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What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability studies, which can prevent efficient operation. Ref.: Hazop and Hazan, Identifying and assessing process industry hazards, 4 th edition, Trevor Kletz Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2 nd edition, three volumes, ButterworthHeinemann, 1996 How far to go in removing the hazards? Presented by Mehdi Panahi, Assistant Professor at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (as a part of the course, Computer Aided Chemical Processes Design)

What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

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Page 1: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

What is Hazop?Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability studies, which can prevent efficient operation.

Ref.:

Hazop and Hazan, Identifying and assessing process industry hazards, 4th edition, Trevor Kletz

Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2nd edition, three volumes, Butterworth‐Heinemann, 1996

How far to go in removing  the hazards?

Presented by Mehdi Panahi, Assistant Professor at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (as a part of the course, Computer Aided Chemical Processes Design)

Page 2: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Hazop & Hazan• Hazop can and should be applied to all new designs• Hazan should be used selectively. If there is a obvious major hazard, 

we may start on the Hazan before the Hazop is carried out • Many are confused by Hazop and Hazan. Make sure the costumer 

knows what he wants.

Page 3: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

European Community’s definition of risk

Page 4: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

• In Hazop, it’s assumed that the plant will be operated, maintained and tested in accordance with “design” and “recommended procedures” otherwise Hazop is waste of time.

(1) Exploratory phase, identification of basic hazards and assessment of suitability

(2) Flowsheet phase, identification and assessment of significant hazards, using Hazon

(3) Detailed design, Hazop(4) Construction, a check that decisions made in earlier studies have 

been implemented.(5) Commissioning, safety audit and review of modifications

Importance of Hazop

Page 5: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

• Hazop is carried out in a systematic way by a team so that the members can stimulate each other and build upon each other’s ideas.

• Each pipeline and each sort of hazard is considered in turn. 

• A pipeline for this purpose is one joining two main plant items, e.g. we might start with the line leading from the feed tank through the feed pump to the first feed heater.

Hazop Procedure

Page 6: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

A series of guide words are applied to this line in turn. The words are:NONE PART OFMORE OF MORE THAN (or AS WELL AS)LESS OF OTHER THAN

“NONE” for example means no forward flow or reverse flow when there should be forward flow. 

We ask:Could there be no flow?If so, how could it arise?What are the consequences for no flow?Are the consequences hazardous or do they prevent efficient operation?

Hazop Procedure

Page 7: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

The same questions  are then applied to ‘reverse flow’ 

Then we move on to the next guide word, MORE OF.

Then ‘more pressure’ and ‘more temperature’ and, if they are important, about other parameters such as ‘more radioactivity’ or ‘more viscosity’.

Guide word is applied to all internals of the equipment.

Guide Words in Hazop Procedure

Page 8: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Guide Words in Hazop Procedure

Page 9: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Hazop Procedure

Page 10: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Start‐up, shutdown and other abnormal conditions such as catalyst regeneration should be considered during Hazop as well as normal operation.

Always consider failure of automatic  equipment as possible cause of  deviations.

Human error!

Hazop provides an opportunity to check a number od detailed points have been considered during design.

Important to care in Hazop

Page 11: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Who carries out a Hazop and what should be recorded?

A Hazop is carried out by a team.

‐ Project or design engineer, usually a mechanical engineer who tries to keep the cost as low as possible

‐ Process engineer, usually a chemical engineer

‐ Commissioning manager, usually a chemical engineer who carries out the start‐up and operates the plant, requires an easy start‐up

‐ Control system design engineer

‐ Research chemist, if new chemistry is involved

‐ Independent team leader, not every person can handle this. He should be able to supply the safety departments’ view on the points discussed.

Page 12: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

When is a Hazop carried out and how long does it take?

A Hazop cannot be carried out before control diagrams are complete.

It should be carried out as soon as possible thereafter, before detailed design starts.

A Hazop usually takes 1.5‐3 hours per main plant item (furnace, reactor, heater, and so on). Meetings are restricted to 3 hours, 2 or 3 days per week.

