhmdo bmJVo. VarhrH$O© {\$Q>V Zmhr. ~mnmMo H$O© _wbJm \o$S>rV amhmVmo. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ X{bV Hw$Qw>§~o hr {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm H$O©~mOmarnUmV

~wS>mbobr AmT>iVmV. S>m°. Zohê§$À`m _Vo, H$O©~mOmarnUm hm H$m§hr H${Zð> OmVtMm ñWm`r^md ~Zbobm Amho.

7) doR>{~Jmar : doR>{~Jmar hm hr X{bVm§Mm EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. doR>{~Jmar hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ àWm

Amho. `m àWoZwgma Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ X{bVm§Zm d Am{XdmgtZm doR>rg Yê$Z åhUOoM gŠVrZo (O~aXñVrZo)Aën_mo~Xë`mV {H§$dm {dZm_mo~Xë`mV am~dyZ KoVmV. Aer doR>{~Jmar Z H$aUmè`mg A_mZwf {ejm H$aÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma Cƒ OmVtZm hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va amÁ`KQ>ZoZo doR>{~Jmarg à{V~§Y Ho$bobm Amho. VWm{n, doR>{~JmarMràWm ì`dhmamV {Q>Hy$Z Amho. 1978-79 _Ü o Jm§Yr nrg \$mD§$S>oeZ Am{U amï´>r` H$m_Jma g§ñWm `m§Zr g§ wŠVnUo

^maVmVrb 10 amÁ`mVrb doR>{~Jmam§Mo gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. `m gd}jUmV 10 amÁ`mVrb doR>{~Jmam§Mr EHy$U

g§»`m hr 26.17 bmI hmoVr. Ë`mn¡H$s gw_mao 87% doR>{~Jma ho AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrMo hmoVo. åhUOoMdoR>{~Jmam§_Ü o X{bVm§Mo à_mU gdm©V OmñV Amho.

8) ZmoH$è`mVrb AmajU S>mdbUo : ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va X{bVm§Zm emgH$s`-{Z`_emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o

AmajU {Xbo Amho; nU AmajUmZwgma ZmoH$a âVr H$aÊ`mg gaH$maZo IynM {Xa§JmB© Ho$br. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaMrn{hbr 20 Vo 25 df} AZoH$ joÌmVrb AmajU âboM Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmajUmMr VaVyX H$mJXmdaM am{hbr.

Xwgar Jmoï> åhUOo e¡j{UH$ àoaUm§Mm A^md d Xm[aÐç `m_wio X{bVm§V {ejUmMo à_mU IynM H$_r am{hbo.

Ë`m_wio AmajUmMr g§Yr AgyZhr AZoH$ nXm§gmR>r nmÌ C_oXdma CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. _mÌ Á`m nXm§gmR>r nmÌC_oXdma CnbãY hmoVmV Aer nXo âÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio emgH$s`-{Z_emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m§V

X{bVm§Mm AZweof _moR>çm à_mUmda {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. {X. 31 _mM© 1988 n ªV ^maVmV hm AZweof 22.50bmI BVH$m àM§S> hmoVm. _hmamï´>mV hmM AZweof 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2002 n ªV 2 bmI 13 hOma BVH$m hmoVm.

{Z_gaH$mar joÌmV ({ejUg§ñWm, ~±H$m B.) X{bVmgmR>r Agboë`m Ama{jV OmJm {d{dY Šb¥ßË`m H$ê$Z aÊ`mMo

Q>mibo OmVo Am{U Ë`m OmJm§da Iwë`m àdJm©Vrb C_oXdma abo OmVmV. n[aUm_r, nmÌ AgyZhr X{bV C_oXdmam§Zm~oH$marg Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.

9) d{ebm d bmMbwMnV : A{bH$S>o ZmoH$a âVr g§X^m©V d{ebm d bmMbwMnV XoÊ`mMo à_mU

àM§S> dmT>bo Amho. H$moUË`mhr {d^mJmV n¡gm KoVë`m{edm` ZmoH$a âVr hmoV Zmhr ho AmVm CKS> JwnrV am{hboZgyZ Vo gd©lyV dm gd©kmV Amho. Ë`m_wio Jar~ X{bVm§Zm ZmoH$ar {_iUo AdKS> Pmbo Amho. ImOJr joÌmVrb

CÚmoJY§Xo d godm§_Ü o AmajU Zmhr. ImOJr joÌ ho CƒOmVtÀ`m Vmã`mV Amho. Ë`m_wio CƒOmVrMo bmoH$ ho

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àm_w»`mZo Amnë`m OmVrY_m©À`m d ZmË`mJmoË`mVrb C_oXdmam§Zm ZmoH$ar XoVmZm àmYmÝ` XoVmV. X{bV C_oXdmam§Mm

`m~m~VrV d{ebm bmJy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU CƒOmVrMo bmoH$ AmOhr X{bVm§H$S>o VwÀN>VoÀ`m ^mdZoZo nmhmVmV.

n[aUm_r, X{bVm§gmR>r ImOJr joÌ ho Odinmg AgyZ Zgë`mgmaIo Amho.

AemàH$mao X{bVm§Mo Am{W©H$ àíZ ho AË §V J§ ra ñdê$nmMo AmhoV.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 2 (Check your progress) :

EH$m dmŠ`mV CVao Úm.

1. {ZajaVoMo X{bVm§da H$moUH$moUVo n[aUm_ Pmbobo AmhoV?

2. X{bVm§À`m emioVyZ JiVrÀ`m àíZmgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AmhoV?

3. ^maVr` g_mOmMm _w»` ì`dgm` H$moUVm Amho?

4. X{bV OmVtMo nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` H$moUË`m àH$maMo hmoVo?

5. H$moUË`m joÌmVrb CÚmoJ d godm§_Ü o AmajU Zmhr?

2.2.3 X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ (Political Issues of Dalits) :

X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Ë`m§Mo amOH$s` àíZ Aä`mgUma AmhmV.Ë`mgmR>r àW_ `m àíZm§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm WmoS>Š`mV KoD$ `m. ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmV X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r,Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` joÌmV, emgH$s` d {Z_emgH$s` godm§_Ü o (ZmoH$è`mV)VgoM {ejUg§ñWmV AmajU (amIr OmJm) {Xbobo Amho Am{U `m AmajUmg ~hþg§»` Cƒ OmVtMm {damoYAgë`mMo AmT>iVo. VWm{n, ømM CƒOmVr _mÌ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV _mÌ AmajUmMm\$m`Xm KoV Amboë`m AmhoV ho dmñVd ZmH$maVm oUma Zmhr. d¡{XH$ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Amboë`m MmVwd©Ê ©ì`dñWoVAmajUmMo VÎd hmoVo. AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZmMo VgoM nm¡amo{hË` H$aÊ`mMo joÌ ho ~«m÷Um§gmR>r nyU©nUo Ama{jVhmoVo. Va g§ajU d amÁ`H$ma^ma ho joÌ j{Ì`m§gmR>r Ama{jV hmoVo. Va eoVr, newnmbZ d dm{UÁ` ho joÌ d¡í`m§gmR>rAma{jV hmoVo. mCbQ> eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm (åhUOoM AmOÀ`m X{bVm§Zm) gd© joÌmVrb A{YH$ma ZmH$mê$Z g_mOmÀ`m_w»` àdmhmVyZ ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo. ~«m÷U, j{Ì` d d¡í` m VrZ dUmªMr {dZmVH«$ma godm H$aÊ`mMo H$V©ì` Ë`m§À`mdabmXbo. Ë`m_wio X{bV ho kmZ d g§nÎmrà_mUoM amOH$s` d àemgH$s` gÎmonmgyZ hOmamo df} d§{MV am{hbo.`mVyZM X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo.

àmMrZH$mimV VgoM _Ü` wJrZ H$mimV ^maVmV gd©Ì amOoemhr hmoVr. AJXr àma§ r, eyÐm§Mr H$m§hr amÁ o

hmoVr; nU H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Vr CƒdUu` amOm§H$Sy>Z Zï> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U eyÐ ho amOH$s`Ñï>çmCƒdUu`m§À`m A§H$sV Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` d n«emgH$s` H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoVm oV ZìhVm. {ZU© {ZYm©aU

à{H«$ oV Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ ZìhVm. H$moUË`mhr {df`mda Amnbo _V XoÊ`mMm qH$dm _m§S>Ê`mMm h¸$ ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio

eyÐnUm©Mo bmoH$ åhUOoM AmOMo X{bV ho amOH$s` joÌmVyZ nyU©nUo ~{hîH¥$V Ho$boobo hmoVo. `mVyZM amOH$s`gh^mJmMm A^md (Lack of Political Participation) hm àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm.

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_Ü` wJmV ^maVmV àm_w»`mZo _wñbr_ amOdQ> hmoVr. _wñbr_ amÁ`H$V} ho naH$s` hmoVo. Ë`mVrb H$m§htZr

^maVmV Bñbm_ Y_m©Mm àgma H$aÊ`mda â {Xbm. H$m§hrZr Ë`mgmR>r gŠVrMo YmoaU am~{dbo Va H$m§hrZr {d{dY

Am{_fo XmIdyZ Y_mªVa KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mda â {Xbm. `m Am{_fm_Ü o amOH$s`, àemgH$s` d bîH$ar nXo XoUo hoEH$ _hÎdmMo Am{_f hmoVo. hr nXo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r qhXy Y_m©Vrb OmVr oXmg H§$Q>miboë`m H${ZîR> OmVrVrb

ì`ŠVtZr åhUOoM X{bVm§Zr Bñbm_ Y_© ñdrH$mabm. amÁ`H$Ë`m©dJm©er OdirH$ gmYUo d amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dUo`m CÔoemZo Ago Y_mªVa X{bVm§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV amOH$s` bm^ Pmbm. VWm{n, Aem

bm^mWu X{bVm§Mr g§»`m hr AË`ënM hmoVr. ~hþg§»` X{bV ho _wñbr_ amOdQ>rVhr amOH$s` h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MVhmoVo.

{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {ejU, gÎmm, g§nÎmr {_imbr nm{hOo, Agm {dMma gd©àW__hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr _m§S>bm. Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maZo X{bVm§Zm amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ gmo rgdbVr XoÊ`mMr

_mJUr Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m H$moëhmnya g§ñWm§ZmVrb ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o X{bVm§gmR>r amIrdOmJm R>odë`m. Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z åh¡gya d _Ðmg àm§VmVhr X{bVm§gmR>r ZmoH$è`mV (d {ejUg§ñWmVhr)

amIrd OmJm R>odë`m. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§Mm àemgH$s` joÌmV àdoe {_imbm.

nwT>o S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr X{bVm§À`m gdmª{JU CÞVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gÎmoV dmQ>m {_imbm nm{hOo Aer

y{_H$m KoVbr Am{U Jmob_oO n[afXoV X{bVm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr {~«{Q>e gaH$maH$S>o Ho$br. hr_mJUr _mÝ` H$ê$Z {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo OmVr` {ZdmS> Omhra Ho$bm. VWm{n, _hmË_m Jm§YtZr ñdV§Ì _VXmag§Kmg

{damoY H$ê$Z Am_aU Cnmof gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio _hmË_m Jm§Yr d S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a m§À`mV nwUo H$ama hmoD$Z X{bVm§gmR>rñdV§Ì _VXmag§K R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amIrd OmJm XoÊ`mMo R>abo. Ë`mZwgma X{bVm§Zm àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_S>imV 148

OmJm Va H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imV CƒdUu`m§À`m g§» oÀ`m 1/10 OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. VgoM Xa 6dfmªZr `m amIrd OmJm§À`m YmoaUmMm nwZ{d©Mma H$aÊ`mMo R>abo. nwT>o S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m à`ËZmZoM

g§nyU© XoemV 1943 gmbr AZwgy{MV OmVtgmR>r 8.33% OmJm amIrd R>odë`m d nwT>o 1946 _Ü o ho à_mU

12.33% dmT>{dbo. AemàH$mao {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X{bVm§Zm amIrd OmJm§À`m énmZo amOH$s` gÎmoV dmQ>m {_imbm.

ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 330 Zwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r bmoH$g oV VaH$b_ 332 Zwgma KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m {dYmZg oV amIrd _VXmag§K {Z_m©U Ho$bo. nwT>o Á`m§Zr n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoVhr

AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r H$m§hr OmJm amIrd R>odë`m; nU Ë`mbm KQ>ZmË_H$ A{Yð>mZ ZìhVo. 1967 _Ü o

àemgZ gwYma Am`moJmZo Zo_boë`m O¡Z g{_VrZo _{hbm d AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoVH$mhr OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. nwT>o 1992 _Ü o 73 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVrZwgma n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV

d 74 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVrZo ZJan[afXoV d _hmZJanm{bHo$V AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§» oÀ`mà_mUmZwgma amIrd OmJm R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. VgoM {Oëhm n[afXoMo AÜ`jnX, n§Mm`V g{_VrMo g^mnVr nX d

J«m_n§Mm`VrMo gan§M nX, ZJamÜ`j d _hmnm¡a AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r amIrd R>odbo. `m{edm` BVa gd©^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§n«_mUoM X{bVm§Zmhr {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dUo, àMma H$aUo, _VXmZ H$aUo BË`mXr A{YH$mahr {Xbo.

32

`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ X{bVm§Mm amOH$s` gh^mJ dmT>bm Amho. Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` ZoV¥Îd H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iV

Amho. Ë`m§À`m àíZm§Mr d g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§À`m_Ü o amOH$s`

OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` g~brH$aU hmoÊ`mg _moR>r MmbZm{_imbr Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ nyU©nUo gwQ>bobo AmhoV, Ago _mÌ åhUVm oUma Zmhr. AmOhr

Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` àíZm§Mo ñdê$n J§ ra Amho. X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1) oX^md : amOH$s` joÌmV X{bVm§Zm OmVrÀ`m AmYmao hmoUmè`m oX^mdmg Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho.^maVr` g_mOmV AÚmnhr OmVrôXmda AmYmabobr loð>-H${Zð>VoMr ^mdZm _moR>çm à_mUmda {Q>Hy$Z Amho.

Ë`m_wio amOH$s` joÌmVrb Cƒ OmVrMo gXñ` ho X{bV gXñ`m§Zm VwÀN>VoZo dmJ{dVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m§Zm nmqR>~m d

ghH$m © XoÊ`mEodOr Ë`m§Mr AS>dUyH$ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mda Amnbr _Vo d {ZU© bmXVmV. Ë`m_wio X{bV à{V{ZYtMmAno{jV à^md nS>V Zmhr. H|${Ð` VgoM amÁ`m§À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imV Am{U n§Mm`V amÁ`mVrb g§ñWm d ZJanm{bH$m

d _hmZJanm{bH$m§_Ü o Cƒ OmVtÀ`m bmoH$à{V{ZYtMo dM©ñd AmT>iVo. ~hþg§»` X{bV à{V{ZYr ho m g§ñWm§_Ü oXwæ`_ y{_Ho$VyZ dmdaVmZm {XgVmV. EH§$XarV amOH$s` joÌmVrb AmajUm_wio X{bVm§Zm amOH$s` gÎmm {_imbr

Agbr Var Ë`m§Zm `m joÌmVhr AÚmn Xwæ`_ ñWmZM Agë`mMo {XgVo. X{bV gXñ`m§Zm J¥hrV Yê$ZM CƒOmVrMo ZoVo {ZU© KoV AgVmV.

2) amOH$s` njm§À`m ZoË`m§Mm à^md : H$m`Xo_§S>i VgoM ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UyH$m `mamOH$s` njmÛmao bT>{dë`m OmVmV. ~hþVoH$ amOH$s` njm§Mo à_wI ZoVo ho CƒOmVr§Mo AgVmV. amIrd OmJm§darb

X{bV C_oXdma R>a{dUo, Ë`m§Mm àMma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {ZdSy>Z AmUUo, Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` nXo (CXm. _§ÌrnX, {Oëhmn[afXoMo AÜ`jnX, n§Mm`V g{_VrMo g^mnVr nX, J«m_n§Mm`VrMo gan§M nX, ZJanm{bHo$Mo ZJamÜ`jnX,

_hmZaJnm{bHo$Mo _hmnm¡a nX, {d{dY g{_Ë`m§Mo AÜ`jnX d gXñ`nX BË`mXr) XoUo BË`mXr~m~VMo {ZU© hoamOH$s` njmVrb CƒOmVrMo à_wI ZoVoM KoV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {d{dY amOH$s` g§ñWm_Yrb X{bV à{V{ZYr

d nXm{YH$mar ho Cƒ OmVrÀ`m ZoË`m§À`m CnH$mamÀ`m AmoÂ`mImbr dmdaV AgVmV. Vo ñdV§ÌnUo d {Z © nUo

H$m © H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. CƒOmVrÀ`m ZoË`m§À`m BÀN>oZwgmaM Ë`m§Zm H$ma^ma nmhmdm bmJVmo. _§Ìr, ImgXma,Am_Xma, ZJagodH$, gan§M, {Oëhm n[afXoMm AÜ`j, ZJamÜ`j, _hmnm¡a BË`mXr nXmda AgUmè`m X{bVm§Zm

Zm__mÌ R>odyZ CƒOmVrMo ZoVoM amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmb{dVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Zm {_imbobr amOH$s` gÎmmhr dmñV{dH$ ZgyZ Ho$di Zm_Ymar Amho AgoM {MÌ gd©Ì {XgVo. åhUOoM X{bVm§Zm amOH$s` gÎmm {_imë`mÀ`m

Ho$di Am^mg {Z_m©U hmoVmo Amho.

`mg§X^m©V AmUIrZ EH$ _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo XoemVrb gd©M à_wI amOH$s` njmV CƒOmVtMo gXñ`

ho ~hþg§»`m§H$ AmhoV. VgoM njmMo à_wI ZoVohr CƒOmVrMoM AmhoV. àË oH$ njmV X{bV gXñ` AmhoV; nUË`m§Zm njmV ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr \$magr {Xbr OmV Zmhr. ~hþVoH$ njmV _mJmgdJm©Mm gob (~r. gr. gob) Amho; nU

`m gobMo ñWmZ njmV H${Zð> ñdénmMoM AgVo. X{bV ì`ŠVrbm njmV _hÎdmMr nXo \$magr {Xbr OmV ZmhrV.ŠdMrV H$Yr EImÚm X{bVmg njmV _hÎdmMo nX {Xë`mg Vo CƒOmVtÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm AmdS>V Zmhr. Vo X{bV

33

nXm{YH$mè`m§g ghH$m © H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`mMo {ZU© d AmXoe _mZrV ZmhrV. Ë`mbm {damoY H$ê$Z, ~XZm_ H$ê$Z

nXmdê$Z Xya H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. H$m±J«og (Am`) njmMo AÜ`jnX grVmam_ Ho$gar `m§Zm Va ^maVr`

OZVm njmMo AÜ`jnX ~§Jmê$ bú_U `m§Zm {Xë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr H$m` AdñWm njmVrb Cƒ OmVrÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr

Ho$br ho gdmªZr nm{hbo Amho. EH§$XarV amOH$s` njm§_Ü o X{bV gXñ`m§Zm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ {Xbo OmV Agë`mZo Vo

Amnbm à^md nmSy> eH$V ZmhrV. ~hþg§»` X{bV ZoVohr EImXo amOH$s` nX {_imdo `mgmR>r Cƒ OmVrÀ`m

ZoV¥ÎdmMr _ZYaUr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Ago nX {_idyZ Vo {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>V amhVmV; Ë`mVM YÝ`Vm

_mZVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm amOH$s` à^md qH$dm eŠVr hr _`m©{XVM amhVo.

3) H$_Hw$dV X{bV nj : bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWoV amOH$s` njm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ho nj

OZ_VmMm nmqR>~m {_idyZ {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s` gÎmm hñVJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nañnam§er ñnYm© H$arV

AgVmV. da Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo ^maVmVrb gd©M à_wI njmV Cƒ OmVrÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m àM§S> _moR>r Amho.

X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` nj ho Aënà_mUmV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m gXñ`m§Mr g§»`mhr H$_rM Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo EH$mM

njmV AZoH$ JQ>VQ> AmhoV. X{bV ZoË`m§_Ü o àM§S> _V oX AmhoV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mo EoŠ` amï´>r` ñVamda {Z_m©U

hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gÎmmàmßVrÀ`m ñnY}V X{bV nj ho Xw~©b R>aVmV. ~hþOZ g_mOnjmMm AndmX dJiVm

EH$mhr X{bVmÀ`m njmg EImÚm amÁ`mV gÎmm {_i{dVm Ambobr Zmhr. _m`mdVr `m§Zr ~hþOZ g_mO njmÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ CÎma àXoemV amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dbr ho Iao; nU Vr gÎmm Ho$di X{bV eŠVrÀ`m nmqR>ã`m_wio

{_imbr Ago _mÌ åhUVm oV Zmhr. _m`mdVtZr Hw$ebVoZo Omo Cƒ OmVtMm nmqR>~m {_i{dbm Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Zm

Vo eŠ` Pmbo. `mbmM amOH$s` {Z[ajH$m§Zr gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$sMm à`moJ Ago åhQ>bo. AÝ` amÁ`mVrb

X{bV njm§Zm Agm n« moJ H$aUo AÚmn Var eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr Am{U ZOrH$À`m H$mimVhr Vo eŠ` hmoB©b Ago

dmQ>V Zmhr. H$maU Cƒ OmVtÀ`m ì`ŠVtZm AÚmnhr X{bVm§Mo ZoV¥Îd _mÝ` hmoV Zmhr. OmVrÀ`m AmYmao _ZmV

Imobda ê$Obobr loð>-H${Zð>VoMr ^mdZm hr AmS> oVo. Ë`m_wioM X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` njmV (CXm. [anpãbH$Z

nj) Cƒ OmVtMo gXñ` AndmXmZohr AmT>iV ZmhrV. X{bVm§À`m njmV Ho$di X{bVm§MmM âUmm AgVmo.

Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` nj Xw~©b ~Zbobo AmhoV. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m amOH$s` njm~amo~a wVr dm AmKmS>r H$ê$Z

Vo amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dÊ`mMr YS>nS> H$aVmZm {XgVmV. AWm©V `m wVrV dm AmKmS>rV Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ d {hñgm hm

Zoh_rM Xwæ`_ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` nj ho Xw~©b Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gÎmo_Ü o

Ano{jV dmQ>m {_iy eH$V Zmhr. hm X{bVm§Mm _hÎdmMm amOH$s` àíZ Amho. X{bVdJ© hm Aëng§»`m§H$ AgUo

d X{bVm§{df`r H${Zð>ËdmMr ^mdZm CƒOmVr§À`m _ZmV AgUo hr XmoZ à_wI H$maUo `m àíZm_mJo AmhoV.

4) {~Ja amIrd OmJm§Mm àíZ : H|$Ðr` VgoM amÁ` H$m`Xo_§S>imV Am{U J«m_rU d ZmJar ñWm{ZH$

ñdamÁ`g§ñWm§_Ü o X{bVm§Zm amIrd OmJm R>odë`mZo Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gÎmoV dmQ>m {_imbm Amho ho Iao. amIrd

OmJm§dê$Z X{bV C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z {Xbo OmVmV. _mÌ {~JaamIrd OmJm§da X{bV C_oXdmamg amOH$s` njmH$Sy>Z

ghgm C_oXdmar {Xbr OmV Zmhr Am{U {Xbr Var X{bV C_oXdma ghgm {ZdSy>Z oV Zmhr Agm AZw d Amho.

{~JaamIrd _VXma g§KmVyZ bmoH$g oda {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m hr 1952

34

_Ü o 5, 1957 _Ü o 6, 1962 _Ü o 1, 1971 _Ü o 1, 1980 _Ü o 2, 1984 _Ü o 2 BVH$s Aën hmoVr.

