WJ_1_1919[1]

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wj119191 1/62

JOURNALS AMERICAN

W E L D I N GS O C I E T Y

?•** "war «K ; « m • , W k •

OCTOBER

i q i q

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


I S z 11M 9 - 5

T H E O F F I C I A L O R G A Nof the

AmericanBureau of Weldingin which the following Organizations

are represented

American Bureau of ShippingAmerican Electrochemical SocietyAmerican Engineering Standards Commit

teeAmerican Institute of Electrical EngineersAmerican Institute of Mining and Metal

lurgical EngineersAmerican Physical SocietyAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersAmerican Society of Refrigerating Engi

neersAmerican Society for Testing MaterialsAmerican Welding SocietyBureau Veri tasEngineering FoundationLloyd's Register of ShippingNational Fire Protection AssociationNational Research CouncilNew York Academy of SciencesSociety of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Society of Na val Architects & Ma rine En

gineers

U. S. Bureau of StandardsU. S. Navy Dept., Bureau of Construction& Repairs

U. S. Navy Dept. , Bureau of OrdnanceU. S. Navy Dept. , Bureau of Steam En

gineeringU . S. Shipping BoardU . S. W ar Departm ent

'

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919

American Welding Society33 West 39th Street

New York

C O M F O R T A. A D A M S , President

J A M E S M. M O R E H E A D , Vice-President J A M E S H. D E P P E L E R , Vice-President

W . E . S Y M O N S , Treasurer

H O WA R D C. F O R B E S , Secretary

D I R E C T O R S

R. R. B R O W N I N G

A. S. K I N S E Y

V I C T O R M A U C K

E . L . HIRT

J. F. L I N C O L N

H. M. H O B A R T

D . C. A L E X A N D E RH. R. S WA R T L E Y

W . M. B E A R D

H. R O B E RT S

T . S M I T H

N V E K I N

•s

W . H. PAT T E R ;

W. J. JONESC. A. Mc

O N

L. H. D AV I S

E L L S W O R T H L . M I L L S

D . B. R U S H M O R E

J A M E S B U R K E

D . H. W I L S O N

H E R M A N L E M P

C. J. N Y Q U I S TA L E X A N D E R J E N K I N S

Journa Tierican We l d i n g S o c i e t yPublication Comm%. , H. D A V ; E . L . M I L L S ; J. H. D E P P E L E R ; F . M.

F A R M E R ; W . L . ft] ' M S ; W. E . S Y M O N S ; H. C. F O R B E S ;

Production Manager: E . A. SCOTT.

V O L U M E x N U M B E R 1

O C I v ^ E R , 1919

Published by the A m e r i c a n W e l d i n g S o c ie ty

at 33 W est 39th Street , New York , N . Y.

Fifty cents per copy

mmmmmffiWf(ism$wiffiWf( ^

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919

1\111I11i1811

1

1111i11

Sl

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

O u r P e r s p e c t i v e Comfort A. Adams 5

A T h e o r y o f M e t a l l i c A r c We l d i n g Ralph G. Hudson 6

A P l an for M en Disa b led by the W a r. 10

G a s We l d in g a n d C u t t i n g D u r i n g t h e W a r . .H. Sidney Smith 11Repairing a L i g h t h o u s e .James H. Deppeler 15

The Effects of Heat on I ron. (An abstract of A Few Secrets

of the Metallurgist, by Gerald W. Hinkley) '. . . . 17

T h e N e e d o f t h e G a s We l d i n g I n d u s t r y.. .M. Keith Dunham 21

T h e A m e r i c a n B u r e a u of W e l d i n g . .."./.'...' 22

T he Wo rk of the W eld ing C om m it tee of the Em ergen cy F lee t

C o r p o r a t i o n , Hermann Lemp 22

T h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l Galen H. Clevenger 25

E n g i n e e r i n g Index—Welding 26

C O N T E N T S F O R N E X T I S S U E

Electric Resistance Welding .... .P. T. Van Bibber

Gas Cutting .F. E. Rogers

Report on the Present Condition of the German Ship Repaired by Welding

The Work of the Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation

(Continued) '

Report on Training Welders ' ;; ?

Discussion of Prof. Hudson's paper on A Theory of Arc Welding

-

Copyright igiq by A. W S.—Reprints with credit permitted.

X:-

...

1

- •

i

i

I

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


^=ji | H E movem ent towa rds the scientific

Tadvancement of welding conductedby the Emergency Fleet Corporation,and now, since necessarily droppedby the Government, in the hands

— l of the American Welding Socie ty,

as reached a stage where its proceedings should beegularly published. It is for this purp ose that thisournal has come into being.

The Emergency Fleet Corporation had for i ts Weldng Com mittee a body of expe rts on the subject. Itomprised representatives from this country and Engand, from the Army and Navy, from educational instiutions, from the ship underwriters, ship builders and

man ufacturers. W ith the close of wa r, when the Govrnment withdrew from the activities created by it, thisrganization like so many others was left with imporant work on its hand s uncompleted. It represented

vast amount of t ime and thought, and considerableums of money, and not to continue its work wouldave been wasteful in the extrem e. It was necessaryherefore to create a body of equal weight and authory to replace the forme r Co mm ittee. T o accomplish

his, the A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C I ET Y, organizedmainly by members of that former committee, invited

elegates from leading scientific societies and from de

artments of the Government acting not merely asndividuals but as representatives of their respectiverganizations to come together with its own represen

atives and form a perm anent organization. Th is bodyecame the A M E R I C A N B U R E A U O F W E L D I N G and itsunction, like that of its predecessor, is to establishnd standardize the facts, conduct such researches as

may be needed and thus furnish a sound basis for theevelopment of an industry bound to be of the first

magnitude.

As welding enters into all the fields where ironnd steel are used, an advance in it would mean annormous increase in the productivity of the country.

Welding has not developed as it should, for lack ofuch an auth entic source of inform ation.

The A M E R I C A N B U R E A U O F W E L D I N G is the authorative body to establish the facts. T o make the mostse of the facts, however, requires another sort ofachinery and the organization that does this is theMER ICAN W ELD ING SOCIETY. I ts function is not to

upply the knowledge but to spread it and assist inuttin g it to practica l uses. It is the So ciety, for

instance, which publishes this Journal, which will pusmatters of importance to welding and which will opeout new fields for its use. It holds regu lar m eetingto discuss matters relating to welding, to act upon threcommendation of the Bureau and to initiate furtheactivities.

