Ways of Reading Scripture - Mohr Siebeck · 2019-06-21 · ward Cadbury Chair of Theology; 1995–97 Dean of the Faculty of Arts; 1997–2002 Pro- Vice-Chancellor of the University;

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungenzum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber / EditorJörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber / Associate EditorsMarkus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala)Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

369

Frances Young

Ways of Reading ScriptureCollected Papers

Mohr Siebeck

Frances Young, born 1939; first class honours degrees in Classics (University of London, 1961) and Theology (University of Cambridge, 1963); 1967 PhD, University of Cambridge; 1971–82 lecturer, since 1982 senior lecturer at the University of Birmingham; 1986 elected to the Ed-ward Cadbury Chair of Theology; 1995–97 Dean of the Faculty of Arts; 1997–2002 Pro- Vice-Chancellor of the University; since 2005 retired.

ISBN 978-3-16-154099-8 / eISBN 978-3-16-154955-7DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-154955-7

ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra-phie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2018 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com

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Printed in Germany.

Preface

I am grateful to Markus Bockmuehl for the suggestion that I should gather to-gether publications of mine concerned with the New Testament for the WUNT series. The fact that the publisher was willing to allow me to produce some new papers to include alongside older studies made this project particularly attrac-tive to me. Now well into retirement I had already been thinking I should like to return to some study of the New Testament. May I here record my immense gratitude to all those at Mohr Siebeck who have facilitated the bringing of this collection to print, especially for their patience with unforeseen delays.

In some ways I hardly regard myself as truly a New Testament specialist, though I did teach Greek and New Testament studies throughout my lecturing career. Doing that alongside research in patristics, particularly in patristic exe-gesis, has constantly raised issues for me about exegesis, doctrine and herme-neutics. This somewhat disparate collection, with its rather all-embracing title, is the fruit of these discrete but overlapping concerns.

This work would never have seen the light of day without the assistance of Rev Josephine Houghton, who typed papers not previously in digital form, and also assisted with the considerable editorial task of making references, abbre-viations, etc., consistent across the volume. Thanks are especially due to her, and also to Rev Dr Andrew Teal of Pembroke College, Oxford, for compiling the Indices, with the assistance of his wife, Rachel, and Chris Long.

February 2018 Frances Young

Contents

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1: Ways of Reading the Bible: can we relativize the historico- critical method and rediscover a biblical spirituality? . . . . 9I. The historico-critical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10II. Biblical Exegesis in the Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1. Reading texts at School: the Origins of the Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. The subject-matter of scripture – Christ . . . . . . 173. Doctrinal Reading of Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . 18

III. A Model of Interpretation for Today . . . . . . . . . . 20

Section A: Christology – from critical scholarship to constructive theology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 2: Christological ideas in the Greek commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 3: A Cloud of Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41I. The New Testament Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42II. The Development of Patristic Christology . . . . . . 52III. A Personal Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61IV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 4: Two Roots or a Tangled Mass? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73II. First Probings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74III. Digging Deeper into the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79IV. Some Possible Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84V. Objections and Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88VI. Fresh Probings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90VII. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

VIII Contents

Chapter 5: The Mark of the Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105I. Tragic Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107II. The Passion Narrative as Tragedy . . . . . . . . . . . 112III. The Resurrection in the Light of the Passion . . . . . 113

Chapter 6: From Analysis to Overlay: A Sacramental Approach to Christology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117I. The complementarity of analysis and imagination . . 117II. Analysis and the Chalcedonian definition . . . . . . . 119III. Synthesis and imagination in Paul . . . . . . . . . . . 122IV. An overlay of texts and images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124V. Synthesis and mysticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126VI. Sacramental interpenetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Chapter 7: Wisdom in the Apostolic Fathers and the New Testament 131I. The virtual absence of sophia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131II. A wider sapiential vocabulary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133III. 1 Clement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134IV. The Epistle of Barnabas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137V. Wisdom in the Apostolic Fathers: conclusion . . . . . 139VI. Wisdom in Early Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140VII. Reassessing Wisdom in the New Testament . . . . . . 142VIII. The Pauline Epistles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142IX. Other New Testament Material . . . . . . . . . . . . 146X. The Gospels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147XI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Chapter 8: The Gospels and the Development of Doctrine . . . . . . . 151I. The Gospels in the Early Church . . . . . . . . . . . . 151II. Doctrine and Gospel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155III. Creeds and Gospels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158IV. The Gospels and Doctrinal Exegesis . . . . . . . . . . 160V. Doctrine, the Gospels and the Biographical

Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Chapter 9: John and the Synoptics: an historical problem or a theological opportunity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171I. Modernity Pinpoints the Challenges . . . . . . . . . . 171II. John and the Synoptics in the Fathers . . . . . . . . . 172

1. One in Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732. John’s difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743. Doctrinal Exegesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

IXContents

III. Can we Learn from the Fathers in the Postmodern Context? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Chapter 10: Rereading Jesus through rereading the Gospels . . . . . . . 183I. Second-Century Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184II. The Quest of the Historical Jesus and its implications

for reading the Gospels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189III. Reading for Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193IV. Rereading Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203V. Appendix: Traces of Jesus in the Pauline Corpus . . . 209

1. Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2112. Abba, Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Section B: New Testament Epistles and their interpretation . . . 215

Chapter 11: Notes on the Corinthian Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . 217I. Note 1. The Integrity of 1 Corinthians . . . . . . . . 217II. Note 2. The Christ-party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Chapter 12: Note on 2 Corinthians 1:17b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221I. The present consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221II. Towards a more satisfactory interpretation . . . . . . 224

Chapter 13: Paul’s Case for the Defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233I. Are the objections to the unity of this letter cogent? 234

1. 2 Corinthians 10–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2342. Other suspected dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

II. What is the genre of 2 Corinthians? . . . . . . . . . . 2401. Introduction or exordium (προοίμιον –

prooimion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2422. The narrative (διήγησις – diēgēsis) . . . . . . . . . . 2423. The proof(s) (πίστις – pistis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2424. The peroration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

III. Can objections to this theory be met? . . . . . . . . . 244IV. What was the situation which gave rise to this

apology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248V. What critical conclusions matter in order to

understand the text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256VI. Appendix: Thematic and verbal anticipations

of 2 Corinthians in 1 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . . . 257

X Contents

Chapter 14: The Biblical Roots of Paul’s Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . 259I. The importance of the psalms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262II. The importance of the prophets . . . . . . . . . . . . 266III. The importance of the wisdom literature . . . . . . . 273IV. Paul and the Scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Chapter 15: Understanding Romans in the Light of 2 Corinthians . . . 279I. 2 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279II. Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Chapter 16: The Pastoral Epistles and the Ethics of Reading . . . . . . . 291

Chapter 17: The Non-Pauline Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Section C: The Nature of Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chapter 18: Interpretative Genres and the Inevitability of Pluralism . . 319

Chapter 19: Augustine’s Hermeneutics and Postmodern Criticism . . . 335I. What is postmodern criticism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335II. The socio-cultural location of Augustine’s Christian

Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3381. Rhetorical theories of communication . . . . . . . 3392. Exegesis of literary texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3403. Content and style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

III. Augustine and Postmodern Criticism: the reference of the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Chapter 20: Books and their “aura”: the functions of written texts in Judaism, Paganism and Christianity during the First Centuries CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351I. Ἑλληνισμός – Hellenismos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353II. Ἰουδαϊσμός – Ioudaismos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356III. Χριστιανισμός – Christianismos . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Chapter 21: Did Luke think he was writing scripture? . . . . . . . . . . 367

Chapter 22: The “Mind” of Scripture: Theological Readings of the Bible in the Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373I. The sense behind the wording . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373II. A “more dogmatic” exegesis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378III. The Bible and theology: then and now . . . . . . . . . 383IV. Learning from the past – and improving on it? . . . . 385V. Final words from Ephrem the Syrian . . . . . . . . . 387

XIContents

Chapter 23: The Trinity and the New Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389I. The “emergence” of trinitarian theology . . . . . . . 390

1. The Monarchian controversies . . . . . . . . . . . 3912. The Arian Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

II. New Testament Theology and the Trinity . . . . . . . 4001. New Testament theology – “myth,” “doctrine,”

or what? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4012. A clearer view? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Chapter 24: Sacred text and the transcendence of tradition: the Bible in a pluralist Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407I. Pluralist society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407II. The nature of sacred texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410III. The Bible and its attitudes to the “other” . . . . . . . 413IV. The transcendence of tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Section D: Concluding Hermeneutical Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Chapter 25: The Dynamics of Interpretation: Jesus and Scripture in Hebrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423I. Text and reader in Hebrews’ scriptural hermeneutics 424II. Jesus and scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426III. The formation of reading communities . . . . . . . . 428IV. Learning to read scripture from Hebrews and its

interpreters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434V. Final Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446Index of Biblical and other Ancient Sources including References . . . . 459Index of Modern Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Acknowledgements

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following journals and publishers for their kind permission to reproduce the articles, papers and chapters included in this volume:

Cambridge University Press, for ch. 8, “The Gospels and the Development of Doctrine,” from The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels, ed. Stephen Barton (2006): 201–223; ch. 17, “The non-Pauline Letters,” from The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Inter-pretation, ed. John Barton (1998): 290–304; and from the Scottish Journal of Theology, ch. 15, “Understanding Romans in the light of 2 Corinthians,” SJT 43 (1990): 433–446.

De Gruyter, for ch. 11, “Notes on the Corinthian Correspondence,” from Studia Evan-gelica 7 (1982): 563–566.

Dominican Publications, for ch. 1, “Ways of Reading the Bible: Can We Relativise the Historico-critical Method and Rediscover a Biblical Spirituality,” from Reading Scrip-ture for Living the Christian Life, ed. Bernard Treacy, with Frances M. Young, J. Cecil McCullough and Thomas Brodie (2009): 7–25.

Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, for chs. 3 & 4, two chapters from The Myth of God Incarnate, ed. John Hick (London: SCM Press, 1977): 13–47 & 87–121.

Koninklijke Brill NV, for ch. 20, “Books and their ‘Aura’: the Functions of Written Texts in Judaism, Paganism and Christianity during the First Centuries CE,” from Religious Identity and the Problem of Historical Foundation, ed. Judith Frishman, Willemien Ot-ten and Gerard Rouwhorst (2004): 535–552.

Louvain Studies, Peeters Publishers, for ch. 9, “John and the Synoptics: An Historical Problem or a Theological Opportunity,” Festschrift for Fr Kenneth William Collins, Louvain Studies 33 (2008): 208–220.

