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w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

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Page 1: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

(

4 (

0 1

2

: 7

8 7 6 : :

6 8 6

3 6

7

6

6

( 6

)

7 5 , 0

1 , 2 5

I 6

I I 6

Page 2: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

( , , , )

1 ! " = 1 − !

& ' ()

() = *)+ !)"+,) = +!

)! +,) ! !)"+,) (1)

*)+ (Combination) . . = &!

. (1) & → ∞

(('|.)

(()|4) = 5,4

46

)! (2)

(2) 5 '

lim+→:

(1 − !)+,) = 5,4 (3)

! = 0.4 5

1 5 2 (2 (1) (2

! "

2 (2

(1) & → ∞ (2)

1

lim+→:

{&(& − 1)(& − 2)… (& − ' + 2)(& − ' + 1)!)} = &! ) = .)

2 1 (3) (1) (2)

Page 3: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

mî÷� ¹°]�(('|.)!O× {�ñØ .n�' ����!l1�.� 1 �.óSJ!m� À�+ó

m 1� 5A1B = 0!'0-�93AF}ä�+ó m 2� m 1!Æ�1`³��ñSJ!��-¾� �1º�ó

(()|4)

:

)CD

= 1

Page 4: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

A

F =5 36 2

(1)

1 A

2 1

3 2 G

G,1

4 3 A

O-XYZ Q N ', P, Q

X α

S) T

S) T =1 0 00 cosT −sinT

0 sinT cosT

(2)

Q N '′, P′, Q′ S) T Q

1 Z [ S\ [

2 Q N ', P, Q = N 1,3,5 ]T 1

N '′, P′, Q′

3 T = [ = ^ 2 2

Page 5: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

I

_ ` , a(`)

ℱ _(`) ≡ _ ` 5defg`,:

,:

ℒ a(`) ≡ a ` 5,ifg`:

j a ` = 0, ` < 0 m Rem > 0

_ ` , a(`)

_ ` qg` < ∞:

,:

_ ` = r5,sfcos(jD`) _ ` = 0, ` < 0 At, jD > 0 , ℱ _(`)

ℱ _′(`) ℒ a′(`) ℱ _(`) , ℒ a(`)

ℱ _′′(`) ℒ a′′(`)

a(`) u(`) ≡ a(v)gvf

D ℒ u(`)

1 ℒ u(`) t t t t

t t 2 1 t

t 1 t t

3 2 a(`) ℒ u(`) ℒ a(`)

Page 6: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

I –

w B 0 ≤ ' ≤ B) y ', ` ∂y

∂`= w

∂qy

∂'q

` = 0 y ', 0 = _ ' ' =

0, B y{, yq

y ', `

yi(')

y ', ` ≡ yi ' + Θ(', `)

Θ(', `) Θ(', `)

Θ ', ` = 0

Θ(', `) ≡ } ' ∙ �(`) Θ(', `)

' t } ' , �(`) A,

B, C Ä

} ' = r sin Ä' +Åcos Ä' ,� ` = *exp −wÄq`

Θ ', ` = 0 } ' , �(`) Å = 0 ÄB = &^ & = 1,2,⋯

. Θ ', `

*+

Θ(', `) = *+exp −w&q^q

Bq` sin

&^

B'

:

+C{

y ', 0 = yi ' + Θ ', 0 = _(')

*+ _(') y ', ` .

Page 7: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

( , , , )

1 Vp A B B C

C A 1Cp Cv

1 A B ΔU

2 1 Cp Cv R

3 A B ΔS

4 1 dQT!∫ T Q

Page 8: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

1) 2) 1) D H

d , D >>d

z r gv = (a)

z r D, H z = (b)

Q1 Q2 zu = (c)

1 1) (a) (c)

2 1) Te

Page 9: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

2) θ

H M rz (< H)

v I ω gMgH = (a) ω v = (b) ω Mgz = (c)

s s sinθ= (d) v = ds/dt = (e) ×(dz/dt)

