Water Pollution Control in Indonesia

By: Dr. Budi KurniawanHead of Division of Infrastructure and Service

Deputy For Pollution ControlMinistry of Environment of Indonesia

OUTLINE PRESENTATION

• WATER POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY IN INDONESIA• WATER QUALITY AND WATER POLLUTION SOURCES• STATE OF PRIORITY RIVER BASIN AND WATERSHED IN 

INDONESIA • WATER POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATION, STRATEGY AND 

PROGRAMME• WHAT DO WE HAVE TO BE DONE IN THE FUTURE

MAIN OBJECTIVE – MID‐TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015‐2019

• Environment : To Improve environmental quality and sustainable development 

• Main Target of Environmental Protection and Managament:

Indicator Baseline 2014 Target 2019

Environmental  Quality IndexGreen House Gas Emission Reduction

63,0‐63,0

15,5%

66,5‐68,5

26%

(POLICY DIRECTION)Food, Energy and Water Security

• Water Security1. To Ensure the fullfilment  of need and water quality 

insurance for people daily life  2. To meet water need for social and productive economic 3. To increase people resilient in lowering the risk of water 

hazard force including climate change

Indicator Baseline 2014 Target 2019

National Capacity of Drinking water source 

51,44 m3/sec 118,6m3/sec

Irigation availabilityfrom Dams

11 20

MID‐TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015‐2019 

Acceleration of Infrastructure Development

INDICATOR BASELINE  2014 2019

Access of Appropriate Drinking Water

70 100

Appropriate Sanitation  60 100

Environmental Index Profile in Indonesia per Province(2011‐2013)

Poor

ModerateGood

Environmental Index Classification 

River water Quality Monitoring Result in Indonesia, 2013

75,25%

22,52%

1,73% 0,49%

WATER QUALITY MONITORING RESULT IN 2013(411 Sampling Points)

Heavy Polluted

Moderate Polluted

Slighty Polluted

Meet The Standard

Catagory  of Enterprises,  (National Statistic 2012)

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

NumberMicro and Small Enterprises 52,723,470Medium and Large Company 45,810

Catagory  of Enterprises

•Employment= 97,3%•PDB = 37,81%•Water Pollution=2,3  millions ton

Water Pollution Control in 5 River Basin Priority in Indonesia (Musi, Citarum, Ciliwung, Brantas, Barito)

MAP OF MUSI RIVER

Budi Kurniawan 10

Existing and The Standard of BOD Concentration in Musi River

Budi Kurniawan 11

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650Konsentrasi BOD (mg/L) Daya Tampung BOD (mg/L) BOD Observasi

Pollutant Load Reduction 9,09 %, Regency of Banyuasin,55,67% Palembang City

SEGMENTASION OF CITARUM RIVER

WATER QUALITY (BOD and COD)  OFCITARUM RIVER 2013

Pollution Load And TMDL in Citarum River, 2012

Segment Existing Pollution Load TMDL

Needed Reduction

Percentage of Needed Reduction

(kg/hari) (kg/hari) (kg/hari) %Segmen 1 267.827,90 11.219,90 256.608,00 95,81Segmen 2 44.003,52 6.861,72 37.141,80 84,41Segmen 3 99.495,65 8.177,93 91.317,72 91,78Segmen 4 5.175,36 1.011,05 4.164,31 80,46Segmen 5 334.687,68 82.198,54 252.489,14 75,44Segmen 6 5.184,00 2.695,68 2.488,32 48,00Segmen 7 67.495,68 9.266,23 58.229,45 86,27Segmen 8 85.536,00 14.307,84 71.228,16 83,27Segmen 9 57.075,84 13.169,43 43.906,41 76,93Total 966.481,63 148.908,33 817.573,31 Avarege :80,26

Water Quality Categories of Ciliwung River

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DistrictCurrent Water Quality

Target Water Quality

DKI Jakarta No Class III

Depok IV II

DKI Jakarta No Class II

Kab. Bogor IV II

Kota Bogor IV II

Kab. Bogor IV I

Existing and The Standard of BOD Concentration in Ciliwung River, 2012

Pollution Load And TMDL in Ciliwung River, 2012

SegmentExisting Pollution 

Load Contribution  TMDLNeeded Reduction

(kg/day) (%) (kg/day) (kg/day)