This division of the work, while it has created somconfusion on account of the similarity of the names,is a logical one, and will be found effective in operatinas was clearly indicated by the experience with the olWelding Committee.

I T is an obligation of the community to open everything possible to the Men Disab led by th e War.

Therefore the A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C I E TY takesthis opportunity of explaining what welding has tooffer. O n the who le it has more than other trade s, asdisabilities are of less moment and are more easilyma de up for by artificial mea ns. Fu rthe rm ore , inwelding, however much processes may be improved, ithelast analysis the sole dependence probably alwayswill be placed upon the welder himself. H e is the onewho really know s wha t goes into the weld. So thmoral quality of the welder, his conscientiousness andreliabili ty, more than make up for physical deficiencies.

For a man who is a skilled welder, two further fieldsare open — the first is tha t of inspe ctor. In this workrestrictions would count for com paratively little. Careand thoroughness would again be the chief requirement. Th e second is that of the independent job berSince welding has been developing there is distinctla place for the man with an all round experience whcan go from place to place with his own equipm ent andwork for companies that have not the facilities fodoing their own welding. Th e equipment needed tconduct this business is a small auto-truck, carrying complete welding outfit. Inas mu ch as most of thmaterials needed for this are owned by the Government and are being disposed at a sacrifice, it shouldnot be difficult to work out a plan with the Governmento set up disabled men in this business upon easy termof payments.

T he A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C I ET Y presents in thisissue a plan for training, but as it would be some timbefore any of these men would desire a jobbing outfit

it would seem better to meet this problem when itarises.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


:

;

COMFORT AVERY ADAMS President A M E R I C A N WEL.DING S O C I E T Y

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of theAmerican Welding Society

Volume 1 OCTOBER, 1919 Number 1

Our PerspectiveBy C O M F O R T A . A D A M S

T H E whole civilized world is in a state of fermentation. W ha t is the cause? Some tell us

hat it is the war, but is this not a superficial explanaion? Was not the war merely a stimulus or aid tohe fermentation already started? The fact is that the

work of the engineer has brought the ends of thearth closely together—has made the nations of thearth inter-dependent. This has made large combinaons or organizations of all kinds not only possibleut necessa ry. As yet the hum an rac e has notearned how to control the power of these enormousrganizations, whether of nations, of capital, or of laor. We have not learned yet how to make them serveociety and thus make the world a better place to liven.

The great war is over but the spirit of war stillrevails. The only difference is in the size of thenits involved — whe ther they be nations againstach other, organizations of capital against each other,rganizations of capital against organizations of labor,r even a struggle between organizations of labor, eachying to raise its own head above that of the others.But how futile all this is, for it is nothing more

han a struggle on the part of each group to get aarger share of the wealth produced by them all, aruggle to get up by climbing on the other fellow's

ack, to get something by taking it away from thether fellow. Th is kind of wa r is jus t as was teful ofme and energy as is the ordinary variety, and, morever, it is going on all the time, whereas the ordinaryariety has intervals of cessation. It can only resultn a reduction in the total product of labor and thereore in the average reward of labor.

Moreover this kind of war almost invariably deelops a habit of dishonesty and distrust, or at least ofretching the truth, which is one of the most vicious

nfluences in otir business life. I do not refe r to clean,holesome competition.

It is the simplest possible axiom, when we stop toink—and few people ever do stop to think—that thenly way, in the long run, for labor as a whole to get

more wealth, is for it to create more wealth, and thenly way to create more wealth is to increase the pro

ductivity of labor, or, to use a much abused word, increase the efficiency of labor, which means co-opetion on the one hand and the introduction of labsaving methods on the other.

Just here is where the AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

comes in, for one of its chief functions is to increathe application of welding, which is one of the greatelabor saving processes of the past few decades. Ipredecessor, the Welding Committee of the Emegency Fleet Corporation, was animated in no incosiderable degree with the spirit of co-operation, andit is the hope of the promoters of the Society that thspirit will be carried over.

The field for further application of welding enormous, but this further application is being dlayed by lack of complete knowledge of the art welding, and by the utterly confusing and, in man

cases, diametrically opposing claims of competing iterests. These hindrances ought to be removed anthey can be removed by the successful conduct research work, and by a cultivation of the co-operatispirit which will permit a frank, open discussion the merits of the different processes, and a reasonabagreement as to those merits.

If you were a prospective user of welding anwere' in doubt as to whether to use gas or electric weing or neither, do you think that your confidence either process would be enhanced by having its eponents claim that it was the only safe and economcal one? H ow m uch more confidence you would udoubtedly have, if you were told by the exponent ofeach, that in such and such fields the other was preferable.

I am not setting forth impra ctical ideals, but raththe most common sense principles already found sucessful in many business fields, the application which is bound to yield the best results for all cocerned.

Here then is our job, let us go to it with confdence, energy and enthusiasm, and let us rememb

that its successful completion will not only memuch to the welding industry, but that it will increathe average productivity of labor, and thus in somdegree help to solve the greatest problem of this vecritical period in the world's history.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



A Theory of Metallic Arc WeldingBy R A L P H G. H U D S O N

There are conflicting theories as to how the electric

current acts in arc welding, and how it should be controlled. Such a controversy will exist until there isa thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of arc welding. Prof. Hudso n's investigationson this subject show that the function of the electriccurrent is apparen tly nothing m ore than to furnishheat in the form of the electric arc. The welding isaccom plished by metal that is expelled from the electrode in the form of metallic vapor, and minute liquidparticles which are shot across to the plate opposite atthe rate of some fifty a second. The force that propelsthese particles is the pressure that arises from thesudden formaton of vapors and gases under the intense heat of the arc. Carbon monoxide is the gasmentioned, and the vapors are those of the lower melting constituents of the electrode. The particles thatstrike fluid metal on the plate solidify with it; butthose that strike solid metal either bounce off and arewasted, or adhere without fusion and are a cause ofbad melding. One great advantage of maintaining ashort arc lies in the fact that it secures a better concentration of the projected particles within the fluidspot on the plate.