3 2) (a) (e)

4 I (2/5)Mr2

dv/dt g, θ

Page 10: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

�ġĥĞĉ¡ğ ÕæĖÁ I ���Ġy(a) Ø�,� ÕæĖÁ�-ÿĕ R Vé�/Ėî q!¹!îĖâ�ą� v �Ùi�/�q�Ġy(b) Ø�,� ģă!ď� L !¹¬�!�WwĀ ABCD ą� v �Ùi�/�q2ê�/Ģ��-!�q�)ĠÕæĖÁ!r�ą� v!r"ÕQ���/ĢTN!uě ôá�,Ģ��ÖÜ!Ą×Î"µ0��/Ģ

uě 1 ÕæĖÁ IĠÿĕ Rĕ0�}É ��/×±�� B!��2½(,Ģ uě 2 y(a)!�qĠÕæĖÁÑ'c�×� ,.ĠîĖâ� ]�IKHJ?

g!��2ĠI� R2Ò��ð�Ģ uě 3 y(b) ���ÕæĖÁ�ă AD!ÿĕ2 R��ĠTN!u� á�,Ģ u 1� ÕæĖÁÑ'c�×� ,.ă AD Ñ�/ø�þĖg!��2½(,Ģ u 2� pă�!ø�þĖg!t2½(/ ��-ĠÕæĖÁÑ'c�×� ,/

wĀ`W�!ø�þĖg2½(,Ģ u 3� ÕæĖÁÑ'c�×� ,/wĀ ABCDa�!×±Φ2½(,Ģ u 4� wĀ ABCDa!×±!­Đ�j�-ĠÕæĖÁÑ'c�×� ,/wĀ`

W�!ø�þĖg2½(Ġu 2�½(�[�Lí�/ �2Ø�Ģ

Page 11: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

1) 2) 1)

10-3 10-2 cm/s ( )

ρ g Vp, p0 z

(a) M (b) Z (c) P M, Z, P

(d) (e)

1 (a) (e)

2 V = 10-2 cm/s z =300 m p = 4.0×105 Pa, p0 = 1.0×105 Pa

( )ρ = 1,000 kg/m3 g = 9.8 m/s2

2)

A L

QΔL a b 2 z1 z2

�1 �2 “ q2 ( + ) 2 ΔL

” Ks

3 2)

4 2)q

( + )

Page 12: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

1 1 3

N2 °C

1

2

3

2

3 60

wt% 1.37 g cm-3 100 cm3

4 60 wt% 1.37 g cm-3 100

cm3 1.0 mol L-1 cm3

Page 13: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

IIIó÷ð�ìñXR"uí�$�!ÚÈ�*ô

uí 1�д¼"0FBå#PÑ!ow"¤â��×�-,ô���òR# HòCòOòNòS ��+�,l~v�,ôR×"ð0ñúð;ñ#�-)0FBå�,ô14

2.t/�,"#ð5ñ���,ôÓî�¤â.�

��,"#ð7ñ���,ôð9ñ�ð;ñ#¤â

¾�Z�,ôHòCòOòNòS "l~æ.�-�- 1ò12ò16ò14ò32��,ôд¼"0FBå!è�,XR"u!È�*ô

u 1 0FBåð3ñòð4ñòð5ñòð9ñ �-�- 15ò10ò13ò12 b~Ìq��>NC9à.¤�����ò�">NC9à"b~æ.È�*ô

u 2 ê£�"T�0FBåð0ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 3 £�"T�0FBåð1ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 4 zy�0FBåð2ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 5 å�0FBåð3ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 6 142.t'0FBåð5ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 7 Óî�¤â.t'0FBåð7ñ"¤â�.È�*ô