Oxford University Press, for ch. 7, “Wisdom in the Apostolic Fathers and the New Tes-tament,” from Trajectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers, ed. Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett (2005): 85–104; and from the Journal of The-ological Studies, ch. 2, “Christological Ideas in the Greek Commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebrews,” JTS NS20 (1969): 150–162; and ch. 12, “Note on II Cor. 1.17b,” JTS NS37 (1986): 404–415.

SAGE publications UK, for ch. 16, “The Pastorals and the Ethics of Reading,” from JSNT 45 (1992): 105–120; ch. 18, “Interpretative Genres and the Inevitability of Plural-ism,” also from JSNT 59 (1995): 93–110; and ch. 19, “Augustine’s Hermeneutic and Post-modern Criticism,” from Interpretation 58 (2004): 42–55.

SPCK Publishing, for ch. 5, “The Mark of the Nails,” from Resurrection: Essays in hon-our of Leslie Houlden, ed. Stephen Barton and Graham Stanton (1994): 139–153; for

XIV Acknowledgements

ch. 6, “From Analysis to Overlay: A Sacramental Approach to Christology,” from Christ: The Sacramental Word. Incarnation, sacrament and poetry, ed. David Brown and Ann Loades (1996): 40–56; for two chapters from Frances Young and David F. Ford, Meaning and Truth in 2 Corinthians (1987), ch. 13, “Paul’s Case for the Defence”: 27–59, and ch. 14, “The Biblical Roots of Paul’s Perceptions”: 60–84; and for ch. 24, “Sacred Text and the Transcendence of Tradition: the Bible in a pluralist society” from Liberating Texts? Sacred scriptures in Public Life, ed. Sebastian C. H. Kim and Jonathan Draper (2008): 75–98.

Wiley Global, for ch. 22, “The ‘Mind’ of Scripture: Theological Readings of the Bible in the Fathers,” from International Journal of Systematic Theology 7 (2005): 126–141; and for ch. 23, “The Trinity and the New Testament” from The Nature of New Testament Theology: Essays in Honour of Robert Morgan, ed. Christopher Rowland and Christo-pher Tuckett (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006): 286–305.

Abbreviations

ACW Ancient Christian Writers, New York: Newman PressANCL Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Edinburgh: T&T ClarkAV Authorised VersionBCBF Bulletin of the Catholic Biblical Federation BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium, Leuven: PeetersBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester: Manchester University

PressCCL Corpus Christianorum: Series Latina, Turnhout: BrepolsCIIS Centre for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies, Pontifical Oriental Institute,

RomeCSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Leuven: PeetersCWS Classics of Western Spirituality, New York: Paulist PressET English TranslationFC Fathers of the Church, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America

PressGCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, Leipzig: Hinrich; Berlin: Aka-

demie VerlagGNB Good News BibleJB Jerusalem BibleJBL Journal of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, GA: SBLJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament, London: Sage Publications UKJTS Journal of Theological Studies, Oxford: Oxford University PressLCC Library of Christian Classics, London: SCM PressLCL Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann and Cambridge, MA: Har-

vard University PressLXX SeptuagintNEB New English BibleNPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, New York: Christian Literature Compa-

ny; Oxford and London: Parker & CompanyNS New SeriesNT New TestamentNTS New Testament StudiesOECT Oxford Early Christian Texts, Oxford: ClarendonPG Migne, Patrologia Graeca, Paris 1857–1866PTS Patristiche Texte und Studien, Berlin: De GruyterRSV Revised Standard VersionSBL Society of Biblical LiteratureSBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series

XVI Abbreviations

SC Sources Chrétiennes, Paris: Les Éditions du CerfSJT Scottish Journal of Theology, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressSNTS Societas Novum Testamentum StudiorumSST Society for the Study of TheologyTDNT G. Kittel, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, trans. G. W. Bro-

miley (ET Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964–, German original, 1932–).TS Texts and Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Biblical booksNote: various translations are cited, including my own.

Gen GenesisExod ExodusLev LeviticusNum NumbersDeut DeuteronomyJosh Joshua1–2 Sam 1–2 SamuelPs/Pss PsalmsProv ProverbsIsa IsaiahJer JeremiahEzek EzekielHos HoseaMic MicahZech Zechariah

Other Primary Sources

Aristotle, Poet. PoeticsAthanasius, Inc. On the Incarnation C. Ar. Orations against the Arians Decr. Defence of the Nicene DefinitionAthenagoras, Leg. Embassy for the ChristiansAugustine, Doctr. Chr. Christian InstructionBarn. Epistle of BarnabasCicero, Ep. Quint. Fratr. Letter to his brother Quintus Nat. d. De Natura Deorum1 Clem. 1st Epistle of ClementClement of Alexandria, Paed. Paedagogus Strom. StromateisCyril of Alexandria, Comm. Jo. Commentary on John Comm. Matt. Commentary on MatthewDid. DidacheEusebius, Hist. eccl. Ecclesiastical History Praep. ev. Preparation for the Gospel

Tob TobitWis WisdomSir SirachMatt MatthewRom Romans1–2 Cor 1–2 CorinthiansGal GalatiansEph EphesiansPhil PhilippiansCol Colossians1–2 Thess 1–2 Thessalonians1–2 Tim 1–2 TimothyHeb HebrewsJas James

XVIIAbbreviations

Vit. Const. Life of ConstantineHag. HagigahHerm. Mand. Shepherd of Hermas. Mandate(s)Herm. Sim. Shepherd of Hermas. Similitude(s)Herm. Vis. Shepherd of Hermas. Vision(s)Horace, Carm. OdesIgnatius, Eph. To the Ephesians Phld. To the Philadelphians Pol. To Polycarp Smyrn. To the Smyrnaeans Trall. To the TralliansIrenaeus, Haer. Against HeresiesJohn Chrysostom, Hom. 2 Cor. Homilies on 2 Corinthians Hom. Heb. Homilies on Hebrews Hom. Matt. Homilies on MatthewJosephus, Ant. Jewish Antiquities J.W. Jewish WarJustin, 1 Apol. First Apology Dial. Dialogue with TryphoLucian, Alex. Alexander the False-Prophet Peregr. The Passing of PeregrinusMart. Pol. The Martyrdom of PolycarpOrigen, Cels. Against Celsus Comm. Jo. Commentary on John Comm. Matt. Commentary on Matthew Princ. First Principles Ovid, Metam. MetamorphosesPhilo, Confusion On the Confusion of Tongues Flight On Flight and Finding Moses On the Life of Moses Planting On Planting Q.E. Questions and Answers on Exodus Q.G. Questions and Answers on GenesisPhilostratus, Vit. Apoll. The Life of Apollonius of TyanaPlutarch, Alex. The Life of AlexanderPorphyry, Abst. On AbstinenceQuintilian, Inst. The Orator’s EducationTertullian, Herm. Against Hermogenes Marc. Against Marcion Prax. Against PraxeasVirgil, Ecl. Eclogues

Introduction

The significance of this book must lie, surely, in the way it exemplifies the ex-traordinarily interesting changes which have taken place in biblical hermeneu-tics during the last 50–60 years. It consists of articles and chapters published previously over the course of a career as a scholar of early Christianity, together with a few newly composed additions. The focus is on studies concerned with the New Testament, but in a context of enquiries about methods of interpreta-tion, and of exploration of the nature and function of sacred scriptures, with a slant towards theological and doctrinal reading.

My principal research interest has been patristics, but my teaching activities for over 20 years were focused on the New Testament. The two areas converged somewhat in my work on patristic exegesis, Biblical Exegesis and the Formation of Christian Culture, which implicitly, though not explicitly, showed up the similarities and differences between ancient and modern interpretation.1 In 2012 a collection of my patristic essays and papers was published by Ashgate in the Variorum series;2 this collection is my response to an offer to collect togeth-er my work on the New Testament. Many of the pieces included here draw upon my awareness of a broader range of early Christian texts than just the New Testament. They also display a range of compositional registers, many being accessible to a wider readership than is the case generally in collections of this kind. A few of those selected, however, are more technical articles concerned with Greek vocabulary and sentence construal.3

As in the earlier patristic collection, the process of gathering together previ-ously published material has provided an opportunity for an introductory over-view of the work included. It may seem strange to place first in this collection a piece composed at the end rather than the beginning of the author’s career. The reason, however, is clear: it provides retrospective light, not only on my own developing thought, but on a major paradigm shift that has affected some, if not

1 Frances Young, Biblical Exegesis and the Formation of Christian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

2 Frances Young, Exegesis and Theology in Early Christianity, Variorium Collected Stud-ies (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2012).

3 This has made it rather challenging to encompass all the articles in one consistent edito-rial policy, as requested, but in order to do so, the original Greek, transliteration and transla-tion, whether or not such aids appeared in the original publication, have all been provided on the first occasion each word or phrase is used, though not thereafter.

2 Introduction

all, biblical scholarship in the past half-century. The collection as a whole re-flects changes in approach in both large and small matters: for some readers the lack of so-called inclusive language in the early essays will be all too noticeable, alongside the assumption that original meaning can be distilled from historic texts if you set about it with the right linguistic and historical tools. When I began research, the dominant ethos of New Testament studies was entirely his-torical, as indeed was the approach to patristic study, geared as it was to tracing the development of doctrine in the first four to five Christian centuries. As postmodernism raised questions about objectivity and textual meaning, both exegesis and doctrine would be approached with rather different perspectives. Chapter 1, “Ways of Reading the Bible,” produced for a predominantly Roman Catholic conference on biblical scholarship, sets out the methodological issues as perceived towards the end of my intellectual journey, while subsequent pa-pers are evidence of various stages along the way.

My initial research at postgraduate level was to be a study of patristic exegesis of Hebrews. From the beginning, however, I was drawn to doctrinal and her-meneutical issues, and this proved a distraction from engagement with the epis-tle’s exegesis as such. In the end, my doctoral thesis focused on sacrificial ideas in early Christian writings from the New Testament to John Chrysostom, trac-ing the impact of Greco-Roman and biblical understanding of sacrifice on inter-pretation of the death of Christ, the eucharist and other aspects of Christian practice in the early church.4 An early paper, figuring here as chapter 2, similar-ly engaged with doctrinal issues, demonstrating as it did the influence on patris-tic exegesis of Hebrews of fourth-century christological preoccupations. Thus it exemplifies the hermeneutical point made in the opening essay that readers’ interests and questions materially affect the way a text is read – there is no pre-suppositionless exegesis. It also illustrates a related point that, while many of the same processes are at work in exegesis ancient and modern, differing inter-ests and cultural presuppositions materially affect the outcome. It is, of course, by hindsight that such observations are possible. At the time the exercise was conceived entirely in terms of the historico-critical interest in what people thought back then, and what were the influences upon them.