Hulu (Kab.Bogor) 62 0 16 45

Kab.Bogor 1 810 2 378 432

Kota Bogor 65 0 65 0

Kab.Bogor 2 921 2 921 0

Kota Depok 6.193 13 327 5.866

Jakarta 1 21.039 45 3.587 17.453

Jakarta 2 17.280 37 1.728 15.552

Total 46.371 100 7.023 39.348

Pollution Sources in 5 River basin (Musi, Citarum, Ciliwung, Brantas, Barito)

54.69%19.33%

15.54%

7.24% 0.27%

0.03%1.34%

1.56%

Waste Water FromHousehold

Livestock

Agriculture

Industry

Hotel

Hospital

Solid waste

Small Scale Industry

Estimated Budget of Water Pollution Control Measures for in 5 River basin (Musi, Citarum, Ciliwung, Brantas, Barito) 

River Basin US Dollar

Budget 5 years Budget 10 years

Musi 101.548.253 203.096.507

Citarum 503.764.393 1.007.528.785

Ciliwung 1.101.858.982 2.203.717.964

Brantas 717.698.836 1.435.397.672

Barito 105.729.792 211.459.583

Total 2.530.600.256 5.061.200.512

9 Priority Watershed in Java Island

Ciliwung

Sumber: PPEJ, 2013

Evaluated Components and MethodNo Components Method1. Water

‐ River Water Quality Compared to Water Quality Standard Class II

‐Water availability Ratio demand and  supplay

2. Air

‐ Ambient Air Quality Compared to ambent air quality standard

‐ Air Pollution Control Ratio vegetation cover to population

3. Land

‐ Vegetation Coverage Precentage of vegetation coverage to watershed  area

‐ Lahan kritis Precentage of ctitical land to watershed  area

4. Biodiversity Precentage of vegetation coverage area to protected area

Watershed Citarum Ciliwung B Solo Cimanuk Brantas Progo Cisadane SerayuCitandu

y1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

EQI 39.63 42.13 44.59 46.28 46.88 47.44 51.53 58.01 62.43

Catagory poor Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Good

Evironmental Quality Index in 9 Priority Watershed in Java

CURRENTLY APPLIED RESEARCH FOR POLICY MAKING

• Development of water quality standard including setting of designated use, classification and numerical criteria

• Development of water pollution and quality index

• Development of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMLD) Implementation of TMDL for 

Effluent Discharge Permit Implementation of TMDL for 

spatial management consideration

Implementation of TMDL for water pollution control policy 

• Application of Stream based water quality modeling 

• Metode of Pollution Source Inventory  Point source Non point source• Development of effluent standard 

from various sources• Development of WWTP Technology 

for domestic source and small scale enterprises 

• Economic valuation for water pollution

Act No. 23 of 1997 on Environmental Management, Act No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources, require all parties to involve in water pollution control

Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control establishes the framework for implementation of water pollution control, including aspects of prevention, protection and recovery.

Act No. 18 of 2003 on Solid Waste Management The most recent Act No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management was enacted on

October 3-th, 2009, Article 54 (2):recovery of environmental function shall be done by: (a) discontinuation of source of pollution and cleaning of pollutant; (b) remediation; (c) rehabilitation; (d) restoration; and/or (e) other measures in accordance with scientific and technological developments.

In addressing the global warming and climate change issues in Indonesia, Article 57 (4) of the Act mandate the preservation of atmosphere function shall cover: (a) mitigation and adaptation to climate change; (b) protection of ozone layer; (c) protection against acid rain.

MOE Decree for Effluent Standard of various sources: Concentration and Maximum Load Permit System: Effluent Standard Concentration and Maximum Load

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REGULATION BACKGROUND: WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

PROGRAM FOR COMPLIANCE IMPROVEMENT

AND EMISSION LOADREDUCTION

INTENSIVEMONITORING & INSPECTION: 

Scheme:Compliance 

Improvement &Emission Load Reduction

Target:Subject (Institutional 

Source)  not covered by

PROPER and PROKASIH 

Aspect: Water & AirPollution

PROKASIH (CLEAN RIVER PROGRAM) 

Scheme: Compliance Improvement and Emission Load Reduction

Target: Institutional Source, Small & Medium Scale Enterprises, 

Domestic Waste. 

