Vodic Za Jagoda

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  • CIP - . ,

    634.75:631.147(035)631.147:634.75(035)

    / [ , , ]. - : , , 2007. - 56 . : . ; 20

    ISBN 978-9989-2799-9-71. , [ ] 2. , [ ] 3. , [ ]

    ) - -

    COBISS.MK-ID 71129866

    : . - . - . : : : , : - -

  • 3

    E:

    -.-,-.--,-.-

    - - -

    - -

    - -

    -

    .. -

    ..

    ..

    ,

    .. ,

    ..

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    .. ,

  • 4

  • 5

    1..................................................................................... 8

    2...................................................................... 10

    2.1. - ......... 10 2.2. o- ..................... 11 2.2.1. ..................... 12 2.2.2. ..................... 12

    3......................... 14

    3.1. ......................................................... 14 3.1.1. .............................................. 15

    4................................................. 20

    4.1. ............................ 20 4.2. ............................................ 20 4.3. ............................................ 21 4.4. ......................... 21 4.5. ........................................ 22 4.6. .................................................................... 23 4.7. ............................................................ 26

    5.......................................... 27

    6...................................................................................... 27

  • 6

    7......... 28

    8................. 29

    8.1. ....................................... 29 8.2. ......................................................... 32 8.3. .................................................... 35

    9.................................................. 36

    10................................................................... 37

    11............................................................................... 39

  • 7

    FOREWORD

    As a part of previously established cooperation between International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Bari, Italy and Macedonian Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and water economy a project named as BIO 84 took place in 2007-Training of technical experts in support of organic agriculture and rural development in SEE countries.

    Several activities were undertaken in order to support the development of organic agriculture in 5 Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). One of them was the development of Standards for production of certain crops based upon the principles of organic agriculture. Every country made decision for which crops will produce the standards, and in the case of Macedonia these are the selected crops: apple, cherry & sour cherry, plum, strawberry, wine grape, tomato, potato, sweet pepper, cabbage and olive.

    The team that worked on the development of the standards, whishes to extend deepest appreciation to the IAMBari staff for the enormous support given to the team, in all of the stages of the Project.

  • 8

    1.

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  • 11

    ; , .

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    . , , 0 2.500 m .

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  • 12

    2.2.1.

    .

    :

    (cm) 50 cm

    ,

    pH 5.5 6.5

    2.2.2.

    -15 -18

    25-30

    14-16 ( )

    24-26

    16-18 ( )

    35

    15 18 . . , . -3 , 1,5 1,7.

  • 13

    , , . , , . . 70-80% .

  • 14

    3.

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  • 15

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  • 16

    :

    (Eris)

    . . , . - , , . . . . , . (Mycosphaerela fragarie), (Sphaerotheca humili) (Botritis cinerea). .

    (Miranda)

    . 20 . . . - . - , , , . . . , , . . , . , .

    (Alba)

    . . . . , . . .

  • 17

    (Cortina)

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    (Pocahontas)

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  • 18

    (Marmolada)

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  • 19

    , - . . .

    (Elsanta)

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    (Senga Sengana)

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  • 20

    (Pegasus)

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    4.

    4.1.

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    3 4 .

    . Solanace (, , ).

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    4.2

    . .

  • 21

    35 40 cm. . , .

    4.3

    . , , . 2, 3 .

    , 70-80 cm, 25 -30 cm. 41.000-57.000 .

    , 2 . 40 cm, a 30 cm. 60 cm. 47.600 .

    4.4

    :

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    , .

    , -2 , 6-10 .

    .

    . ( - ) -. , .

  • 22

    , . .

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    4.5.

    , , , , . , . :

    . . , , , , , , . - , . - 5 - 6 cm. . .

  • 23

    . 3-4 cm. , . , , .

    . , , , 5 7 . UV 0,15-0,20 mm. . , (). 12-15 cm. , . 60 cm. .

    . . . .

    .

    4.6.

    . . , , , ( , , , ).

  • 24

    , :

    / ; - ; (%); (%) (%); (P 2O5 ppm); (K 2O ppm); (ppm);M (ppm); (C.E.C. meq/100g) - ;

    Mg/K ; .

    (, ) , .

    , 30 cm, 3 % , 10 mg/100 g , 20 mg/100g 5% , 5,5 6,5. 1% 20 cm, 40 t/ha .

    2, 3.

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  • 25

    :

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  • 26

    4.7.