As indeed were conceived the following two essays in section A, originally published as chapters in the notorious volume, The Myth of God Incarnate.5 My involvement with that project was consciously driven by the sense that the ma-jority of believers were in some sense docetist in their understanding, unable to take the human, historical Jesus really seriously and innocent of the inevitable implications of a truly historico-critical reading of the New Testament. Its re-ception did indeed highlight the gap between the scholar and the pew, exacer-

4 Published as Frances Young, Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers, Patristic Mon-ograph Series (Cambridge, MA: Philadelphia Patristic Foundation, 1979).

5 John Hick, ed., The Myth of God Incarnate (London: SCM Press, 1977).

3Introduction

bated as reactions were by the mass media, much to my own discomfiture. Some 40 years later I am not ashamed to republish my contributions to the volume; they gathered together a whole range of cultural parallels to early Christian claims about Jesus, historical material which was and is routinely discussed among scholars. This gives these chapters a certain perennial usefulness, but there is a further point in their resurrection: from a later perspective they show how profoundly the critical approach challenged traditional Christology, and how inadequate the historico-critical method was for discerning scriptural meaning.

It will be evident by now that I was somewhat preoccupied with Christology in my early researches – hence the focus of section A, which moves from critical and historical approaches to Christology to constructive theological reading. Postmodern questions have enabled a more complex appreciation of the nature of truth and knowledge, a wider perspective on what might constitute meaning, a recognition of the inseparability of fact and interpretation, a deeper readiness to value insight and intuition, multiple meanings, even paradox and ambiguity, and a willingness to value literary criticism as highly as historical analysis. This last move is reflected in chapter 5, entitled “The Mark of the Nails,” which springs from a fundamentally literary question: it argues that, even with the apparent resolution of resurrection, the drama of Jesus’s story is fundamentally tragic. Tragedy exposes the truth, and as tragedy the passion-story becomes “a universal narrative, a story told by an inspired poet, not a mere chronicler or historian.” Furthermore, its atoning power is revealed by its association with tragedy’s origin in cathartic rituals. Thus, the piece exemplifies the point that meaning and truth are found not in facts painstakingly established through historico-critical argument, but through interpretation and insight.

The new intellectual environment also enabled a return to Christology some 20 years later: the outcome appears here as chapter 6. Tackling the view that the Chalcedonian Definition is incoherent, a view espoused by the editor of The Myth of God Incarnate, John Hick, it defended, on the one hand, the analytical approach of that historic statement as essential to safeguard Christianity from popular tendencies, either to divinize Jesus in ways analogous to pagan mythol-ogy, or to give an inadequate account of the Son of God as a mediating confu-sion of divinity and humanity, neither fully one nor the other; and, on the other hand, in a bid to re-present the identity and significance of Christ as tradition-ally conceived in Christian theology, it explored the synthetic thinking of, par-ticularly but not solely, St Paul. His overlaying of scriptural texts produces, not so much a collage, as “a synthetic whole in which they all penetrate and illumi-nate one another.” Furthermore, being utterly other, “divine being could be both differentiated from and mystically identified with another being.” Thus, the article implies that neither exegesis nor doctrine need remain trapped in the reductionism of modernity’s critical analyses.

4 Introduction

Chapters 7 and 8 from a further ten years on might seem to evidence a rever-sion to sharply critical methods. Demonstrating that the first incontestable christological use of Proverbs 8:22 ff. is to be found in Justin’s Dialogue with Trypho in the mid-second century, chapter 7 on “Wisdom in the Apostolic Fa-thers” makes the case that anachronistic doctrinal reading of the New Testa-ment persists, despite the century and a half of modernity’s dismantling of the claims to find Christian doctrine in scripture – indeed this piece of work on wisdom undermined my own use of Wisdom-Christology in earlier papers (chs. 3, 4 and 6), where my assumption had been that Paul, not to mention the author of John’s Gospel, had correlated with the pre-existent Christ the personified figure of God’s wisdom found in Proverbs 8:22 ff. and subsequently in the Deutero-canonical books of Ecclesiasticus and the Wisdom of Solomon. The following chapter on “The Gospels and the Development of Doctrine” also uses critical methods to show that the Gospels had little real impact on doctrinal development: indeed, conversely, credal confessions and doctrinal disputes in-fluenced the identification of approved gospel narratives rather than vice versa, and even affected the formation of the gospel texts. Later on proof-texts certain-ly figured in doctrinal argument, but they were drawn from right across scrip-ture; appeal was not primarily to the gospel texts themselves – which were in any case invariably read in the light of doctrinal interests and often yielded ambiguous answers to the questions in debate. One of those questions arose entirely from the common assumption since Justin that Proverbs 8:22 ff. did refer to the pre-existent Christ, an assumption deriving from the second- century impulse to search the prophetic scriptures for clues to identify the Christ-figure. The effect of these two pieces is to demonstrate that critical methods remain key to understanding the profound “otherness” of the reasoning and exegesis which produced classical Christian doctrine. Only by understanding this can we work out how to read scripture Christianly in a totally different intellectual environ-ment, whether modern or postmodern, a point made even clearer by the follow-ing article (ch. 9) suggesting we might learn from the Fathers to treat the conundrum of the relationship of John’s Gospel to the Synoptics as a theological opportunity rather than a historical problem. Needless to say this brief if sug-gestive article scarcely begins to work out what that might mean.

Thus, the various essays gathered in section A pose a series of provocative questions about Christology in particular, doctrine in general and, above all, how to read the Gospels Christianly. The newly composed chapter 10 suggests a way to reread the Gospels so as to reread Jesus, both as a historical figure and as the catalyst for Christianity, by being more methodologically open to read-ing for resonances and to respecting memory as a clue to the impact of Jesus. That Jesus was impelled by a scripture-shaped vocation to live and die for God alone is a conclusion some may regard as too great a concession to traditional Christian belief and a betrayal of critical scholarship. Yet it could be argued that

5Introduction

it is not only true to the gospel texts, but something like this can alone account for the rise of Christian belief, a point perhaps further confirmed by the appen-dix to this essay: considering the Pauline evidence does, after all, introduce the earliest material we have for assessing Jesus and his impact. This also provides some transition to the following section.

For the essays in section B mostly derive from a period in my career of intense engagement with the interpretation of the Pauline and post-Pauline Epistles. The works gathered here were almost all produced during the research process for two books. The first of these, Meaning and Truth in 2 Corinthians, was a joint project with David Ford – a deliberate attempt to build bridges between New Testament criticism and systematic theology.6 Key to the book were the hours we spent debating how to translate each phrase and sentence, each para-graph and section of the letter. The outcome demonstrated how much, in mat-ters of exegesis and interpretation, it all depends on what questions you ask of the text. Two of the chapters from my pen are included in this volume as chap-ters 13 and 14, not least because they presented challenges to the general consen-sus of New Testament scholarship while equally engaged with the questions concerning Paul’s own meaning and intention within his historical context. In the case of these two chapters, as well as the two articles that here precede them (chs. 11 and 12), literary, rhetorical and patristic readings became the genesis of fresh insights into the purpose and context of 2 Corinthians in particular and the Corinthian correspondence in general. One of our important contentions was that 2 Corinthians, as in effect Paul’s apologia pro vita mea, should provide the best access to what made Paul tick, and the following article (ch. 15 in this collection) was my attempt to test that out by reading the Pauline classic, Ro-mans, in the light of our findings, rather than letting Romans lead the shaping of Pauline theology as it has done predominantly since the Reformation.

The second book project arose from a request to contribute a short volume on The Theology of the Pastoral Letters to a series focusing, more or less one by one, on the theology of the New Testament writings.7 The associated article included as chapter 16 specifically tackled the question how to read appropriate-ly texts generally recognised as pseudonymous. Here the consensus of New Testament historical scholarship was simply accepted as most plausible, and at-tention focused on the implications of such a conclusion: how were pseudony-mous texts to be treated respectfully? How were they to function as scripture? Exploring how to read them ethically drew the discussion into an exploration of the interactions between author, text and reader, anticipating the dynamics traced in chapter 1.

6 Frances Young and David F. Ford, Meaning and Truth in 2 Corinthians (London: SPCK, 1987; republ. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2008).

7 Frances Young, The Theology of the Pastoral Letters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

6 Introduction

The final piece in this section had a different genesis, which explains the curi-ous range of material it covers. Gathering together the “non-Pauline letters,” with the exception of the Johannine epistles, might seem at first an arbitrary project generated solely by the exigencies of covering everything in a volume on biblical interpretation. Intriguingly the result produced far greater coherence than anticipated. For the material covered, Hebrews and the Pastorals, James and the Petrines, raised similar questions. All are most likely pseudonymous, all ask us to determine how they relate to Paul, and all seem to pose issues about the next generation, not least about the possibility of various different forms of ear-ly Christianity. Other questions raised in common by these diverse little epis-tles concern (1) the perceptions which they carry of their relationship with Jew-ish history, together with their interpretation of the Jewish scriptures, (2) their development of a Christian lifestyle, not least in response to persecution, and (3) their warnings against false teaching and search for the true tradition.

If section A explored the “Gospel,” with an eye to the doctrinal significance of the gospel texts, while section B focused on the collected “Apostle,” section C turns to the function and nature of scripture. Function is implied in the first article, which considers the way in which interpretation is affected by the gener-ic context in which it takes place: commentary, homily, theme-study, literary- critical study, church report, sermon, liturgy, hymnography, even systematic theology. The advantages and drawbacks of each context are considered, and the question raised whether we should expect exegesis undertaken in one genre to work effectively in another – indeed, whether we should expect schol-arship and preaching to be related as master and slave. A plurality of meanings is perhaps inevitable, depending on what is asked of the text, how it is meant to function. The second piece in section C, commissioned for a journal issue focus-ing on Augustine, considers the similarities sometimes claimed between Augus-tine’s theory of signs and postmodern semiotics, highlighting the substantial differences in overall intellectual context, and suggesting not only that those similarities can be overplayed but that Augustine might have something signif-icant to say with respect to certain postmodern trends. The perhaps surprising inclusion of this piece arises from the fact that it provides an overview and cri-tique of postmodern approaches to interpretation, while also showing how Au-gustine could at once approach the language of scripture with a certain scepti-cism and insist on the essential truth of scripture. Thus it leads naturally into the following papers in which the very notion of scripture is explored.