u 8 0FBåð9ñ!#ö�"S�²Ë ,ô�"¤â�.È�*ô

u 9 0FBåð;ñ!#÷�"S�²Ë ,ô�"¤â�.È�*ô

u 10 0FBåð;ñ"ÆZ¾�Z. Fischer���!*���$�È�*ô

u 11 S�²Ë.�� 0FBå"¤â���ºs.ö�È�*ô

Page 14: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

1 −74.40 kJ mol-1

2 716.68 kJ mol-1

217.97 kJ mol-1

3 CH

1 2

4 8.180 kJ mol-1 111.67 K 4

5 Na Al300

Page 15: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

IV ®Ħľ¿ I� pi,Ƭ¨ƥIVƨ1ƧIVƨ2ƧIVƨ3Ʀ�2%*ŭŅ�9Ʃ IVƨƪƥàƝƦ� pi,¨Ơ*Ņ�9Ʃ ¨Ơ 1� œģƌƍÔƥBanded Iron Formation; BIFƦ,Ī�ƟÖ,Óo�Ð?Ľ�

«?�Ř*�%Ƨpi,¨�*Ņ�9Ʃ

�« œģƌƍÔ,Óo�ÐƥKlein, C. and Beukes, N.J. (1992)Proterozoic crustal evolution (Condie, K.J., ed.)ElsevierƧHolland, H.D. (1994)Early life on Earth (Bengtson, S., ed.) Columbia Univ. Press*±$�%xãƦƩ

¨ 1 BIF,Úã-Ƨ�FdX`Aûo*��<®ĦĨ´,�İ)¶�'Ãê

*ƒ>"%�<'Ř�:=%�<Ʃ(,9 )Ĩ´¶�'ƒ>"%�<

,�Ƨ�,ĩã]FSL\?¦6% 100½ŀÖ&Ųú�9Ʃ ¨ 2 BIF-¤Ŀ,'�;œģĈƂ?Ģß'�<�Ƨ)��,9 )ĈƂ?)

�,� 100½ŀÖ&Ųú�9Ʃ ¨ 3 27�Ó�9;��ûo, BIF-H`fdKQfdÑ&Ī��%�%ƧŪ

ċ��4;·��)�NBY&�<�'�>�"%�<Ʃ�=pƓ,

BIF-Ƨ·ƕą&²ł� ·Ūċ)NBY')<Ʃ�=:,�'?ż4�%Ƨh«�: BIF,Úã*ƒ><®ĦĨ´,¶�*#�%Ƨ150½ŀÖ&Ųú�9Ʃ

¨ 4 8Ƴ6�Ó�*Úã�= BIF-Ƨ�,Ùû*�Ħİ*Ż�" Ĩ´ğ¶

,BZdQ'ƒƃ�%�<'Ř�:=%�<Ʃ�,Ĩ´ğ¶� BZd

Q-w'§.=%�<�ƧŅ�9Ʃ

Page 16: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

2

1

2

3 30

4

2

5 34S 50

H2S SO42-(�)

(�)

FeS2(�)

Page 17: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

�ƨƫƥàƝƦ� pi,óń?ų5Ƨ¨ƠƪƳƭ*Ņ�9Ʃ �<®°?āŧ*ź<ĕÒ)ưŵ,�Í&Ƨl#,ƙƞ�ŴĄOf\*9"%

ūÄ�= Ʃƙƞ�*-ŹŝÉģO^fQ�:)<®ÉƮ�ƙ��%�;Ƨť

Ɨ)ŦüĈƂ?Ľ�%� ƩO^fQ�:-Ƨ[a\ʼn�þ,ïðŠ

Pseudoalbaillella�å��= Ʃƙƞ�*-Ƨ��÷¥,ź¥'ā1 60Ö,~ô?æ#®ÉƯ�ƙ��%�;Ƨŧ}�:ƧļÌƧ�ÉķÌƧķÌ'ĘÌ,mÉƧ

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ƥInoceramusƦ,�Ķ�ũ��= Ʃl#,ƙƞ,Ƒ*-

>��)ƙ�,č¸��;Ƨ

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Ù'�õ� Ʃ�,ħĬ'�%Ř�:=<�'? 100 ½ŀÖ&Ųú�9Ʃ