    :

    pH 5,5-6,5

    < 2,0 mS/cm

    < 1,5 g/l

    < 5 meq/l

    < 2200 meq/l

    SAR < 10

    < 120 ppm

    .

    . , , .

    , . . 7-8 , . , 300 400 m/ha.

    .

  • 27

    5.

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    , , , e , , .

    6.

    . . , 20-25 3-4 . , . , . . , 1-2 . , , . . , (1-2 cm ).

  • 28

    7.

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  • 29

    4. 5. 6 . 7 .

    8.

    8.1.

    () , , , . (, , ) , , . , , , .

  • 30

    /

    Aphis sp.

    , , ,

    :Coccinellidae Aphidius sp. Macrolophus caliginosus

    Otiorhynchus spp.

    . , . ,

    Heterorhabditis megidis - e (Neem)

    Anthonomus rubi

    o. . , . ,

    (Neem)

  • 31

    Trialeurodes vaporariarum

    . . ,

    : :Encarsia formosaBeauveria bassiana

    Tarsonemus pallidus

    , . .

    :Beauveria bassianaAmblyseius californicus

    Tetranichus urticae

    . ,

    : :Phytoseiulus persimilisBeauveria bassiana ( ) 4-5:1 . 8 m

  • 32

    ()

    Verticillium albo-atrum

    , - - . . . - . ,

    . .Streptomyces griseoviridis Trichoderma harsianum

    Phytophtora spp.

    , . , , , .

    , ,

  • 33

    , . ,

    Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum gloeosporioides

    , , . , , , . , . , , . . , , . . 1-3 mm. , -

  • 34

    Rhizoctonia fragariae

    . ,

    ,

    Mycosphaerella fragariae

    , - - . ,

    , ,

    Sphaerotheca macularis

    . , .

  • 35

    Botrytis cinerea

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    8.3.

    . , , , . : , , , , , , , .

    :

    - - Strawberry crinkle virus- - Strawberry mild yellow edge virus- - Strawberry latent ringspot virus - - Arabis mosaic virus- - Tomato ringspot virus

  • 36

    . . , , , .

    9.

    . . . .

  • 37

    10.

    Botritis cinerea -

    Colletotrichum acutatum

    Rhizoctonia fragariae

    Sphaerotheca macularis

  • 38

    Tetranichus urticae

    Tetranichus urticae Otiorhinchus ovatus

  • 39

    11.

    1

    .

    mg/kg

    Cd 0,8Hg 0,8Pb 50,0Zn 150Cr 50Ni 30Cu 50Mo 10As 10Co 30

    ( )

    1,0

  • 40

    2

    .

    ;;

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  • 41

    ,

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    . , . mg/kg: : 0,7; : 70; : 25; : 45; : 200; : 0,4; (): 70; :0 (* 12>mg/kg). . .

  • 42

    ( , ).

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  • 43

    : - - - - - - - - ( , ) - -

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  • 44

    < 12 -

    : 1. , , , 2. / 3. . .

    90 mg/kg 25.

    90 mg/kg. (>7,5).

    () .

  • 45

    (, .)

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  • 46

    ()

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    (6 >). .

    -

  • 47

    3

    .

    mg/kg

    Cd 0,7Hg 0,7Pb 70Mo 10As 10Co 50Ni 42Cu 70Cr 70Zn 210

    mg/kg2 3 7 8 - 0,00013 4 3 4 - 0,005 0,05 ( ) , ( ), ( , , )

    0,02

    +- 0,025

  • 48

    4

    .

    , ,

    Azardirachta indica (Neemm)

    , . .

    (*) (* 12>mg/kg)

    .

    .

    (*) (* 12>mg/kg)

    , .

    .

    ( ) Nicotiana tabacum

    , (. , ) (. ). . .

  • 49

    (. , , , )

    , ,

    Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

    , .

    Quassia amara .

    Deris spp. Lonchocarpus spp. Terphrosia spp.

    . .

  • 50

    5

    .

    ,,

    (, ) . Bacillus thuringiensis .

  • 51

    6

    .

    , ,

    , .

    . .

    . .

    ( Deltametion Lambada Cyhalothrin)

    . , Batrocera olae Ceratitis capitata. .

  • 52

    7

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    (3) .

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    . . 6 kg .

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  • 53

    , , , , (. ). . .

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  • 54

    :

  • 55

    :

  • 56

    :

  • 57

    :

  • 58

    :