What is it after all which distinguishes scripture from other literature? In “Books and their ‘Aura’” this question is raised by exploring the functions of written texts in the Judaism, Paganism and Christianity of antiquity. In general books were venerated in a way we can hardly imagine; for miraculously they carried the wisdom of ancient, inspired and revered seers over generations. For Jews this was enhanced by the affirmation that their sacred books contained the

7Introduction

Word of God. Against this background the Christian attitude to books at first seems surprisingly ambiguous: roughly speaking, authority shifted away from books to Christ as the Word of God, though books provided crucial testimony to that. So, eventually, a canon of authoritative books provided the church with texts functioning as foundation documents, as doctrinal and moral guidebooks, and as a key element in the liturgy, books read and interpreted in homilies, pro-cessed with candles and incense, becoming a kind of “icon” or “image” of the divine. Inserted immediately after this discussion is a brief new essay asking the question, “Did Luke think he was writing scripture?” This implicitly highlights those ambiguities associated with the term “scripture,” while at the same time enabling some consideration of the process towards canonization during the second century.

The next pair of articles gives more consideration to the relationship between scripture and doctrine. In the first (ch. 22) ways in which the Fathers sought doctrinal truth through a search for the “mind” of scripture as a whole are con-trasted with modern historical readings, and the question is raised how far their doctrinal legacy can remain valid. The suggestion is that systematic theology needs to justify the orthodox doctrine it interprets as an appropriate reading of scripture in our very different intellectual environment. The second turns spe-cifically to the doctrine of the Trinity, avoiding the usual developmental model and asking whether the doctrine does or does not reflect the implications of the New Testament writings. It traces the building up of the trinitarian superstruc-ture through deduction from, and argument about, the scriptural texts, and raises the question whether the result permits a better view of what the New Testament is about. So, through addressing a key example it potentially pro-vides a way of responding to the challenge of the previous piece.

The climax of section C is a piece written in a more popular register and with a far wider horizon, that of contemporary religious pluralism. Telling parallels are drawn between different religious traditions with regard to the cultic mean-ing and liturgical function of sacred writings, something which lies beyond any quest to read with understanding; while the apparent exclusivity of different, potentially rival, scriptures is challenged by highlighting the way they point to transcendence of sectarian perspectives, the Christian Bible providing a classic example. Thus implicitly the question is raised: how to read scripture as scrip-ture. For in the end that is the real question raised by this whole collection.

So, as a concluding hermeneutical exercise, I return after some 50 years to the exegesis of Hebrews, with which my research career and this collection began, this time seeking to learn something from Hebrews’ own approach to reading its scriptures – what Christians call the “Old Testament.” Two aims shape the enquiry: the first is to discern what Hebrews itself is all about; the second is to discover how to read scripture Christianly and as scripture, including Hebrews itself. It turns out that this means reading scripture not just as a collection of

8 Introduction

disparate texts from the past, but as a body of text which illuminates the pres-ent, text and reader being judged in the light of Christ, and drawn into the dy-namics of scriptural living through hearing the Word of God in the context of liturgy. Thus, the essay reads Hebrews, and ultimately scripture, with bifocal vision – one eye on the demands of the academy, another on those of the ecclesia.

That scripture is like an inexhaustible fountain was the suggestion of Ephrem Syrus in the fourth century.8 This collection of essays demonstrates that the interpreter of scripture cannot expect to come up with one incontestable, uni-versal meaning appropriate to every age and context. Rather the riches of scrip-ture lie in its potential to generate meanings that transform people’s lives in a multitude of ways, pointing beyond itself and themselves to the elusive yet rev-elatory reality of God’s love in Christ.

8 Ephrem Syrus, Commentary on the Diatesseron, 1.18–19, Syriac text: S. Ephrem, Com-mentaire de L’Évangile concordant, version arménienne, ed. and Latin trans. L. Leloir, CSCO 137, 145 (Leuven: Peeters, 1953). See the end of ch. 22 for quotations.

Chapter 1

Ways of Reading the Bible: can we relativize the historico-critical method and rediscover

a biblical spirituality?*

In this paper I shall attempt three things. I shall first outline the methods of biblical interpretation that have dominated the modern (as distinct from the past and the postmodern) period, remarking on the value and importance of the so-called historico-critical challenge to traditional interpretation, as well as its pitfalls.1 Secondly I intend to provide comparison and contrast by looking at the methods of interpretation used in the early church, briefly indicating its legacy in the medieval four senses of scripture.2 I propose, finally, to develop a model of interpretation3 whereby we can hold this together with the historico-critical method, with benefits from both, while defining lectio divina against this back-ground, and offering a doctrinal model of Holy Scripture which could under-gird this.4

So I shall not suggest that we discard the historico-critical method, but rather put it into relation with past approaches so that it can be transcended.

* Originally published in Reading Scripture for Living the Christian Life, ed. Bernard Treacy, with Frances M. Young, J. Cecil McCullough and Thomas Brodie (Dublin: Domini-can Publications, 2009): 7–25.

1 In this section I will eschew footnotes, since it simply summarizes for the general reader already well-known material.

2 In this section I am reproducing and adapting my own work published elsewhere, e.g. “The Rhetorical Schools and their influence on Patristic Exegesis,” in The Making of Ortho-doxy, ed. Rowan Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989): 182–199; repub-lished as ch. IV in Exegesis and Theology; “Interpretative Genres and the Inevitability of Pluralism,” JSNT 59 (1995): 93–110, reproduced as ch. 17 of the present volume; Biblical Exe-gesis; “The Interpretation of Scripture,” in The First Christian Theologians, ed. G. R. Evans (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004): 24–38. For detailed footnotes these should, for the most part, be consulted.

3 This was originally published as “The Pastorals and the Ethics of Reading,” JSNT 45 (1992): 105–120, and is reproduced in ch. 16 of the present volume.

4 This has previously been outlined in Frances Young, The Art of Performance: towards a theology of Holy Scripture (London: Darton Longman & Todd, 1990).

10 Chapter 1: Ways of Reading the Bible

I. The historico-critical method

A number of things contributed to the rise of the modern historico-critical method:

In the fifteenth century the Renaissance and the work of great scholars like Erasmus reminded people that the word of scripture did not come in the Latin of the Vulgate, but rather Greek was the language of the New Testament, and what Christians call the Old Testament was originally in Hebrew. As printing superseded manuscripts, questions about the differences between the handwrit-ten witnesses became significant, and the attempt to find what lay behind these differences, so as to provide printed editions of the pristine, uncontaminated original, became paramount. So one big factor was the drive to get back to the original and pare away all the mistakes and misinterpretations that had accu-mulated over the centuries.

This has to be important. We all know that we cannot make things mean what we like: we argue over meaning in everyday life, sometimes because we have misheard, sometimes because we have not grasped the point the other person was trying to make; occasionally the person will say, “I said so-and-so but I really meant so-and-so.” In other words language carries meaning, and we can-not arbitrarily attribute meanings to words or sentences which do not fit them. To understand something requires the establishment of exactly what was said in the original language, and that involves acquiring the expertise to do it.

A second factor was the rise of what has been called the romantic view of what happens when one reads a text. In the nineteenth century it was famously described as “thinking the author’s thoughts after him.” So primacy was given to authorial intention – the meaning lay in what the author had in mind when he wrote it.

So in reading any text from the ancient world, the Greek and Latin classics as well as the Bible, the first thing was to grapple with the question what was in the author’s mind. In the case of scripture this meant establishing who the author was, with the time or occasion of the writing and how it fitted into the author’s situation and purposes, so as to discern the original meaning. Dating, biograph-ical details, events and relationships would provide clues to authorial intention; so reconstruction of the original situation was fundamental.

This too has to be important. In our everyday arguments about meaning we sometimes find a person saying, “You misunderstand – I was referring to some-thing else.” We certainly will understand what we read better if we know some-thing of the circumstances. Paul provides the most obvious example: he was writing letters to his congregations about all kinds of problems in the churches, and if we can reconstruct what was going on we shall get his point much better.

Then alongside this was the rise of what has been called historical conscious-ness: that is, the sense that back then was not the same as now. Another famous

Index of Biblical and other Ancient Sources including References

Old Testament (Hebrew Bible and Septuagint)

Genesis * 141, 201, 369, 370, 385,

396, 4295:24 956:2 9714:18–20 14, 9815:6 30918 9732:34 9938 196

Exodus * 17, 370–371, 381, 413,

425–42617:7 19619:5 41419:6 31320:3 39420:10 41422:21 41423 12723:9 41423:12 41423:21 95, 12624 127 25:40 43331:18 12432:15–16 12433:11 277, 43833:18 27733:18–23 12733:20 199, 43833:21–23 43934 276

34:29 12534:29–35 43934:34 125

Leviticus * 30917:11 429, 43619:19 238

Numbers12:6–8 43212:7 427, 431–43212:8 27716:28 19821:4–5 19633:55 272

Deuteronomy2:14 1974:12 1996:13 1966:16 1968:3 1969:10 12410:18 41410:22 23813:18–14:1 37414:1 10016:11 41424:19 41427:19 41432:6 10032:8 9732:18 100

460 Index of Biblical and other Ancient Sources including References

Joshua2 196

Ruth * 196, 414

2 Samuel7:14 42611 196

1 Kings19 43922 271

2 Kings2:11 937:14 90,

Job * 132, 136, 137, 1431 96

Psalms * 17, 44, 136, 138–139, 142,

143, 144, 194, 254, 260–262, 264, 268–269, 272–274, 331, 362, 367, 371, 403, 424, 426

2:7 90, 426, 429, 4308 30, 4278:4–6 42711:6 26621:10–11 26722:22 42829:1 9732 13532:10 13533:6 14834 13534:11–17 13540 42940:6–8 42944:22 28345:6–7 42645:7–8 16351 13751:1–17 13266:18 200

70:1 26670:2 26670:4 26670:5 26678:2 21080:1 151, 17389:7 9691 19695 42495:8–11 196102:25–27 427104:4 430110 265, 429110:1 427, 430110:4 429110–118 266111:3 265111:4 265112–117 266 113 265115 262, 263, 265116 264116:10 262, 289117 264117:22–23 208117:50 265117:66 265117:130–131 265118:18 430118:32 264121:4 201

Proverbs * 133, 136, 137–138, 140,

142, 275, 384–3851–9 1351:1–3 1341:2–7 1331:13 1451:18 1451:23–33 132–1332:6 1012:20 1383:9 1013:11 4303:12 4307:3 1348 101, 131, 141, 144, 145,

148, 373, 398

461Index of Biblical and other Ancient Sources including References

8:21–36 1418:22 4, 19, 162–163, 374–3758:22–31 49, 390, 398–3998:25 37515:8 20015:29 20020:9 27420:27 135

Song of Songs * 16

Isaiah* 98, 137–138, 218, 272–273,

288, 367, 384, 397, 4171 273 2:10–17 2734:2–16 2734:6 2734:9 2734:12 2734:25 2735 1976:9–10 2877:14 92, 1958:17–18 42813:8 36929:14 143, 27330 27335:2–4 273 42:14–16 36943:6 27244:6 39445 41448:6 27349 27249:1 26749:5 26749:8 26053 44, 66, 13755 27355:8–9 41961:1–2 37165:17 273