1985 _Ü o {dYmZg oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV _Ü` àXoemÀ`m {dYmZg oVrb EH$m gXñ`mMm AndmX dJiVm g§nyU©

XoemVyZ EH$hr AZwgy{MV OmVrMm C_oXdma {~JaamIrd OmJoda {ZdSy>Z oD$ eH$bm ZìhVm. `mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVoH$s, X{bVm§Zm gÎmoV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg Cƒ OmVr V`ma ZmhrV. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$ë`m_wioM amIrd

OmJm§Ûmao X{bVm§Zm gÎmoV ZmB©bmOmñVd dmQ>m {Xbm OmVmo. Xwgam _hÎdmMm _wÔm Agm H$s {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmamÀ`mg§» ooV _hÎd AgVo. gd©M _VXmag§KmV X{bVm§Mr g§»`m hr Aën AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§»`m~imÀ`m AmYmao X{bV

C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ~hþg§»` C_oXdma hr ñdOmVrVrb C_oXdmamg _VXmZ H$aÊ`mg àmYmÝ`XoVmV. X{bV C_oXdma {H$Vrhr nmÌ Agbm Var Ë`mbm amOH$s` nj Zm C_oXdmar XoVmV Zm Cƒ OmVrMo _VXma

_VXmZ H$aVmV. X{bV{damoYr hr ^mdZm qMVmOZH$ Amho.

5) amOH$s` CXm{gZVm : na§naoZo amOH$s` à{H«$ onmgyZ Xya Agbobm X{bV dJ© AmO amH$s` à{H«$ oV

gh^mJr hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. amOH$maUmda MMm© H$ê$ bmJbm Amho. AmajUmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio amOH$s` gÎmoVgh^mJr hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. VWm{n, ho {MÌ _wR>â gw{e{jV Aem ehar X{bVmnwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho. ~hþg§»`

X{bV {deofV: J«m_rU ^mJmVrb A{e{jV d X[aÐr X{bV _mÌ amOH$s` KS>m_moS>r{df`r CXm{gZ Amho. AemX{bVm§_Ü o amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr \$magr Ambobr Zmhr. {Zaja dm Aën{e{jV X{bVm§Zm Amnë`m amOH$s` h¸$m§Mr

d H$V©ì`m§Mr nwaoer OmU Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vo amOH$s` à{H«$ oVrb gh^mJm{df`r CXm{gZ amhVmV. AkmZm_wio

{_imboë`m g§YrMm \$m`Xm CR>dy eH$V ZmhrV. {d{dY amOH$s` g§ñWm§_Yrb X{bV à{V{ZYr d nXm{YH$mar ho{Zaja dm Aën{e{jV Agë`mg Vo nwaoem H$m ©j_VoZo H$m © H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Cƒ OmVrVrb ghH$mar Ë`m§Mr

AS>dUyH$ d \$gdUyH$ H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

6) namdb§~Z : ~hþg§»` X{bV {deofV: J«m_rU ^mJmVrb X{bV ho Amnë`m {Zdm©hmgmR>r Cƒ OmVrdaAdb§~yZ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Cƒ OmVtÀ`m {damoYmV OmD$Z Amnbo amOH$s` h¸$ Cn^moJVm oV ZmhrV. Cƒ

OmVrÀ`m eoVmV dm AÝ` CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m X{bVm§Zm Amnë`m _mbH$mÀ`m _OuZwgma dmJUo ^mJ nS>Vo.

~è`mM doim _mbH$ gm§Job Ë`m C_oXdmamg Ago X{bV _VXmZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. X{bVm§_Ü o Xm[aÐç _moR>çmà_mUmda Amho. Ë`m_wio Cƒ OmVrVrb lr_§V C_oXdma Ë`m§À`m Xm[aÐçmMm J¡a\$m`Xm CR>dyZ Ë`m§Mr _Vo Aënem

a¸$_oV IaoXr H$aVmV. AZoH$Xm YmH$ (XheV) XmIdyZhr X{bVm§Zm {d{eï> C_oXdmamg _VXmZ H$aÊ`mg ^mJnmS>bo OmVo. nmoQ>mgmR>r Cƒ OmVrda Adb§~yZ AgUmam X{bV _VXma ñdV§Ì àkoZo _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

EH§$XarV {ZajaVm, AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, Am{W©H$ namdb§~Z `m Jmoï>r X{bVm§À`m _wŠV amOH$s` gh^mJmÀ`m _mJm©V

AS>Wim R>aboë`m AmhoV.

7) X{bV _{hbm§Mo àíZ : maVr` g_mOmV nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV {ó`m§Zm {ZåZ ñWmZ Amho. X{bV _{hbm§MrpñWVr Va AË §V J§ ra Amho. ~hþg§»` X{bV _{hbm§Zm g§gmamMm JmS>m Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r EImXm H$m_Y§Xm H$amdm

bmJVmo. KaH$m_ d AWm©OZ Aem XmoÝhr y{_H$m nma nmS>VmZm X{bV _{hbm§Mr àM§S> ggohmobnQ> hmoVo. Ë`m_wioË`m§Zm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr Zm BÀN>m AgVo Zm gdS> AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _Vmda/{ZU© mda

35

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nwéfm§Mm à^md AgVmo. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoV _{hbm§Zm 1/3 AmajU {_imë`mZo Ë`m§Zm amOH$s`

gÎmoV gh^mJr hmoVm oD$ bmJbo Amho. Aem _{hbm§Zm ghH$mar nwéf _§S>i ghH$m © H$arV ZmhrV. Amnë`m

_Vmn«_mUoM _{hbm§Zm dmJÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>VmV. AmajUm_wio _{hbm§Zm {_imboë`m amOH$s` nXmda Ë`m ñdV§Ì~wÕrZo H$m © H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. nXm{YH$mar _{hbm§Mo ZoV¥Îd nwéfm§Zm ghZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mVM Oa _{hbm à{V{ZYr

hr X{bV Agob Va {VMo ZoV¥Îd ho Ho$di nwéfm§ZmM Zìho Va Cƒ OmVrVrb _{hbm§Zmhr _mÝ` hmoV Zmhr. nXm{YH$marAgboë`m X{bV _{hboMr nwéf VgoM _{hbm Aem XmoKm§H$Sy>Zhr AS>dUyH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio X{bV _{hbm§À`m

amOH$s` g~brH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©V OmVr oX d qbJ oX Agm Xwhoar AS>Wim Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_wio X{bV_{hbm§À`m Ñï>rZo hm _moR>m J§ ra amOH$s` àíZ Amho.

AemàH$mao X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ ho AË §V J§ ra ñdénmMo AmhoV. amOH$s` joÌmVhr Ë`m§Zm OmVrÀ`mAmYmao hmoUmè`m oX^mdmg Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. amOH$s` njmMo ZoVo X{bV ZoË`m§da/à{V{ZYrda dM©ñd JmO{dVmV.

X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` nj ho Xw~©b AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo gÎmmàmár H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. ~hþg§»` X{bV hoAS>mUr, {Zaja, X[aÐr Agë`mZo Vo amOH$s` à{H«$ o{df`r CXm{gZ amhVmV. Ë`m§À`mV AÚmnhr nwaogr amOH$s`

OmJ¥Vr Ambobr Zmhr. X{bV _{hbm§Mo amOH$s` g~brH$aU hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©V Va qbJ oX d OmVr oX AgmXwhoar AS>Wim Amho.


(A) ~hþn`m© r àíZ.

1. Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV X{bVm§Zm ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o AmajU H$moUr {Xbo hmoVo?

(A) {edmOr _hmamO (~) emhÿ _hmamO

(H$) amOmam_ _hmamO (S>) darb gd©

2. H$moUË`m H$amamZwgma ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmEodOr X{bVm§Zm amIrd OmJm XoÊ`mMo R>abo?

(A) _w§~B© H$ama (~) {g_bm H$ama

(H$) nwUo H$ama (S>) dmgm© H$ama

3. H$moUË`m amÁ`KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV amIrd OmJm R>odÊ`mV

Amë`m AmhoV?

(A) 73 ì`m (~) 74 ì`m

(H$) 75 ì`m (S>) 76 ì`m

4. _m`mdVtZr H$moUË`m njmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CÎma àXoemV amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dbr?

(A) g_mOdmXr nj (~) ~hþOZ g_mOdmXr nj

(H$) amï´>r` H$m±J«og nj (S>) _mŠg©dmXr nj

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5. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_Ü o _{hbm§Zm {H$Vr Q> o$ AmajU {Xbobo Amho?(A) 1/3 (~) 1/4(H$) 2/3 (S>) 1/2

(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CVao Úm.

1. Jmob_oO n[afXoV X{bVm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr H$moUr Ho$br?

2. 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtZm H$em_Ü o amIrd OmJm R>odë`m AmhoV?

3. CÎma àXoemV gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$sMm à`moJ H$ê$Z H$moUr gÎmm {_i{dbr?

4. X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` gh^mJmÀ`m _mJm©V H$moUË`m Jmoï>r AS>Wim R>aboë`m AmhoV?

5. X{bV _{hbm§À`m amOH$s` g~brH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb Xwhoar AS>Wim H$moUVm Amho?

2.2.4 gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr X{bVm§Mr AbJVm : (Isolation From mainstrem social life) :

X{bVm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` àíZ Aä`mgmë`mZ§Va AmVmVwåhr X{bVm§Mr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr AbJVm Aä`mgUma AmhmV.

Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZ X{bV OmVr øm ^maVr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZAbJ nS>boë`m AmhoV. Om{Vì`dñWoV loð>-H${Zð>ËdmMr ^mdZm Amho. ~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` `m§Zm {ÛO _mZyZË`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© dm ñWmZ loð> _mZbo Jobo Va eyÐm{VeyÐ OmVtMm XOm© d ñWmZ H${Zð> _mZbo Jobo. nwT>ohrloð>-H${Zð>ËdmMr ^mdZm EdT>r Vrd« Pmbr H$s {ÛO OmVtZm ewÕ, ew{M y©V d n{dÌ Am{U eyÐm{VeyÐ OmVtZmAewÕ, Aew{M y©V d An{dÌ R>a{dbo Jobo Am{U `m ewÐm{VeyÐ OmVter gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ R>odUo, Ë`m§À`meramoQ>r~oQ>r ì`dhma H$aUo, Ë`m§Z ñne© H$aUo, EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Mr gmdbr A§Jmda nS>Uo ho Aew , An{dÌ qH$dm{dQ>mi ñdê$n _mZbo Jobo. n{dÌ d An{dÌ ì`ŠVr EH$Ì Amë`mg n{dÌ ì`ŠVrXoIrb An{dÌ hmoVmV _mÌAn{dÌ ì`ŠVr hr n{dÌ hmoV Zmhr, Aer g_OyV ÑT> Pmbr. Ë`m_wio {ÛO OmVtZr eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm Añn¥í` R>a{dbo.Ë`m§Mm ñne© hmoD$ Z o, Ë`m§Mr gmdbrhr A§Jmda nSy> Z o `mgmR>r eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm åhUOoM Añn¥í`m§Zm gm_m{OH$OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Xya qH$dm AbJ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ {Z~ªY bmXbo. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`bmoH$ åhUOoM X{bV ho gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ AbJ nS>bo. X{bVm§Mr hr AbJVm AmnUmgnwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1) AbJ {ZdmgñWmZo (Kao) : Jmd qH$dm dgmhV _J Vo IoS>o Agmo dm eha ho OmVrn«Woda dgboboAmT>iVo. åhUOo VoWrb bmoH$m§Mr Kao qH$dm {ZdmgñWmZo hr OmVrÀ`m AmYmao ~m§Ybobr AmT>iVmV. gmYmaUnUoJmdmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Cƒ OmVtMr Kao {XgVmV. Ë`mbm bmJyZ _Ü`_ OmVrMr Kao d Ë`mÀ`m n{bH$S>o H${Zð>OmVrMr Kao ~m§Ybobr AmT>iVmV. `m VrZ àH$maÀ`m OmVtMr Kao JmdmÀ`m Á`m ^mJmV dgbobr AgVmV Ë`mgJmdR>mU åhUVmV. `m JmdR>mUmÀ`m~mhoa Añn¥í`m§Mr åhUOoM X{bVm§Mr Kao AgVmV. gmYmaUV: JmdmÀ`m{d{eï> ^mJmV EH$m {d{eï> OmVrMr Kao AmT>iVmV. Am{U Vmo ^mJ Ë`m Ë`m OmVrÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z AmoiIbm

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OmVmo. CXm. ~«m÷U J„r, Hw$U~r Amir, Hw§$^madmS>m, gwVmadmS>m, gmoZma Amir, _hmadmS>m, _m§JdmS>m BË`mXr.

hr Zmdo JmdmMr OmVdma {d^mJUrM gyM{dVmV. mn¡H$s X{bVm§Mr dñVr (åhUOoM _hmadmS>m, _m§JdmS>m BË`mXr)

hr JmdmÀ`m ~mhoa AmT>iVo. X{bVm§Zm JmdR>mÊ`mV Ka ~m§YÊ`mg _ZmB© Ho$br OmVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm An{dÌ _mZbo

OmVo. Ë`m§Mm ñne© hmoD$ Z o, Ë`m§Mr gmdbr nSy> Z o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm JmdmÀ`m _w»` ^mJmnmgyZ AbJ R>odÊ`mV

Ambobo {XgVo. EH§$XarV X{bVm§Zm JmdmÀ`m ~mhoa åhUOoM JmdmnmgyZ AbJ R>odbobo {XgVo. ho {MÌ Ho$di

IoS>çmnwaVoM _`m©{XV ZgyZ N>moQ>çm d _Ü`_ AmH$mamÀ`m ehamVhr X{bVm§Mr dñVr hr ehamÀ`m _w»` dñVrnmgyZ

AbJ dgbobr AmT>iVo. AmO ehamV {d{dY OmVtMo bmoH$ nañnam§À`m eoOmar amhVmZm {XgVmV. VWm{n,

Ë`m_Üòhr X{bVm§Zm AbJ R>odÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr AmT>iyZ òVo. CXm. ehamVrb EImÚm H$m°bZrV qH$dm hm¡qgJ

gmogm`Q>rV X{bVm§Zm ßbm°Q> qH$dm Ka XoÊ`mMo Q>mibo OmVo Am{U Oa XoUo ^mJ nS>boM Va AJXr H$S>oMm ßbm°Q>

qH$dm Ka {Xbo OmVo. AmOhr ehamV Cƒ{e{jV ZmoH$aXma Agboë`m X{bV ì`ŠVrg Cƒ OmVrÀ`m dñVrV Ka

qH$d ^mS>çmZo {_iUo AdKS> OmVo. ehamV Y_m©da d OmVrda AmYm[aV Aem dñË`m AbJ-AbJ Agë`mMo

AmT>iVo. _wñbr_, {¼ñVr, nmaer m§À`m dñË`m qhXwnmgyZ doJù`m {XgVmV. qhXw§À`m dñVrV (CXm. MmirMmirV,

AnmQ>©_|Q>_Ü o, PmonS>nÅ>r_Ü o) OmVdma {d^mJUr Pmbobr AmT>iVo d m {d^mJUrVhr X{bVm§Zm AbJ R>odë`mMohr

AmT>iVo. AmO OmVr oX H$_r Pmbm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. VWm{n, ~maH$mB©Zo nm{hë`mg X{bVm§Zm AbJ R>odÊ`mMr

qH$dm Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ Xya amhÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr Cƒ OmVrV AÚmnhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. yH§$nJ«ñV qH$dm YaUJ«ñV Jmdm§Mo

nwZd©gZ H$aVmZm Cƒ OmVtZr X{bV ì`ŠVtÀ`m eoOmar Ka ZH$mo Aer _mJUr Ho$bobr AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio nwZd©gZ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r C^maboë`m ZdrZ dgmhVrVhr OmVdma Kao ~m§Ybr OmVmV d Ë`m_Ü ohr X{bVm§Mr Kao na§naoà_mUo

AbJ R>odbr OmVmV. WmoS>Š`mV X{bV eoOma ZH$mo `m ^mdZoVyZ X{bVm§Zm JmdmÀ`m _w»` ^mJmnmgyZ AbJ

R>odÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr AÚmnhr nyU©nUo g§nbobr Zmhr.

2) doJio nmUdR>o : X{bVm§Mr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr AbJVm hr gmd©O{ZH$

gmo r gw{dYm§À`m g§X^m©Vhr {XgyZ oVo. ^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M JmdmV X{bVm§À`mgmR>r doJio nmUdR>o {Z_m©U

Ho$bobo hmoVo. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m {dhrar doJù`m hmoË`m d X{bVm§À`m {dhrar doJù`m hmoË`m. X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVtÀ`m

{dhrarda nmUr âÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. Jmdmbm ZXr Agob Va ZXrÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV X{bVm§Mm

nmUdR>m hmoVm. Cƒ OmVr ZXrda daÀ`m {R>H$mUr nmUr âV d VoWo àdoe H$aÊ`mg X{bVm§Zm _ZmB© hmoVr.

ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va Va XrK©H$mi hr pñWVr {Q>Hy$Z hmoVr. åhUyZM ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zm "EH$ Jmd EH$ nmUdR>m' hr

Midi H$amdr bmJbr.

3) AbJ ñ_emZ y_r : nmUdR>çmà_mUoM àË oH$ JmdmV X{bVm§Mr ñ_emZ y_rXoIrb doJir qH$dm

AbJ Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m ñ_emZ y_rV X{bVm§Mo àoVo OmiÊ`mg dm nwaÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. EdT>oM

Zìho Va JmdmÀ`m _w»` añË`mdê$Z X{bV ì`ŠVtMr A§Ë``mÌmhr H$mT>Vm oV ZìhVr. X{bVmÀ`m A§Ë``mÌoV

CƒOmVrMr ì`ŠVr gm_rb hmoV Zgo. VgoM Cƒ OmVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Ë``mÌoV X{bVm§Zm gm_rb hmoÊ`mg

_ZmB© hmoVr. (_hmË_m \w$b|Mm AZw d gd©lyV Amho.)

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4) Ym{_©H$ {dYrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb AbJVm : JmdmVrb Cƒ OmVrÀ`m _§{XamV X{bVm§Zm àdoe H$aÊ`mg

_ZmB© hmoVr. VgoM JmdÀ`m Ym{_©H$ gU-CËgdmVhr X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVrVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m ~amo~arZo gh^mJr hmoVm,

oV ZìhVo. Cƒ OmVrgmR>r doX_§Ì åhQ>bo OmV Va X{bVm§Zm doX_§ÌmMm A{YH$maM ZìhVm. X{bVm§À`m XodXodVmhr

doJù`m hmoË`m d Ë`m§Mr _§{Xao XoIrb JmdmÀ`m ~mhoa åhUOoM JmdmnmgyZ AbJ ~m§Yë`mMo {XgVo. ~«m÷U nwamo{hV

X{bVm§Mo Ym{_©H$ {dYr nma nmS>rV ZgV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mo nwamo{hVhr doJio hmoVo. JmdÀ`m ÔZ-H$sV©ZmÀ`m

H$m ©H«$_mV X{bVm§Zm doJio ~g{dbo OmB©.

5) ImUo{nUog§X^m©Vrb AbJVm : JmdmV gmd©O{ZH$ qH$dm ImOJr ^moOZg_ma§ qH$dm MhmnmZ

H$m ©H«$_ Agob Va X{bVm§Zm ~mobmdbo OmV ZìhVo. ~mobmdbo Va Ë`m§Mr n§JV doJir R>odbr OmB©. ~hþYm Ë`m§Mr

n§JV gdm©V eodQ>r R>odbr OmB©. n§JVrV Ë`m§Zm ñdV:Mr ^m§S>r dmnamdr bmJV. Oa nÌmdù`mda ^moOZ Pmbo

Agob Va Ë`m§À`m Cï>çm nÌmdù`m CƒOmVrMo bmoH$ CMbV ZgV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Aem n§JVrV Ë`m§Zm dmT>Ê`mMo

H$m_ H$aÊ`mg _ZmB© Ago. JmdmVrb hm°Q>ob d ImUmdirV X{bVm§Zm àdoe {Xbm OmV Zgo. Ë`m§Zm ~mhoa ~g{dbo

OmB©. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJir H$n~er R>odbr OmB©. Mhm{në`mZ§Va X{bVmg ñdV:M Vr H$n~er YwdyZ R>odmdr bmJo.

X{bVmÀ`m hmVMo AÞnmUr J«hU H$aUo {Z{fÕ _mZbo Joë`mZo IoS>çmnmS>çmV ~mOmamÀ`m JmdmV X{bVm§Mr

hm°Q>ob {XgV ZmhrV. AZoH$ JmdmV X{bVm§Zm ^mOrnmbm d \$i\$imdi {dH«$sMm ì`dgm` H$aVm oV ZìhVm.

H$maU Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$moUr m dñVy IaoXr H$arV ZgV. {nÊ`mMo nmUr, nmZ, MwZm, V§~mIy BË`mXr XoIrb X{bVm§Zm

bm§~yZ {Xë`m OmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z m Jmoï>r ñdrH$maë`m OmV ZgV. AemàH$mao ImÊ`m{nÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr X{bVm§Zm

AbJ R>odbo OmB©.

6) gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUm§nmgyZ AbJVm : JmdmVrb MmdS>r, Jmd n§Mm`VrMo H$m`m©b`, _§{Xa, emim,

H«$sS>m§JU, Vm{b_, XwH$mZo BË`mXr gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr X{bVm§Zm CƒOmVrà_mUo _wŠV àdoe ZìhVm. X{bV

MmdS>rÀ`m nmàrÀ`m Imbr C^m amhmV Ago. X{bVm§À`m n§Mm`Vr aÊ`mMo {R>H$mU doJio Ago. X{bVm§Zm {ejUmMr

~§Xr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMm hŠH$ {_imbm; nU emioV X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm dJm©~mhoa ~g{dbo

OmB©. JwéOr `m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejm H$aVmZm \o$Hy$Z N>S>r _marV. JmdÀ`m Vmb_rV X{bVm§Zm àdoe ZìhVm. Cƒ

OmVrMo n¡bdmZ X{bV ì`{ŠVer Hw$ñVr H$arV ZgV.

7) X¡Z§{XZ godm§nmgyZ d§{MV : JmdmV X{bVm§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ Aem X¡Z§{XZ godmnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo OmB©.

JmdmVrb Ýhmdr X{bVm§Mo Ho$g H$mnrV Zgo. n[aQ> Ë`m§Mr H$nS>o YwV Zgo. qenrXoIrb Ë`m§Mr H$nS>o {edyZ XoV Zgo.

AWm©V nydu X{bV Cƒ OmVtMr OwZrnmZrM H$nS>o dmnarV. gwVma, bmohma, Mm§ ma, Hw§$^ma, Jwad, _mir BË`mXr

~bwVoXma XoIrb X{bVm§Zm Amnmnë`m ì`dgm`mMr godm XoV ZgV.

na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr X{bVm§Mr AbJVm

darbà_mUo hmoVr. AmOhr AbJVm ~è`mM à_mUmV H$_r Pmbobr Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, g§àofUmMr

AmYw{ZH$ gmYZo, {ejU àgmam_wio Pmbobr ~m¡{ÕH$ d gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥Vr, g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo à`ËZ, KQ>ZmË_H$

VaVyXr, emgZmZo g§_V Ho$bobo {d{dY gm_m{OH$ H$m`Xo BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bVm§darb nma§n[aH$ Ago

39

A{Zï> {Z~ªY EH$Va {e{Wb Pmbo AmhoV dm Zï> Pmbobo AmhoV. {deofV: eham_Ü o Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ {H$_mZ

gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV Var g§nwï>mV Ambobo Amho. X{bVm§Zm gd© gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr Cƒ OmVtÀ`m ~amo~arZo _wŠV

àdoe {Xbm OmV Amho. _moR>_moR>çm ehamVrb {dñVmarV dgmhVrV {d{^Þ OmVtMo bmoH$ nañnam§À`m eoOmar Kao

~m§YyZ amhÿ bmJbo AmhoV. OoWo ZimÛmao {nÊ`mMo nmUr nwa{dbo OmVo VoWo OmVr{Zhm` doJio nmUdR>o am{hbobo

ZmhrV. ehamV gmd©O{ZH$ X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV OmVrMm {dMma \$magm Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. ImÊ`m{nÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb

X{bVm§darb {Z~ªYhr nmibo OmV ZmhrV. AWm©V X{bVm§Mr _w»` àdmhmnmgyZMr AbJVm nyU©V: {deofV:

IoS>çmVyZ Zï> Pmbr Amho Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m à^mdmnmgyZ Xya Agboë`m AmS>diUmÀ`m

IoS>çmnmS>çmV AOyZhr X{bVm§Zm AbJ R>odbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`mda AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$bo OmVmV. Cƒ OmVtÀ`m

ImOJr OrdZmVrb d¡dm{hH$ d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$m ©H«$_mV X{bVm§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo OmV Zmhr. X{bVm§~amo~a

Kam~mhoa R>odmd`mÀ`m g§~§YmV g_mZVoMo YmoaU Cƒ OmVr R>odVmV. _mÌ KaJwVr g§~§YmV X{bVm§Zm AÚmnhr

AbJ R>odbo OmVo. Ë`m§Zm _ZmnmgyZ gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo OmV Zmhr. AWm©V, hm Á`mMm Ë`mMm d¡ {ŠVH$ n«íZ

Amho, Ago Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ _mZVmV. na§Vw Cƒ OmVrÀ`m _ZmVyZ X{bVm§{df`r Agbobr XwaËdmMr/AbJVoMr

^mdZm AÚmnhr ~è`mM à_mUmV {Q>Hy$Z Amho, ho ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.



1. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ X{bVm§Zm H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~VrV AbJ R>odbobo hmoVo?

2. X{bVm§Zm H$moUË`m _§Ìm§Mm A{YH$ma ZìhVm?

3. "EH$ Jmd EH$ nmUdR>m' hr Midi H$moUr Ho$br?

4. H$moUH$moUË`m gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr X{bVm§Zm _wŠV àdoe ZìhVm?

5. H$moUH$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bVm§darb nma§n[aH$ {Z~ªY {eWrb qH$dm Zï> Pmbobo AmhoV?


`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr X{bVm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` àíZg_OmdyZ KoVbobo AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~aM X{bVm§Mr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr AbJVmXoIrb Aä`mgbr Amho. àmMrZ H$mimV ^maVr` g_mO hm ~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` d eyÐ `m Mma JQ>mV åhUOoMdUm©V {d^mJbm Jobm. àË oH$ dUm©Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm©, ì`dgm`, A{YH$ma d H$V©ì o {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.`mVyZ Or ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr {Vbm dU©ì`dñWm åhQ>bo Jobo. `m dU©ì`dñWoÀ`m ~mhoa AmUIrZ EH$ JQ> hmoVmË`mbm A{VeyÐ qH$dm n§M_ dU© åhQ>bo Jobo. `m n§M_dUm©Mm XOm© gdm©V H${Zð> R>a{dbm. KmUoaS>o d AZwËnmXH$ì`dgm` Ë`m§Zm H$amd`mg bmdbo. {edm` Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ {Z~ªY d AnmÌVm bmXë`m. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§ZmAewÕ dm An{dÌ R>adyZ Ë`m§Mm ñne©XoIrb {Z{fÕ _mZbm. Aem `m Añn¥í` R>a{dboë`m JQ>m§Zm qH$dm Ë`mVrbì`ŠVtZm Añn¥e OmVr qH$dm Añn¥í` bmoH$ åhQ>bo Jobo. Aem `m Añn¥í`m§Zm {~«{Q>e H$mimV X{bV Ago Zmd

40

{Xbo Jobo. `m X{bVm§Zm OrdZmdí`H$ Ago _mZdr A{YH$ma ZmH$mabo. EdT>oM Zìho Va g_mOOrdZmÀ`m _w»`àdmhmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm AbJ R>odbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV {d{dY àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo. m àíZm§Mo ñdê$n gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Ago {d{dYm§Jr AmhoV.


{ÛO - XmoZ doim OÝ_bobo, ~«m÷U, j{Ì` d d¡í` `m VrZ dUm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm XmoZdoim OÝ_bobo (twice-

born) åhUOoM Z¡g{J©H$ OÝ_ d CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va hmoUma OÝ_ `m AWm©Zo {ÛO åhQ>bo Jobo.

gm_m{OH$ XOm© - ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yhmMo EImÚm g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWoVrb g_mO_mÝ` Ago ñWmZ.

gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU - loîR>-H${Zð> ñVamV Pmbobr g_mOmMr {d^mJUr.

CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm - H${Zð> gm_m{OH$ ñVamVyZ qH$dm dJm©VyZ Cƒ gm_m{OH$ ñVamVqH$dm dJm©V OmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

{ZajaVm - {bhUo d dmMZo hr H$m¡eë o ZgUo, Aja AmoiI ZgUo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU - AO¡d eŠVrda MmbUmao _moR>_moR>o CÚmoJY§Xo C^maÊ`mMr à{H«$`m.

ZmJarH$aU - J«m_rU bmoH$g§» oMo ZmJar (ehar) {d^mJm§H$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va

g§àofUmMr AmYw{ZH$ gmYZo - {dMma, kmZ, _m{hVr BË`mXtMo g§H«$_U H$aUmar ao{S>Amo, Q>r. ìhr.{\$ë_, B§Q>aZoQ>, d¥ÎmnÌo BË`mXr gmYZo

~bwVm nÕVr - eoVH$ar d {~JaeoVr ì`dgm` H$aUmao J«m_rU H$am{Ja `m§À`mVrb godm XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMrì`dñWm

Xm[aÐç - _yb yV JaOm XoIrb ì`dpñWVnUo nyU© Z H$aVm oUmar pñWVr

gdU© - ~«m÷U, j{Ì` d d¡í` `m VrZ dUmªZm gdU© åhQ>bo OmVo.

H$m`Xo_§S>i - H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrgmR>r ñWmnZ Hoo$bobo _§S>i. CXm. bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m VgoM {dYmZg^m d{dYmZ n[afX

nmUdR>o - nmUr âÊ`mMr {R>H$mUo. CXm. {dhra, ZXr, Vbmd BË`mXr

ñ_emZ y_r - àoV OmiÊ`mMo dm nwaÊ`mMo {R>H$mU


ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao 1 -

(A) ~hþn`m© r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.

1. (~) 2. (S>) 3. (A) 4. (H$) 5. (A)

41


1) ~«m÷U, joÌ d d¡í` `m VrZ dUmªZm {ÛO _mZbo Jobo.

2) Cƒ OmVrVrb ór d H${Zð> OmVrVrb nwéf `m§À`m {ddmhmg à{Vbmo_ {ddmh åhUVmV.

3) OmVrÀ`m AmV amhÿZ Ho$bobm {ddmh åhUOo A§V{d©dmh hmo .

4) Cƒ OmVrÀ`m dñVrV Ka Z ~m§YUo, C§M, Xw_Obr _moR>r Kao Z ~m§YUo, C§Mr dóo, _m¡ë`dmZ Ab§H$ma,N>Ìr, Mnbm BË`mXr Z dmnaUo, Cƒ OmVrMo ì`dgm` Z H$aUo BË`mXr AnmÌVm X{bVm§da bmXboë`mhmoË`m.

5) OmV-A§V{d©dmhmMm {Z`_ hm AmOhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho.

6) E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg `m§Zr g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.


EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) {ZajaVo_wio X{bV AS>mUr, A§YlÕ, X[aÐr d X¡ddmXr am{hbo.

2) {ejUm{df`r AZmñWm, nmbH$m§Mo Xm[aÐç, e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm§Mm AnwaonUm, amhË`m {R>H$mUmnmgyZemim-_hm{dÚmb` Xya AgUo BË`mXr KQ>H$ JiVrÀ`m n«íZm§gmR>r O~m~Xma AmhoV.

3) eoVr hm ^maVr` g_mOmMm _w»` ì`dgm` Amho.

4) X{bVm§Mo nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` ho AZwËnmXH$, l_àYmZ d KmUoaS>o AemàH$maMo hmoVo.

5) ImOJr joÌmVrb CÚmoJ d godm§_Ü o AmajU Zmhr.


(A) ~hþn`m© r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.

1. (~) 2. (H$) 3. (A) 4. (~) 5. (A)


1) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a

2) ZJan[afX d _hmZJanm{bH$m

3) _m`mdVr

4) {ZajaVm, Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, Am{W©H$ namdb§~Z

5) qbJ oX d OmVr oX


EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) {ZdmgñWmZ, nmUdR>o, ñ_emZ y_r, Ym{_©H$ {dYr, ImUo{nUo, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUo BË`mXr.

42

2) doX_§Ìm§Mm

3) ~m~m AmT>md

4) JmdmVrb MmdS>r, J«m_n§Mm`VrMo H$m`m©b`, _§{Xa, emim, H«$sS>m§JU, Vmbr_, XwH$mZo BË`mXr.

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, g§àofUmMr AmYw{ZH$ gmYZo, {ejUàgma, g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo à`ËZ,KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr, gm_m{OH$ H$m`Xo BË`mXr.


àíZ 1 : Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.

1) X{bVm§Mo gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ n«íZ ñnï> H$am.

2) X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZm§Mr MMm© H$am.

3) X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` àíZm§Mo ñdê$n {deX H$am.

4) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ X{bVm§Mr Agbobr AbJVm ñnï> H$am.

àíZ 2 : Q>rnm {bhm.

1) X{bVm§Mo gm_m{OH$ àíZ

2) X{bVm§Mo e¡j{UH$ àíZ

3) X{bVm§Mo Am{W©H$ àíZ

4) X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` àíZ

5) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZMr X{bVm§Mr AbJVm.


1) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (1998) : "^maVr` g_mO' àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jbr

2) E_. Or. Hw$bH$Uu (1975) : "^maVr` g_mOì`dñWm', n[a_b àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX

3) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (2005) : "J«m_rU g_mOemó', àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jbr

4) Ghurye G. S. (1969) : 'Caste and Race in India', 5th edition, Popular Prakashan,

Mubmabai.

®¯®

43

KQ>H$ 3

X{bV : n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mg(Dalit : Change and Development)





3.2.1 gÚH$mbrZ g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm©(Status of Dalits in Present Society)

3.2.2 X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z(Change in social, economical and educational life of Dalits)

3.2.3 X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z(Change in Political and Religious life of Dalits)

3.2.4 n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mg `mgmR>rMm X{bVm§Mm g§Kf©(Strugle for change and Development of Dalits)






44

3.0 C{Ôïç>o (Objectives) :

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg,

1. gÚmÀ`m g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© H$gm Amho, ho gm§JVm oB©b.

2. X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ OrdZmV Pmbobo n[adV©Z ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

3. X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmV Pmbobo n[adV©Z {deX H$aVm oB©b.

4.n[adV©Z d {dH$mg `mgmR>rMm X{bVm§Mm g§Kf© g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.


_mJrb KQ>H$mV Vwåhr X{bVm§Mo gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` àíZ g_OmdyZKoVbobo AmhoV. VgoM X{bVm§Mo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Agbobr AbJVmhr Aä`mgbr Amho.AmVm `m {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr "X{bV Am{U n[adV©Z d {dH$mg' `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV. H$moUVmhrg_mO nyU©V: pñWa ZgVmo. Ë`m_Ü o n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. ^maVmVrb X{bV g_mOXoIrb `mbm AndmX Zmhr.AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, {ejU àgma, gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm Midir, amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVyXr, gm_m{OH$H$m`Xo, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` joÌmVrb OmJ¥Vr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bV dJm©Vhr n[adV©Z KSy>Z oVMmbbo Amho. VgoM AmO gd©M Xw~©b, d§{MV, Cno{jV KQ>H$m§À`m {dH$mgmMo à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV. ho KQ>H$XoIrbAmnbm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AmhoV. {d{dY Midir H$ê$Z, X~mdJQ> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Amnë`m{dH$mgmgmR>r g§Kf© H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio n[adV©Z d {dH$mg KS>yZ oÊ`mg MmbZm {_imbr Amho. `m{R>H$mUrVwåhr g_mOmV KSy>Z oUmao n[adV©Z d hmoUmam {dH$mg `mÀ`m g§X^m©V X{bVm§Mr pñWVr Aä`mgUma AmhmV.


`m KQ>H$mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>bobo AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mJmV gÚmÀ`m (dV©_mZH$mbrZ) g_mOmV X{bVm§MmXOm© H$gm Amho mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVKS>yZ Amboë`m n[adV©ZmMr MMm© Ho$bobr Amho. {Vgè`m {d^mJmV X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrbn[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho Va Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV n[adV©Z d {dH$mg KSy>Z AmUÊ`mgmR>r X{bVm§ZrHo$boë`m g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n {deX Ho$bobo Amho.

3.2.1 gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© : (Status of Dalits in Present Society) :

n«ñVmdZoV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo AmnU àW_ gÚ:H$mbrZ (dV©_mZH$mbrZ) ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm©

H$gm Amho, ho g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

XOm©Mm AW© : X{bVm§Mm gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb XOm© g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ XOm© åhUOo H$m` d

XOm©Mo àH$ma WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ KoD$`m. XOm© hr g_mOemór` Aä`mgmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm Amho.àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmV EH$ {ZpíMV Ago ñWmZ (position) àmßV Pmbobo AgVo. `m ñWmZmgM ñWyb_mZmZo

45

Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm XOm© Ago åhUVmV. qH$½Obo S>opìhg `m§À`m _Vo, XOm© åhUOo g§nyU© g_mOmMr _mÝ`Vm d nmR>~i

bm^bobo g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWoVrb ñWmZ hmo .

XOm©Mo àH$ma : H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV ì`ŠVrbm XmoZ nÕVrZo XOm© àmßV hmoV AgVmo. Ë`mZwgma XOm©Mohr XmoZ

àH$ma nS>VmV. 1) A{n©V qH$dm àXÎm XOm© (Ascribed status) Am{U 2) A{O©V qH$dm g§nmXrV XOm©

(Achieved status). ì`ŠVrbm ñdV: à`ËZ Z H$aVm Ho$di OÝ_mÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmH$Sy>Z Omo XOm© AmnmoAmn

({dZmgm`mg) àmßV hmoV AgVmo Ë`mg A{n©V qH$dm àXÎm XOm© Ago åhUVmV. ì`ŠVrMo qbJ, d`, ZmVog§~§YBË`mXr {ZH$fmÀ`m AmYmao {_iUmam XOm© hm A{n©V XOm© R>aVmo. `mCbQ> ì`ŠVr ñdH$V¥©ËdmZo O|ìhm EImXm XOm©

{_i{dVo qH$dm g§nm{XV H$aVo V|ìhm Ë`mg A{O©V qH$dm g§nmXrV XOm© åhUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, A{n©V XOm© hm

ì`ŠVrbm à`ËZ Z H$aVm {_imbobm XOm© AgVmo Va A{O©V XOm© hm ì`ŠVrZo à`ËZ H$ê$Z {_i{dbobm XOm©AgVmo. AWm©V ì`ŠVr AZoH$ XOmªer g§~§{YV AgVo. H$m§hr XO} {Vbm AmnmoAmn àmßV hmoV AgVmV Va H$m§hr XO}

{VZo ñdà`ËZmZo {_i{dbobo AgVmV.

X{bVm§Mm gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb XOm© : H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV Ag§»` ì`ŠVr AgVmV. Ë`m gd©ì`ŠVtMm XOm© g_mZ _mZbm OmV Zmhr. H$m§hrMm XOm© loð>, H$m§hrMm _Ü`_ Va H$m§hrMm H${Zð> _mZbm OmVmo. hm

oX^md d`, dU©, OmV, d§e, qbJ, gÎmm, g§nÎmr, {ejU, H$bmH$m¡eë o BË`mXr {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao Ho$bm OmVmo.

`m{R>H$mUr AmnU X{bVm§Mm gÚH$mbrZ g_mOmVrb XOm© H$gm Amho, `mMr MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV. Ë`mgmR>ràW_ na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© H$gm hmoVm ho WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ KoD$.

nma§n[aH$ g_mOmVrb X{bVm§Mm XOm© : na§namJV maVr` g_mOmV ì`ŠVrMm XOm© hm {VÀ`m OmVrdê$Z

{ZYm©[aV Ho$bm. ì`ŠVrMr OmV OÝ_mZo R>aVo d OmVrÀ`m AmYmao {VMo ñWmZ qH$dm XOm© R>aVmo d Ë`m_Ü o ì`ŠVrbm~Xb H$aVm oV Zmhr. Om{Vì`dñWoMm _ybmYma dU©ì`dñWm Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo. dU©ì`dñWoV Mma dU©

(åhUOoM ñVa) AgyZ `m ì`dñWoZo àË oH$ dUm©g A{n©V XOm© àXmZ Ho$bobm hmoVm. gdm©V loð> XOm© ~«m÷U

dUm©Mm, Ë`mImbmoImb j{Ì` dUm©Mm, Ë`mZ§Va d¡í` dUm©Mm XOm© loð> _mZbm Am{U eyÐ dUm©Mm XOm© _mÌH${Zð> _mZbm. `m Mma dUm©À`m ~mhoa EH$ dJ© hmoVm Ë`mg A{VeyX² qH$dm n§M_ dU© _mZbo Jobo d Ë`mMm XOm©

AË §V H${Zð>, VwÀN> qH$dm ZrM _mZbm. `m A{VeyX²m§da AZoH$ {Z~ªY d AnmÌVm KmVë`m. Ë`m§Zm OrdZmdí`H$A{YH$mahr ZmH$mabo. OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmVyZ Ë`m§Zm ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Mm ñne© d gmdbr

XoIrb AewÕ qH$dm An{dÌ _mZyZ Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` R>a{dbo. `m Añn¥í`m§ZmM {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X{bV ho Zmd

{_imbo. `m X{bVm§Mm g_mOmVrb ñWmZ qH$dm XOm© hm gdm©V {ZåZ dm H${Zð> _mZbm d X{bV ì`ŠVrbm AmnbmXOm© ñdn« ËZmZo C§MmMÊ`mMr g§Yr ZmH$mabr. OÝ_mZo nmÌ hmoUmam {ZåZ XOm©, ì`dgm` d EH§$Xa OrdZnÕVr hr

X{bVm§Mr Am wî`â {Q>Hy$Z am{hb Aer ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. WmoS>Š`mV, na§namJV g_mOmV X{bVm§Zm{ZåZ Agm A{n©V XOm© n«XmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

gÚH$mbrZ g_mOmVrb X{bVm§Mm XOm© :

na§naoZo H${Zð> Agbobm X{bVm§Mm XOm©, ñWmZ d pñWVr ~XbÊ`mg {~«{Q>e amOdQ>r_Ü o àma§ Pmbm.

46

{~«{Q>em§Zm gd© OmVrY_m©À`m ì`ŠVtZm {ejU Iwbo Ho$bo. _hmË_m \w$bo d BVa g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr X{bVm§Mr pñWVr

gwYmamdr, Ë`m§Mr CÞVr ìhmdr åhUyZ Midi gwê$ Ho$br. X{bVm§Zm {ejU XoD$Z ehmUo H$amdo, Ë`m§À`mV OmJ¥Vr

`mdr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. {eH$boë`m X{bVm§Zm bîH$amV, gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV, CÚmoJY§ÚmVZmoH$è`m XoUo gwê$ Pmbo. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, dmhVwH$sMr àJV gmYZo BË`mXtMm à^md nSy>Z OmVr oX

d Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ H$_r hmoD$ bmJbm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr X{bV OmVr g§KQ>rV hmoD$ZCƒdUu`m§à_mUoM AmnUmbmhr g_mZ A{YH$ma {_imdoV `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$ê$ bmJë`m. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§Mm

XOm© C§MmdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ^maVmZo Ý`m`, g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd `m bmoH$emhr_wë`m§Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmar amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Ho$br. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo X{bVm§darb gd© A{Zï> {Z~ªY CR>{dbo. Ë`m§À`mdarb

AnmÌVm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`m. CƒOmVrà_mUoM X{bVm§Zmhr gd© _yc yV A{YH$ma {Xbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Mr

CÞVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {deof gmo`rgdbVr {Xë`m. H$m`Xo_§S>i, {ejU g§ñWm d emgH$s`-{Z_emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o Ë`m§À`mgmR>r amIrd OmJm R>odë`m. H$m`ÚmZo OmVr oX d Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ X§S>{Z`

JwÝhm R>a{dbm. X{bVm§_Ü ohr ~m¡{ÕH$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Vo Amnbo ñWmZ dm XOm©C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>rVnUo g§Kf© H$ê$ bmJbo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bVm§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

gwê$ Pmbr. gÚ:H$mbrZ ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© H$gm Amho, ho nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1) A{O©V, g§nm{XV XOm©g _hÎd : na§namJV g_mOmV gdUmªà_mUoM X{bVm§Zmhr A{n©V XOm© n«XmZ

Ho$bm OmB©. Vmo AË §V H${Zð> ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m§Zm ~Xb H$aVm oV Zgo. AmO _mÌ BVam§à_mUoMX{bVm§Zmhr A{O©V XOm© àXmZ Ho$bobm Amho. gd©M ì`ŠVrMm XOm© hm OÝ_mEodOr (qH$dm OmVrEodOr) {VÀ`m

H$V¥©Ëdmdê$Z R>ê$ bmJbm Amho. X{bV ì`ŠVr gÎmm, g§nÎmr, {ejU, H$bmH$m¡eë o BË`mXr àmßV H$ê$Z Cƒ XOm©,ñWmZ, à{Vð>m {_idy eH$Vo. Cƒ XOm© àmßVrMr g_mZ g§Yr amÁ`KQ>ZoZo d H$m`ÚmZo X{bVm§Zmhr {Xbobr Amho.

Cƒ OmVrV OÝ_boë`m H$V¥©ËdhrZ ì`ŠVrMm XOm© Ogm AmO loð> _mZbm OmV Zmhr VgoM X{bV OmVrV OÝ_boë`m

H$V¥©ËdmZ X{bVm§Mm XOm© ZrM dm H${Zð> _mZbm OmV Zmhr. EH§$XarV OÝ_mdê$Z åhUOoM OmVrdê$Z ì`ŠVrMmXOm© {ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mMo VÎd _mJo nS>V Mmbbo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m OmJr ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§JÀ`m JwUH$m¡eë`mg d nmÌVog

_hÎd {Xbo OmD$ bmJbo Amho.

2) ImUo{nUo d gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©~m~VÀ`m {Z~ªYmV {e{WbVm : na§namJV g_mOmV X{bVm§À`mhmVMo AÞnmUr godZ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m n§JVrbm ~gyZ ^moOZ KoUo VgoM Ë`m§À`mer K{Zð> gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ R>odUo

Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ {Z{fÕ _mZrV AgV. AmO _mÌ `m Jmoï>r nyduBVŠ`m {Z{fÕ _mZë`m OmV ZmhrV. ZmJa

g_mOmV Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ X{bVm§g_doV K{Zð> g§nH©$ R>oD$ bmJbo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m n§JVrbm ~gyZ ^moOZ KoD$bmJbo AmhoV. ñn¥í`mñn¥í`Vm, {edm{ed, gmodioAmodio, CƒZrM hm oX hm°Q>ob, ImUmdi, gmd©O{ZH$ H|$Ð,

àdmgmMr gmYZo BË`mXr_YyZ Zï> Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mm `m g§X^m©Vrb XOm©, ñWmZ d pñWVr ~è`mMà_mUmV gwYmabr Amho.

3) {deofm{YH$ma d AnmÌVm `mVrb n[adV©Z : na§namJV g_mOmV Cƒ OmVrMm XOm© loð> _mZyZ

47

Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ {deofm{YH$ma {Xbobo hmoVo. `mCbQ> X{bV OmVtda _mÌ AZoH$ AnmÌVm bmXë`m hmoË`m. AmO ho

{deofm{YH$ma d AnmÌVm XmoÝhrhr H$m`ÚmZo Zï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mm XOm© hm CƒOmVrà_mUoM

g_mZ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbobr Amho.

4) ì`dgm` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` : na§namJV g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© Ogm H${Zð> _mZbm OmB©VgoM Ë`m§Mo ì`dgm`XoIrb H${Zð> XOm©Mo, hrZ, An{dÌ, KmUoaS>o _mZbo OmV. {edm` X{bVm§Zm Amnmnë`m

OmVrMm ì`dgm` H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m AmdS>rà_mUo ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`mMo ñdmV§Í` ZìhVo.AmO hr pñWVr ~XbV Mmbbr Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gd©M ì`ŠVtZm Amnë`m AmdS>rMm ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`mMo

ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bV Amdí`H$ Vr nmÌVm YmaU H$ê$Z Cƒ XOm©Mo d à{Vð>oMo ì`dgm` H$ê$

bmJbo AmhoV. n[aUm_r, ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV Agbobm XOm©, ñWmZ, nX, à{Vð>m, _mZgÝ_mZ, doVZ BË`mXrJmoï>tMm Ë`m§Zm bm^ hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. EH§$XarV ì`dgm` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` bm^ë`mZo X{bVm§_Ü o ì`mdgm{`H$

J{V{ebVm (Occuptioal Mobility) dmT>rg bmJbr Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoV Amho.

5) Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhm_wio Cƒ XOm© àmßVr : na§namJV g_mOmV OmV-A§V{d©dmhmMm {Z`_ H$gmoerZonmibm OmB©. ì`ŠVr Amnë`m OmVrVrb ì`ŠVter {ddmh H$arV. Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg H$S>H$ à{V~§Y hmoVm.

AmO _mÌ Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg H$m`ÚmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. Ë`m_wio doJdoJù`m OmVtMo ór-nwéf nañnam§er

{ddmh H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. Oa X{bV ì`ŠVr hr Cƒ{e{jV d Cƒ nXmda H$m_ H$aUmar Agob Va CƒOmVrVrb nwamoJm_r ì`ŠVr {VÀ`mer {ddmh g§~§Y OmoSy> bmJbo AmhoV. AWm©V Ago {ddmh ho ào_{ddmh AgVmV

d Aem {ddmhm§Mo à_mU AÚmn Var AË`ënM Amho. Ago Agbo Var Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhm_wio X{bVm§Mmgm_m{OH$ XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoV Amho ho ZmH$maVm oUma Zmhr.

Aem àH$mao gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg àma§^ Pmbobm Amho. na§namJV A{Zï>

{Z~ªYmVyZ X{bVm§Mr ~è`mM à_mUmV _wŠVVm Pmbobr Amho. VÎdV: X{bVm§Mm XOm© Cƒ OmVrÀ`m ~amo~arZo

_mZbm OmV Amho; nU àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ Cƒ OmVrMo loð>Ëd d dM©ñd g§nbobo Zmhr. VgoM X{bVm§MoH${Zð>Ëd Xwæ`_ ñWmZ d XOm©hr nyU©V: g§nbobm Zmhr. AmO gd©M joÌmV CƒOmVtÀ`m ~amo~arZo X{bV dmdê$

bmJbo Agbo Var H$V©~Jma X{bV AÚmnhr Cƒ OmVtZm S>moB©OS> dmQ>Vmo. X{bVm§Mm C§MmdV OmUmam XOm© AZoH$Cƒ OmVtÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m S>moù`mV gbVmo. nydu Á`m§Mr Amnë`m OmoS>çmOdi C^maÊ`mMrhr bm`H$s ZìhVr Vo

X{bV AmO Amnë`mer ~amo~arZo dmJVmV, CƒnXñW A{YH$mar ~ZyZ Amnë`mda hþHy$_V JmOdVmV hr Jmoï>

AZoH$ gdUmªZm AñdñW H$aVo. Aer gdU© _§S>ir X{bVm§Mm XOm© Amnë`m~amo~arMm _mZÊ`mg V`ma ZmhrV.emgH$s` {Z`_m§À`m X~mdm_wioM Vo X{bVm§Zm ZmB©bmOmZo Amnë`m ~amo~arMo åhUOoM g_mZ XOm©Mo _mZVmV.

_ZmVyZ _mÌ Vo X{bVm§Zm AmOhr H${Zð> XOm©MoM _mZVmV. _mJrb àH$aUmV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo X{bV ì`ŠVrXoemMr amï´>nVr Pmbr Var {VMo X{bVÎd åhUOo gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm AgUmao H${Zð>Ëd Zï> hmoV Zmhr. {VÀ`m X{bV

AgÊ`mMm C„oI CƒOmVrMo bmoH$ _wÔm_ JaO ZgVmZm§hr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. åhUOoM CƒnXñW X{bVm§MmX{bV åhUyZ AgUmam na§namJV H${Zð> XOm© Cƒ OmVtÀ`m _ZmVyZ nyU©nUo Jobobm Zmhr. hm EH$ _moR>m Jw§VmJw§VrMm

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Agm _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© Amho.



1. XOm©Mr ì`m»`m Úm.

2. A{O©V XOm© åhUOo H$m`?

3. A{n©V XOm©Mm AW© gm§Jm.

4. XOm© {ZYm©[aV H$aUmao H$moUH$moUVo {ZH$f AmhoV Vo gm§Jm.

5. X{bVm§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVm H$em_wio dmT>rg bmJbr Amho?

6. Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh ho _w»`V: H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo AgVmV?

3.2.2 X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z : (Change in Social, economical and educational life of Dalits) :

X{bVm§Mm gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb XOm© g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$

d e¡j{UH$ OrdZmV Oo n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambobo Amho Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV. H$moUVmhr g_mO pñWa

ZgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV gVV ~Xb hmoV AgVmo.

hm ~Xb H$Yr _§X Va H$Yr ObX JVrZo hmoV AgVmo. ^maVmVrb X{bV g_mOXoIrb `mbm AndmX Zmhr. d¡{XH$

H$mimnmgyZ maVr` g_mOmÀ`m gd© joÌmV n[adV©Z hmoV Ambobo Amho. m n[adV©ZmMm à^md nSy>Z eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m,

Añn¥í`m§À`m qH$dm X{bVm§À`m OrdZmVhr n[adV©Z hmoV Ambobo Amho. VWm{n, `m n[adV©ZmMr JVr àmMrZ d

_Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV A{Ve` _§X hmoVr. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m H$mbI§S>mVrb n[adV©Z ho X{bVm§À`m Ñï>rZo

{dKmVH$ AgoM hmoVo. CÎmamoÎma Ë`m§À`mdarb A{Zï> {Z~ªY d ho A{YH$ H$R>moa hmoV Jobo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§À`mda

bmXÊ`mV Amboë`m AnmÌVmXoIrb dmT>VM Joë`m. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ ho A{YH$ Xw:IX, X`{Z` d H$ï>àX

hmoV Jobo. åhUOoM X{bVm§À`m OrdZmV hmoUmao n[adV©Z ho Ë`m§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo ÌmgXm`H$, ZwH$gmZH$maH$, ZH$mamË_H$

Aem àH$maMo hmoVo.

^maVmV {~«{Q>e amOdQ> àñWm{nV Pmë`mZ§Va _mÌ EHy$UM ^maVr` g_mOmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z oÊ`mg A{YH$

JVr {_imbr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ X{bVm§À`m OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmVhr {dYm`H$ Ago n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mg àma§

Pmbm. {~«{Q>e H$mimV nmpíM_mË` g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWm,

g§àofU d dmhVwH$sMr àJV gmYZo, {~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$bobr {d{dY gm_m{OH$ H$m`Xo, g_mOgwYmaUoÀ`m {d{dY Midir

(CXm. ~«m÷mo g_mO, Am`© g_mO, àmW©Zm g_mO, gËèmoYZH$ g_mO, Am§~oS>H$ar Midi BË`mXr).

ñdmV§Í`àmßVrMr Midi BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bVm§À`m OrdZmV n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm.

nwT>o ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va maVmZo g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YyËd, Ý`m` m bmoH$emhr _yë`m§da AmYmabobr amÁ`KQ>Zm

49

{Z_m©U Ho$br. `m KQ>ZoZo gd© ^maVr`m§Zm g_mZ boIyZ gdmªZm {dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr.

X{bVm§Zm KQ>ZoZo AZoH$ gmo r, gdbVrhr {Xë`m. `m{edm` emgZmZohr X{bV, d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r

AZoH$ CnH«$_, H$m`©H«$_, `moOZm gwê$ Ho$ë`m. X{bV dJ© XoIrb gwg§KQ>rVnUo Amnë`m {hVg§~§Ym§Mr nyV©Vm

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midi H$ê$ bmJbm. emgZmÀ`m {ZU© mda X~md, à^md Q>mHy$ bmJbm. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm à^md

nSy>Z X{bVm§À`m OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z oÊ`mg OmoaXma MmbZm {_imbr. `m {R>H$mUr Vwåhr àW_

X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ OrdZmV KSy>Z Ambobo n[adV©Z g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.

(A) X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z :

X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.

1) X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©V n[adV©Z : AmO X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©V hiyhiy n[adV©Z KSy>Z

oV Amho. na§namJV Om{Vì`dñWoV X{bVm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© gdmªV H${Zð> _mZbobm hmoVm. AmO amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gd©

^maVr`m§Zm g_mZ gm_m{OH$ XOm© àXmZ Ho$bobm Amho. X{bVm§da gd© AnmÌVm H$mTy>yZ Q>mH$ë`m AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb

H$b_ 14 Zwgma H$m`ÚmnwT>o gdmªZm g_mZ _mZbo Amho Va H$b_ 15 Zwgma amÁ` Y_©, d§e, qbJ, Y_©ñWi

BË`mXr~amo~aM OmVrÀ`m AmYmao ZmJ[aH$m§V oX H$aUma Zmhr. gmd©O{ZH$ CnhmaJ¥ho, {R>H$mUo, H$a_UyH$ H|$Ðo,

Vbmd, KmQ>, añVo BË`mXtÀ`m Cn`moJm~m~V amÁ` oX^md H$aUma Zmhr. Aer h_r {Xbobr Amho. H$b_ 17

Zwgma Añn¥í`VmnmbZ X§S>Zr` JwÝhm R>a{dbm Amho. H$b_ 18 Zwgma amÁ` bîH$ar d {dÛVmXe©H$ {H$Vm~ gmoSy>Z

BVa oX^md H$aUmao {H$Vm~ XoUma Zmhr, Aer hr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. Aem `m KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr_wio g_mOmV

gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg MmbZm {_imbr Amho. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVtÀ`m ~amo~arZo g_mZ

XOm© Cn^moJÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV Pmbobr Amho.

2) ImUo{nUo d gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©Vrb n[adV©Z : na§namJV g_mOmV X{bVm§À`m hmVMo AÞnmUr

J«hU H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m n§JVrg ~gyZ ^moOZ KoUo, Ë`m§À`mer K{Zð> gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ dm g§~§Y R>odUo {Z{fÕ _mZbo

OmB©. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Zm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ AbJ R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. AmO `m~m~VrV

_moR>oM n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambobo Amho. {deofV: ZmJa g_mOmV {d{^Þ OmVrMo bmoH$ nañnam§À`m K{Zð> g§nH$m©V oV

AmhoV. Cƒ OmVr d X{bV OmVr nañnam§er nañnam§À`m Kar oV-OmV AmhoV. EH$Ì ~gyZ ^moOZ H$arV AmhoV.

hm°Q>ob-ImZmdirV eoOmar ~gyZ ^moOZ KoV AmhoV. H$ƒm ImZm n¸$m ImZm `mVrb oX g§nwï>mV Ambo AmhoV.

_moQ>ma-aoëdoV, EH$Ì ~gyZ àdmg H$arV AmhoV. ehar {d^mJmV Cƒ OmVr d X{bV nañnam§eoOmar Kao ~m§YyZ amhÿ

bmJbo AmhoV. dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§_wio X{bVm§Mr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ J{V{ebVm dmT>br Amho. Vo ZmoH$arY§Xm, {ejU

`mgmR>r eham§H$S>o ñWbm§V[aV hmoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. ehar OrdZmV ì`ŠVrMr "OmV' AmoiIUo H$R>rU OmVo d Vo

JaOoMohr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio X{bV ehar gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV ~è`mn¡H$s gm_mdbo OmV AmhoV. EH§$XarV X{bVm§À`m

gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©Mo joÌ {dñVmabo Amho.

3) {ddmh{df`H$ n[adV©Z : na§namJV Om{Vì`dñWoV {ddmhmda AZoH$ {Z~ªY hmoVo. àËòH$ OmV

50

A§V{d©dmhmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$ar. OmVr~mhoarb ì`{ŠVer {ddmh H$aUmè`mg X§S> Ho$bm OmB©. åhUOo Am§VaOmVr`

{ddmhmg _ZmB© hmoVr. Cƒ OmVr X{bV OmVrer {ddmhg§~§Y OmoS>V ZgV. AmO OmV-A§V{d©dmhmÀ`m {Z~ªYmV

n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho. qhXy{ddmh A{Y{Z`_ - 1955 Zwgma Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh H$m`Xoera R>a{dbr Amho. AZwbmo_-

à{Vbmo_ {ddmhmVrb oX g§nwï>mV AmUmbm Amho. VgoM {ejU, ì`dgm`, ZmoH$ar BË`mXt_wio Cƒ OmVr d

X{bV OmVrVrb ór-nwéfm§_Ü o nañna ghdmg dmTy>Z Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg MmbZm {_iV Amho. Cƒ {e{jV,

Cƒ «y OrdZnÕVr Agbobm X{bV OmoS>rXma {ZdS>Ê`mg ng§Vr {_iy bmJbr Amho. CƒOmVr d X{bV OmVrVrb

VéU-VéUrV ào_g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Vo ào_{ddmh H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. Agm Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh AmO ehar

OrdZmV Var nyduBVH$m {Z{fÕ _mZbm OmV Zmhr, hm EH$ gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb Amho.

4) dJ©ì`dñWoMm CX` : AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV ZdrZ àíZ d g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV.

VgoM {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mo {hVg§~§Y g_mZ ~Zbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio g_mZ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r d g_mZ

{hVg§~§Y gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cƒ OmVr d X{bV OmVr EH$Ì oD$Z Amnë`m g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, ñWmnZ H$ê$ bmJbo

AmhoV. CXm. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm, {ejH$ g§KQ>Zm, ì`mnmè`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm, CÚmoOH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm,

_{hbm g§KQ>Zm, {d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm (CXm. d{H$b, S>m°ŠQ>a, [ajmdmbo, \o$[admbo) BË`mXr. `m

{d{dY g§KQ>ZmV Cƒ OmVrMo d X{bV OmVrMo bmoH$ EH$Ì oV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`mV OmVrMr OmUrd (caste

consiousness) H$_r hmoD$Z dJ© OmUrd (class consiousness) dmT>V Mmbbr Amho. ehar g_mOOrdZmV

dJ©ì`dñWm CX`mg oV Amho. `m Zì`m dJ©ì`dñWoV X{bVm§Mo ñWmZ d XOm© C§MmdV Mmbbm Amho. gÎmm, g§nÎmr,

{ejU àmßV H$ê$Z X{bV ì`ŠVtZm H${Zð> dJm©VyZ Cƒ dJm©V àdoe H$aUo eŠ` hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. `mMmM AW©

Agm H$s, dJ©ì`dñWo_wio X{bVm§Mr D$Üd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm dmT>rg bmJbr Amho.

5) OmVr n§Mm`Vr Zï> : na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV ì`ŠVr Amnmnë`m OmVrMo {Z`_ nmiVmV H$s Zmhr

ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r ~hþVoH$ OmVrMr _§S>io åhUOoM n§Mm`Vr hmoË`m. OmVr {Z`_m§Mm §J H$aUmè`m gXñ`mg `m

n§Mm`Vr H$S>H$ emgZ H$arV. X{bV OmVtÀ`mhr Aem n§Mm`Vr hmoË`m d X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmda `m

n§Mm`VtMo _moR>o dM©ñd hmoVo. AmO m n§Mm`Vr Odinmg Zï> hmoV Mmbë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo A{YH$ma amÁ`g§ñWoH$S>o

g§H«$_rV Pmbobo AmhoV. OmV n§Mm`VrEodOr emgZ, H$m`Xm, Ý`m`mb`, nmobrg `m§Mm à^md X{bVm§da (Am{U

BVa OmVtdahr) dmT>V Mmbbm Amho. gd© OmVrY_m©À`m ì`ŠVtMo OrdZ ho g_mZ H$m`Úm§À`mÛmao {Z §ÌrV hmoD$

bmJbo Amho. Ë`m_wio na§namJV Aem ê$T>tMo, àWm§Mo, arVr[admOm§Mo X{bVm§darb dM©ñd hiyhiy èhmg nmdV

Mmbbo Amho.

AemàH$mao X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV _hÎdmMo n[adV©Z hmoV Amho. VWm{n, `m n[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n

gd©Ì EH$gmaIo Zmhr. ehar g_mOmV m n[adV©ZmMr JVr OmñV Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmV _mÌ Ë`m§Mr JVr AÚmnhr

IynM _§X Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmV X{bVm§darb na§namJV {Z~ªY AmOhr nyU©V: Zï> Pmbobo ZmhrV. X{bV ì`ŠVr

{H$Vrhr Cƒ {e{jV d CƒnXñW Pmbr Var Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ {VMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© Amnë`m ~amo~arMm _mZrV

ZmhrV. X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVrÀ`m dgmhVrV Ka ~m§YVm oV Zmhr. AmO Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh H$m`Xo g§_V Pmbm

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Agbm Var Aem {ddmhm§Mo à_mU AÚmnhr AënM Amho. {ddmhmMm OmoS>rXma åhUyZ X{bV ì`ŠVrbm ghgm

ng§Vr {Xbr OmV Zmhr. Cƒ OmVr AmOhr Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg \$maem AZwHy$b ZmhrV. åhUyZM {Z`moOrV

Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh hmoVmZm {XgV ZmhrV. IoS>çmnmS>çmV AmOhr Cƒ OmVr d X{bV OmVr m§À`mV {ddmhg§~§Y

hmoUo ho Aà{Vð>oMo, ~oA~«wMo _mZbo OmVo.

(~) X{bVm§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z :

X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmà_mUoM Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmVhr n[adV©Z hmoV Amho. m n[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n

nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1) ì`dgm` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` : na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV àË oH$ OmVrMm EH$ {ZYm©[aV ì`dgm`

hmoVm d ì`ŠVrbm ñdOmVrMmM ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ hmoVo. åhUOoM Amnë`m AmdS>rà_mUo ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`mMo

ì`ŠVrg ñdmV§Í` ZìhVo. Cƒ OmVtMo ì`dgm` ho CËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ Vo loð>, à{Vð>oMo _mZbo OmV Va X{bV

OmVrMo ì`dgm` ho AZwËnmXH$, l_àYmZ, H${Zð> d Aà{Vð>oMo _mZbo OmV. X{bVm§Zm Cƒ OmVrMo ì`dgm`

H$Ê`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. AmO ì`dgm`m~m~VÀ`m `m pñWVrV n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$b_ 19

Zwgma ì`ŠVrbm H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, ì`mnma d Y§Xm H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Zmhr Amnë`m

AmdS>rMm ì`dgm` H$aVm oD$ bmJbm Amho. OmVrMmM ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§À`mda ~§YZ am{hbobo Zmhr.

Amdí`H$ Vr e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ nmÌVm YmaU H$ê$Z X{bV ì`ŠVr hdm Vmo ì`dgm` {ZdSy> bmJë`m AmhoV.

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV ZdZdo ì`dgm` {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo d Ë`m_Ü o OmVrnmVrMm {dMma AàñVwV R>aë`mZo

X{bVm§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ JVr{ebVm dmT>br Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo nydu IoS>çmV X{bV OmñVr ~bwË`mV H$m_

H$arV AgV. AmO AZoH$ ~bwVoXma OmVtÀ`m ì`dgm`mMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Pmbo AgyZ ho ì`dgm` H$aUo AmVm

nydugmaIo à{Vð>oMo _mZbo OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio A{YH$ n¡gm {_idyZ XoUmam H$moUVmhr ì`dgm` H$moUË`mhr OmVrMr

ì`ŠVr H$ê$ bmJbr Amho. CXm. AZoH$ ~«m÷Um§Zr M_m}ÚmoJmV àdoe Ho$bobm {XgVmo. H$m§hr Cƒ OmVr XmoaI§S>

~Z{dÊ`mMm ì`dgm` AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV. VmËn ©, X{bVm§À`m na§namJV ì`dgm`m§Zmhr AmVm

à{Vð>m àmßV hmoD$ bmJbr Amho.

2) Am{W©H$ pñWVrV gwYmaUm : X{bVm§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrVhr AmVm n[adV©Z hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. nydu

X{bVm§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr AË`§V X`{Z` hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo ì`dgm` ho AZwËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m

Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Cƒ OmVrda Adb§~yZ hmoË`m. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVr hm _w»` ì`dgm` _w»`V: Cƒ OmVtÀ`mM

hmVr hmoVm d AmOhr Vmo ~è`mM à_mUmV Ë`m§À`mM hmVr Amho. ~hþg§»` X{bV ho y{_hrZ Agë`mZo Vo Cƒ

OmVtÀ`m eoVmV _mob_Owar H$arV. Cƒ OmVr Amnë`m Cƒ gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$Z X{bVm§Zm

Aën_mo~Xë`mV ~è`mM doim {dZm_mo~Xë`mV doR>{~Jma åhUyZ am~dyZ KoV. n[aUm_r, X{bVm§À`m AÞ, dó,

{Zdmam `m _yb yV JaOmhr ^mJV ZgV. AmO _mÌ `m Am{W©H$ pñWVrV ~arM gwYmaUm Pmbr Amho. g_mZ

e¡j{UH$ g§YrMm bm^ KoD$Z X{bVm§Zr emgH$s`-{Z_emgH$s` godm§_Ü o nJmaXma ZmoH$a åhUyZ àdoe Ho$bm

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Amho. Aem {ZpíMV doVZ {_i{dUmè`m X{bVm§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr {ZpíMVnUo gwYmabr Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$

ñdmV§Í`mMm bm^ CR>dyZ H$m§hr X{bV doJdoJio N>moQ>o-_moR>o CÚmoJY§Xo H$ê$Z ~è`mn¡H$s AWm©OZ H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV.

AZoH$ X{bV H$mamJra Amnbo na§namJV ì`dgm` AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo H$ê$Z Amnbr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mg

èñdr hmoV AmhoV. Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r X{bV ì`ŠVr IoS>çmV amhÿZ ~bwË`mV H$m_ H$aÊ`mnojm

ehamV OmD$Z ZmoH$arY§Xm H$aUo A{YH$ ng§V H$ê$ bmJbr Amho. Ë`m_wio IoS>çmVrb ~bwVm nÕVr èhmg nmdV

Mmbbr Amho.

3) Cn^moJmÀ`m nÕVrV n[adV©Z : nydu Cn^moJmÀ`m nÕVrdahr OmVrMm à^md hmoVm. X{bVm§Mr

doe yfm, Ho$e yfm H$er Agmdr, Ë`m§Zr H$moUVo Ab§H$ma dmnamdoV, H$emàH$maMr ^m§S>rHw§$S>r dmnamdrV, Ë`m§Zr

H$moR>o d H$em nÕVrMr Kao ~m§YmdrV, Ë`m§Zr H$moR>o nmUr amdo m~m~VMo H$S>H$ {Z`_ hmoVo d X{bVm§Zm Vo nmimdoM

bmJV. AmO ho {Z`_ H$m`ÚmZo Zï> Ho$bobo AmhoV. X{bV ì`ŠVr Cƒ OmVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrà_mUoM ^m¡{VH$

gmo rgw{dYm§Mm Cn^moJ Amnë`m j_Voà_mUo d AmdS>rà_mUo KoD$ eH$Vo. ì`dgm` ñdmV§ÍmMm bm^ CR>dyZ Mm§Jbo

CËnÞ {_i{dV Agboë`m X{bVm§Mo OrdZ_mZ (standard of living) C§Mmdbo Amho.

4) Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m `moOZm : X{bVm§Mo Am{W©H$ àíZ AË §V J§ ra AmhoV åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$

pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r emgZmH$Sy>Z AZoH$ H$m ©H«$_, `moOZm gwê$ Ho$boë`m AmhoV. y{_hrZ X{bVm§Zm eoVO_rZ

{_idyZ XoUo, Ë`m§À`m eoVrMm {dH$mg H$aUo, Ë`m§Zr EImXm CÚmoJY§Xm gwê$ H$amdm `m CÔoemZo emgZmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm

AZwXmZmgh H$O©nwadR>m Ho$bm OmV Amho. ~hþg§»` X{bV ho Xm[aÐçaofoÀ`m Imbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm Xm[aÐçaofoÀ`mda

AmUÊ`mMohr à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. X{bVdJ© XoIrb g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r

emgZmda X~md Q>mH$sV AmhoV. Am§XmobZo H$ê$Z Amnë`m Am{W©H$ d BVa _mJÊ`m nyU© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ

H$arV AmhoV. qH$dm g§Kf© H$arV AgVmZm {XgyZ oVmV.