IN the sum me r of 1918 the Weld ing Co mm ittee of

the Emergency Fleet Corporation init iated an investigation of metallic arc welding in which specialattention was to be given to the determination of thecause and nature of the transmission of metal from anelectrode to a plate. Altho ugh m etallic arc welding hadbeen employed successfully for a considerable periodit was appreciated that its application was based uponempirical methods, and to make greater use of suchwelding in shipbuilding it was evident that its basicprinciple should be investigated as thoroughly as possible so that inferior methods of metallic arc weldingmight be eliminated. Th e object of this pap er is topresent the results of an investigation of this characterconducted in the laboratories of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology.

It should be noted that at the beginning of this investigation no satisfactory explanation had been givenfor the transmission of metal from electrode to plate.In downward welding the deposition of metal mightbe attributed to gravitational force but in upward welding no such explanation could be offered. Th e factthat an electric current is employed in the process suggested the possible existence of forces of electricalorigin which might pull metal from the electrode tothe plate. Calculations of the ma gnitu de of the electrical forces that may exist during metallic arc welding

indicate that they are negligible and may therefore beeliminated as possible causes of the action. Th is viewis further substantiated by the fact that satisfactorywelding may be performed with current flowing ineither direction or with alternating current and thatsuch differences as may exist with different directionsof the current may be explained by consideration of therelative heating properties of such currents at the terminals of an electric arc.

In conducting this investigation the writer, followingthe suggestion of the Committee, first attempted toobtain a photographic record of successive phases ofthe welding arc by means of a high-speed motion pictur e cam era. Th e cam era was specially constructedand when set up was found to operate satisfactorily ata rate of thirty-two pictures per second; the ordinarycam era operates at sixteen pictures per second. Onethousand feet of film were exposed with this camera,the character of the arc being varied by changing thedirection of the current, length of arc, type of electrod es, etc. In photog raphin g an electric arc of anykind the luminosity of the arc itself is so great thatthe other parts of the apparatus — electrode, plate,molten drop s, etc., — do not appe ar on the film exceptas they may app ear in silhouette against the arc. Th efilms thus exposed therefore show only various shapesof the arc itself and an occasional view in silhouette ofthe electrode and plate. Since motion picture negatives are necessarily small in area, a full size reproduction here would be of little interest and it was foundthat magnification of the film pictures only disclosedtheir silver grain structure without adding to thedetail.

The principal use made of these films by the writerwas to examine them one by one with a low-powermicroscope with trans mitte d light. A systematic examination of sixteen thousand pictures in this mannerdisclosed certain important features mentioned laterAlthough the photographic difficulties were evident,the writer decided to take further magnified picturesof the arc with a short exposure focal plane shutter.A camera was set up which would magnify the arcabout eight diameters. Instantaneou s photographs ofthe welding arc obtained with this camera sufferedfrom the same domination of the plate by the arc tothe exclusion of all other phenomena.

While focusing this camera it was realized, however.that more could be seen with the eye on the groundglass than could be obtained photographically or by

direct observation through dense glasses, and the writertherefore began an extended study of metallic arc phenomena as seen in magnified form on the ground glass.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



With this device the action of the arc could be examined without screening the eyes and with the furtheradvantages offered by magnification and observationof the action in its true color.

When an arc is struck between a steel electrode anda steel plate the end of the electrode and a spot on theplate are heated to a high temperature and metal istransferred from the electrode to the plate. The electrode is heated to a higher temperature than the platebecause the heating action of the arc is more concenrated in the case of the electrode and because the

heat conduction away from the hot spot is greater inhe case of the plate. An analysis of steel electrodes

usually reveals the presence of at least ten elements:ron, carbon, manganese, copper, sulphur, phosphorus,

silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hyd rogen. Since themelting points and other thermal constants of theseelements and their compounds vary-widely and theirchemical affinities are quite different, it is to be expected that the constituents of an electrode subjectedo a high temperature will change from solid to liquid

or gaseous form successively and not at the same instant. Since the melting point of iron is higher thanhat of any other constituent of an electrode with the

exception of carbon, which combines rapidly with oxygen at welding temperatures to form carbon monoxide,t is furthermore to be expected that in the welding

process the iron constituent of the electrode will meltlast.

The thermal changes just described are known totake place during the application of heat to any complex substance. In metallic arc welding the tem perature changes which take place differ, however, to amarked degree from the changes incident to the usualmethods of heating metals in that a small mass of theelectrode in welding is subjected to a high temperaturefor a very short interval of time. Th e distinctive thermal feature of metallic arc welding is then the suddenrise and fall of temperature in the metal transmittedto the plate. Under the circumstances it may be seenthat the melting of the iron is delayed by the heat absorbed by the other constituents of the electrode andthat this fact together with the limited time of application of high temperature disproves the possibilitythat the iron is completely vaporized in the weldingprocess. When a projectile is fired from a large gun,for example, the initial temperature of the gas behindthe projectile is believed to range between 3000 and4000 degrees Centigrade. Although this tempe raturegreatly exceeds the melting point of the material ofthe projectile, there is little .evidence of melting onthe surface of the projectile because the projectile isnot heated by the adjacent gas for a period longenough to melt its surface.

FIGURE 1.—Effect o f length of a rc upon the s ize of the e lec t rode g lobule . A t the r ight , ag lobule developed wi th a very shor t a r c ; in the middle , wi th a modera te length of a r c ; ' a tthe le f t , wi th a very long arc . Th ese a re A " e lec t rodes magni f ied 6 .8 d iam eters . Th e cu r ren ts t ren gth in each case was 100 am pere s . Ea ch g lobule conta ins a cavi t y ; in the sm al le rg lobules , the cavi t ies a re usua l ly open , and resemble smal l dr i l l ho les , whi le in the la rgerones they are usua l ly c losed and are sur rounded by a th in sk in of meta l .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



- ' '.. •:

m§FIGURE 4.— Metal projected from a hot electrode globule to a cold electrically insulatedplate when an incandescent electrode is moved at a speed of four feet per second over thesurface of the plate. Th e photog raph shows only a small portion of the projected m etal,the remainder being scattered beyond the region photographed, or having become detachedfrom th e plate together with some of the flaky oxidized surface. Th e magnification is 8.2diameters.