Jeremiah * 66, 204, 213, 261, 267–271,

273, 276, 281, 284, 288, 311, 367

1:5 2874:31 3699:1–6 270 9:23–24 132, 144, 26910:23 270, 28214:14 27017:5 270, 282 17:7 270, 282 17:14 270, 282 21:8 27023:18 27023:28 27024:6 26731:15 19531:31ff 124, 268, 282–283, 31431:31–34 197, 42631:34 42838:27–28 26738:31 26838:34 26839:40 26851:34 268

Ezekiel * 137, 208, 270, 276, 284,

288, 3671 126, 1281:28 2712:1 2713:16 2713:23 2716 2717 2718:24 27111:19 12412:2 27018:30 27128 20028:5–6 20028:9 20028:12b-13 20028:15–16a 20128:17a 20128:24 27134 197, 20036:26 12437 27137:26–28 271


39:21 27139:29 27143:1–5 271

Daniel * 66, 96, 208, 3677 126

Hosea * 270, 285, 288 11:1 195

Amos * 340

Jonah * 414–415

Micah4:10 3695:2 195

Haggai * 103

Zechariah * 103 9:9 205

Malachi * 103 4:5 94

OT Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books

OT Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books * 90, 96

Assumption of Moses* 93

Baruch * 397 3:35–37 394

1 Enoch (Ethiopic Enoch)* 94–95, 97–98

2 Enoch (Slavonic Enoch)* 95

3 Enoch* 73, 94, 9510–14 9516 96

2 (4) Esdras7:28 90

Maccabees* 89, 207–208, 357

1 Maccabees * 2:58 93

2 Maccabees * 6:2 103

Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) * 4, 136, 140, 142, 2741:1 2741:4 491:30 2742 2744:10 916:23ff 14211 27411:1–4 27420:11 27424 101, 14824:1–2 27424:3 4924:15 27534:12 27539:1–8 27448 9348:9–10 9450:20 27451 14851:2ff 142

Tobit* 97, 188


3:17 975:4 9712:15 97

Wisdom* 4, 136, 138, 140, 2741:1 2741:16–2:1a 1992 1992:1b-11 1992:12–20 2002:16 1997 101, 147, 2757:25–26 499:13 275

New Testament

Matthew * 152–153, 166, 171,

173–174, 186, 191, 196, 229, 314, 362, 367, 368, 370

1:22–23 1952:5–6 1952:14–15 1952:15 1952:16–18 1953:9 1973:15 1964:10 1965–7 1965:3–12 2055:21–22 187 5:27–28 1875:37 223, 2285:39 2105:43–44 2065:44 2105:45 2055:48 2066:12 2106:14–15 2106:25–34 2067:1–2 2107:24 1478:17 19510:16 147

10:29 20511:19 147 11:25–30 142, 14811:27 163–16412:28 4612:38–39 190, 20212:42 14713:35 195, 21013:54 14714:19 16115:9 21015:24 41516:1–4 190, 20216:13–23 20517:20 21018:23–35 21021:1–9 20521:4 19521:13 41621:23–27 20721:42 47, 20822:34–39 21023:29 20722:37 20624:2 207 24:43 21024:45 14725:1–12 14726:39 178, 37926:56 19528:4 106 28:5 106 28:8 105 28:10 106

Mark* 86, 112, 152–153, 171, 173,

191, 197, 213, 362, 367–3681:15 462:5 1984 2874:10–13 1476:2 1477:7 210 7:15 2107:15–23 2138:11–12 190, 2028:27ff 46, 205


8:33 468:38 46, 2119:41 2549:42 2109:50 210 11:1–11 20511:17 416 11:27–33 20712:10 4712:10–11 20812:28–34 20612:31 21012:35–37 42713:2 20713:8 369–37014:58 20716:8 105

Luke* 7, 148, 152, 171, 184, 191,

197, 305, 362, 367–3721:15 3711:35 369, 3711:41 3711:67 3712:25–27 3712:40 1472:47 1472:52 147, 1783:16 3713:22 3714:1 3714:14 3714:16–21 3714:21 3714:24 2074:25–27 3736:20–23 2056:27–28 2106:29 2106:35 3706:37 2107:35 1479:18–22 2059:26 211 9:31 3709:51 3709:53 370

10:21 371 10:21–22 14810:25–28 20611:13 37111:16, 29–30 190, 20211:31 14711:47 20711:49 147 12:10 371 12:12 37112:39 21012:42 147 13:22 37013:33ff 37017:11 37017:20 4618:31 37019:28–40 20519:46 41620:1–8 20720:17 20820:17–18 4720:23 14321:6 20721:15 14724:5 10624:13–35 37124:26 37224:27 37124:36–43 10624:44ff 371–372

John* 4, 16, 17, 42, 46, 48, 114,

122, 142, 152–153, 171–181, 191, 197, 362, 367–368, 381, 384, 392, 397

1:1 3431:1–18 100, 148, 164–165, 390,

399, 416, 4321:11 3801:12 3821:13 380–3811:14 3801:15 1781:17 199, 4391:18 199, 277, 439


2:12 1772:19 2073 3003:8 2864:9 245 163, 197, 198, 200–2025:14 1985:17 1985:18 199–2005:19 198, 199, 2015:30 199, 2015:33–35 1995:37b 1995:45 1996 1976:15 2056:35 3826:38 178, 3796:53 178, 3827:53–8:11 1858 1639 197–198, 200, 2029:4 1989:31 20010 197, 20010:30 163, 394, 39711 197, 20211:50 20712 28712:12–19 20512:27–28 164, 37914:6 41614:9 16314:10–11 163 14:11 39414:16–17 161–16215 19716:21–22 36917 16317:3 16317:11 163, 38320:17 11520:19 106

Acts* 249, 252, 301, 359, 362,

367–3722:36 163

4:11 475:38–39 746:3 1466:10 1467:10 1467:22 1469:3 12714:11ff 8215:20 21917 21818:24ff 305

Romans* 5, 142, 194, 210, 244, 249,

260–261, 275, 279–289, 313, 359–360

1 2381:1 2631:1–4 1561:3 501:5 2841:7 2131:16 2111:22–25 1211:23 2872 235, 288, 2892:6–7 2892:7 2872:10 2872:13–16 2123 2353:21ff 2843:23 2873:28 3093:31 2864 285, 2864:3 3095:2 2875:6 284–2855:12–15 2125:12–19 3706 49, 284, 3097 2858 283, 2878:3 49, 50, 284–2858:4 284–2858:8 2858:9 213


8:10 2858:11 2858:14ff 50, 2858:15 2128:15–17 2108:17 508:18 2848:21–23 2848:22 3698:28–30 283, 2878:29 50, 123, 2848:31ff 2838:32 508:33–34 3438:34 48, 959–11 2879:5 50, 3949:11–12 2879:25ff 2859:33 47 10 28610:9 4811:8–10 28711:22 28711:33 14312 49, 211, 283, 30912–14 153, 21012:14 210, 30912:17 21012:18 21013:7 21013:8–10 21013:9–10 20614:10 21014:13 21014:14 21014:17 210

1 Corinthians* 145, 147–148, 210,

217–220, 237, 238–239, 249, 252–253, 255, 257, 267, 280, 282, 313, 360

1–2 2551–3 1421–4 2501:1 2571:5 257

1:7 2531:7–8 2571:9 2571:10 226, 2571:12 3051:15 2571:17 2571:18ff 132, 244, 2571:24 122, 2571:26 2571:29–31 2571:30 226, 2571:31 132, 269 2 1432:1 2572:3 2572:4 244 2:5 2572:6 2572:7 210, 258 2:8 145, 258 2:9–10 253, 258 2:11 2752:13 143, 2583 2203:1 2653:1–4 2503:3 2583:4ff 305 3:6 2583:8 2583:13 2573:16 2583:18–23 2503:19–20 1443:21 2573:23 494:1 2584:3 233, 258 4:4 2574:5 2334:6 2514:8 250, 257, 2694:9–13 253, 2584:10 269,4:15 2584:18 250, 258 4:21 258


5 255, 2585–10 2115:1 2586:5 2256:9–10 2587:1 2507:9 2587:10–11 2097:19 2658 2188–11 217, 238 8:5–6 48, 49, 1228:6 144, 1479 210, 217, 220, 239, 250,

255, 2589:3 2339:9 3149:12 2179:14 2099:15–27 217, 2589:24 24510 25010:1–22 217–21810:23–11:1 21811:3 4911:7 12311:23–26 20912 49, 211, 283, 43712:3 48, 86 12:8 144, 13 206, 21213:2 21015 127, 22015:8–9 25315:21–22 212, 37015:25ff 4915:27–28 39615:48 5015:49 123, 38216:12 30516:15–18 25016:22 212

2 Corinthians* 5, 217–220, 229, 233, 239,

241, 243, 247, 249, 251–254, 256–259, 262, 267, 269–270, 272–273, 275, 279–289, 360

1 2621–4 2581–9 235–236, 240, 2551:1 2571:3–8 2571:6 2631:8 2631:8–10 2621:9 230, 262, 2851:10 2721:12 144, 229, 2801:13–14 2681:14 233, 2571:15 2401:15–22 221, 2311:15–24 2241:17a 223, 227–228, 230,

257–258, 282, 285 1:17b 221–231, 240, 253,

257–258, 282, 2851:18 223, 229, 231, 257, 2661:18–22 2231:19 223, 2291:19–22 224, 229, 2291:20–21 2601:21 2301:21–22 1231:23 224, 229 1:24 2681:30 492 234–237, 239, 248, 255,

2582:1 230, 2552:3 236 2:9 2342:11 2722:13 237, 2402:14 240, 257, 260, 263, 2822:14–15 2752:14–7:4 237, 239 2:15 2812:15–16 2382:16 2702:17 2533 124, 258, 260, 266–267,

275–277, 280, 282–283, 286, 288, 439

3:1 235


3:1–6 2683:1–4:6 1253:3 2713:5 125, 2533:5–6 2303:12 2663:17 1253:18 123, 127, 238, 275, 277,

283–2844 269, 280, 2894:1 2654:2 143, 235, 2664:4 49, 122, 238, 281, 2874:6 238, 257, 265, 277 4:7 230, 240, 257–258, 262,

2844:7–10 2124:8–11 2624:12 263, 2854:13 2624:14 2624:16 275, 2845:1–10 2845:2 2865:6–12 2685:10 233, 257, 266, 2875:12 2355:13 2635:16 252, 2545:17 49, 273, 2795:18–19 51 5:19 2845:21 48, 49, 238, 257, 284 6 258, 260, 2636:1 2386:2 2726:4 230, 235, 258, 263–2646:7 264 6:9 262, 2646:11 2386:14 281, 2876:14–17 237–238 6:14–7:1 2656:16 258, 265, 2716:16–18 2616:17 2727 234–235, 237, 2397:5 236–237