The Hazop on a large project may take several months.

Leave it until Hazop!? Certainly NO!

Page 13: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Example: Line section from intermediate storage to Feed buffer tank 

Page 14: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Example: Line section from intermediate storage to Feed buffer tank 

Page 15: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Hazard study action report

Page 16: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Hazard study action report

Page 17: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Hazard study action report

Page 18: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Some accidents that could have been prevented by Hazops

• Many accidents have occurred because process materials flows in the opposite direction to that expected

• Example: ethylene oxide and ammonia were reacted to make ethanolamine. Some ammonia flowed from the reactor, in the wrong direction, along the ethylene oxide transfer line into the ethylene oxide tank. The ammonia reacted with 3m3 of ethylene oxide in the tank which ruptured violently. The released ethylene oxide vapour exploded causing damage and destruction over a wide area.

• Another example: Some paraffin passed from a reactor up a chlorine transfer line and reacted with liquid chlorine in a catchpot. Bits of catchpot were found 30 m away.

Page 19: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Some accidents that could have been prevented by Hazops

• On many occasions, process materials have entered service lines, either because the service pressure was lower than usual or the process pressure was higher than usual. The contamination has been spread via the service lines (steam, air, nitrogen, water) to other parts of the plant.

• Example: Ethylene entered a steam main through a leaking heat exchanger. Another branch of the steam main supplied a space heater in the basement of the control room and the condensate was discharged to an open drain inside the building. Ethylene accumulated in the basement, and was ignited (probably by the electric equipment, which was not protected), destroying the building.

Page 20: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Bhopal tragedy3rd of Dec. 1984 there was a leak of methyl isocyanate from a storage tank in the Union Carbide plant at Bhopal, India, and the vapour spread beyond the plant. Over 2000 people were killed!

Reason:Material in the tank had become contaminated with water and chloroform, causing a runaway reaction.

A Hazop could have shown up possible ways in which contamination could have occurred and would have drawn attention to the need to keep all supplies of water well away from methyl isocyanate.

There was much more wrong at the Bhopal than lack of Hazop!‐When the relief valve on the storage tank lifted, the scrubbing system which should have absorbed the vapour, the flare system which should have burned any vapour which got past the scrubbing system, and the refrigeration system which should have kept the tank cool were out of commission or not in full working order!

Page 21: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

A protective device that did not work!

A reactor was fitted with a head tank containingwater. If the contents of the reactor got too hotand the reaction started to run away, theoperator was supposed to open the remotelyoperated valve so that the water would flow bygravity into the reactor and cool the contents.

When the valve was opened, the water was blownout of the vent! The reactor exploded …!

Page 22: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

An exothermic reaction systemThe HAZOP analysis would reveal the followingpotential process modifications:• Installation of a cooling water flow meter and low

flow alarm to provide an immediate indication ofcooling loss.

• Installation of a high temperature alarm to alertthe operator in the event of cooling function loss.

• Installation of a high temperature shutdownsystem, that would automatically shutdown theprocess in the event of a high reactortemperature. The shutdown temperature wouldbe higher than the alarm temperature to providethe operator with the opportunity to restorecooling before the reactor is shutdown.

• Installation of a check valve in the cooling line toprevent reverse flow. A check valve could beinstalled both before and after the reactor toprevent the reactor contents from flowingupstream and to prevent the backflow in theevent of a leak in the coils.

• Periodic inspections and maintenance of thecooling coil to insure its integrity.

• Evaluation of the cooling water source to considerany possible interruption and contamination ofthe supply.

Ref.: http://www.processoperations.com/HazIDRA/HZ_Chp01e09.htm

Page 23: What is Hazop - Mehdi Panahimehdi.panahi.profcms.um.ac.ir/imagesm/1310/What_is_Hazop.pdf · What is Hazop? Systematic identification of hazards, including hazard and operability

Ref.: http://www.processoperations.com/HazIDRA/HZ_Chp01e09.htm

An exothermic reaction system