AemàH$mao X{bVm§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmV n[adV©Z hmoV Amho. VWm{n, CƒOmVtÀ`m VwbZoV X{bV OmVr

AmOhr Am{W©H$Ñï>çm _mJmgboë`mM AmhoV. Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaboë`m X{bVm§Mo EHy$U X{bV bmoH$g§» oVrb

à_mU Aën Amho. AmOhr ~hþg§»` X{bV {deofV: J«m_rU X{bV ho Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb OrdZ OJV AmhoV.

X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Agboë`m `moOZm§Mm bm^ Cƒ OmVrVrb lr_§V d amOH$maUr _§S>ir emgH$s`

A{YH$mè`m§er hmV{_i{dUr H$ê$Z CR>drV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Iam JaOy X{bV bm^mWu hm emgH$s` gmo rgw{dYm§À`m

\$m`ÚmnmgyZ d§{MV am{hbm Amho. ZmJarH$aU d Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m à^mdmnmgyZ Xya Agbobo IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb

X{bV ho AmOhr ~bwË`mV am~VmZm {XgVmV.

(H$) X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z :

X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z nwT>rb _wÔçm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1) {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY : na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV {ó`m§à_mUoM X{bVm§Zmhr {ejU KoÊ`mMm

h¸$ ZmH$mabobm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio X{bV ho {Zaja d AS>mUr am{hbo. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV _mÌ X{bVm§Zmhr {ejU

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KoÊ`mMm h¸$ àmßV Pmbm. AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr X{bVm§_Ü o {ejUàgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

{~«{Q>e gaH$maZohr g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m `m H$m`m©g nmqR>~m {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m emim§Zm _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z

nwa{dbo. VgoM X{bVm§Zr {ejU ¿`mdo åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mV OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m ©hr g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr d

{~«{Q>e A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ho$bo. n[aUm_r, hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ {ejUmMr ~§Xr Agbobr Xmao X{bVm§gmR>r Iwbr Pmbr.

Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr. Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV kmZmMm àH$me nSy> bmJbm. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§À`mV ~m¡{ÕH$

d gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. `mg§X^m©V _hmË_m \w$bo d gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$a, _hmamOm g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo `moJXmZ _moR>o hmoVo.

2) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb e¡j{UH$ VaVyXr : ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va XoemZo amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m

{Z{_©VrV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm qghmMm dmQ>m hmoVm. Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zr gdmªZmM g_mZ A{YH$ma XoÊ`mMr

VaVyX amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$br. {edm` X{bVmgh gd©M d§{MV KQ>H$m§Mm e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg ìhmdm åhUyZ {deof VaVwXrhr

Ho$ë`m. CXm. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb "H$b_ 29 ~' Zwgma amÁ`mÛmao qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m AZwXmZmda Mmbboë`m {ejUg§ñWmV

Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao àdoe ZmH$maVm oUma Zmhr, Aer VaVyX Ho$br. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§gh

gd©M OmVrO_mVtÀ`m ì`ŠVrbm {ejUmMm KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbm. VgoM H$b_ 46 Zwgma Xw~©b

KQ>H$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ {hVg§~§Ym§Mr H$miOr KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$mada Q>mH$br. nwT>o 93 ì`m amÁ` KQ>ZmXwéñVrZwgma

6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm_wbtZm {ejU {_iUo hm Ë`m§Mm _yb^yV h¸$ R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm. `m KQ>ZmË_H$

VaVwXr_wio X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmV _moR>o ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. Ë`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$mada

Q>mH$ë`mZo gaH$mabm Ë`mÑï>rZo à`ËZ H$aUo A{Zdm © R>abo.

3) e¡j{UH$ gmo rgw{dYm : X{bVm§À`m {ejUmMr O~m~Xmar gaH$mada amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Q>mH$ë`m_wio gaH$maZo

X{bVm§_Ü o {ejU àgma ìhmdm åhUyZ X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm gd©àH$maÀ`m {ejUg§ñWmV H$mhr OmJm amIrd R>odë`m.

VgoM Ë`m§Zm m g§ñWmV àdoe XoVmZm JwUm§À`m Q> o$dmarVhr gdbV {Xbr. Ë`mM~amo~a X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Îmr,

JUdoe, dømnwñVHo$ d AÝ` e¡j{UH$ gm_J«r Aem gw{dYm emgZm_m\©$V nwa{dë`m OmVmV. d¡ÚH$s`, A{^`m§{ÌH$s,

H¥$fr, new{M{H$Ëgm, ì`dñWmnZ BË`mXr emIoV {ejU KoUmè`m X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r nwñVH$noT>r moOZm am~{dbr

OmVo. {dkmZ, V§ÌmkmZ, A{^`m§{ÌH$s `m emIm§_Ü o nrEM.S>r. d Ë`mZ§VaMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r JwUd§V X{bV

{dÚmÏ`mªZm "Z°eZb AmoìhagrO ñH$m°baern' {Xbr OmVo. VgoM H|${Ð` bmoH$godm Am`moJ, amÁ` bmoH$godm

Am`moJ, aoëdo [aH«w$Q>_|Q> ~moS>©, ~±qH$J [aH«y$Q>_|Q> ~moS>© BË`mXrÛmao KoÊ`mV oUmè`m ñnYm© narjm§À`m nyd©V`margmR>r

X{bV C_oXdmam§Zm _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z XoUmar H|$Ðo gaH$maZo _mo\$V ñdénmV gwê$ Ho$bobr AmhoV.

4) {ejUàgma : KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr d emgH$s` gmo`r gw{dYm§Mr CnbãYVm `m_wio X{bVm§_Üò

{ejUàgma hmoÊ`mg _moR>rM MmbZm {_imbr Amho. Ë`m_wio {Xdg|{Xdg X{bVm§_Yrb gmjaVm à_mU dmT>V

Mmbbobo Amho. "{eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm Am{U g§Kf© H$am' hm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {Xbobm g§Xoe Ü`mZmV KoD$Z X{bV

dJ© {ejU n«mßVrgmR>r YS>nSy> bmJbm Amho. {ejUmMr g§Yr {_iVmM AZoH$ X{bVm§Zr {ejUmÀ`m {d{^Þ

emIm§_Ü o {dÛVm n«mßV Ho$bobr Amho.

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AemàH$mao X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambobo Amho. VWm{n, Cƒ OmVtÀ`m VwbZoV

X{bVm§_Ü o {ejUmMo à_mU AÚmnhr H$_r Amho. IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb X[aÐr X{bVm§n ªV {ejU AÚmnhr nmohMbobo

Zmhr. Xm[aÐçm_who Ag§»` X{bV _wbo emioVyZ JiVmV. \$maM WmoS>o X{bV {dÚmWu Cƒ {ejUmn ªV nmohMVmV.

~hþg§»` {ejUg§ñWm§V Cƒ OmVrMo dM©ñd AgyZ Ë`m X{bVm§gmR>r Agboë`m e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm JaOy X{bV

{dÚmÏ`mªZm XoÊ`mMr Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmZm {XgVmV.



1. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$moUË`m H$b_mZwgma H$m`ÚmnwT>o gdmªZm g_mZ _mZbobo Amho?

2. qhXw{ddmh A{Y{Z`_ H$moUË`m gmbr g§_V Pmbm?

3. dJ©ì`dñWo_wio X{bVm§Mr H$moUË`m àH$maMr gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm dmT>rg bmJbr Amho?

4. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$moUË`m H$b_mZwgma ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` ì`ŠVrbm {Xbobo Amho?

5. 93 ì`m amÁ`KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo H$moUË`m d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm_wbtZm {ejU {_iUo hm Ë`m§Mm _yb yV h¸$

R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho?

6. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bVm§Zm H$moUVm g§Xoe {Xbm?

3.2.3 X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z : (Change in Political and Religious life of Dalits) :

X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Ë`m§À`m

amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.

(A) X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z :

X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z AmnUmg nwT>rb _wÔçm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.

1) amOH$s` gh^mJmMr g§Yr : na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§da AZoH$ {Z~ªY d AnmÌVm bmXyZ

Ë`m§Zm OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmVyZ ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio BVa joÌmà_mUoM X{bV ho amOH$s` joÌm~mhoaM

hmoVo. {~«{Q>eamOdQ>r nyduÀ`m ^maVmV gd©Ì amOoemhr hmoVr. XoemÀ`m doJdoJù`m ^mJmV doJdoJio amOo hmoVo Am{U

ho amOo àm_w»`mZo j{Ì` hmoVo. H$maU Om{Vì`dñWoV amÁ`H$ma^ma Am{U em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIUo ho j{Ì`m§Mo

H$m © _mZbobo hmoVo. amOmÀ`m Xa~mamV d àemgZmV Cƒ OmVtÀ`m bmoH$m§MmM âUm hmoVm. X{bV OmVr `m

amOH$s` gÎmoÀ`m n[aKm~mhoaM hmoË`m. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rn ªV hrM pñWVr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV _mÌ ñdmV§Í`

bT>m Mmby AgVmZm X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` gh^mJmMr MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bVm§Zmhr

amOH$s` gÎmoV dmQ>m {_imbm nm{hOo, Aer y{_H$m KoVbr d b§S>Z_Ü o aboë`m Jmob_oO n[afXm§_Ü o X{bVm§gmR>r

ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K AgmdoV Aer _mJUr Ho$br. {~«{Q>e gÎmoZo hr _mJUr _mÝ` H$ê$Z Om{V` {ZdmS>m Omhra H$ê$Z

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X{bVm§Zm ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K {Xbo; nU _hmË_m Jm§YtZr Ë`mg {damoY Ho$ë`mZo ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmEodOr X{bVm§Zm

H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imV CƒdUu`m§À`m g§» oV 1/10 OmJm Va àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imV 148 OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mV

Amë`m. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m à`ËZm_wio 1943 _Ü o g§nyU© XoemV AZwgy{MV OmVtgmR>r 8.33% OmJm amIrd

R>odë`m d Ë`mZ§Va 1946 _Ü o ho à_mU 12.33% BVHo$ dmT>{dbo. AemàH$mao {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X{bVm§Zm

àW_M amOH$s` gh^mJmMr g§Yr àmßV Pmbr. X{bVm§À`m Ñï>rZo ho _moR>oM n[adV©Z hmoVo.

2) amOH$s` gÎmmàmßVr : {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X{bVm§Zm Oar amOH$s` gh^mJmMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr

Agbr Var Ë`m§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo amOH$s` gÎmoMr àmár naH$s` Agboë`m {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {_iy eH$br Zmhr.

ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va hr pñWVr ~Xbbr. XoemZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$b_ 330 Zwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr,

O_mVtgmR>r bmoH$g oV Am{U H$b_ 332 Zwgma KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m {dYmZg oV amIrd _VXma g§K V`ma Ho$bo.

{edm` H$m§hr KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoVhr AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r H$mhr OmJm amIrd R>odë`m;

nU Ë`mbm KQ>ZmË_H$ AmYma ZìhVm. åhUyZ nwT>o 73 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV d 74 ì`m KQ>Zm

XwéñVrZo ZJan[afX d _hmZJanm{bH$m§_Ü o AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtZm Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV amIrd

OmJm R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. Va BVa _mJmg dJmªgmR>r (OBC) 27% OmJm amIrd R>odë`m. AemàH$mao ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va

X{bVm§Zm H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i, amÁ`mVrb H$m`Xo_§S>i d J«m_rU VgoM ZmJar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_Ü o amIrd

OmJm R>odë`mZo X{bVm§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo amOH$s` gÎmm àmá Pmbr. XoemMr YmoaUo R>a{dUo, XoemVrb àíZm§da MMm©

H$aUo, H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrV gh^mJ KoUo Ago A{YH$ma X{bVm§Zm {_imbo.

3) amOH$s` h¸$m§Mr àmár : ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va XoemZo bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabr. bmoH$emhrV

gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g_mZ boIbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio CƒOmVt~amo~aM X{bVm§Zmhr amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gd© àH$maMo _yb yV,

ZmJar d amOH$s` h¸$ ~hmb Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio {ZdS>UyH$sg C o amhmUo, {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmZ H$aUo, àMma H$aUo,

amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ H$aUo, AmdS>rÀ`m amOH$s` njmMo gXñ` ~ZUo BË`mXr amOH$s` A{YH$ma X{bVm§Zm {_imbo.

`m A{YH$mam§_wio X{bVm§Zm Amnbo à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Ê`mMm d Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s` à{H«$ oda à^md Q>mH$Ê`mMr

g§Yr {_imbr.

4) amOH$s` ZoV¥ÎdmMm CX` : X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVrb AmUIrZ EH$ _hÎdnyU© n[adV©Z åhUOo

X{bVm§_Ü ohr amOH$s` ZoV¥Îd CX`mg Ambo Amho. XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M amOH$s` njmV X{bV ZoVo d gXñ`

AmhoV d Vo X{bVm§À`m àíZm§Zm, g_ñ`m§Zm dmMm \$moS>Ê`mMo H$m © H$arV AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va H|$ÐmVrb VgoM

KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Vrb gaH$ma_Ü o H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmMo gaH$ma Ambo Var Ë`mbm Amnë`m njmVrb X{bV

ZoË`m§Zm amOH$s` nXo (CXm. _§Ìr, _hm_§S>imMo AÜ`j, {d{dY g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo AÜ`jnX d gXñ`nX B.) XoUo

^mJ nSy> bmJbo Amho. XoemV X{bVm§Mohr H$mhr amOH$s` nj (CXm. [anpãbH$Z nmQ>u Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ~hþOZ g_mO

nj B.) AmhoV. ho nj XoIrb amOH$s` gÎmmàmárgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV. ~hþOZ g_mO njmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

_m`mdVrgma»`m X{bV _{hbm ZoV¥ÎdmZo XoemVrb gdm©V _moR>çm amÁ`mMr (CÎma àXoe) gÎmm àmá Ho$br. hr

X{bVm§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo {ZpíMV Aer A{^_mZmñnX amOH$s` H$m_{Jar Amho.

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ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm_Yohr X{bVm§Zm AmajUm_wio ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr àmá Pmbobr Amho. gan§M, n§Mm`V

g{_VrMo g^mnVrnX, {Oëhm n[afXoMo AÜ`jnX, ZJanm{bHo$Mo ZJamÜ`jnX, _hmZJanm{bHo$Mo _hmnm¡anX BË`mXr

nXohr AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr d BVa _mJmg dJu`m§gmR>r amIrd R>odë`mZo X{bVm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ H$ma^mamVhr ZoV¥ÎdmMrg§Yr àmá Pmbobr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, AmO X{bV ZoV¥Îd CX`mg Ambo AgyZ Vo X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` {hVg§§~§Y

gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r CƒOmVter ñnYm© d g§Kf© H$ê$ bmJbo Amho.

5) amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr : darb gd© KQ>H$m§Mm (amIrd OmJm, X{bV ZoV¥Îd, amOH$s` h¸$àmár B.) à^mdnSy>Z X{bVm§_Ü o amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoV Mmbbr Amho. na§naoZo amOH$maUmnmgyZ d§{MV/A{bá Agbobm

X{bV dJ© AmO amOH$maUmda MMm© H$ê$ bmJbm Amho. amOH$maUmV {hararZo ^mJ KoD$ bmJbm Amho. Amnbr

_Vo d àíZ amOH$s` ì`mgnrR>mÛmao g_mOmnwT>o _m§Sy> bmJbm Amho. XoemMm gÝ_mZZr` ZmJarH$ åhUyZ Amnë`m_Vmghr qH$_V Amho, `mMr OmUrd X{bVm§Zm Pmbobr Amho.

Aem àH$mao X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmV _hÎdmMo n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo Amho, oV Amho. VWm{n, `m

n[adV©ZmMr JVr AÚmn ~arM _§X Amho. XoemVrb amOH$s` njmMo ZoVo ho X{bV ZoË`m§da d à{V{ZYtda dM©ñdJmO{dVmZm {XgVmV. amOH$maUmV Cƒ OmVtMoM dM©ñd AgyZ X{bV ZoVo, à{V{ZYr d _VXma ho Ë`m§À`m _mJyZ

MmbVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Mm amOH$maUmV Ano{jV à^md nS>V Zmhr. X{bVm§Mo amOH$s` nj d g§KQ>Zm

AÚmnhr H$_Hw$dV AmhoV. X{bVm§_Ü o amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr Ambr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` OmUrdm àJë^Pmboë`m AmhoV Ago AmO Var åhUVm oV Zmhr. AWm©V, X{bVm§À`m ^mdr amOH$s` dmQ>MmbrV ho AS>Wio H$_r

hmoV OmVrb Aer Amem Amho.

(~) X{bVm§À`m Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z :

X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVë`mà_mUoM Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVhr n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambobo Amho. `m

Ym{_©H$ n[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

1) Om{Vì`dñWoMm Ym{_©H$ AmYma Zï> : na§namJV Om{Vì`dñWoV X{bVm§Mm XOm© gdm©V H${Zð>/{ZåZ

_mZbobm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ A{Zï> {Z~ªY bmXbobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr pñWVr AË §V Xw:IX/X`{Z`~Zbobr hmoVr. Varhr X{bVm§Zr Om{Vì`dñWo{déÕ R>amd Ho$bm Zmhr, Ago VÎdkmZ g_mOmV éO{dbo Jobo.

OmVrMo gd© {Z`_ H$_© d nwZO©Ý_ {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao X{bVm§À`m Jir CVa{dbo hmoVo. JV OÝ_mVrb AewH$_m©Mo \$i åhUyZ `mOÝ_r AmnUmg ZrM OmV {_imbr Amho. `m OÝ_r OmVrMo {Z`_ nmië`mg (OmVrY_©

nmbZ Ho$ë`mg) nwT>rb OÝ_mV Cƒ OmV àmá hmoB©b Ago JmOa X{bVm§Zm XmI{dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wio X{bV

bmoH$ hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ AÝ`m`H$maH$ OmVr{Z`_m§Mo nmbZ {dZmVH«$ma H$arV Ambo. AmO X{bVm§_Ü o d¡km{ZH$Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ambobm Amho. Ë`m_wio OmV hr B©ída {Z{_©V Zmhr, ho Ë`m§Zm nQ>bobo Amho. H$_© d nwZO©Ý_mMm {gÕm§Vhr

Ad¡km{ZH$ Amho hohr AmO H$iyZ MwH$bobo Amho. Ë`m_wio X{bV dJ© Om{Vì`dñWog _mÝ` H$arV Zmhr. Om{Vì`dñWmhr _mZd{Z{_©V Amho. {VMm Y_m©er H$m§hrhr g§~§Y Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Om{V{Z`_ nmbZ ho Y_©nmbZ Zìho Ago X{bV

_mZVmV. ho _moR>o bjUr` Ago n[adV©Z Amho.

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2) Y_mªVa : Om{Vì`dñWm hr qhXwY_©à{UV ì`dñWm Amho. hr ì`dñWm Zï> Ho$ë`m{edm` X{bVm§Mr CÞVr

hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm g_mOmV g_mZ XOm© {_iUma Zmhr `mMr OmUrd S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm hmoVr. gdU© qhXwMr

_mZ{gH$Vm ~XbyZ Ë`m§Zr Om{V oX d Añn¥í`VmnmbZ gmoS>mdo åhUyZ ~m~mgmho~m§Zr AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bo. VWm{n,

Vgo Pmbo Zmhr. CbQ> gdUmªZr Ë`m§Zm {damoYM Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio ì`{WV hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zr 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1956 amoOr

Amnë`m bmImo X{bV AZw m`m§gh g_VoMm, _mZdVoMm, em§VVoMm g§Xoe XoUmam ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabm Am{U

Om{Vì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m qhXy Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va ^maVr` ~m¡Õ _hmg oÀ`m

dVrZo ~m¡Õ Y_© àgmamMo H$m © gwê$ AgyZ XoemVrb X{bV OmVr Y_mªVa H$ê$Z ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$marV AmhoV.

Y_mªVarV X{bVm§À`m OrdZmV bjUr` ~Xb KSy>Z Ambobo AmhoV. AmO Y_mªVarV X{bVm§Zr Amnë`m na§namJV

Y_©lÕm d Ym{_©H$ {dYr, g§ñH$ma, gU CËgd BË`mXtMmM Zìho Va qhXwY_©àUrV OrdZ nÕVtMmhr Ë`mJ Ho$bobm

Amho. Amnë`m gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV Ë`m§Zr ~m¡Õ VÎdkmZmMm A§{JH$ma Ho$bobm Amho.

Y_mªVam_wio X{bVm§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm ~XbÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho. Y_mªVarV X{bV AmO ñdV:g {ZåZ XOm©Mm

_mZrV Zmhr. X¡ddmXmEodOr Vmo à`ËZdmXmg _hÎd XoVmo. Amnbr Xw:IX pñWVr hr X¡dmYrZ ZgyZ AmnU Vr

ñdH¥$V¥©ËdmZo ~XbyZ eH$Vmo Agm AmË_{dídmg X{bVm§À`m {R>H$mUr Ambm Amho.

AWm©V Y_mªVarV X{bVm§darb nyduÀ`m qhXwY_m©Mm d OrdZnÕVtMm à^md nyU©V: Amogabm Amho Ago _mÌ

åhUVm oV Zmhr. Aën{e{jV, AS>mUr, J«m_rU X{bV AmOhr XmoÝhr Y_m©Vrb H$_©H$m§S> H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

Y_mªVarV X{bVmn¡H$s ~hþg§»` X{bV ho qhXy Y_m©Vrb gUg_ma§ , CËgd gmOao H$aVmV. qhXy XodXodVm§Mr nyOmAMm©

H$aVmV. AWm©V qhXy Y_m©H$Sy>Z ~m¡Õ Y_m©H$S>o OmÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV _Yë`m g§H«$_U H$mimV Ago hmoUo H$m§hrgo

ñdm^m{dH$ R>aVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo X{bV ho AmOhr ~hþg§»`m§H$ Agboë`m qhXwY{_© m§Zr doT>bobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio

~hþg§»`m§H$ qhXwÀ`m Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~m~tMm à^md Aëng§»`m§H$ Agboë`m X{bVm§da (Am{U

BVahr Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§da) amhUmaM Amho.



1. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rnyduÀ`m ^maVmV gd©Ì H$moUVr amOH$s` ì`dñWm hmoVr?

2. Jmob_oO n[afXm H$moR>o âë`m hmoË`m?

3. H$moUË`m amÁ`KQ>Zm XwéñVrZo n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrgmR>r AmajU (amIrd

OmJm) R>odbo Amho?

4. X{bVm§Zm H$moUH$moUVo amOH$s` h¸$ {_imbobo AmhoV?

5. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma H$moUË`m gmbr Ho$bm?

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3.2.4 n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mg `mgmR>rMm X{bVm§Mm g§Kf© : (Strugle for change and development of Dalits) :

X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmV KSy>Z Ambobo n[adV©Z g_OmdyZ

KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr X{bVm§Zr Amnë`m OrdZmV n[adV©Z qH$dm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Amnbm

{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm g§Kf© Vwåhr Aä`mgUma AmhmV.

na§namJV Om{Vì`dñWoV X{bVm§da AZoH$ A{Zï> {Z~ªY, AnmÌVm bmXë`m. Ë`m§Zm _mZdr h¸$ ZmH$mê$Z

g_mO ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` d {ejU KoÊ`mMm h¸$ ZmH$mabm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr pñWVr

X`{Z` ~Zbr. hr pñWVr B©ída{Z{_©V AgyZ {VÀ`mV ì`ŠVr ~Xby eH$V Zmhr Ago VÎdkmZ X{bVm§À`m _Zmda

q~~{dbo. Ë`m_wio Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m {damoYmV X{bVm§Zr g§Kf© Ho$bm Zmhr. OmVrMo {Z`_ Vo {dZmVH«$ma ghZ H$arV

am{hbo. OÝ_mZo àmá hmoUmam XOm©, ì`dgm` d EH§$Xa OrdZnÕVr hr JV OÝ_mVrb H$_m©Mo \$i _mZyZ Vo OJV

am{hbo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo OrdZ pñWVrerb ~Zbo. Vo _mJmg qH$dm A{dH${gV am{hbo. "R>o{dbo AZ§Vo V¡goMr amhmdo'

Cº$sà_mUo hOmamo df} Xw:I, X¡Ý`, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ghZ H$arV am{hbo. m pñWVrV n[adV©Z H$amdo, ñdn« ËZmZo

Amnbm {dH$mg gmYmdm Aer àoaUm Ë`m§Zm {_iy eH$br Zmhr. hr pñWVr gmYmaUnUo {~«{Q>e amOdQ> pñWamdÊ`mn ªV

{Q>Hy$Z hmoVr.