7:6 2637:8 234, 2558 237, 255, 257–258, 2758:9 498:15 2618:16 236, 2608:20 2399 237, 240, 244, 257–258,

2759:3–5 2399:8 2649:9 2619:10 27310 240, 252, 255, 257–25810–13 220, 234–237, 240, 243,

247, 251–252, 25510:1 26310:2 228–229, 253 10:3 28010:3–6 24510:4 264, 28510:7 220, 24910:8 267, 282 10:10 244, 257 10:12 25410:15–16 25510:16 23610:17 132, 236, 257, 261, 269,

28011 25811:1–3 23811:6 244, 25711:7 26311:7–9 23911:8–9 25511:12 26911:14 27211:18 23611:22 252, 25412:1–9 12712:4 25812:5 24012:5–7 25312:7–9 27112:9–10 230, 257, 262, 26412:13 25512:14 25512:16 143


12:16–18 23912:18 23612:19 233, 240, 244, 267, 28212:20 25812:20–21 23812:21 26313 25813:1 25513:1–10 26813:3 220, 257, 262–26313:4 230, 262–26313:10 236, 267, 282 14 194 15:17 287

Galatians* 247, 249, 252, 260–261,

311, 359–360, 3681:6 156, 1731:10 2631:15 281, 287 1:16 1272:20 493 2113:13 483:28 2054:3 1444:4 504:4–6 2104:4–7 504:6 2124:7 504:24 3765 2405:19–26 2135:21ff 2876 240

Ephesians* 145, 3111:5 501:5–12 501:8 1451:13 1231:17 1453:10 1453:19 504:14 143

5:22 3106:9 310

Philippians* 2122:2–10 1632:3 2122:5ff 492:5–11 4272:6 49, 502:6–8 1642:7 165 2:8 492:9ff 50, 952:11 483:5–6 302

Colossians* 49, 143, 144–145, 147, 3011:9 1441:15 49, 50, 1221:15–17 1451:15–20 49, 100, 1471:18 501:19 501:20 491:28 1442:3 1452:22 2102:22–23 1442:9 503:9–10 1233:13 2103:16 1443:18–4:1 3104:5 144

1 Thessalonians1:8 482 2472:3–12 2544 2115:2 48, 2105:4 2105:13 2105:15 210

2 Thessalonians1:12 50


1 Timothy* 6, 291–303, 306–307, 311,

312–313, 368, 3911:8ff 3101:12–17 3011:16 3012 3102:11–15 2973:1–13 3103:2–7 3023:15 151, 173, 3104:6 3104:12 3104:13 314, 3625:3–16 3105:17–20 3105:18 3145:21–22 3106:1–2 3106:11–16 300

2 Timothy* 6, 212, 291–303, 306–307,

310, 311, 312–313, 368, 3912:7 146 3:1ff 3123:16 314

Titus* 6, 291–303, 306–307, 311,

312–313, 368, 3912:12 1462:13 503:3 3023:4–8a 300

Hebrews* 2, 6, 7, 14, 27–39, 47,

97–98, 101, 112, 122, 165, 196, 208, 305, 307, 311, 313–315, 371, 423–439

1 430, 4321:3 28, 102, 123, 147, 430, 4321:4 1631:5 4261:10 471:10–12 4271:13 429

2:6–8 4272:6–18 30, 32, 472:9 32, 35, 472:10 352:10–18 4252:17 31, 33–342:18 31, 33–34, 4253:1 293:2 1633:2–6 4273:5 431–4323:7ff 4244:11 4254:12 24, 424, 4354:12–13 4244:13 4354:14 344:15 32–33, 34, 4255:5–6 4295:8 4365:8–9 4335:11–6:6 4355:12–14 4336 4306:1 4256:4 4336:19 4257:27 318 315, 4268:5 432–4339:22 429, 4369:24 42510:1 43310:19–20 42511 43012:2 42512:6 43012:23 42613:2 97

James* 6, 142, 194, 306–309,

312–313, 3151:5 1461:25 3091:26 3092:8 3092:10 309


2:12 3092:13 3092:14–17 3092:19 3092:21 3092:23–24 3092:24 3093:13 1464:11–12 3094:12 3095:12 223, 227–228

1 Peter* 6, 194, 306–308, 311, 313,

3152:5 4372:6–8 472:9–10 415

2 Peter* 6, 306–308, 312, 314–3151:4 1671:16 146, 3122:3 3123:5ff 3123:15 146, 3153:16 315, 368

Johannine Epistles * 42, 307

2 John* 308

Jude* 306–308, 312, 314

Revelation* 1145:12 1467:12 14612:1–6 37013:18 14617:9 146

New Testament Apocrypha

3 Corinthians* 299

Acts of Paul* 299

Acts of Peter* 301

Laodiceans* 299

Other Jewish Literature

Josephus * 92–93, 359–360Jewish Antiquities3.5.7 934.8.48 9216.43 35720.97 20720.169–170 207Jewish War2.261 2077.10.1 85

Jubilees* 96

Letter to Aristeas* 360

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha * 90

Philo * 54, 91, 99, 101–103, 277,

357–358On Flight and Finding 112 100On Planting8–10 10050ff. 100


On the Confusion of Tongues41 100145 100On the Life of Moses 992.288–291 93Questions and Answers on Exodus2.118 100Questions and Answers on Genesis9.6 98, 100

Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls) * 17, 73, 91, 97, 103,

133–134, 136, 138, 237, 239

11 Q 13 (11Q Melchizedek) 98

Rabbinic and later Jewish textsHekhaloch* 126Midrash * 261, 275–277Talmud* 73, 94–96Targum* 15, 261, 323, 358, 361

Early Christian Authors & Texts

AdrianosIntroduction to the Holy Scriptures* 377

Ambrose* 340

Anaximander* 392

Apollinarius * 30, 354

Apostolic Constitutions* 330, 365

Apostolic Fathers * 4, 131, 133, 186, 364, 392

Athanasius* 19, 28, 55, 57–58, 162, 364,

373–375, 376–377, 381, 386

Defense of the Nicene Definition * 162–163, 374, 3996–12 37413–14 375On the Incarnation 54.3 57Orations Against the Arians* 57, 3741–2 1631.52 3752 3753 163–1643.57 57, 162, 400

Athenagoras * 75, 141, 392Legatio * 36126 7526–27 219

Augustine* 6, 19, 55, 79, 309, 311,

335–349, 385Christian Instruction * 19, 131, 338–346Book 1 343, 345–347, 3781.40 345Book 2 342, 345, 3472.4–5 3452.6 3452.7 3482.12–13 3422.14 3422.6–22 3422.23 342Book 3 343, 345, 347 3.1 3423.3 3433.6 3433.8 3433.12 3433.14–15 3433.15 348–3493.19 348


3.22 3483.36 3433.38 3453.42 344Book 4 339, 342, 345 4.4 339 4.6 3394.8 3394.11–13 3404.14 3404.16–20 3404.25 3404.27 3404.39–50 3404.59 340Confessions7.9 55

Barnabas* 82, 134, 137, 144, 146, 305,

308 2.6 1394.8 1394.11–12 1385 1395.3 1336.10 1337 1398 13912.7 13915.9 13916 13919 138

Basil of Caesarea * 404Homilies on the Hexaemeron * 165On the Holy Spirit 18.44–45 59

Clement of Alexandria * 53, 141, 174, 305Paedagogus 2.8 219Stromateis4.25 557.14 53

7.31 537.33 53

Clement of Rome * 145, 305, 4301 Clement 134, 136, 138–139,

143–144, 308, 332, 430–432, 435

3.7 1357 13713 13713.1 13216 13717 13718 13718:2–17 13221 137, 18732 13233 13635 13536 137, 43036.2 43038 13239 13240 136, 43141–42 43143 43143–44 43148 13249 13756.3 43057.5 13358.1 13359 13760 13664 137

2 Clement * 131, 308

Cyprian * 340, 395

Cyril of Alexandria* 31, 33–34, 36–39, 59, 140,

201, 379, 382–385Commentary on Hebrews* 27–32, 36–37


Commentary on John * 161, 178, 378, 3804.1 1784.2 1789.1 16219 178Commentary on Matthew* 379

Cyril of Jerusalem * 376Catechetical Orations 5.12 158

Didachē* 134, 252, 254, 308, 3306.3 219

Didaskalia* 330

[To] Diognetus * 131

Ephrem Syrus * 8, 332, 347, 387–388, 404

Eusebius of Caesarea* 59, 79Ecclesiastical History2.25 1663.12 2073.19–20 2073.38 4303.39 153, 185, 3624.29.6 3685.20 4316.12 155, 1896.14 174Life of Constantine3.15 594.29 59Preparation for the Gospel * 739.27 92

Eustathius* 376–377

On the Witch of Endor and AgainstOrigen* 376

Gregory of Nazianzus * 404Orations 2.41 60

Gregory of Nyssa * 347, 404–405Against Eunomius * 4031.19 59Life of Moses * 16

Hippolytus * 395, 401Against Noetus2.5 3944.7 397Refutation of all Heresies9 394

Ignatius (of Antioch) * 131, 140, 143, 145, 156 Ephesians * 30815 18718 13220.2 189Magnesians* 308Philadelphians* 3088 140, 156, 185, 361Romans* 3081.3 134Smyrnaeans* 3081 132To Polycarp* 308Trallians* 3089 1579–10 188


Irenaeus of Lyon * 18, 152–153, 155, 174, 362,

367–368, 370, 375, 386, 396, 430–435, 437–438

Against the Heresies * 141, 4311.3.6 3671.8.1 159, 367, 3751.9.4 3671.19 551.21 1881.27.2 1842.2.5 4322.30.9 4323 3673.1.1 154, 367 3.3.4 1543.6.1 4323.6.5 4323.11.8–9 151, 173, 3673.13.1 3673.22.4 4334.9.1 3684.11.1 4334.14.3 4334.19.1 4334.32–33 3684.38 4335 3675.35.2 4339.4 375

John Chrysostom * 2, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 59,

225, 227–228, 231, 237, 239, 251, 255–256, 280, 282, 376

Homilies on 2 Corinthians* 230, 244Homilies on Hebrews* 27–9, 32, 33–37Homilies on Matthew 49 161On God’s Incomprehensibility* 403–404