PROPER (Program for Pollution Evaluation and Performance Rating): Scheme: Disclosure  Compliance Improvement

Target: Point Source (Corporate), Listed on Stock Exchange, Export Product Oriented, Significant Impact to the Environment Aspect: Water & Air Pollution Control, Hazardous Waste Mgt.

“CO‐BENEFIT APPROACH Emission Load  Reduction and GHG Mitigation 

PROGRAMS: PROPER, PROKASIH, CO-BENEFIT APPROACH, ADIPURA ANDOTHER COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMEN MECHANISM

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PROPER

ASPECTS

WATER POLLUTION

MARINE & COASTAL POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

HAZARDOUSE WASTE MGT

EIA

Env. Mgt System

Natural Resources Efficiency

Community Development

RATING

BLACK

RED

BLUE

GREEN

GOLD

APPROACH

End of Pipe

Eco Efficiency(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle &

Recovery)

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PROKASIH

EMISSION LOADREDUCTION

OVER PERIOD OF TIME

AN INTEGRATEDWATER POLLUTION CONTROL MECHANISM

EMISSION LOAD REDUCTION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

Strengthening the  local government capacities in water pollution control 

Improvement of stakeholders participation in water pollution control 

INCENTIVE &DISINCENTIVE

PROKASIH=CLEAN RIVER PROGRAMAN INTEGRATED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

TO REDUCE EMISSION LOAD

29

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Policy Tools

POLICY TOOLS

Command & Control Public Service Facility

Guidance / Technical Assistance

Tecnical Gudelines Public Toilet &Sewerage 

Treatment Plant

Effluent Standard

Permit

Compliance Supervision, 

Law Enforcement 

EIA, Economic InstrumentDissemination

Technical Assistance

Model

SewerageTreatment System

Solid waste management

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO BE DONE?

1.FORMULATION OF NATIONAL POLICY AND PROGRAMME IN RIVER RESTORATION

2.DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA, STANDARD INFORMATION SYSTEM AND TECHNICAL GUIDANCE IN RIVER RESTORATION

Criteria of quick wins :•Measureable progress in short/medium term•“Real effect” according to public perception

Proposed quick wins :1.River clean‐up integrated program2.River/watershed ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation

SCOPE OF COOPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES THAT NEED VARIOUS EXPERTISE SUPPORT

• Development of criteria, standard, technical guidance and reliable information system 

• Development of monitoring and Evaluation system • Develop an integrated action plan in river restoration • Capacity Building related to integrated river restoration• Case study work in a selected segment of river that integrate all aspects 

related to river restoration such as: cause effect analysis, modeling, strategic communication and community empowerment, economic valuation and formulation needed regulation

NEEDED RESEARCH FOR WATER PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE FUTURE

• Development of more approppriate water quality standard including setting of designated use, classification and  numerical criteria   

• Development of watershed based modeling for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMLD)  Implementation of TMDL for 

Effluent Discharge Permit Implementation of TMDL for 

spatial management consideration

Implementation of TMDL for treadable effluent discharge permit

Implementation of TMDL for water pollution control policy 

• Metode of watershed based Pollution Source Inventory 

Point source Non point source• Development of effluent/emission 

factor • Development of effluent standard 

from various sources• Development of Best Management 

Practices for Non Point source pollution control

• Development of 4 R method  and technology for various pollution sources

• Development of Integrated model coupling physical and economic model

NEEDED RESEARCH FOR WATER PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE FUTURE (continue)

• Development of composit index of water availability and quality

• Development of method of cause‐effect analysis for environmental forensic using remote sensing, numerical modeling and isotop tracer

• Development of criteria, standard, monitoring and evaluation for river restoration 

• Development of soil and sediment quality standard including setting of designated use, classification and  numerical criteria 

• Development of method of polluted soil remediation including criteria, standard, monitoring and evaluation 

• Development of groundwater quality standard including setting of designated use, classification and  numerical criteria 

• Development of method of polluted groundwater remediation including criteria, standard, monitoring and evaluation 

• Development of method of conjuctive of groundwater and surface water including criteria, standard, monitoring and evaluation 

• Development of method and standard of reclaimed water

• Development of decisison support system using varius tools

THANK YOU VERY MUCH