n d ex posu re , r evea l occ a s i o n a l p r o tube rances on t hel ec t ro de g lobu l e w i th i n t he c r a t e r r eg i o n an d t hea th s of p ro jec ted par t ic les m ay a l so be seen s i lhout ted aga ins t the a rc itself. T h a t t h e s e p h e n o m e n a a r en ly found a t in te rva ls in examining the f i lm i s unoubted ly due to the fac t tha t such par t ic les in ther c s t r e a m are rendered inv is ib le by the luminos i ty ofh e a r c and t ha t su c h p ro t u b e ra n ce s and p r o j ec t i l ea ths a re on ly v i s ib le when they happen to sc reenhe a r c . Th e expe l l ed p a r t ic l e s f ou n d a b o u t t he wo rkh e n welding—the fami l ia r b lu i sh-grey dus t o f thee l d i n g room—or whe n c o l l e c t ed und e r wa t e r a r e

ound to be spher ic a l she l l s ind ica t i ng tha t a p or t ionf t he vapo r w i th in t he g l o b u l e i s c a r r i e d a wa y w i th

GURE 5— A highe r magnification, 16.7 dia me ters, of a nucleusf metal projected on a cold plate from an incandescentectrode globule. Me tal is thu s projec ted by hea t effect alone

regular inter vals with an averag e frequency of SO proje cons per second. Th e actual diameter of such projected spotsnges from 0.01 to 0.0S inch.

t he p ro j ec t ed pa r t i c l e s . A pho tog raph o f t he se p roj ec t ed pa r t i c l e s , magn i f ied 20 .7 d i am e te r s , i s shownin F igu re 3 .

I f t he e l e c t rode wh i l e we ld ing i s sudd en l y swe p tacross an ad jacent f la t insu la ted sur face , smal l spo tso f me t a l a r e f oun d on t he su r f ace a t r egu l a r i n t e rv a l sove r t he su r f ace t r ave r s ed by t he ho t e l e c t r o d e . Apho tog raph o f a sma l l po r t i on o f such a pa t h i s s hownin F igure 4 and a more h igh ly magni f ied v iew of oneof the spots in F i gu re 5 . T h e regu lar i t y of spac ingof these spots wh en the d i ffe rences a re no t magn i f iedis qu i t e s t r ik i ng . T he sa me effect wa s obse rved byho ld ing an i ncandescen t electrode—just r e m o v e df r o m o r d i n a r y welding—over the r im of a revolv ingi ron whee l . I t was d e t e rm ined i n t h i s w ay t ha t t heave r age f r equency o f p ro j ec t i on w as 50 p e r s ec o n d .Th e du ra t i on of such p ro j ec t i on was ap p rox i m a t e lyone-f if th of a second; t h e p r o j e c t i o n t e r m i n a t i n gwi th the cool ing of the e lec t rode .

I t wou ld appea r f r om the obse rved f ac t s t h a t t heme ta l depos i t ed du r ing me ta l l i c a r c we ld in g i s t r an smi t ted in par t a t l eas t in the form of minute par t ic leswh ich a r e p ro j e c t ed f rom the e l ec t rode g l o bu l e bythe i n t e rna l expans ion o f some vapo r, pos s ib l y c a rbo nmo nox ide . T he expe l l ed pa r t i c l e s pa s s t h r ou g h t h e a r ctoo r ap id ly t o become vapo r i zed and r eac h t he p l a t ein a f luid s tate . I f the expel led part icles s tr ike sol idme ta l t hey e i t he r r i coche t a l ong t he surfac e — wh i chexp l a in s t he accum ula t i on o f i r on dus t i n t h e w e ld in groom—or f la tten ou t wi tho ut fus ion , the m os t c om mo ncaus e of poor weld s . I f the par t ic les s t r ike a f lu idmeta l they pene t ra te the f lu id and so l id i fy wi th themo l t en su r f ace o f t he p l a t e .

I t is a wel l -e s tab l i she d fac t tha t the bes t we ld in gi s ob t a ined w i th t he sho r t e s t a r c and t he wo r s t w e l d -

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


10 Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919

ing with the longest arc. It will be noted in Fi gu re 1that the size of the electrode globule also increaseswith the length of arc, the best welding being obtained with the smallest globule. A small globule implies greater concentration of projected particles inthe direction of the opposite fluid spot. In downwardwelding a large globule becomes elongated by gravity,

the lower part of the hollow globule becomes thickenedby downward flowing metal, the side walls becomestretched and thinned, and particles are projectedwastefully through the side walls at right angles to thearc. Th e globule as a whole frequently b reaks aw ayfrom the electrode and drops without fusion on theplate. Electrode ends rejected by a welder and presenting the appearance shown in Figure 2, or the largeglobule in Figu re 1, constitute substan tial evidence ofineffective long- arc welding . In up wa rd welding alarge globule tends to fall to one side or the other bygravity and prevents the efficient projection of metal.

Any material which serves to increase the meltingpoint of the surface of an electrode must, in accordance with the stated theory, improve the conditionsunder which particles are projected from the electrode globule. The cup shaped surface formed at theend of such an electrode will reduce the amount ofindirect projection of particles to a minimum and theincreased stability of the arc will reduce the difficultyof manipulation of the electrode, since the length ofarc may be varied over a greater range without interruption . It would appear that most of the coatingssuggested for electrodes perform the function ofcooling the surface of the electrode by vaporization

and in some instances, owing to the rapidity of theaction, remain in a fluid condition about the sides ofthe electrode globule. It should also be noted tha tsince iron oxide (rust) has a higher melting pointthan steel, that rust should not be removed fromelectrodes and that rusty electrodes will usually workbetter than bright clean ones. In many cases the out

side layer of bare electrodes may be changed bydrawing and heat treatment so that i t has a highermelting point than the interior. The ideal electrodewould have a high melting point shell—tungsten forexample — surround ing a lower melting point interiorcontaining sufficient vapor forming constituents to ejecmetal constantly when heated by the electric arc.

The writer would suggest certain promising subjectsfor further study. Firs t, a determ ination of thecharacter of the vapor found in an electrode globuleSecond, a determination of the best surface materialfor electrodes; first cost and effect on the finished weld

to be considered . Th ird , the effect of welding in a reducing flame upo n the cha racte r of the weld. Th ewriter has found that such a weld is more ductile andreveals less form ation of nitride . Fo urt h, an investigation of the value of welding under water as in thecase of ships, tank s, etc. Fifth , the use of ma terialsother than steel in metallic arc welding. It will benoted, for example, that the zinc constituent of brassunder the influence of a rapid increase in temperature may melt and vaporize before the copper constituent begins to melt. If the theory o utlined aboveis correct, it would appear quite probable that satisfactory welding could be done with brass electrodes.