Justin Martyr * 87, 141, 156, 186, 194, 360,

362, 369–370, 390, 392–393, 417,

I Apology* 87, 141, 194–195, 360, 396,

3989 21910 18712 18713 166, 18714–17 16617 18815 15416–17 18632–53 15634–35 16641 18748 16666–67 154, 18467 187Dialogue with Trypho * 4, 54, 194, 360–3616 21961 14162 141100 184

MarcionApostolicon* 368

Martyrdom of Polycarp * 131, 1888 86

Melito of SardisPeri Pascha* 392

Nag Hammadi Library * 155Gospel of the Hebrews * 155Gospel of Peter * 155Gospel of Thomas * 15571 207


Gospel of Truth * 141, 152, 173Teachings of Silvanus * 140

Nemesius of EmesaOn the Nature of Man * 165

NovatianOn the Trinity 30 393

Origen * 14, 16, 17, 53, 73, 74, 75,

79, 96, 140–141, 158, 160, 166, 174, 178, 180, 322, 337, 343, 345, 363, 376–377, 396, 398

Against Celsus * 78–79, 83, 3051.32 1671.37 751.57 743.24 755.1 755.45 536.11 746.64 547.9 748.2 538.12 53, 3938.24 219Commentary on John * 154, 174–1761.20 552.31 986 175–17610 175–177 Commentary on Matthew 10.7–10 1411.1–4 161Hexapla * 363First Principles * 176, 376

Papias of Hierapolis

* 153–154, 185, 361

Polycarp * 134, 145, 153–154Philippians * 3083.2 132

Protevangelium of James * 155

Pseudo-MacariusHomilies* 1281.2 129

Sentences of Sextus * 140

Serapion of Antioch* 155, 189

Shepherd of Hermas * 98, 135, 430Mandate7 134Similitude 9.22 134Vision(s)1.3 132, 143,

Tatian * 154–155, 368, 392Diatessaron* 154, 173, 184

Tertullian* 38, 141, 158, 305, 368, 396Against Hermogenes * 392Against Marcion 4.2.2 184Against Praxeas * 3941 3955–8 397

Theodore of Mopsuestia * 323, 376


Commentary on John* 14Fragments on Hebrews* 27, 35

Theodoret of Cyrrhus * 28–29, 36–37, 39, 154,

227–228, 230, 376, 379Commentary on Hebrews * 27–8, 34–36Interpretation of 1 Timothy * 56Interpretation of 2 Corinthians* 223

Theophilus of Alexandria* 59, 141, 392

TheophylactusExposition on Hebrews* 27

Greek and Roman Authors

AelianHistorical Miscellany* 80

Aeschylus* 246

Aristotle* 79, 80, 243, 341, 356Art of Rhetoric * 242Poetics * 1076 1109.41 112

Cicero * 83, 340, 354 Letter to his brother Quintus 1.1.7 83On the Nature of the gods* 354

Demosthenes* 247Letter 2* 241, 243

Dio Chrysostom* 246, 261

Diogenes Laertius* 79–80Lives of the Philosophers* 793.2.1 798.1.4–5 808.1.11 808.2.66 808.2.68 808.2.69 808.5.59ff 808.5.70 80

Dionysius of HalicarnassusLysias* 242

Empedocles* 80

Euripides* 246

Homer* 13, 16, 86, 94, 159, 167,

246, 322, 355–356, 358, 367, 374–375, 400

HoraceOdes 1.2 83

IamblichusLife of Pythagoras* 80

Livy * 88History of Rome1.4 821.16 82


Lucian of Samosata * 77, 80Alexander (of Abonuteichos) the False Prophet* 75, 778–9 7711 7740 77The Passing of Peregrinus (Proteus) * 75–76, 252, 2544 76–7711–16 7629 7639 7640 76

Marcus AureliusMeditations5.27 535.33 537.9 53

Maximus of TyreDissertations 9 5339.5 53

OvidMetamorphoses 8.626–721 82

Philostratus * 80The Life of Apollonius of Tyana * 77–791.2 781.4 781.6 788.7 788.30ff 78

Plato* 75, 79–81, 100, 128, 294,

326, 344, 355–356Republic 509B 54Timaeus * 392

Pliny, the younger* 187

Plotinus* 54–55

Plutarch* 80–82 How the Young Should Study Poetry* 344, 355 Moralia I* 344Moralia V, On Isis and Osiris * 356On the Education of Children* 344, 355Table Talk 8.1.2 81The Life of Alexander2 812–3 8127 81, 87

Porphyry* 342On Abstinence2.34–39 53

Pseudo-Demetrius* 243

Pythagoras* 80

Quintilian* 243, 245, 247, 321–322,

341–342The Orator’s Education * 242, 341, 3551.4–9 13

Seneca* 87Pumpkinification of Claudius* 83

Sophocles * 294


Tyconius* 344

Virgil* 356Eclogues 4 83

Other Ancient Sources

Papyri * 85Oxyrhynchus papyri * 84

Inscriptions & ostraca * 75, 85

Medieval authors

Beckett, Thomas à* 108

Julian of Norwich* 71, 118, 128

Ackroyd, P. R. 15, 352Adams, Richard 295Aland, Kurt 228, 321 Alexander, P. S. 136Alici, Luigi 335, 344Allison, D. C. 192 Allo, E.-B. 222, 224, 227–228Armstrong, A. H. 54Arnold, Duane W. H. 342, 345–346,

348–349Ascough, Richard S. 401 Askari, Hasan 410Attridge, H. W. 305

Baarda, T. 237Babbitt, Frank Cole 344, 356Babcock, William S. 347Bachmann, P. 222–224, 227Backus, I 15Baker, John Austin 98, 362Balthasar, Hans Urs von 405Barrett, C. K. 49, 222–224, 251–252,

271, 368Barthes, Roland 20, 179, 314, 336Bartholomew, Craig 20Barton, John 136, 305, 309Barton, Stephen C. 105, 131, 142–144,

151Bates, W. H. 235, 240Bauckham, Richard 207, 306 Beare, F. W. 313Beck, E. 347Bell, H. I. 357Belval, Norman J. 153Berlioz, Hector 65Betz, H. D. 245, 247 Betz, O. 252Bieler, L. 86Bingham, D. Jeffrey 430–431, 433–434

Black, Matthew 218, 356Blass, Friedrich 222, 224, 226Bockmuehl, Markus 155, 168Booth, Wayne C. 106, 292, 295Bornkamm, G. 45Bouffartigue, Jean 53Bousset, W. 44, 89–90Bowden, John 86Brandon, S. G. F. 69Brent, Allen 394–395, 401 Bright, Pamela 342, 344–346, 348–349Brock, Sebastian 387, 404Brodie, Thomas 9Bromiley, G. W. 87Brook, Peter 110–111Brooke, G.J. 136Brown, David 117, 402 Brown, R. E. 296Bruce, F. F. 222–223Bultmann, Rudolf 45, 191–192,

222–223, 237, 240, 244Bumpus, Harold Bertram 136Burkert, Walter 111Burnet, I. 54Burns, J. Patout 348Burridge, Richard A. 165, 183Burtchaell, James Tunstead 362Butler, H. E., 13Butterworth, G. W. 176Butterworth, R. 394 Buttolph, Philip 306

Campenhausen, Hans von 362, 367, 368Cellini, Benvenuto 61Chabot, F. 392Chadwick, Henry 53, 54, 73, 140, 382 Chester, Andrew 305Chilton, Bruce 192Clavier, H. 271

Index of Modern Authors

481Index of Modern Authors

Clement, P. A. 81Coggins, R. J. 103Collange, Jean-François 237Collins, Kenneth William 171Colson, F. H. 93, 100Conzelmann, Hans 306Cross, F. C. 313Crossan, J. D. 192Cullmann, Oscar 43, 48

Dahl, N. A. 250Daube, David 358Davies, J. G. 320Davies, W. D. 45, 261Dawson, David 349Debrunner, Albert 222, 224, 226Deissmann, Adolf 84, 241, 353Dennett, Daniel 408Denniston, J. D. 224Derrida, Jacques 179, 337–338DeSimone, R. J. 393Dibelius, Martin 306Diercks, G. F. 393Dinkler, E. 222Dodd, C. H. 46Dörries, H. 129Doty, W. G. 246Douglas, Mary 110Dover, K. J. 225Dowden, Ken 354Downing, J. 44Draper, Jonathan 407, 415Dunn, James D. G. 142, 186, 188,

193–194, 206, 210, 305, 309, 359

Eck, Diana 420Eco, Umberto 335, 346Edwards, Mark 361Ehrhardt, Arnold 392 Ehrman, Bart D. 131, 160, 192Eliot, T. S. 107, 111–112Elliot, George 190Evans, C. F. 15, 352Evans, E. 394Evans, G.R. 9 Exum, Cheryl 107–109

Fairbairn, A. M. 352

Falls, Thomas B. 87Farmer, H. H. 38Fee, Gordon D. 237–238 Field, F. 230Fish, Stanley 292 Fishbane, Michael 314, 363Fitzmyer, J. A. 43, 91, 98, 237Flacelière, R. 403Fleteren, Frederick van 342, 344Forbes, C. 244–245Ford, David 5, 19, 131, 145, 204, 233,

259, 279, 402, 415Foster, B. O. 82Fraser, R. S. 189 Freese, J. H. 242Freud, Sigmund 259Frishman, Judith 351Froelich, K. 358Früchtel, L. 53, 219Frye, Northrop 328Fuller, R. H. 43, 45–46Funk, Robert W. 222, 225–226Furnish, V. P. 222, 244, 246

Gadamer, Hans 292Gamble, Harry Y. 352–354, 356–358,

362Gelston, A. 188Gifford, E. H. 73, 92Goodenough, E. R. 53Goodman, Martin 351, 361Goold, G. P. 82Gore, Charles 119Goudge, H. L. 222–223Goulder, Michael 18, 45, 73, 102–103Grant, Robert M. 167, 174, 311Green, R. P. H. 19Gregg, Robert C. 399Gregory, Andrew F. 131, 390, 430Grieg, James C. G. 191Grillmeier, Aloys 57Groh, Dennis E. 399Gruenwald, Ithamar 126Gulen, Fethullah 413, 419