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£ĉ*®ÉƮ'®ÉƯ,´ĭ�¾

­�<�'�ĻŰ�= Ʃ�,Ċ

Ƣ-Ʊ®Ġ�ưŵ9; 100 mƢ�ƧƲ®Ġ�ưŵ9; 50 mu�ƩāŧtŖ-ƧƱ®Ġ�ưŵ,´ĭ9;

7 58 mŧƧƲ®Ġ� 29 mā!" Ʃ

®ÉƮ'®ÉƯ,´ĭ�Òƛ&�,ź¥���'qÁ�%Ƨ´ĭƛ,

~ô'~ô÷¥?Ė69ƩÆ�,ƅŀ7Ľ�Ʃ

��

���

���

N

���������

58 m

29 m

S

W E

����� ������

Page 18: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

¨Ơ 3� ®ÉƯ,ķÌ'ĘÌ,mÉk*è4=<ķÌ�É,JdYa?é�

��õĊÿ*�%ūÄ�<'Ƨ¡

«,9 )�ƈĈƂ�Ű6:= Ʃ

)�«-ƧJdYa?��:ũ

Ńƛ«&�<Ʃpi,¨�*Ņ�

9Ʃ ¨ 1� � �,ūÄŐă�:®ÉƮ'®ÉƯ

,ƒz?ũı�àŨ�ĩ� Ʃ)

�ũı�=)�=.):)��Ƨ

4 ũı� Őă�:(,9 )

 řâ�Ř�:=<�Ƨ120 ½ŀÖ&Ųú�9Ʃ

¨ 2� � «,ķÌ�É,�vİ)�ƈĈƂ-Ƨw'§.=<�Ƨ�,ãª''

7*Ņ�9Ʃ ¨ 3� � pi,óń,� � � *�<ű?Ņ�9Ʃ

®ÉƯ,ķÌÉ*ũ:=<9 )Ƨ�É�&ŇÛ�hi÷¥*¶��

<ĈƂ?� ƥ�Ʀ� '§0ƩgŜ*ƧĸÇŇ¼�ėƓ�<Ɩ,ƁÖÏ

*9;Úã�= 7,'�=<Ʃ»Ÿk,Ň¼,ýōİ)ėƓƁÖ-Ƨ

Ň¼Û,� ƥ�Ʀ� 'ƧŇ¼'»Ÿ,� ƥ Ʀ� Ï*ƧĔy�<Ʃ ¨Ơ 4� ƙƞ�?ůŌ*ūÄ�<'Ƨ®ÉƮ,k*ŷ��<ş�ÀËÌŚ�į

ũ�= Ʃ�,ÀËÌ,őÅÓo'�% řâ��<7,?i�:�

2%Ƈ2Ʃ 1000 MaƧ500 MaƧ250 MaƧ125 MaƧ60 MaƧ30 Ma

��

����

�����

10 cm

����

Page 19: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

1 simple shear

2 pure shear30

3 °

τ, τc, σn, µC °

20 km150

4

30 km

0 kbar ( MPa) 0 °C

1 10 °C/km 30 km° 3 g/cm3

10 m/s2

Page 20: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

2 25 °C/km15 km

°

ACF

3 kbar MPa °C

30

ACF

A=Al2O3, C=CaO, F=MgO+FeO

Page 21: w~ÃÉxy ^ ¯mpmp· p·¥ c pr...m4 m3!Æ 1`³ ñË^A1{Ðc +ó mîö f ÂH¢Z·Q ¡ÂO-XYZ Q! ¡X1N',P,Q .ó ! ¡Â!XÚ!i-1d Òn- Ð α nÙ . !nÙ Ë^S)T"ñ S)T= 1 0 0 0 cosT −sinT

!"#$%&'

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EFG*!"#5fgFEhijkD6!"#%l13m56 !"#$%&!"#$%&!"#$%&!"#$%& LMNO 1n;o5p?qrhstuvC0swx 15 km1yC*z#W*{

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