Plan for Men Disabled by the War

T h e directors of t h e A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C IE T Y,at their meeting on September 26, 1919, passed thefollowing resolution:

"That the A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C IE T Y recognizes the obligation of the community to themen disabled by the war, and, in the field ofwelding, will endeavor to translate this recogni

tion into a specific program of assistance; thatits earnest desire is to work out a plan that willbe practical, and from which these men maybenefit."Conforming to this resolution the Society presents

the following as the beginning of such a p lan:In the first place there should be a clear under

standing as to the extent of the disability permissibleto a welder. Good eyesight in both eyes is essential.For metall ic arc welding, gas cutting, and carbon arccutting, a man should have good use of at least onehand. Fo r gas welding and carbon arc welding fairly

good use of both han ds is necess ary or one han dgood and one artificial. W ith re gar d to the legs, aman working in a shop or at a bench may have anycombination of disability provided he is able to get

about. But for work on a ship structure or workupon a staging he would be at a disadvantage unlesshe had the full use of both legs and both hands.

This plan divides itself into two parts, the firstrelates to learning to weld. The members of the Society have already agreed to keep twenty-five mencontinuously in training to become welders without

cost. This number will increase as the plan becomesmore generally understood and as more companiesbegin to train welders. The Society will aid in placingthese men. Further details of this arrangement havenot yet been worked out. Any disabled man desiringto learn to weld should communicate with the Secretary of the Society.

The second part relates to the business of independ ent jobbe r. Be fore it could be recomm endedthat a man go into business for himself, he must haveshown a capacity for business and must have securedan experience in welding and a knowledge of the sub

ject far beyond that gained by him merely by becoming a competent weld er. In such cases as may arise,where these requirements are fulfilled, the Societywill assist in setting the men up in this business.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 11

Gas Welding and Cutting During the WarBy H . S I D N E Y S M I T H

WH A T gas we l d ing and c u t t i n g d id t o h e lp w inthe wa r i n t h i s cou n t ry a n d ab r o a d w i l l p rob

bly nev er be fu l ly app rec i a ted . A n a t te m pt to de ta i lhe ramif ica t ions of the meta l indus t ry v i ta l to the

cond u c t o f t he wa r, i n to wh i ch g a s we ld i n g a nd cu ting en te red as an essen t ia l , would be to cover thent ire f ield of industry.

T he m ech anis m of wa r in th i s age of s tee l i s rea l ly se r ies of meta l lu rg ica l p roblems, whether i t be inhe p r oduc t i on o f me t a l s o r i n t h e cons t ru c t i on o f

• r l

FIGURE 1.—Cracked bed plate of hoisting engine.

r e a t guns and t he i r c a r r i ag e s , b o m b s , h a n d g r enades ,orpedoes or a i r sh ips , i t i s meta l everywhere—metaln new and cur ious shapes and meta l in a l l k inds ofo m b i n a t i ons . T he o r e m u s t be m in ed , t h e m e t a l p rouced , f o rmed , j o ined and s eve r ed . S o with t h e ou tr e a k o f t he wa r a ll t h e me t a l w o rk i n g i nd u s t r i e s

w e r e s t i m u l a t e d i n a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d m a n n e r ; p r ouc t ion had to be doubled and t r ip led in the shor tes toss ib le space of t ime and oxy-acetylene wa s a so luon which made shor t cu ts poss ib le in cons t ruc t ionnd repa i r.

M i n i ng equ ipmen t a n d hand l i ng d ev i c e s a r e a t a l lm e s sub jec t ed t o ex t r em e l y ro u gh u sage an d b r eako w n s . I n no rm a l ti m e s p l e n ty of s p a r e s a r e c a r r i ednd b r oken pa r t s c an spee d i l y b e r e p l ac ed , bu t du r inghe w a r, in mos t c a se s , s p a r e p a r t s we re u n p r ocu rab l en d a s a r e su l t r epa i r and n o t r ep l a ceme n t ha d t o bee so r t e d t o . The re a r e i nnume rab l e i n s t anc es on r ecrd of whe re the app l ica t ion of weld in g to the rep a i rf an essen t ia l par t p revented a comple te suspens ionf work. T he ac co m pa ny ing f igures 1 an d 2 a relus t ra t ive of the magni tude of some of these repa i r s .F i g u re 1 show s a b r e ak i n t he b e d p l a t e un de r t he

a in bear ing of a co l l ie ry main hoisting en g ine .F ig u r e 2 shows t h e s ame bedp l a t e after success fu lepa i r by the gas process .

In the s tee l p la n ts , ro l l ing mi l l s , and foun dr iesequa l l y impor t an t work was ca r r i ed ou t , a n d i t m aynot be ou t o f p lace to descr ibe a few spec i f ic ins tancesi l l u s t r a t i ve o f t he work .

A we ld in g compa ny i n C l eve l and in 1 9 18 m a d e r epa i r s on the cy l inders of b lowing engines used in s tee lp l an t s i n Oh io , whe re t he f r a c tu r e s w e re 20 t o 40 f ee tl ong i n t h r e e i nch me ta l . W o rk o f t h i s m a gn i t ud e ha sto be ca r r i ed on by sh i f t s , in o rde r t ha t w hen onces ta r ted it sha l l go on con t inu ous ly un t i l f in ished. T he

m

FIGURE 2.—Same bed plate welded.

ac tua l we ld ing t ime on t he se j obs was 48 t o 68 h o u r s .An i dea 'of the a id of these repa i r s to product iv i ty i sbe t t e r app rec i a t e d whe n it i s kn ow n tha t f r o m th r e eto s i x mon ths wou ld have been needed t o ob t a in s pa r epa r t s t o rep l ace t he b roken ones , wh i l e t h e r epa i r smade by t he oxy -ace ty l ene p roce s s we re o n ly e q u iv al en t t o a t h r ee hou r s ' s hu t -down o f t he p l an t .

Ano the r impor t an t p i ece o f r epa i r work wa s an 1 8by 40 inch f ra c tu re in the 70 ton f ram e of a bu l ldoze r u sed fo r she ll p i e r c ing . Th e ma ch in e w a s onlyou t o f ope ra t i on 48 ho u r s , wh i l e r ep l ace m e n t wou ldhav e tak en 40 da ys . In th i s case a 38 da y outp ut o fshe l l s was made pos s ib l e , a t a t ime when a ma x imu mshe l l p roduc t i on was o f v i t a l impor t ance t o s ucc e s si n F r a n c e .