19 ì`m eVH$mV maVmV {~«{Q>e amOdQ> pñWa Pmbr. m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$VrMm maVr` g_mOmda

à^md nSy>Z na§namJV OrdZnÕVrV n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm. nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdm_wio ^maVr`m§ZmñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd, Ý`m`, _mZdVm BË`mXr _yë`m§Mr AmoiI Pmbr. Ë`m_wio ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMm d g_VoMm

g§H$moM H$aUmar Om{Vì`dñWm A{Zï> Amho d {VMo CƒmQ>Z Pmbo Aer {dMmagaUr _yi Yê$ bmJbr. {~«{Q>e

gaH$maZo X{bVm§gh gdmªZmM {ejU Iwbo Ho$bo. X{bVm§_Ü o {ejUàgma H$aÊ`mda â {Xbm. g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr

gwê$ Ho$boë`m gwYmaUm Midirg d {ejUàgmamÀ`m H$m`m©g {~«{Q>e gÎmoZo _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo. X{bVm§Mr

pñWVr gwYmamdr åhUyZ amOm am__mohZ am° m§À`m ~«m÷mo g_mO, ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVtMm Am © g_mO, AmË_mam_

nm§Sw>a§J amZS>o, ^m§S>maH$a `m§Mm àmW©Zm g_mO BË`mXtZr à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§À`m {dH$mgmH$S>o g_mOmMo

bj doYbo Jobo. VWm{n, `m Midir_Ü o àm_w»`mZo CƒOmVtMm {deofV: ~«m÷Um§MmM A{YH$ âUm hmoVm.

X{bVdJ© `m MiditnmgyZ Vgm A{báM hmoVm. `m Midit_wio X{bVmoÕmamÀ`m H$m`m©Mm àma§ Pmbm.

X{bVm§À`m CÕmamMr Iar Midi _hmË_m \w$bo m§Zr gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr óreyÐmgh ~hþOZ g_mOmV {ejU

àgma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMo H$m © gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m m H$m`m©V _mJmgboë`m OmVrO_mVrgh ~«m÷UmgmaIo

H$m§hr CƒdUu`hr gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ X{bVm§Zm d

~hþOZ g_mOmbm ~«m÷Um§À`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$bm. X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm

{ejU d ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m nm{hOoV d Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm gaH$maZo {deof gmo r gdbVr Úmì`mV Agm {dMma

gd©àW_ \w$b|ZrM _m§S>bm d X{bVm§gmR>rÀ`m AmajUmMm nm`m KmVbm. _hmË_m \w$b|À`m {dMmam§Mm d H$m`mªMm

dmagm amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr nwT>o Mmb{dbm d X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV (H$moëhmnya) emim d

59

dgVrJ¥ho gwê$ Ho$br. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmVrb gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§V _mJmgboë`m OmVr-

O_mVrgmR>r amIrd OmJm R>odë`m. `mVyZ àoaUm KoD$Z åh¡gya d _Ðmg àm§VmVhr _mJmg OmVr-O_mVrgmR>r

{ejUg§ñWm d emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o amIrd OmJm R>odë`m Joë`m. ~S>moXm Zaoe _hmamO g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>

`m§Zrhr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ gmo rgw{dYm nwa{dë`m. {eH$boë`m X{bVm§Zm

Ë`m§Zr emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m {Xë`m. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Zr OmVr oX, Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwamoJm_r

H$m`Xo g§_V Ho$bo. `m{edm` ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr Amnë`m "am_H¥$îU {_eZ' `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d _hfu

{dÇ>b am_Or qeXo `m§Zr Amnë`m "{S>àoñS> Šbmgog {_eZ' `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Añn¥í`moÕmamMo H$m © Ho$bo.

`m {d{dY g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m H$m`m©_wio X{bVm§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mg, Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm.

X{bVm§_Ü ohr OmJ¥Vr Ambr. Amnë`m X`{Z` pñWVrV n[adV©Z H$ê$Z AmnUmg Amnbm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUbm

nm{hOo d Ë`mgmR>r Midi, Am§XmobZ, g§Kf© Ho$bm nm{hOo, mMr OmUrd X{bVm§_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr. m OmUrdoVyZM

X{bV Midi CX`mg Ambr.

AWm©V X{bV MiMirMm IamIwam n«ma§ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ZoV¥Îd CX`mg Amë`mZ§VaM Pmbm.

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ ho ñdV: X{bV hmoVo d Ë`m§Zr OmVr oXmMo d Añn¥í`VoMo MQ>Ho$ ghZ Ho$bobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Om{Vì`dñ[

Zï> H$ê$Z X{bVm§Zm gdUmªÀ`m ~amo~arZo gd© àH$maMo h¸$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Am§XmobZ gwê$ Ho$bo. Amnë`m

X{bV ~m§Ydm§Zm ""{eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm d g§Kf© H$am'' Agm g§Xoe {Xbm. hm g§Xoe dmñVdmV CVa{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm

X{bVm§_Ü o {ejU àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r gaH$mabm dgVrJ¥ho gwê$

H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. `m {ejUg§ñWm§Zm d dgVrJ¥hm§Zm gaH$ma d XmZeya ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z _XV {_idyZ {Xbr.

X{bV ~m§Ydm§Zm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d d¥ÎmnÌo (_yH$Zm`H$, ~{hîH¥$V ^maV, g_Vm, OZVm)

gwê$ Ho$br Va Ë`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$aUr g^m, ñdV§Ì _Oya nj, Am°b B§{S>`m eoSy>ëS> H$mñQ>

\o$S>aoeZ Aem g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. X{bVm§Zm g_mZ h¸$ àmá ìhmdoV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _hmS>Mm MdXma Vù`mMm

gË`mJ«h, H$mimam_ _§Xra àdoemMm gË`mJ«h Ago gË`mJ«h Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü o bmImo X{bV gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo ho

gË`mJ«h Ho$di nmUr {_iUo d XodXe©Z H$aUo `mgmR>r ZìhVo Va X{bVm§Zm gdUmªà_mUo gd© A{YH$ma {_imdoV

`mgmR>r hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ h¸$mà_mUoM X{bVm§Zm amOH$s` h¸$hr {_imdoV åhUyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {~«{Q>e gÎmoH$S>o

X{bVm§Zm H$m`Xo_§S>imV à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mMr _mJUr Ho$br. Jmob_oO n[afXoV Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr

_mJUr Ho$br. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m {damoYm_wio Ë`m§Zr hr _mJUr gmoSy>Z {Xbr d X{bVm§gmR>r amIrd OmJm Agmì`mV

ho _mÝ` Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z{_©VrV à_wI y{_H$m nma nmS>br d X{bVm§darb

gd© AnmÌVm Zï> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g_mZ A{YH$ma d {deof gdbVr XoUmè`m AZoH$ VaVyXr amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$ë`m.

Ë`m_wio X{bVm§À`m {dH$mgmMm _mJ© Iwbm Pmbm. _mJmg OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§Zr `m

VaVwXrÀ`mÛmao gaH$mada Q>mH$br. OmVr oX d Añn¥í`VmnmbZ qhXwZr gmoS>mdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo; nU

qhXwMo _Z:n[adV©Z Pmbo Zmhr. eodQ>r Ë`m§Zr qhXwY_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Amnë`m bmImo X{bV ~m§Ydm§gh ~m¡Õ Y_©

ñdrH$mabm. `m Y_mªVam_wio X{bV dJm©V _moR>o n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o AmË_VoO d AmË_{dídmg

60

{Z_m©U Pmbm. na§namJV OmVràWoÀ`m OmoIS>mVyZ Ë`m§Mr _wŠVVm Pmbr. AemàH$mao S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ~w{Õ_mZ

d Pw§Oma ZoV¥ÎdmImbr X{bVm§Zr n[adV©Z d {dH$mgmgmR>r _moR>m g§Kf© Ho$bm.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _¥Ë yZ§VaXoIrb X{bVm§Zr hm g§Kf© MmbyM R>odbobm Amho. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m ñdßZmVrb

[anpãbH$Z nmQ>u Am°\$ B§{S> m hm amOH$s` nj Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bm. m njmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ X{bVm§À`m

{dH$mgmgmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ R>odbm. `m_Ü o XmXmgmo Jm`H$dmS>, Or. Q>r. _olm_, gr. EZ. {edamO, ~r. gr. H$m§~io,

Ama. Eg. JdB©, ~bd§Vamd damio, ~r. Or. Imo~«mJS>o, harha gmoZwbo BË`mXr ZoË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. `m njmZo

XmXmgmho~ Jm`H$dmS>m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr y{_{hZm§Mm gË`mJ«h KS>dyZ AmUbm. Ë`m_wio Ag§»` y{_{hZm§Zm gaH$mar

nS>rH$ O{_Zr {_imë`m. nwT>o X{bV MidirMo ZoV¥Îd, njmMr YmoaUo d H$m ©H«$_, BVa amOH$s` njm§er H$amd`mMo

ghH$m © BË`mXr _wÚm§da _V oX hmoD$Z [anpãbH$Z njmV \y$Q> nS>br Am{U X{bV Midi {dñH$irV Pmbr. `m

njmdarb X{bVm§Mm {dídmg CSm>bm. Aem pñWVrV X{bV MidirV Zì`mZo CËgmh {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm_Xod

T>gmi, amOm T>mbo, am_Xmg AmR>dbo, O. {d. ndma, am_Xmg gmoaQ>o, AéU H$m§~io, AOy©Z S>m§Jio, J§JmYa JmS>o,

Q>r. E_. H$m§~io, ^mB© g§Jmao BË`mXr X{bV H$m ©H$Ë`mªZr EH$Ì oD$Z X{bV n±Wa hr g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br. (9

Owb¡ 1972). `m g§KQ>ZoZo X{bV VéUm§_Ü o ZdM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. X{bVm§darb AÝ`m` AË`mMmam{damoYr `m

g§KQ>ZoZo g§Kf© Ho$bm. _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>mg S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Zmd XoÊ`mgmR>r `m g§KQ>ZoZo 1978 Vo

1994 n ªV _moR>m bT>m {Xbm. hm bT>m Zm_m§Va bT>m åhUyZ JmObm. nwT>o n±WaÀ`m ZoË`m§Vhr _V oX hmoD$Z hr

g§KQ>Zmhr {dñH$irV Pmbr.

Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV X{bV gm{hË` Midi hr CX`mg oD$Z hiyhiy {dH${gV Pmbr. AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o,

e§H$aamd IamV, ~m~yamd ~mJb `m§Zr X{bV gm{hË`mV AmYw{ZH$ àdmh gwê$ Ho$bm. X{bVm§Mr Xw:Io, doXZm

g_mOmnwT>o _m§S>br. Ho$ed _olm_, amOm T>mbo, OmoJ|Ð H$dmS>o, Zm_Xod T>gmi, èd§V _Zmoha, J§JmYa nmZVmdUo,

X`m ndma, eaUHw$_ma qb~mio, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, bú_U _mZo, bú_U Jm`H$dmS> B. X{bV boIH$m§Zr {d{dY

H$Wm, H$mX§~è`m, AmË_H$WZ {bhÿZ X{bVm§À`m doXZm, {dÐmoh, Xw:I, Amem-AmH$m§jm BË`mXtZm dmMm \$moS>br.

X{bV gm{hË`m_wio X{bV Midirg ~i àmá Pmbo.

CÎma ^maVmV H$meram_ `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr ~hþOZ g_mO nj hm X{bVm§Mm nj ñWmnZ Pmbm. `m njmZo

X{bVmoÕmamgmR>r amOH$s` gÎmm àmárMm èñdr g§Kf© Ho$bm. _m`mdVrÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr `m njmZo CÎma àXoemV

amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dbr. X{bVm§À`m {hVmMo AZoH$ {ZU© m njmZo am~{dbo. m{edm` mg _wìh_|Q>, X{bV_wŠVr

goZm, g_Vm g¡{ZH$ Xb, X{bV _hmg§K Aem AZoH$ X{bV g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmë`m AgyZ Ë`m X{bVm§À`m

{hVg§dY©ZmgmR>r g§Kf© H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m g§Kfm©g {ZpíMV _`m©Xm AmhoV. H$maU X{bV ZoË`m§_Ü o EoŠ` Zmhr.

X{bVm§VJ©V Agboë`m {d{dY OmVrV loð>-H${Zð>VoMr ^mdZm Amho. Ë`m nañnam§er ghH$m © H$amd`mg V`ma

ZmhrV. ~w{ÕOrdr d nm§T>anoer X{bVdJ© ñdV:À`m gmo rgdbVrnwaVm nmhVmo Amho. Á`m X{bVm§Mm ^mH$arMm àíZ

gwQ>bobm Amho Vo X{bV Á`m§À`m ^mH$arMm àíZ gwQ>bobm Zmhr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H$m§hr Z H$aVm Amnë`m gm_m{OH$-

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gm§ñH¥$VrH$ {dH$mgmH$S>oM bj XoVmZm {XgV Amho. IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb AS>mUr, {Zaja Ago Ag§»` X{bV hoAmOhr gdUmªMo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ghZ H$arV H$go~go {Xdg T>H$bV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZAmUÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmOhr g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho.



1. gËèmoYH$ g_mO H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$bm?

2. Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV AmajUmMo YmoaU àW_ H$moUr am~{dbo?

3. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m AZw m`m§Zr H$moUVm nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm?

4. X{bV n±WaMr ñWmnZm H$moUË`m gmbr Pmbr?

5. H$moUmÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr ~hþOZ g_mO nj ñWmnZ Pmbm?


`m Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr gd©àW_ gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmV X{bVm§Mm XOm© H$gm Amho ho g_OmdyZ KoVboboAmho. gÚH$mbrZ g_mOmV A{O©V XOm©g _hÎd Ambo Amho. Ë`m§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mdarb ImUo{nUo,gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$, Ë`m§À`mdarb AnmÌVm ì`dgm` BË`mXr darb {Z~ªY CR>{dë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Amho. Am§VaOmVr`{ddmhm_wio X{bVm§Zm Cƒ XOm© àmárMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. `mZ§Va Vwåhr X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z Aä`mgbo Amho. X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©V, gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©Mo joÌ {dñVmabobo Amho.VgoM Ë`m§Zm Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmMr g§Yr H$m`ÚmZo {Xbobr Amho. Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m OmJr dJ©ì`dñWm CX`mg oVAgë`mZo X{bVm§Mr CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm dmT>rg bmJbr Amho. X{bVm§da {Z`§ÌU R>odUmè`mOmVrn§Mm`Vr ZîQ> hmoV AmhoV. X{bVm§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmV nwT>rb n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho. Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`mMoñdmV§Í` {_imbo Amho. Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ {ñWVr d OrdZ_mZ gwYmaV Amho. Ë`m§À`m Cn^moJmÀ`m nÕVrVhr ~XbPmbo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmgmR>r {d{dY moOZm am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV. X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVhr~Xb Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. X{bVm§À`m {ejUmgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AZoH$VaVyXr Ho$boë`m AmhoV. VgoM X{bVm§V {ejUàgma ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm emgZm_m\©$V {d{dY e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm{Xë`m OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§V {ejU àgma hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` OrdZmVhr n[adV©ZhmoV Amho. Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gh^mJmMr gÎmmàmárMr, amOH$s` h¸$m§Mr àmár Pmbobr Amho. Ë`m§À`mVyZ amOH$s`ZoV¥ÎdmMm CX` Pmbobm Amho. VgoM Ë`m§À`mV amOH$s` OmJ¥Vrhr oV Mmbbr Amho. X{bVm§À`m Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVhrn[adV©Z Pmbobo Amho. Om{Vì`dñWm hr B©ída{Z{_©V Zmhr ho X{bVm§Zm H$ibobo Amho. AmO X{bVm§Zr qhXy Y_© dqhXy OrdZnÕVrMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabm Amho. gdm©V eodQ>r Vwåhr X{bVm§Zr n[adV©Z d {dH$mg`mgmR>r X{bVm§Zr Hoo$bobm g§Kf© g_OmdyZ KoVbobm Amho. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV nmíMmÎ` g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md, {ejUàgma, g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo H$m ©, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Pw§Oma ZoV¥Îd BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z X{bVm§_Ü o OmJ¥VrAmbr d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OrdZmV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Amnbm {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$bm.

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ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va AZoH$ X{bV g§KQ>Zm d amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ Pmbo AgyZ Vo X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Midir,g§Kf© H$arV AmhoV.


XOm© - H$moUË`mhr g_mOì`dñWoV ì`ŠVrMo {d{eï> H$mir Agbobo ñWmZ

A{n©V XOm© - g_mOmH$Sy>Z AmnmoAmn OÝ_mYmao àmßV hmoUmam XOm©

A{O©V XOm© - ì`ŠVrZo ñdà`ËZmZo g§nm{XV Ho$bobm XOm©

gdU© - ~«m÷U, j{Ì` d d¡í` ho VrZ dU©

A§mVaOmVr` {ddmh - doJdoJù`m OmVrVrb ñÌr-nwéfm§Mm {ddmh

A§V{d©dmh - ñdOmVrVrb ì`{ŠVer {ddmh H$aUo

amOH$s` gh^mJ - amOH$s` à{H«$ oV gm_rb hmoUo, ^mJ KoUo

Y_mªVa - EH$m Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Xwgam Y_© ñdrH$maUo

X¡ddmX - X¡dmda {dg§~yZ amhUmar {dMmagaUr

à`ËZdmX - à`ËZmda {dg§~yZ amhUmar {dMmagaUr



1) qH$½Obo S>opìhgÀ`m _Vo, ""XOm© åhUOo g§nyU© g_mOmMr _mÝ`Vm d nmR>~i bm^bobo g§ñWmË_H$ì`dñWoVrb ñWmZ hmo .''

2) ì`ŠVrZo ñdH$V¥©ËdmZo {_i{dbobm XOm© åhUOo A{O©V XOm© hmo .

3) A{n©V XOm© åhUOo ì`ŠVrZo ñdV: à`ËZ Z H$aVm Ho$di OÝ_mÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmH$Sy>Z AmnmoAmnàmá hmoUmam XOm© hmo`.

4) XOm© {ZYm©[aV H$aUmao KQ>H$ d`, OmV, dU©, d§e, qbJ, gÎmm, g§nÎmr, H$bmH$m¡eë o BË`mXr AmhoV.

5) ì`dgm` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` bm^ë`mZo X{bVm§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVm dmT>rg bmJbr Amho.

6) Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh ho _w»`V: ào_{ddmh ñdénmMo AmhoV?


1) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 14 Zwgma H$m`ÚmnwT>o gdmªZm g_mZ _mZbobo Amho.

2) qhXw{ddmh A{Y{Z`_ 1955 gmbr g§_V Pmbm.

3) CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm dmT>rg bmJbr Amho.

4) amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 19 Zwgma ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Amho.

63

5) 6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb

6) {eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm d g§Kf© H$am.


1) amOoemhr

2) b§S>Z_Üò

3) 73 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo

4) _VXmZ H$aUo, {ZdS>UyH$sg C o amhmUo, àMma H$aUo, amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ H$aUo BË`mXr.

5) 1956


1) _hmË_m \w$bo

2) amOfu emhÿ _hmamO

3) [anpãbH$Z nmQ>u Am°\$ B§{S>`m

4) 1972

5) H$m§eram_


(A) g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.

1) X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z ñnï> H$am.

2) X{bVm§À`m amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©ZmMr MMm© H$am.

3) n[adV©Z d {dH$mg `mgmR>r X{bVm§Zr Ho$boë`m g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n {deX H$am.

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1) XOm©Mm AW© d àH$ma

2) gÚ:H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb X{bVm§Mm XOm©

3) X{bVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ OrdZmVrb n[adV©Z


1) S>m°. E_. Or. Hw$bH$Uu (1975) : "^maVr` g_mOì`dñWm', n[a_b àH$meZ,

Am¡a§Jm~mX.

2) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (2013) : "^maVr` g_mO : aMZm Am{U n[adV©Z'

àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jbr

64

3) gr. Q>r. H$m§~io d (2010) : "^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ MiditMr ê$naofm', {H«$E{Q>ìh

Q>r. Eg. H$m§~io n«H$meZ, Zm§XoS>

4) àm. AéU nm¡S>_b (2012) : "gm_m{OH$ d§{MVVm d gm_m{OH$ g_mdoeZ'

Xya {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

5) àm. Ho$ed AmMm © (2011) : "OmVr {Z_w©bZmMr {Xem', {dhmam àH$meZ, nwUo.

®¯®

65

KQ>H$ 4

X{bVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU(Dalit Movements and Globalization)

KQ>H$ g§aMZm (Unit structure)


4.1 àñVmdZm (Introducton)

4.2 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentation of subject matter)

4.2.1 X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Midir(Social Movements of Dalits)

ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1

4.2.2 X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Am{U H$m`Xo(Atrocities on Dalits and Laws)


4.2.3 OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV(Globalization and Dalits)





4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exercise/Home Assingament)


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gXaÀ`m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z H$aV AgVmZm AmnUmg,

1. X{bVm§À`m Midir g_OmdyZ KoVm oVrb.

2. X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Am{U H$m`Xo BË`mXr g_OmdyZ KoVm oVrb.

3.OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV BË`mXr KQ>H$ g_OmdyZ KoVm oVrb.

4.1 àñVmdZm (Introducton) :

`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnUmg X{bVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU d Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUma

AmhmoV. ^maVm_Ü o àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM OmVrì`dñWm d dU©ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Agbobr {XgyZ oVo. ^maVr`

g_mO hm ~«m÷U, jo{Ì`, d¡í` d ewX« Aem Mma dUmªV {d^mJbm Jobobm Amho. nydunmgyZM ewÐm§Mr pñWVr

A{Ve` X`Zr` ñdê$nmMr Agbobr {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m§Zm Jwbm_ åhUyZ dmJdbo OmV hmoVo, hrZ ñdê$nmMr dmJUyH$

Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmV hmoVr. eyÐm§Zm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo Jobo

hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo BVa OmVr~amo~a amoQ>r-~oQ>rMo ì`dhma hmoV ZìhVo. Cƒ OmVrMo bmoH$ eyÐm§Zm Añn¥í` g_OyZ Ë`m§À`m

gmdbrnmgyZ Xya ahmV hmoVo. hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ hr emofUmMr à{H«$`m AmOhr Mmby Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb

H${Zð> dJm©_Ü o Ë`m§À`m h¸$m{df`r OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo Vo Amnë`m ApñVËdmgmR>r g§Kf© H$arV

AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m `m g§Kfm©bmM emofU {damoYr Midi åhQ>bo OmVo.

X{bV MidirMm AmXoe g_mOmVrb àË oH$ joÌmVrb {df_Vm Xya H$ê$Z g_mZVm {Z_m©U H$aVo. ñdmV§Í`,g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m` m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUo, Y_©{Zanoj, _mZdVmdmXr g_mO{Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho Amho. m Cƒ Ü o mZoào[aV hmodyZ OJmVrb àË oH$ XoemV gm_m{OH$ Midir KSy>Z oVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o n«m_w»`mZo gËèmoYH$Midi, g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Midi, Am{Xdmgr Midi, AmajU Midi, gm_m{OH$ Midi, ghH$ma Midi,eoVH$ar Midi, H$m_Jma Midi, _{hbm Midi, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Midir, n`m©daU Midi, ZjbdmXrMidi, ^«ï>mMma{damoYr Midi Am{U X{bV Midi BË`mXr Miditn¡H$s AmnU gXaÀ`m KQ>H$m_ÜòX{bVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of subject matter) :

X{bVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU hm KQ>H$ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmg X{bV MidirMrg§H$ënZm, X{bV MidirMm CX`, X{bV MidirMm {dH$mg, CX`mMr H$maUo, X{bV MidirMo H$mbI§S>,S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a nyd©H$mbrZ X{bV Midir, _Ü`H$mbrZ X{bV Midir, X{bV n±WaMr Midi,_amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR> Zm_m§Va Midi, X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma d H$m`Xo VgoM OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOoH$m`, OmJ{VH$sH$aU aMZmË_H$ \o$a~Xb Am{U ^maVmMm à{VgmX, Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb CXmarH$aUmMo ZdrZYmoaU Am{U X{bV g_mO, nyduMo YmoaU, YmoaUmVrb ~Xb, ImOJrH$aU Am{U ~mOmanoR>, yYmaUoMo YmoaUAm{U O_rZ CnbãYVoMr X{bVm§Zm g§Yr, X{bVm§Mm amoOJma, {ejU Am{U Amamo½`mMr n[apñWVr, X{bV{ó`m, Jar~r-{Z_w©bZmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mbm ~gbobr Iri BË`mXtMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

67

4.2.1 X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Midir (Social Movements of Dalits) :

^maVmVrb X{bV MidirMm B{Vhmg \$ma àmMrZ Amho. d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV dU©ì`dñWm d OmVrì`dñWm

{Z_m©U Pmbr. `mM AmYmamda loð>-H${Zð> Aem XmoZ dJm©V g_mOmMr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. qhXy Y_m©Vrb

g_mOì`dñWoMr aMZm {df_Voda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo Añn¥í` d X{bVm§Zm hrZ, VwÀN> _mZbo Jobo. Y_m©À`m

ZmdmImbr `m dJm©da A{Ve` H$S>H$ ñdê$nmMr ~§YZo bmXbr Jobr. Ë`m§Mo H$m © XoIrb _`m©{XV Ho$bo Jobo.