Hagan, Kenneth 15, 325, 331Halliwell, Stephen 107, 110Hamilton, Robert 105

482 Index of Modern Authors

Hammon, A. M. 77Hammond, Carolyn J.-B. 55Hanson, A. T. 66, 72, 261, 276Hanson, R. P. C 400Hao, Yap Kim 407Harmon, A. M. 76Harnack, Adolf von 94, 190, 361Harrington, Daniel J. 133, 136, 138–139Harris, William V. 354Harrison, Carol 131, 311Hartog, Paul 86Harvey, A. E. 249Harvey, W. W. 55Hasan, Sayyid Siddiq 411Hatch, Edwin 351, 355–356Hays, Richard B. 125, 143, 314Healey, F. G. 38Heathcote, A. W. 222Hecht, Suzanne 153Helmbold, W. C. 81Hempel, C. 136Hengel, Martin 86, 245–246, 252Héring, J. 222–223Hick, John 2, 3, 41, 73, 119, 122, 402Hickling, Colin J. A. 256, 276Higgins, A. J. B. 44–45Higman, F. 15Hill, E. 335, 345,Hodgson, P. C. 190Hoffmann, K. von 225Holtzman, Oskar 190Hooker, Morna D. 44, 145, 276Houlden, J. Leslie 43, 105–107Hübner, Reinhard M. 392–393Hughes, P. E. 222–223Hurd, J. C. 218–219Hurtado, Larry 393, 402

Ipgrave, Michael 410, 412–413, 418Iser, Wolfgang 292

Jacobus, Melanchthon Williams 225 Jaeger, W. 59, 403Jaspers, Karl 109Jeanrond, Werner 292–296, 299, 320 Jeremias, Joachim 44, 93Jha, Alok 408Jones, Christopher P. 78

Jonge, M. de 98Josipovici, Gabriel 113–114Jowett, B. 293–294Joyce, Paul 18, 320Judge, E. A. 244–245

Keating, Daniel A. 379, 381, 383Kelly, J. N. D. 53, 56, 59, 156, 306, 393Kennedy, George 245, 247Kermode, Frank 328Kidwai, A. R. 411Kim, Sebastian C. H. 407, 415Kinneavey, James L. 21, 405Kittel, G. 87Kitto, H. D. F. 107Klijn, A. F. J. 237Klostermann, E. 14, 129Knight, Harold 253Knox, John 369Knox, W. L. 101 Koester, Helmut 153Koestler, Arthur 63, 117Koetschau, P. 53, 176Kroeger, M. 129Kümmel, W. G. 220, 222

Laansma, Jon C. 423Lake, Kirsopp 220Lamb, George 354 Lamberton, Robert 355 Lambrecht, J. 237Lampe, Peter 401Lange, A. 136Laws, Sophie 306Leivestad, R. 43Leloir, L. 8Levine, Lee I. 356–357 Lichtenberger, H. 136Lieberman, Saul 358Lietzmann, H. 222–223, 235 Lieu, Judith 184, 246, 307, 368–369 Lilla, S. R. C. 54–55Lindars, Barnabas 42, 47, 305Loades, Ann 117, 402Lodge, David 20, 335Longenecker, Richard N. 402Louth, Andrew 18, 131Lucas, D. W. 107


Maccoby, H. 192McCauley, Leo P. 158 McCullough, J. Cecil 9MacDonald, D. R. 368MacDonald, M. Y. 296McHugh, John 370Mackinnon, Donald M. 27, 112, 120Malherbe, A. J. 243, 245, 247, 254Malina, Bruce 259Maloney, George A. 129Manson, T. W. 319–320Marcus, Ralph A. 100, 335, 346Markland (sic) 228Markovich, M. 54, 87, 394Marrou, H.-I. 354Martin, J. 19Martin, Ralph P. 305Martini, Cardinal Carlo Maria 23Marx, Karl 259Massaux, Edouard 153Mattill, A. J., Jr. 220May, Gerhard 392Meeks, Wayne A. 401Mendietta, E. Amand de 165Menoud, Ph. H. 271Menzies, A. 222–225, 227Merton, Thomas 130 Messinger, T. N. D. 201Meszaros, Julia 436Millar, Fergus 356Miller, Frank Justus 82Minar, Edwin L. 81Mitchell, Mary 193Moffatt, James 361Montefiore, Hugh W. 38Montgomery, W. 191Morani, M. 165Morgan, Robert 145, 389, 400–402, 405Moule, Charles F. D. 27, 47Moulton, J. H. 222Mras, K. 92

Nestle, Eberhard 228Newbigin, Lesslie 118Newton, Michael 239Nietzsche, Friedrich 107, 111, 115 Nock, A. D. 74, 82, 85, 99, 103Norwood, Gilbert 110Nussbaum, Martha 108–109, 111

O’Brien, P. T. 246, 260O’Keefe, J. J. 379O’Neill, J. C. 288Odeberg, Hugo 94Olson, Stanley N. 247Oostendorp, D. W. 251Orten, David E. 18Osborn, E. F. 54, 55Otten, Willemien 351

Pagels, Elaine 368Parker, David 184–185, 368–369Patillon, M. 53Perrin, Bernadotte 81Pétrement, Simone 311Pfitzner, V. C. 245Piaget, Jean 259Pittenger, Norman 38Places, E. des 92Plummer, A. 222–223, 227, 228 Porter, Stanley E. 18Prestige, G. L. 53, 54, 56Preuschen, E. 55Price, Simon 361Prusche, B. 59Pusey, P. E. 27, 30–32, 36–37, 178, 202

Quasten, J. 14, 322

Rackham, H. 354Radice, Betty 187Reimarus, Hermann S. 189Renan, Ernest 190Richard, M. 57Richardson, C. C. 55Ricks, R. D. 79Ricoeur, Paul 292, 295Rist, J. M. 54Roberts, C. H. 352Roberts, W. Rhys 226Robinson, J. M. 140Robinson, John A. T. 38, 62Rotelle, John E. 335Rouwhorst, Gerard 351Rowland, Christopher C. 126, 136, 144,

311, 389Rowley, H. H. 218Rudberg, S. Y. 165

484 Index of Modern Authors

Rudolph, Kurt 311Russell, Norman 178, 379

Sacks, Jonathan 417, 420Safi, Omid 413, 417–418 Sampley, J. P. 247Sandbach, F. H. 81 Sanders, E. P. 192–193, 202, 211, 249,

261, 285–286, 288, 309, 359Saussure, Ferdinand de 336Schäublin, Christoph 345–346, 348Schlatter, A. 222, 225, 227–229Schmiedel, P. W. 228Schmidt, P. 252Schmithals, Walter 312Schoedel, William R. 75Schoeps, H. J. 253Scholem, Gershom G. 94, 126Schubert, P. 246Schürer, Emil 356–357Schwartz, E. 153Schweitzer, Albert 191Schweizer, E. 103Segal, Alan F. 126–127, 401Segonds, Alain-Philippe 53Selwyn, E. G. 311Sevenster, Jan Nicolaas 224, 271Sevrin, J. -M. 153Shakespeare, William 293Shaw, Graham 257Simon, M. 87Skarsaune, O. 194, 360Skeat, T. H. 352Smart, Ninian 38Spencer, A. B. 244Staab, K. 27, 35Stählin, O. 53, 219Staniforth, Maxwell 131Stanton, Graham 19, 105, 131, 145, 402Stead, G. C. 56Steiner, George 291–292, 323, 347Steinhauser, Michael 401Stendahl, K. 309Stephenson, A. M. G. 235Stephenson, Anthony A. 158 Stewart, Zeph 74Stowers, S. K. 244, 307, 354Strachan, L. R. M. 84

Strachan, R. H. 222 Strauss, David F. 190–191, 193Stuckenbruck, L. T. 136

Talbert, C. H. 87, 97, 189Teal, Andrew 398Telfer, W. 165Thackeray, H. St John 85, 93Thayer, C. S. 225Theissen, G. 250, 253–254Thompson, Robert W. 55Thrall, M. E. 237, 252Tilby, Angela 204Tödt, H. 44Towner, P. A. 297Toynbee, Arnold 87Treacy, Bernard 9Treier, Daniel J. 423Treu, U. 53, 219Trocmé, E. 47Tuckett, Christopher 131, 155, 389–390,

430Turner, Nigel 222, 225–226

Underhill, Evelyn 128Unnik, W. C. van 223–224, 230, 237, 271Usher, Stephen 242

Vanier, Jean 20Vermes, Geza 43, 91–92, 192, 356, 369Verner, D. C. 297Von Martitz, W. 87

Wallace-Hadrill, D. S. 393 Waszinck, J. H. 392Watson, Francis 237, 239Watts, William 55Weaver, Rebecca Hardon 347Weber, Max 259Weeks, Stuart 136Weichart, V. 243Weinandy, Thomas G. 379, 381, 383 Wesley, John 280Whitaker, G. H. 100Wiles, Maurice 14, 27, 37, 323, 326Wilken, Robert Louis 140–141, 381, 383Williams, C. S. C. 218


Williams, Raymond 107, 111Williams, Rowan 9, 403Williamson, G. A. 153, 174Wilson, Nigel 80Wilson, R. McL. 311Windisch, H. 222–227Winkelmann, F. 59Winter, Tim 410Witherington III, Ben 147, 192Wolfson, H. A. 53Worrall, A. Stanley 392Woude, A. S. van der 98Wrede, W. 191, 389Wright, N. T. 192

Yarbro, Adela 306

Young, Frances 1, 2, 5, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 44, 55, 105, 110, 117, 119, 122, 141, 151, 156, 159, 161, 166, 171, 173, 179, 183, 193–194, 204, 233, 259, 279, 291, 305–306, 311, 319–320, 326, 335, 338, 341, 344–345, 347, 353, 355, 357, 360–361, 363, 368–369, 373, 376, 381, 390–392, 396, 398, 400, 402, 436–437

Zachhuber, Johannes 436Zahn, T. 225Zandee, J. 140Zimmerli, W. 44Zwaan, J. de 224

Abba 212–213Abnormality 64Abortion 418Abraham 31, 137, 163, 196–197,

205–206, 254, 285–286, 288, 309, 374, 381, 413–414, 428, 430

Absolute 348–349, 403Abstract 382Academy 8, 291, 409, 434 Accident(s) 65Accommodation 55, 333, 347, 419 Accompaniment 438Accountable 187, 404Action 309, 436Adam 30, 66, 120, 123, 127–128, 151,

173, 196, 201–202, 208, 212, 283, 370, 382, 384, 433

Addai 187Address, addressing 425Adoption (as sons) 49, 57, 100, 129,

163–164, 212–213, 285, 288, 380, 399 Adoptionism, adoptionist 49, 160, 173,

381Adultery 138, 167, 187, 213, 238, 258,

270 Advent 151Advocate 71 Aesthetic(s) 291Affliction 264, 266, 268, 274, 281–282Africa 338 Agenētos (underived)/Agenēsia 56, 398,

403Aggression, aggressive 409Agnostic 418Alexamenos (graffito) 206Alexander of Abonuteichos 75, 78Alexander the Great 81–82, 85, 87Alex

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Ways of Reading Scripture - Mohr Siebeck · 2019-06-21 · ward Cadbury Chair of Theology; 1995–97 Dean of the Faculty of Arts; 1997–2002 Pro- Vice-Chancellor of the University;