In ano the r i n s t ance r epa i r s we re made t o t he l o wand h igh p r e s su re cy l i nde r s o f a l a rge r o l l i ng mi l lengine a t one of the lead ing s tee l p lan ts . The lowpre s su r e cy l i nde r, show n in F ig . 3 , wa s 5 ' 1 0 " bo r e ,we igh ing 15 ton s , an d had c ra ck s in the f lange a ndbore to ta l ing 22 fee t in length , in meta l 2^4 t o 3-Hsi n ches t h i ck . The ac tua l t ime t aken t o ch i p o u t t hec r a c k s , p r e h e a t a n d w e l d , w a s 72 h o u r s . T h e h i g h

p re s su re cy l i nde r had c r acks t o t a l i ng 4 ' 6 " i n l eng t hin me ta l up to 6 i nches in t h i ckne s s . Th ese w e r e p r ep a r e d and we ld ed in 18 ho u r s . Seven days were t a k en

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


w Journal of the American Welding S ociety, October, 1919

to complete the whole job. It was estimated th at therepair cost about one-third of the cost of a new cylinder. This is quite a consideration, but insignificantas compared to the real saving effected when accountis taken of the fact that the repairs prevented thelaying off of some 350 trained men who would nothave been available again when new cylinders hadbeen procured, and also prevented the loss entailedby cessation of production.

In some cases machinery designed for the produc-

oxy-acetylene in shipyards again essential. A multitude of new uses in the construction of ships werefound and in repairs to marine boilers and other shipparts the savings effected were enormous. In fact, inma ny cases they w ere as high as SO per cent in timeand cost over old method s. Some idea of the multitudinous uses to which gas welding can be put in shipconstruction may be gathered from a perusal of thelists of parts permitted to be welded as issued byLloyds and the American Bureau of Shipping. In the

m

I

FtFIGURE 3.—Low-pressure cylinder of rolling mill engine being repaired by welding.

tion of peace time products had to be altered for theproduction of munitions. This was aided by gaswelding. Fig. 4 illustrates the adaptation of a directdriven machine for use in a belt driven plant. Herethe pedestal for a pulley bearing is seen ready forwelding.

Transportation is a fundamental in the successfulconduct of a war and during the hard winter of 1917,when the railroads were at their wits end to keepequipment in running order, and when new equipmentwas practically unprocurable, the use of acetylene in

the railroad shops and in the maintenance of wayadded enormously to the efficiency of the roads.Follow transportation to the high seas and we find

shipyards the angle-smith of today has little to do butbend to shape the material he is working, as gas performs most of the cutting and all the welding is performed by the gas or electric processes. To a greatextent the acetylene blowpipe has supplanted charcoaland oil for heating bent frames, shell plates, sternposts, and other parts under repair. The blowpipewas probably the most important factor employed inspeeding up ship produ ction. It was universally employed for shaping plates and cutting the many holesnecessary in decks and bulkheads for smoke-shafts,

up-takes, pipe-runs, etc.Gas welding and cutting was an element of extremeimportance in converting passenger and cargo vessels,

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 13

as, for instance, when the Great Lakes' boats wererequisitioned for Atlantic service they were cut intwo by gas so that they might pass the locks.

At the time the interned German ships were takenover by the Government and found to have had theircylinders and other engine parts maliciously damaged,welding was resorted to as a most effective means toget the ships into comm ission quickly. H ere acetylene

welding played a part of extreme importance and themost intricate welding operations were conducted withcertainty in result.

Much valuable repair work was done on Lakesteamers and while some of this work was being carried out it was clearly demonstrated that extensive repairs could be made on marine cylinders "in situ"which was quite contrary to prevailing ideas in theminds of most engineers. Ver tical welding hadalso at times to be resorted to, and this is anotherphase of the art which many had thought to be impossible in welding of cast iron. No n-fe rrou s metals

enter very largely into the construction of certain ship

FIGURE 4.—Lathe adapted for belt drive.

parts and fittings and in the repair of such parts gaswelding held undisputed sway as the best means toaccomplish the desired end. In this line of e ndeav orsome of the most valuable work was done on propellers in building up new tips and edges on blades.

Having followed transportation over the seas, nextconsider it at the front. Va st quantities of gas weldingand cutting equipment, including plants for the generation and compression of acetylene and oxygen, as wellas enormous quantities of cylinders, were shipped

abroad so that welding could play its part in the important work of keeping the transport system, whichsupplied ou r A rm y, in a state of efficiency. A t thebase repair shops much extremely valuable work waperformed and tens of thousands of cylinder blockscrank cases, frames, transmission cases and otheparts too numerous to mention were made fit for service. No t only was gas welding employed at the bas

shops but each U. S. Army in France was providedwith some 220 machine shop truck units and each o

FIGURE 5.—A mine . Equ a to r s eam we lded .

these was provided with gas welding requisites. Thwork performed by these mobile repair units with gawas of incalculable value. Some of the most valuablwork carried out in France was performed by therailroad units and it is frankly admitted by returningofficers that if it had not been for gas welding therewould have been a serious shortage of railroad equipmen t. Pr iva te Matousek, a welder, received the Dis

tinguished Service Medal for repairing, in four hourat Nevers, locomotive cylinders which otherwise wouldhave been idle for weeks.

Welding work in France rallied for the services ofa small army of all-around welders and naturally suchmen in the quantities required were not to be foundamongst the enlisted men, for statistics show that ineach 10,000 men drafted into the Army only seven menwere welders. Th is small percentag e was due to thefact that a majority of welders were exempted as essential factors in this country in maintaining the military establishment. The few drafted were not sufficient to meet the situation and consequently eachbranch of the Army started welding schools andquickly trained large numbers of men. The industry

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Repairing a LighthouseBy J A M E S H .

Thermit is the recognized scientific name for themixture of aluminum and iron oxide which, when ig

nited, will support its own combustion and yield ironat a tempera ture far above its melting point.

D URING the arctic winter of 1917-1918 whenzero weather paid frequent visits even to the

Carolinas, a most unusual accident happened to WadePoint Lighthouse, which is situated one mile from theshore in Albemarle Sound, N. C. A photograph ofthis lighthouse is shown on the cover.