Ë`m§Mr gmdbr nU {dQ>mi _mZbr Jobr. `m_wio gmh{OH$M gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem gd©M joÌmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm Xya R>odÊ`mV Ambo. åhUyZM ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` OZVm dfm©Zwdf}

OZmdamà_mUo Jwbm_mMo OrdZ OJV hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm _mZdr A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJV hmoVo. AmOhr

X{bVm§da gdUmªH$Sy>Z AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Am{U emofU Ho$bo OmV Amho.

^maVmVrb Añn¥í`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`, AË`mMmambm {damoY H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm _mZdr A{YH$ma {_idyZ

XoÊ`mgmR>r àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ à`ËZ Ho$bobo {XgyZ oVmV. Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo Jm¡V_ ~wÕ, ^JdmZ _hmdra `m§Zr

g_mOmVrb dU©ì`dñWm, OmVrì`dñWm Am{U Añn¥í`Vm `m§Zm {damoY Ho$bm d g_Vm{Yð>rV _mZdr g_mO {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV Jwé JmoqdXqgK m§Zr {eI Y_m©À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm_m{OH$ {df_Vobm

{damoY H$ê$Z X{bVm§À`m emofUmbm Amim KmbÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. ^ŠVr Am§XmobZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§V H$~ra,

am_mZ§X, M¡VÝ`, VwH$mam_, JmS>Jo~m~m BË`mXr g§Vm§Zr Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ g_mOmVrb Añn¥í`Vobm {damoY

Ho$bm. VgoM amOm am__mohZ am° , _hmË_m \w$bo, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO d ^maVaËZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr

Añn¥í` d X{bVm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r OrdZâ H$m © Ho$bo.

1) X{bV MidirMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Dalit Movement) : gd©gmYmaUnUo X{bV `m

g§H$ënZoV gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm d§{MV Agboë`m d emofUmbm ~ir

nS>boë`m ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_mOmMm g_mdoe H$aVm oB©b.

Zm_Xod T>gmi m§À`m _Vo, "AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, ~m¡Õ, H$ï>H$ar OZVm, H$m_Jma, y{_hrZ eoV_Oya,

Jar~ eoVH$ar, ^Q>Š`m O_mVr, Am{Xdmgr BË`mXtMm X{bV `m g§H$ënZoV g_mdoe hmoVmo.'

S>m°. AéU nm¡S>_b `m§À`m _Vo, "nyduÀ`m Añn¥í`m§MmM {dMma H$aVm d Ë`m§À`m gma»`mM Xm[aÐç

aofoImbr Am{U Am{W©H$Ñï>çm H$_H$dyV OrdZ OJV AgUmè`m ~hþg§»` H$ï>H$aUmè`m§Mmhr {dMma X{bV `m

g§dJm©V H$amdm bmJVmo.'

~m~wamd ~mJwb `m§À`m _Vo, "X{bV hm AÝ`m`, AË`mMma d {nidUyH$s {déÕ Ý`m` _mJUmam dJ© Amho.

VgoM Vmo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd Am{U gå`H$ H«$m§VrMm nwañH$Vm© Amho.'

KZ:í`m_ ehm `m§À`m _Vo, "g_mZVoÀ`m emoYmgmR>r X{bVm§Zr Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoMr Midi

Ho$br. _mUgmMo _mUyg åhUyZ Agbobo Z¡g{J©H$ _yë` àñWm{nV H$aUmar Midi åhUOo X{bV Midi hmo .'

68

{d. EZ. qgh `m§À`m _Vo, "^maVmV {df_VmdmXr g_mOaMZoV dU©ì`dñWm d OmVrì`dñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

Añn¥í`, X{bVm§da AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$boë`m emofUmMr n[aUrVr åhUOo X{bV Midi hmo .'

2) X{bV MidirMm CX` : AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV X{bVm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r Cƒ OmVrVrb

g_mOgwYmaH$, amOH$s` ZoVo Am{U gmYy-g§Vm§Zr Ho$bo. `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo H$moUmbmhr è {_imbobo Zmhr. X{bVg_mOmVyZ H$mhr ZoVo nwT>o Ambo d Ë`m§Zr X{bVm_Ü o n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m àH$maÀ`m Am§XmobZmMm

CX` àW_ _hmamï´> d V{_iZmSy> `m XmoZ amÁ`mV Pmbobm {XgyZ oV Amho.

3) X{bV MidirMm {dH$mg : 1924 _Ü o B©. ìhr. am_mñdm_r Zm`H$a m§Zr H$m±J«og gmoSy>Z ñdm{^_mZr

Midi gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr ñWmnZm Ho$bobr hmoVr. _Ðmg_Ü o H$m±J«ogMo _w»`_§Ìr gr. amOJmonmbmMmar`m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o qhXr mfm A{Zdm © Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m {damoYr Midi Ho$br. _hmamï´>mV Cƒd{U© m§À`m {damoYmV

_hmË_m \w$bo d amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zr gËèmoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Añn¥í` {Z_w©bZmMr Midi gwê$Ho$br. VgoM `mZ§Va S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Midirg gwédmV Ho$br. ~m~mgmho~ ñdV: X{bV OmVrV

OÝ_mbm Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr B. g. 1906 _Ü o _wpñb_ brJMo à{V{ZYr _§S>i Ooìhm ìhmBgam` bm°E {_§Q>mobmoQ>Ê`mgmR>r Jobo hmoVo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr q_Q>mobm Ago gm§{JVbo H$s, Añn¥í`m§Zm qhXy åhUyZ Zm|XUr XoD$ ZH$m.

B. g. 1932 _Ü o H$m_R>r `m {R>H$mUr ^maVr` X{bV dJ© H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ âbo hmoVo. `m A{YdoeZmVE_. gr. amO `m§À`m àñVmdmg {damoY Ho$bm Jobm Am{U ~m~mgmho~m§À`m àñVmdmg g_W©Z {_imbo. `mZVyM

X{bV dJm©V \y$Q> nS>V Jobr. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr nwUo H$amamda ñdmjar Ho$ë`mZ§Va B. g. 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo X{bVm§ZmAZwgy{MV OmVrV g§~moYbo hmoVo Am{U 1935 À`m gwYmaUm bmJy hmoB©n ªV Vo _w§~B© àm§Vr` {dYmZg oMo {Z wŠV

gXñ` hmoVo d 1937 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sMr V`mar åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr B. g. 1936 _Ü oM B§{S> oHo$Q> bo~a nmQ>uMrñWmnZm Ho$br. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr X{bV ~m§Ydm§Zm g¡Ý`mV âVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r d BVaÌ H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmajU {_idyZ

XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `mM H$mimV Ë`m§Zr A{Ib ^maVr` eoS>çyb \o$S>aoeZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`m§ZrM gd©

X{bVm§Zm A{YH$ma {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r AhmoamÌ à`ËZ Ho$bo. VgoM 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1935 bm Zm{eH$ oWrbodbm oWo X{bVm§À`m g§_obZmV Aer KmofUm Ho$br H$s, "qhXy Y_m©V OÝ_mbm Ambmo Agbmo Var _r `m Y_m©V

_aUma Zmhr.' åhUOoM Ë`m§Zr qhXy Y_© gmoSy>Z B. g. 1956 _Ü o gd© AZw m`m§Zm KodyZ ZmJnya oWo ~m¡Õ Y_m©MmñdrH$ma Ho$bm.

4) X{bV MidirÀ`m CÕmamMr H$maUo (Causes for Rise in Dalit movement) :

(A) gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm (Social Inequality) : 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m n«ma§ r _hmamï>mVrb g_mOOrdZmda

dU©ì`dñWoMm _moR>m nJS>m hmoVm. oWrb g_mOOrdZmV dU©ì`dñWm Imobda ê$Obr hmoVr. OmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ OmVr, nmoQ>OmVr, CnOmVr_Ü o loð>-H${Zð>VoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr. g_mOmVrb darð> g_Oë`m

OmUmè`m OmVtZm AZoH$ n«H$maMo {deofm{YH$ma {_imbobo hmoVo. Va H${Zð> OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm _mZdr h¸$mnmgyZhrd§{MV R>odÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo d Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ OmMH$ {ZU© bmXÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo.

69

(~) d§{MVVoMr mdZm (Relative Deprivation) : àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Añn¥í`m§Zm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,

amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$ h¸$m§nmgyZ d§{MV R>odÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm

XoIrb A{YH$ma {hamdyZ KoVbm hmoVm d g_mOmH$Sy>Z {ZåZVoMr, H$_rnUmMr dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV hmoVr.CƒOmVrVrb bmoH$ EoeAmam_mV OrdZ OJV hmoVo Va X{bVm§Zm CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ Zgë`mZo CnmgnmoQ>r ahmdo

bmJV hmoVo. ghm{OH$M `m_wio X{bVm§_Ü o d§{MVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr.

(H$) _hmË_m \w$bo Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr àoaUm (Inspiration) : X{bV ~m§Ydm§Zr _hmË_m \w$bo d

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m {dMma d H$m`m©VyZ àoaUm KoVbr. _hmË_m \w$ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`mgmR>r d X{bVm§gmR>r {ejUmMrXmao Iwbr H$ê$Z {Xbr. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§_Yrb H$mhr ì`ŠVr gw{e{jV Pmboë`m {XgVmV. Ë`m§ZrM nwT>mH$ma KodyZ

X{bV MidirMo ZoV¥Îd Ho$bobo {XgVo. VgoM S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m "{eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm Am{U g§Kf©H$am' `m g§Xoem_wio X{bVm§_Ü o AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ Vo Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m

AÝ`m` d AË`mMmambm {damoY H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV.

(S>) X{bVm§_Yrb OmUrd OmJ¥Vr (Awareness in Dalits) : X{bVm§Zm BVa ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§~amo~a

_wb^yV A{YH$mamMr OmUrd ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmao àmá Pmbr. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_imboë`m

h¸$mMm Cn`moJ KoVm `mdm `mgmR>r Vo g§KQ>rV hmodyZ Midir H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV. Amnbm {dH$mg AmnUMHo$bm nm{hOo, Aer ^mdZm gd© X{bV dJm©_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m_wio Ë`mÀ`mV OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo

Vo h¸$mgmR>r d A{YH$mam{df`r _mJUr H$aV AmhoV `m_wioM X{bV Midirbm MmbZm {_imë`mMo {XgVo.

(B) {ejUmMm àMma d àgma (Spread of Education) : _mUgmgmaIo OrdZ OJVm `mdo `mgmR>r

g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {ejUmVyZ {_iVo. åhUyZ X{bV Midi J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm Pmbobm àgmaAm{U àgma hm KQ>H$ H$maUr yV R>aVmo. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§Zm Cƒ{e{jV hmoVm Ambo. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ gmoB©,

gdbVr, ZmoH$arÀ`m {R>H$mUr X{bVm§gmR>r amIrd OmJm Agë`m_wio {ejU{df`H$ àoaUm {Z_m©U Pmbr. {ejUmÀ`màgmam_wio X{bVm§Zm ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m` BË`mXr _mZdr _yë`m§Mr AmoiI Pmbr d Ë`m§Mr OmonmgZm

H$aÊ`mgmR>rM X{bVm§Zr Midir Cä`m Ho$ë`m.

(B©) gaH$mada X~md Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r (Pressure on Governement) : X{bVm§{df`rMo Oo maV gaH$maMo

YmoaU Amho Vo ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va A{Ve` CXmgrZ hmoVo. X{bV AË`mMma dmT>V Jobobm hmoVm. g_mOmV namH$moQ>rMr{df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbobr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm _mZdr h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `mVyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r

X{bVm§Zr g§KQ>rV hmodyZ gaH$mada X~md Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r d Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gË`mJ«h, CnmofU,Ominmoi, gmd©O{ZH$ _mb_ÎmoMo ZwH$gmZ Ho$bo. n[aUm_r, gaH$maZo X{bVm§À`m H$mhr _mJÊ`m _mÝ` Ho$ë`m.

`m_wio X{bVm§Zm Midi H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_imbr.

(C) X{bVm§À`m {hVmg§~§YmMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r (In Intrest of Dalit) : X{bVm§Zm gmd©O{ZH$

{R>H$mUr nmUr {nÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m{déÕ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m _hmS>À`m MdXma

70

Vù`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm gË`mJ«h, VgoM _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>mbm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Zmd XoÊ`mV `mdo `m

_mJUrgmR>r X{bV n±WaZo Hoo$bobr Midi `mgma»`m MidirÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ X{bVm§Mo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$bm. X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$ {hVmg§~§YmMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midir{Z_m©U Pmboë`m {XgVmV. VgoM X{bVm§Zm e¡j{UH$ gmo r, gdbVr XoÊ`mV `mì`m d Ë`m_Ü o dmT> H$amdr,

gaH$maZo X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` {hVg§~§YmH$S>o bj Úmdo `mgmR>r gwÕm X{bVm§Zr Midir Ho$boë`mAmhoV.

(D$) A{Zï> àWm§À`m CƒmQ>ZmgmR>r (Eradication of Evil Customs) : A{Zï> àWm§À`m qH$dm `m Xwï>

gm_m{OH$ àWm§Mo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r X{bV `wdH$m§Zr Midir gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Añn¥í`Vm hm _mZd OmVrbm

bmJbobm H$b§H$ Agë`mZo Vmo Zmhrgm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ed~m H$m§~io, {dÇ>b ~ÝZo m§Zr XodXmgr nmoVamO mgma»`mA{Zï> àWm§{déÕ Midir KS>dyZ AmUë`m AmhoV. VgoM S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr _hma dVZo d ImoVr nÕV Zmhrgr

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midir Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

Aem àH$mao maVmVrb X{bV g_mOmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r _hmË_m \w$b|nmgyZ Vo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§n ªV

Á`m§Zr øm Midir KS>dyZ AmUë`m Ë`m B{VhmgmV _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. VgoM X{bVm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmam^maVr` [anpãbH$Z nj `m njmZo emgZmda gmVË`mZo X~md Q>mHy$Z Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$ê$Z KoVë`m. AmYr

_mUgmbm _mUgmà_mUo OrdZ OJVm `mdo ho Ë`m§Mo Y¡ © AmO n[anyU© Pmbobo nhmd`mg {_iVo. hoM X{bV

MidirMo è Amho.


1. X{bV MiditMm CÔoe ................ hm Amho.

2. dU©ì`dñWm, OmVrì`dñWm, Añn¥í`Vm `m§Zm ................ `m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm.

3. ................ `m§Zr ñdm{^_mZr Midi gwê$ Ho$br.

4. Añn¥í`m§gmR>r d X{bVm§gmR>r {ejUmMr Xmao ................ `m§Zr Iwbr H$ê$Z {Xbr.

4.2.2 X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Am{U H$m`Xo : (Atrocities on Dalits and Laws) :

^maVr` g_mOmV X{bVm§da A_mZdr AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$bo Jobo hmoVo. X{bVm§Zm _mZdr h¸$m§nmgyZ d§{MV

R>odÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` g_OyZ X{bVm§Mr gmdbr gwÕm {dQ>mi _mZbr Om`Mr. gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr

{d{harda nmUr âÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ZXrda nmUr âÊ`mgmR>r X{bVm§Zm CƒdJ© Á`m {R>H$mUr

nmUr âV hmoVm Ë`mÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg `m§Zm nmUr ^ê$ {Xbo OmV hmoVo. VgoM X{bVm§Mm gmd©O{ZH$ gh^mJ

ZH$mabobm hmoVm. ì`dhmam_Üò XwOm^mdm§Mr dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV hmoVr. _mahmU, R>ma qH$dm {Odo _maÊ`mMr

Y_H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo, {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mV _mZdr {dð>m Q>mH$Uo, _¥V OZmdao Q>mH$Uo, X{bVm§À`m

ór`m§da ~bmËH$ma H$aUo `mgmaIo AË`mMma X{bVm§da Ho$bo OmV hmoVo.

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(A) X{bV AË`mMma {damoYr H$m`Xm : X{bVm§Zm AmYma XoUmam na§Vw X{bVoVam§Zm Z ^mdbobm hmH$m`Xm OoìhmnmgyZ A_bmV Ambm VoìhmnmgyZ AZoH$ àH$maMo dmX{ddmX `m~m~VrV {XgyZ oVmV. 20 df} PmbrVarhr ghm dfm©n ªV Ë`m~m~VMo {Z`_ Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dÊ`mMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ hmoVo. VgoM 1995 _Ü o _hmamï´>mV{edgoZm d w. nr. _Yrb g_mOdmXr njm§Zr H$m`XmM aÔ H$amdm åhUyZ gJirH$S>o AmdmO CR>{dbm. `m

H$m`ÚmV {deof H$moQ>©, {deof d{H$b, I§S>nrR>, Ë`mda XoIaoI R>odUmar §ÌUm BË`mXr Jmoï>r oVmV. àW_ IQ>bmgwê$ Pmbm Var H$moUË`m {Z`_m§Mm AmYma ¿`mdm, IQ>bm H$gm Mmbdmdm BË`mXr àíZ oVmVM gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMogmYZ åhUyZ nmobrg §ÌUoH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo, Ago AgVmZm gwÕm Amnbr nmobrg §ÌUm Aem àH$maMm JwÝhm Zm|XH$aÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio JwÝømMo à_mU hmoVo H$_r Am{U X{bVm§Mr _wIm©V JUZm Ho$br OmVo. `mgmR>ràYmZ_§Í`m§Zm gwÕm H$miOr H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. ^maVr` X§S>g§{hVm `m n{bH$S>o AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVtÀ`m{damoYmVrb JwÝømV \o$a {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. gr. ~r. Am`. Zo JwÝhoJmam§Zm AmìhmZ {Xbo. m H$m`Úmbm AZwgéZ

na§Vw {VVHo$ H$mhr n[aUm_ {ejoÀ`m ñdê$nm~m~V Pmbobo {XgyZ oV ZmhrV. CXm. "I¡abm§Or àH$aU' ho Ho$digm_m{OH$M Zmhr Va amÁ`ñVamdahr _moR>m JwÝhmM Amho. g_mOmVrb _moR>-_moR>o ZoVo, bmoH$ BË`mXtZr H$m`XmH$am`Mm d nwÝhm Vmo ZmH$mam`Mm Am{U Ý`m` Úm`Mm Zmhr Ago EHy$U {MÌ Amho. H$m`Xm am~dyZ Ý`m` XoUoAmdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw I¡abm§Or àH$aU Ag§{X½YM am{hbobo Amho. EZ. gr. nr. E_. Eb. E. À`m ghdmgmVrbAmamontZm AmìhmZ XoUo hm à`ËZ PmbmM Zmhr.

(~) AË`mMmamÀ`m AnamYmgmR>rMr {ejm : AZwgy{MV OmVrMr qH$dm AZwgy{MV O_mVrMr ZgbobrH$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr Oa Aem OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVtda nwT>rb àH$maMo AË`mMma H$arb Va Vr ì`ŠVr ghm_{hÝ`m§nojm H$_r Zgob, na§Vw nmM dfm©n ªV Agy eHo$b BVŠ`m _wXVrÀ`m H$mamdmgmÀ`m {ejobm d Ðì`X§S>mbmnmÌ R>ê$ eH$Vo.

i) AZwgy{MV OmVrÀ`m qH$dm O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrg H$moUVmhr ImÊ`m`mo½` Zgob qH$dm {H$igdmUm nXmW©{nÊ`mMr qH$dm ImÊ`mMr O~maXñVr H$aUo.

ii) AZwgy{MV OmVrÀ`m qH$dm O_mVrÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m amhË`m OmJoV qH$dm OmJoeoOmar, Aemì`ŠVrbm BOm nmoMdUo, {VMm An_mZ H$aUo qH$dm {Vbm Ìmg XoUo `m CÔoemZo {dð>m, H$Mam _¥V OZmdao qH$dm BVaH$moUË`mhr K¥UmñnX dñVy Q>miUo.

iii) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m earamdarb H$nS>o O~aXñVrZo H$mTy>Z KoUo qH$dm {VMo Z¾AdñWoV AWdm Mohè`mbm dm earambm a§J \$mgyZ qYS> H$mT>Uo qH$dm VemM àH$maMr _mZdr à{VîR>oMm Ad_mZH$aUmar H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr H$aUo.

iv) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m qH$dm {Vbm Zo_yZ XoÊ`mV Amboë`m qH$dm H$moUË`mhrgj_ àm{YH$aUmZo Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Zo_yZ {Xë`mMo A{Ygy{MV Ho$boë`m H$moUË`mhr O{_ZrMr AÝ`m`mZo d{hdmQ>H$aUo qH$dm {VÀ`mda bmJdS> H$aUo qH$dm Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Zo_yZ XoÊ`mV Ambobr O_rZ ñdV:À`m Zmdmda hñVm§V[aV

qH$dm dJ© H$ê$Z KoUo.

72

v) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrbm {VÀ`m O{_Zrdê$Z qH$dm OmJoVyZ hþgH$mdyZ bmdUo qH$dmH$moUVrhr O_rZ, OmJm qH$dm nmUr `m§darb {VÀ`m h¸$m§Mm Vr dmna H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mV AS>Wim AmUUo.

vi) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrbm rH$ _mJÊ`mg qH$dm emgZmZo gmd©O{ZH$ à`moOZmgmR>r gŠVrMrHo$br Agob Aem H$moUË`mhr godo ì`{V[aŠV Ë`mM àH$maMr BVa Owby_ O~aXñVrMr d doR>{~JmarMr H$m_oH$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo qH$dm Ë`mgmR>r àbmo Z XmIdUo.

vii) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrbm, {d{eï> C_oXdmambm _V Z XoÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm H$m`ÚmZo VaVyXHo$bobr Agob Ë`mIoarO BVa àH$mao _VXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^mJ nmS>Uo.

viii) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr{déÕ ImoQ>m, Xwï> qH$dm VmnXm`H$ Xmdm XmIb H$aUo qH$dm \$m¡OXmarqH$dm H$m`ÚmMr BVa H$m`©dmhr gwê$ H$aUo.

ix) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m H$moUË`mhr órMr An«{Vð>m H$aÊ`mÀ`m qH$dm {VMo erb «ï> H$aÊ`mÀ`mCÔoemZo {VÀ`mda Kmbm H$aUo qH$dm {VÀ`m{déÕ ~imMm dmna H$aUo.

x) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m órÀ`m BÀN>oda dM©ñd JmO{dÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV Agë`m_wio, Á`mgmR>r Vr

Eadr H$Yrhr V`ma Pmbr ZgVr Aem b¢{JH$ à`moOZmgmR>r {VMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r Aem pñWVrMm dmnaH$aUo.

xi) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr gd©gm_mÝ`nUo Á`m {R>H$mUMo nmUr dmnaVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUMo nmUrXy{fV H$aUo qH$dm Iam~ H$aUo.

xii) AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrg {VMo Ka, Jmd qH$dm AÝ` {ZdmgñWmZ gmoS>Ê`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo.