N AT URE OF T H E LIG H THOU S E INJ U RY

A large ice-floe which had been formed in Albemarle

Sound became detached by a terrific gale and wasdriven with grea t force against the five cast ironcolumns which supported the Lighthouse superstructure over a depth of nine feet of wate r. So grea t w asthe bulk of ice piling upon one side that all the columnswere bent through an angle of about 20 degrees andbroken. The preliminary bending had pushed thelighthouse structure about 4 ft. off the center.

Figure 1 shows the break in one of the columns.Fortunately the strong iron tie rods underneath

which held the supporting frame together preventedthe lighthouse from collapsing. Alth ough the lowerpart of the broken column had been thrown over intoa slanting position the upper part of the structure including the lighthouse pro per rem ained vertical inspite of being offset.

REPAIRING METHODS

The Lighthouse Service was unable until recently toundertake any repairs on the lighthouse. Du ring thefirst 15 months after the accident no one lived at thelight, the lamp being lit by constant visits from shore.At the end of this period a temporary repair Kas madeby driving wooden piles and placing supports underneath the structure.

When the question of making permanent repairswas under discussion, two plans were considered, onefor rebuilding the station along its original lines andthe other to transfer the present superstructure to aconcrete caisson placed close by and secured to thesite by piles driven through the bottom of caisson, thestructu res in both plans to be heavily ripr app ed. Th ecost of repairing the lighthouse by the reconstructionof piling was estimated by the Lighthouse Service atapproximately $13,000, while the cost of a completelynew substructure, upon which the present superstructure could have been moved, was estimated at approximately $30,000. But Kids received in both cases wereso excessive that it was decided to repair the columnsof the old structure by Thermit Welding.

D E P P E L E RTo those who are unfamiliar with the Thermit pro

cess, it may be explained that Thermit is a mixture of

aluminu m and iron oxide. This mixtu re can beignited by means of special ignition powder and produce a chemical reaction which results in superheatedliquid steel and slag (aluminum oxide), at a temperature of approxim ately 5000 deg. Fa hr . This T herm isteel is sufficiently hot to melt and dissolve any metawith which it comes in contact and amalgamates withit thus forming a solid homogeneous mass when coolIn making welds by the Thermit process the parts tobe united are surrounded by a mold and the sectionsheated red hot by means of a special preheater, afterwhich the thermit steel is poured into the mold.

FIGURE 1.—Al the cast-iron columns that support the lighthouse were broken. This is one of the breaks.

Owing to the isolated situation of the Lighthouse alwelding materials plant and working party were transported from Norfolk, Va., by a small steamer whichwas moored by the Lighthouse during the weldingoperation and served as quarters for the repair men

J A C K I N G U P T H E L I G H T H O U S E

The first operation consisted in jacking up the superstructure in order to remove the weight from eachcolumn successively, as it was being welded, also tocontrol the allowance for contraction of the weld. Asthe jacks on hand proved to be too light to support thelighthouse it was necessary to obtain a 50-ton ratchetjack from Elizabeth, N. C, the nearest available place

The lighthouse was jacked up as follows: two 8" x8" timbers were laid side by side near the corner ofthe house and across the top of the iron tie rods whichconnected the colum ns togeth er. Th e jack was set onthese timbers and on the head of the jack was placeda wooden structure 10".x 10", which in turn supported

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



n o a k c ro s s beam on wh i c h IS " I - b e a m s s u p p o r t i n ghe l i g h thou se r e s t ed . T o p r e v en t s id e p l a y wh en t hea c k w as r a i s ed , t he s t r uc t u r e had t o b e further s e cu redn p l a c e by me ans of cha in s . Th i s s t r uc tu r e ab ove t heack w as l i f t ed du r ing e ach we l d so t ha t t h e uppe ra r t of e ach b rok en co l um n w as r a i s e d 3 /1 6 " a s anl l o wan ce fo r con t r ac t i o n . T h e j a c k w a s l owe red

ra d u a l l y du r ing t he firs t a n d s ec ond hou r s a f t e r pou rng each we ld un t i l the co lum n f ina l ly sup po r te d i t sn t i r e o r i g ina l we igh t .

H a v ing j a cked up t h e co l u m n t h e n ex t s t ep was t ou t ou t about a l l/2 g a p be twe en t he b ro k en s e c t i ons ,o a l low space for the T he rm i t s tee l to en te r. S inc en each case the inc l ina t ion of the lower par t o f theo lu m n ha d a l r ea dy pro vid ed a suff icien t gap ha l f wa yh ro u g h t h i s sec t i on ( e xc e p t i n o n e c a se w h e re t heo l u m n had snapped ba ck i n to p l ace ) , i t was on lyec essa ry to dr i l l a se r ies of 3 3 /8 " d ia m ete r ho les e ach

ou t w i th hammer and ch i s e l t he me t a l r e ma in in g between the l ine of ho les and the break .

CONSTRUCTING T H E MOLD

As the co lumns we re ho l l ow wi th* 13/2" th ick wal l s ,the in t e r i or had to be f il led wi th mol d in g and fac ingsan d for the s tee l mo ld , for a dep th of f rom thr ee to

f ive feet below the weld at which point a f lange ext ended ho r i zon t a l l y t h ro ugh t he co lum ns . F i r s t i t w asneces sa ry, howeve r, t o r emove abou t 2 f t . o f w a t e rwhich had co l lec ted in these spaces th rough r i se andfa l l o f the t ide in order to prevent s team f rom be ingfo rm ed f ro m the hea t gene ra t ed by pou r ing t h e mo l t e ns tee l in the weld , and in jur ing th e mo ld . A n ova l ho le2" w ide and 3" long w as ther efo re dr i l l ed ou t of th eco lum n abou t 15" above t he b r ea k and t he w a t e r r emoved t h rough t h i s ho l e .

FIGURE 2.—Pouring the Thermi t s tee l .

apar t by means of an e lec t r ic d r i l l wi thpp l i ed f rom a dynam o o n t he s t e a m e r, t h en

p o w e rk no ck

FIGURE 3.—One o f the comp le ted welds . Th e co lum ns werepurpose ly le f t offset.