(H$) H$V©ì`mg h`J` H$aÊ`m~Ôb {ejm : bmoH$godH$ Agob na§Vw AZwgy{MV OmVrMr qH$dm AZwgy{MVO_mVrMr VgoM Aer Or H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr Oa A{Y{Z`_mImbr {VZo Or H$V©ì o nma nmS>Uo Amdí`H$ Agob VrH$V©ì o nma nmS>Ê`mV OmUyZ ~wOyZ h`J` H$aob Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm ghm _{hÝ`mnojm H$_r Zgob na§Vw EH$ dfm©n ªV

Agy eHo$b BË`m _wXVrÀ`m Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm hmoD$ eH$Vo.

(S>) AnamYmg§~§YrMr J¥hrV VÎdo : `m àH$mamImbr AnamYmg§~§YrMm IQ>bm {gÕ Pmbm Agob Va;

i) AmamonrZo `m àH$aUmImbr AnamY Ho$ë`mMm Xmofmamon H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m qH$dm Agm AnamY Ho$ë`mMmdmOdr g§e` Agboë`m ì`ŠVrbm H$moUVrhr Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$br hmoVr, Va {deof Ý`m`mb` {déÕ Ago H$mhr{gÕ Z Pmë`mg Aem ì`ŠVrZo (AmamonrZo) AnamY H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo hmoVo, Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo.

ii) H$mhr ì`ŠVtÀ`m JQ>mZo `m àH$aUmImbr AnamY Ho$bm hmoVm Am{U H$aÊ`mV Ambobm AnamY hmO{_Zrg§~§YrÀ`m qH$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr ~m~rg§~§YrÀ`m Mmby Agboë`m Aem dmXmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ KS>bmhmoVm Ago {gÕ Pmbo Va gm_mB©H$ CÔoe VS>rbm ZoÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm gm_mB©H$ hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo AnamY

H$aÊ`mV Ambm Ago J¥hrV YaÊ`mV oVo.

73


1. X{bVm§Zm ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZm_Ü o ................ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV hmoVr.

2. AË`mMmam§À`m AnamYmgmR>rMr {ejm OmñVrV OmñV ................ dfm©Mr Agy eH$Vo.

3. H$V©ì`mV h`J` H$aÊ`m~ÔbMr {ejm hr H$_rV H$_r ................ _{hÝ`mMr AgVo.

4. ................ ho gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo gmYZ Amho.

4.2.3 OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV (Gloalization and Dalits) :

OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ g§nyU© OJmMr EH$M ~mOmanoR> {Z_m©U H$aUmar qH$dm OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U

H$aUmar à{H«$`m Amho qH$dm V§ÌkmZmVrb àJ{V Am{U _mZdr OrdZmV hmoUmao ZdZdo ~Xb `m§À`m n[aUm_m§À`m

Jmä`mVyZ àJV hmoUmè`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m, gd© Xoem§À`m Am{U emgZmÀ`m d gd© ~mOmanoR>m§À`m OmJ{VH$

EH${ÌH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ obmM OmJ{VH$sH$aU Ago åhUVmV. Vgo nhmVm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m hr H$moUË`m

Zm H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Zoh_rM hmoV am{hbobr Amho. na§Vw Joë`m nÞmg dfm©nmgyZM Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr

Amho H$s, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Ho$di Am{W©H$ joÌmMoM ZmhrVa amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmMohr

{Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mbm gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmO nyduÀ`m H$mimÀ`m VwbZoV ì`mnma joÌmÀ`m Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌmÀ`m godm g§ñWm§Mo

Omio Iyn _moR>çm n«_mUmV {dH${gV hmodyZ Ë`m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmda EH${ÌH$aU Pmbobo {XgV Amho.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm _w»` XmoZ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUm`Mo AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMr Xmao _moH$ir

H$aUo, gd© Xoem§er OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma §ÌUoZo AmIyZ {Xbobo AW©ì`dñWoMo ZdrZ YmoaU Adb§{~Zo. VgoM ImOJr

~mOmamda AmYmaboë`m ImOJr AW©ì`dñWobm CÎmoOZ XoUo, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ joÌmdarb emgH$s`

{Z §ÌU H$_r H$aUo BË`mXr.

1) X{bV g_mO Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb CXmarH$aUmMo ZdrZ YmoaU : X{bV

g_mO hm ^maVr` g_mOm_Yrb gdm©V Cno{jV g_yh Amho Am{U Vmo BVa H$mhr KQ>H$m§à_mUo Jar~ AmhoM na§Vw

Ë`m§À`m g§§~§YmVrb _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb ~{hîH$ma Am{U {d{dY àH$maÀ`m oX^mdmÀ`m

dmJUwH$sMm Ìmg hmoV Ambobm Amho. Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmUmar dmJUyH$ hr ~mOmanoR>obmM Zìho Va Ë`mÀ`m ~mhoa gwÕm

BVa Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ joÌmVhr {Xbr OmVo. X{bV bmoH$ nydunmgyZM AZwd§{eH$VoZo Ambobo CXa{Zdm©hmMo

ì`dgm` BË`mXr H$aUm§_wio Ag_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmV homVr. VgoM ^maVr` g_mOmVrb X{bV

dJm©_Ü o Zonmir, ~m§JbmXoer, lrb§Ho$VyZ Ambobo, OnmZ_YyZ Ambobo ~wamHy$ Am{U Am{\«$Ho$Vrb XoemVyZ Ambobo

bmoH$ BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1991 À`m OZJUZoà_mUo ^maVmV Ho$di X{bVm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m 17% (13.82 H$moQ>r) hmoVr. na§Vw Vr

2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma X{bVm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m 18% BVH$s Pmbr. VgoM ^maVr` g_mOmV Oa oX^mdmMr

74

dmJUyH$ {_iVo Aem X{bV {¼íMZ, X{bV erI d BVa AZoH$ g_yhm§Mm X{bV g_mOmV g_mdoe Ho$bm Va

EHy$U X{bV dJm©Mr bmoH$g§»`m ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§» oÀ`m 25% n ªV OmdyZ nmohMVo.

2) X{bV g_mO Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb nyduMo YmoaU : X{bVm§Mo àíZ OmUyZ

KodyZ maV emgZmZo nwT>rb XmoZ Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m g§~§YmVrb YmoaUo {dH${gV Ho$br Amho Vr nwT>rbà_mUo-

(A) yVH$mimVrb ~{hîH$mamÀ`m MmbrarVt_wio X{bV dJm©À`m dmQ>çmbm Amboë`m {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m

d§{MVoVyZ Ë`m§Zm ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _XV H$aUo Am{U eŠ` hmoB©b {VVHo$ Ë`m§Zm BVa g_mOmÀ`m ~amo~arbm

AmUyZ R>odUo.

(~) X{bVm§Zm dV©_mZH$mimVrb g§ mì` ~{hîH$mamnmgyZ Am{U oX^mdmÀ`m dmJUyH$snmgyZ g§ajU {_idyZ

XoUo Am{U Vo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r X{bVm§Zm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` ì`dhmamV àË`j gh^mJ {_idyZ

XoÊ`mg _XV H$aUo hm CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r maV gaH$maZo nwT>rb XmoZ nXar YmoaU Adb§{~bo Ë`m_Ü o à_w»`mZo-

i) oX^md {damoYr qH$dm Ë`mnmgyZ g§ajU XoÊ`mMr Cnm``moOZm.

ii) X{bVm§À`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m g~brH$aUmMr Cnm``moOZm.

1990 gmbr Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ joÌmda Amdí`H$ Vo {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maMm `m joÌmVrbì`dhmamV àË`j gh^mJ Agmdm m CÔoembm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ gaH$maMr YmoaUo AmIbobr homVr. Ë`m_wio gaH$maÀ`m

YmoaUmV gaH$maMm àË`j gh^mJ, ~mOmanoR>oVrb ì`dhmamV hñVjon, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmMo {Z`moOZ`mM à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. åhUOoM AmajU Am{U {ejU, Amamo½` `m gma»`m _yb yV godm nwa{dUoAm{U X{bVm§À`mgmR>r àmJ{VH$ YmoaU dmnaÊ`m_Ü o H¥${Verb hmoVo.

3) emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmVrb ~Xb : gZ 1950 Vo 1980 `m H$mimV emgZmZo gm_m{OH$ Am{UAm{W©H$ joÌmda A{YH$ {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Or YmoaUo Am{U H$m ©H«$_ AmIbo Ë`mnmgyZ emgZmZo _mKma ¿`m`bmgwédmV Ho$br. _wŠV ì`mnma, ImOJr joÌ Am{U ~mOmanoR>m BË`mXr d¡Mm[aH$ y_rda ZdrZ AW©ì`dñWm C^mabobrAgë`m_wio {VMm n[aUm_ emgZmZo Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrb {VMo {Z §ÌU H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Pmbm. `mMH$mimV emgZmZo H$mhr YmoaUo AmIbr hmoVr Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo H$m_Jma, Jar~ bmoH$ d g_mOmVrb X{bV JQ>`m§À`m H$ë`mUmMm X¥{ï>H$moZ g_moa R>odyZ AmIÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. VgoM gaH$ma AmVm OwZr Am{W©H$ YmoaUo _moS>rV

H$mTy>Z Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUo Or H$m_Jma, Jar~ bmoH$ d X{bV bmoH$ m§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmda {ZpíMVM AZw{MVn[aUm_ hmoUma Amho.

4) ImOJrH$aU Am{U ~mOmanoR>m : ImOJrH$aUmMo _hÎdmMo YmoaU åhUOo ObX JVrZo hmoUmam

ZdrZ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma. `m YmoaUm_Ü o gm_mÝ` Am{W©H$ VÎdkmZ ~mOmanoR>m_Yrb CbmT>mbtda Am{W©H$ YmoaUoC^r H$amdr bmJVmV. `m YmoaUm_Yrb Or VÎdo AmhoV Vr Am{W©H$ g§ñWm emgZmÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImbr AgVrb VaAm{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m gmYZm§Mr AZw{MV dmQ>Ur hmoVo d Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm AH$m ©j_ dmna hmoVmo d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgIw§Q>V OmVmo. na§Vw H$mhr AW©VÁkm§À`m_Vo ZdrZ YmoaUmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr_wio Ho$di CËnmXZ Am{U A§VJ©V

75

aMZm `m§MoM ImOJrH$aU hmoUma ZgyZ Vo {ejU, Amamo½`, XiUdiU d drO Aem gm_m{OH$ godm§À`m joÌmVhmoUma Amho d Ë`mMo {Z §ÌU ho ~mOmanoR>m§À`m hmVmV amhUma Amho. m_wio ~mOmanoR>mV AZw{MV d J¡aàH$ma hmodyZË`mMo Xwîn[aUm_ Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm ^moJmdo bmJVrb.

OmVrÀ`m oX^mdm_wio X{bVm§Zm ~mOmanoR>m§Vrb dmJUyH$, m§S>dbm_Yrb gh^mJ Am{U CËnmXZ à{H«$ oVrbgh^mJ `m_Ü o {_iy eHo$b. åhUyZM ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_Yrb Oo _w»` _wÔo emgZmZo gaH$mar Am`moJ joÌmVyZ_mKma ¿`mdr Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌmÀ`m {Z omOZmVyZhr _mKma ¿`mdr VgoM emgZmZo hr joÌo ImOJr ~mOmanoR>m§À`mhmVmV gmondyZ m _wÔçmMm Jm§{^`m©Zo {dMma H$amdm. m§S>dbr _mb_Îmm, O_rZrMr _mbH$s, amoOJmamMr CnbãYVm

BË`mXr joÌm_Yrb oX^mdmÀ`m dmJUyH$s_wio X{bV g_mO `m joÌmVrb bm^mnmgyZ d§{MV hmoUma Amho. Ë`m_wioImOJr CÚmoJmV, ZmoH$a âVrV d BVa joÌmV g§Yr {_iÊ`mMo _mJ© X{bVm§Zm ~§X hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m g§ dVmo. VgoM`m à{H«$ o_wio Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm d gm_m{OH$ Ñï>çm H$_H$dwV Agboë`m X{bVm ~m§Ydmda Ë`mMo J§ ra ñdê$nmMoAZw{MV n[aUm_ ^moJmdo bmJV AmhoV.

5) yYmaUoMo YmoaU Am{U O_rZ CnbãYVoMr X{bVm§Zm g§Yr : AZwgyMrV OmVtÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>oñdV:À`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ ZìhVr. H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o WmoS>r O_rZ hmoVr. na§Vw Á`m§À`mH$S>o A{O~mV O_rZ ZmhrAem Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm _mob_Owar hoM Ë`m§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMo _w»` gmYZ am{hbo hmoVo. nydunmgyZ O_rZrÀ`m CnbãYVonmgyZd§{MV am{hboë`m X{bV g_mOmbm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV _mÌ emgZmZo Am_bmV AmUboë`m H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm

Am{U X{bVm§Zm O_rZrMr dmQ>Ur Aem àH$maÀ`m O_rZ gwYmaUoÀ`m YmoaUm_wio H$mhr n«_mUmV Var O_rZ{_iÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr joÌmV WmoS>çm n«_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm X{bV Hw$Qw>§~o eoVrMo CËnmXZ KodybmJbr. na§Vw emgZmZo ñdrH$maboë`m OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m YmoaUm_wio eoVO{_ZrMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z g§`wŠVAm¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Zm eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$amamZo O_rZr XoUo, H$_mb O_rZ YmaUoMr ~§YZo Xya H$ê$Z _mJrb XeH$mVemgZmZo O_rZrÀ`m \o$admQ>UrMr à{H«$`m ~§X Ho$br. gÜ`mMr O_rZ _mbH$s ñW{JV H$ê$Z O_rZrÀ`m ~mOmamVX{bVm§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo g§ajU {Xbo Jobo Zmhr.

6) X{bVm§Mm amoOJma Am{U ImOJrH$aU : O_rZrMr CnbãYVm H$_r Agë`m_wio X{bVm§Mr Hw$Qw>§~ohr Cn{O{dHo$gmR>r emar[aH$ l_mdaM Adb§~yZ hmoVr. J«m_rU d ehar ^mJmV gwÕm hr Hw$Qw>§~o _mob_Owar H$arVhmoVr. na§Vw 1990 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ X{bV g_mOmÀ`m amoOJmamMr pñWVr \$ma dmB©Q> Pmbr Agë`mMo {XgyZ

oVo Am{U `mM H$mimV ñdV:Mr O_rZ AgUmè`m X{bV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m g§» oV KQ> Pmbr d eoV_Owar H$aUmè`mX{bV Hw$Qw>§~mMr g§»`m dmT>bobr {XgyZ oVo. Or Hw$Qw>§~o ñdV:Mr O_rZ H$gV hmoVr {VM Hw$Qw>§~o eoVr {nH${dUonadS>V Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr eoVr_Ü oM _mob_Owar H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. H$mhtZr CÚmoJ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mbmgwédmV Ho$bobr {XgyZ oVo. VgoM `mM H$mimV (1990) ehar ^mJmÀ`m VwbZoV J«m_rU ~oH$marMo à_mU A{YH$dmT>ë`mMo {XgVo. åhUOo CXmarH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV àmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr d Vr CXmarH$aUmZ§VaW§S>mdë`mMo {XgVo. na§Vw ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va gaH$mar joÌmVrb {Z`{_V nJmamÀ`m ZmoH$è`m

bmImo n«_mUmV H$_r hmoV Agë`mMo OmUdVo.

76

7) {ejU Am{U Amamo½`mMr n[apñWVr : ^maVmVrb X{bV g_mO Am{U BVa g_mO `m§À`mVrbgmjaVoMo à_mU d {ejUmMr nmVir `m ~m~VrV \$ma _moR>r V\$mdV OmUdVo. AmOhr X{bVm§Zm {ejU Am{UAmamo½` `m _yb yV _mZdr h¸$m§nmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJV Amho. AZwgy{MV OmVtZm {ejUmMo Oo àíZ oS>gmdVAmhoV Ë`m_Ü o AY©dQ> {ejU gmoSy>Z XoUmè`m§Mo OmñV n«_mU Amho Am{U {ejUmMm Agbobm {ZH¥$ï> XOm© d `m

g§X^m©V {_iUmar oXm oXmMr dmJUyH$ hm XoIrb _hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. CXmarH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio gm_m{OH$godm§À`m joÌmVyZ emgZmZo _mKma KoVë`m_wio X{bVm§À`m OrdZmda gdm©V _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmë`mMo {XgVo. X{bVm§MrCÞVr gmYm`Mr Agob Va {ejU hmM EH$ _hÎdmMm _mJ© Amho. na§Vw n«mW{_H$ {ejUmnmgyZ Vo Cƒ {ejUmn ªVgd© ñVam§darb {ejU ho ImOJr g§ñWm§H$S>o {Xë`m_wio X{bVm§Zm {ejU {_iUo H$R>rU Pmbo d ImOJrH$aUm_wio{ejU _hmJS>o Pmbo. X{bVm§Zm ho _hmJS>o {ejU KoUo H$R>rU hmodyZ ~gbo.

8) OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV {ó`m : ^maVr` g_mOmVrb gdm©V CnojrV JQ> åhUyZ X{bV {ó`m§ZmAmoiIbo OmVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o X{bV {ó`m§Mo gdm©V OmñV ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Amho. X{bV _{hbm§MogmjaVoMo à_mU XoemV gdm©V H$_r Amho. H$maU 71% X{bV _{hbm `m eoV_Oya åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVmV.Á`m X{bV _{hbm {ejU KoV hmoË`m Ë`m KaÀ`m AS>MUr_wio AY©dQ> emim gmoSy>Z XoV hmoË`m. VgoM ^maVmVrb

H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§_Ü o AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m {ó`m§Mo à_mU OmñV Amho. VgoM `m X{bV {ó`m§Zm g§gmamV H$_rgmo r {_iVmV. Amamo½`{df`H$ gmo r gwÕm {_iV ZmhrV. `m _{hbm§Zm Zoh_r Cƒ OmVrVrb nwéfm§H$Sy>Z ÌmgghZ H$amdm bmJVmo. AemVM emgZmZo gm_m{OH$ godm§À`mdarb IM© H$_r Ho$bm Va Ë`mMm gai gdm©{YH$Xwîn[aUm_ \$ŠV X{bV {ó`m§À`m Amamo½`mda, {ejUmda Am{U EHy$UM Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mda hmoB©b. åhUyZ emgZmZo_Ü`ñWr H$ê$Z Jar~r {damoYr CnH«$_ am~dyZ d OmV Am{U qbJ `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z `mo½` VoWo Cno{jV g_mOmbmg§ajU XoÊ`mMr AmO {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

9) ~oH$mar Am{U J[a~rMo à_mU : CËnÞmMr gmYZo {Z`{_V CnbãY Z Pmë`m_wio AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`mHw$Qw>§~m§Zm _mob_OwarÀ`m H$m_mda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m§Zm doVZhr H$_r à_mUmV {Xbo OmVhmoVo. `m_wio Jar~rMo à_mU A{YH$ Agë`mMo {XgVo. Xm[aÐço aofoImbrb Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o X{bV Hw$Q>w§~mMo à_mU

gdm©{YH$ Amho. `mdê$Z AZwgy{MV OmVrVrb bmoH$m§V J[a~r A{YH$ à_mUmV hmoVr ho {gÕ hmoVo. na§Vw 1990À`m Xaå`mZ AZwgy{MV OmVt_Yrb J[a~rMo à_mU H$_r hmoÊ`mÀ`m JVrbm Iri ~gë`mMo {XgVo. `mdê$ZAmnUmg Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmo H$s, ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU am~{dÊ`mbm 1990 À`m Xaå`mZ gwédmV Pmë`mZ§VaJar~r H$_r hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hr _§Xmdë`mMr {XgyZ oVo.


1. ~mOmanoR>m§À`m OmJ{VH$ EH${ÌH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ obmM ................ Ago åhUVmV.

2. X{bV g_mO hm ^maVr` g_mOm_Yrb gdm©V ................ g_yh Amho.

3. 2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma X{bVm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m ................ BVH$s hmoVr.

4. ................ _{hbm§Mo gmjaVoMo à_mU XoemV gdm©V H$_r Amho.

77


`m AÜ``ZmV AmnU X{bVm§À`m Midir Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_Yrb X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Midir,X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma d H$m`Xo OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV BË`mXr KQ>H$ g_OmdyZ KoVboboAmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo X{bV MidirMm CX`, X{bV MidirMm {dH$mg, X{bV MidirÀ`m CX`mMrH$maUo, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, d§{MVVoMr ^mdZm, \w$bo-Am§~oS>H$am§Mr n«oaUm, X{bVm§_Yrb OmUrd OmJ¥Vr,{ejUmMm àMma d àgma, gaH$mada X~md V§Ìo, X{bVm§Mo {hV, A{Zï> àWm, VgoM X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`,AË`mMma d H$m`Xo `m_Ü o àñVmdZm, X{bV AË`mMma {damoYr H$m`Xm, AË`mMmamÀ`m AnamYmgmR>rMr {ejm,H$V©ì`mV h`J` Ho$ë`m~Ôb {ejm, AnamYmg§~§YrMo J¥hrV VÎdo BË`mXr Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV `mKQ>H$mV X{bV g_mO Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb CXmarH$aUmMo ZdrZ YmoaU, Am{W©H$ joÌmVrbnyduMo YmoaU, emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmVrb ~Xb, ImOJrH$aU Am{U ~mOmanoR>m, ^yYmaUoMo YmoaU Am{U O_rZCnbãYVoMr X{bVm§Zm g§Yr, X{bV amoOJma d ImOJrH$aU, {ejU d Amamo½`mMr n[apñWVr, OmJ{VH$sH$aUAm{U X{bV {ó`m, ~oH$mar d J[a~m§Mo n«_mU BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm `m àH$aUmV g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.


X{bV - ""gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm na§naoZo _mJmgbobo d Am{W©H$ {df_VoV OIS>boë`m bmoH$m§Zm X{bV åhUVmòVo.''

AÝ`m`, AË`mMma - ""AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtZm emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, Am{W©H$, BOm nmohM{dUo dË`m§Zm {Xbobr K¥UmñnX dmJUyZ åhUOo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma hmo .''

OmJ{VH$sH$aU - ""g§nyU© OJmMr EH$M ~mOmanoR> {Z_m©U H$aUmar §ÌUm Am{U OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWm{Z_m©U H$aUmar à{H«$`m åhUOo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hmo .''

4.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your progress) :


1) g_mZVm d Y_©{ZanojVm

2) Jm¡V_ ~wÕ d ^JdmZ _hmdra

3) B©. ìhr. am_mñdm_r Zm`H$a

4) _hmË_m \w$bo d S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a


1) XyOm^mdmMr

2) nmM df}

3) ghm _{hZo

4) nmobrg `§ÌUm

78


1) OmJ{VH$sH$aU

2) Cno{jV

3) AR>am Q> o$

4) X{bV

4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exerciese/Home Assingament) :

1) X{bV åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ X{bV Midi {deX H$am.

2) X{bVm§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ñnï> H$am.

3) X{bVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mbm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo H$m`Xo ñnï> H$am.

4) OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U X{bV {df`r MMm© H$am.


1) gwIXod WmoamV (1983) : "X{bV {Za§Va {df_Vm Am{U Xm[aÐç'

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo.

2) gr.Q>r. H$m§~io, (2010) : "^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ MiditMr énaofm', {H«$E{Q>ìh àH$meZ,

Q>r. Eg. ndio Zm§XoS>.

3) am. Zm. MìhmU (2012) : "S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d X{bV Midi EH$ _mJmodm',

MìhmU àH$meZ, nwUo.

4) S>m°. dm. ^m. nmQ>rb (2014) : "_hmamï´>mVrb Midir gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`',

àem§V àH$meZ, OiJmd.

5) àm. Ho$ed AmMm © (2011): "OmVr {Z_w©bZmMr {Xem', {dhmam àH$meZ, nwUo.

6) lr. {Z. g~{Zg (2014) : "AZwgy{MV OmVr d AZwgy{MV O_mVr', _wHw§$X àH$meZ, R>mUo

7) àm. AéU nm¡S>_b (g§nm.) : "gm_m{OH$ d§{MVVm d gm_m{OH$ g_mdoeZ', Xya {ejU H|$Ð,

(2012) {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

8) K. Jamanadas (2014) : 'Dalits in 21st Century', Kalpaz Publication, Nagpur.

®¯®

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{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya 2019/M... · 2019-10-24 · (v) àñVmdZm nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$ê$Z nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r åhUOoM E_. E. cm OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gÌ narjm gwê$