Pa ck ing t he mo ld ing s and i n s ide t he co lu m n w asa l so a s l ow pe r fo rmance a s t he r amming h ad t o b ed o n e with a ben t r od i n se r t ed t h rough t he ho l e w i tho u tt he i n t e r i o r be ing v i s i b l e t o t he ope ra to r, whose wor king f ac i l i t i e s we re c r amped by t he pecu l i a r c o ns t r u c

t ion of the l igh thouse , and cons is ted a t t imes of onlva boa rd su spend ed by ropes f rom a r a i l i ng abou t a sshow n in F ig u re s 2 and 3 . W he n t he upp e r s ec t ion wasr a m m e d u p , r o p e w a s w r a p p e d a r o u n d t h e b r e a k t op rev en t e s cape o f s and . Fac ing s and wa s i n s e r t ed fo r6" above an d 6" be low the brea k . Af te r the co lu mnwa s ram m ed u p to a he ight o f 1 f t . abov e the brea k ,t he s and a t t he b r eak was r emoved w i th a t r owe l a n dyel low w ax appl ied to form a pa t te rn fo r the mold .Th i s wax , wh ich i s l a t e r me l t ed ou t , p r e se r v e s t h espace to be occup ied by the the rm i t s tee l . T he w axwas i n se r t ed l1/? i n s ide o f bo th uppe r and l o we r s ec

t i ons and shaped a round t he ou t s i de o f t h e b r ea k i nth e form of a tap er i ng co l la r 6" wide an d % " th ick a ti t s cen te r. In cons t ruc t ing a mold bo x the base cons is ted of two p la tes f i t t ed a round the co lumn and suppo r t ed pa r t l y by t i e r ods and pa r t l y by 3 kne e - i ron s

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



with greater and greater percentages of carbon mixedwith it, would also occur at lower and lower temperatures (i . e. , the melting point is lower).

If we started to add salt to a pail of water, we, ofcourse, would have different stren gth of brine. ' Ju stso with the additio n of carbon to a crucible of pu reiron, we would likewise have different degrees of theresulting mixture . Finally in adding the salt to thepailful of water, we would arrive at a point where thewater had absorbed all of the salt which it was capableof holding at the tem perature . If we had added alittle less salt we may consider for the sake of theanalogy that we would have had free water in excessof salt, and if we had added a little more salt it wouldhave been impossible for the water to have dissolvedit, and we would, therefore, have had salt in excess ofwater.

For convenience we will call the mixture at whichthe water becomes thoroughly saturated with salt ,"cementite," because this is the name the metallurgistshave given to a similar mixture of iron and carbon.They call the water "ferrite," the salt "carbide," andthe resulting mix ture of brine "cem entite." Th ismixture always exists as 93.4% iron and 6.6% carbon.It is a chemical compound, carbide of iron, and is ex

pressed by the symbol FesC. No w let us go back tothe brine solution and suppose that we added a littlemore salt than the water could absorb and bring thismechanical mixture to such a low temperature that iwould freeze. W e should then find a new com poundwhich is regarded as a separate and distinct constituenof steel, and takes the name "pearlite" from its pearl

l ike appearance un der the microscope. Pearli te contains approximately 0.9% carbon and consists of interstratified layers or band s of ferrite and cementite[NOTE :—The analogy is not exact here. Fig . 4 showsbetter how the cementite and the pearlite exist in apiece of steel.]

Let us now amuse ourselves for a while by runningthrough a little experiment with a piece of steel containing 0.9 carbon. Fo r our investigation we will alsoneed a special kind of thermometer for measuring hightemp eratures. Such an instrumen t is know n as a"py rom eter ." No w we will drill a little hole in the tespiece of carbon steel and after inserting the "couple"of the pyrometer into it, place the same in the electricfurnace.

As the current is turned on, the test piece growswarm, then hotter and hotter, gradually up through arange of temperatures, which are continually recorded

Pfe

FIGURE 1.—Steel con ta in ing 0 .11% carbon ,l igh t p o r t i o n — F e r r i t e ; d a r k p o r t i o n — P e a r li te ; magnified 500 d i a m e t e r s .

FIGURE 3.—Steele con ta in ing 0 .9% carbon ,f ine un i form Pear l i t e condi t ion , magni f ied 500d i a m e t e r s .

FIGURE 2.—Steel con ta in ing 0 .37% carbonl igh t p o r t i o n — F e r r i t e ; d a r k p o r t i o n — P e a r li te ; magni f ied 500 d iam eters .

FIGURE 4.—Steel con ta in ing 2 .0% carbon .d a r k portion—Pearlitic ; whi te boundar ies—Cement i te ; magni f ied 500 d iameters .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 ID

by the needle of the pyro me ter. 800, 900, 1,000, 1,200degrees Fahrenheit are uniformly reached, and theemperature of our test piece continues to rise, as the

absorption of heat progres ses. Sudd enly, howeve r,although the heating continues the needle of thepyrometer ceases to advance, and we note that it ispausing at about 1350 degrees Fah renh eit. Th en after

ts pause, the advance is again resumed until the piecehas become almost ready to melt.Now let us begin to cool off our test piece grad

ually. The tem pera ture of the furnace is lowered an dhe range of cooling temperature is recorded by thever sensitive needle of the pyrom eter. Sudd enly theest piece assum es a brilliant glow, a nd again theeedle comes to rest, but this time we note that theecorded tem perature is abo ut. 1250 degrees Fah reneit. Evidently there has been a certain tardines s orl ag" which has caused the phenomenon to take place little too high going up, a little too low coming down,nd in fact the metallurgists tell us that such is exactlyhe case, and that the real point in which we are inerested lies just half way between the two pointsndicated, as we shall presently see. Fig ure 5 is araphical representation of this action.

ISOO

isoo

l?oo

1500

1500

i IIOO\N 1300

i Uoo

IIOO

l o o

11ri

i

i

ii

/

/f

\

\

\\^

i /

\

, _

ZS SO IS IOO iZ5 150 IT S £00

77M0S£COHPS

FIGURE 5.—The critical range in steel containing 0.9% carbon is between 1250° F. and1350° F.

It is natural to suspect that both of these points haveomething to do with the same thing, and for conenience since we noticed that mysterious glow of theest piece just as the needle came to rest, we might callhe particular point which lies just half way betweenhe temperatures under discussion, the point of glow,r "recalescence," and the range between these two

emperatures the "critical range."I suppose it would be difficult to explain this phe

omenon of the test piece unless we imagine that as

he critical range is reached some internal reaction ofhe steel causes it to spontaneously take on heat at theame temperature in the first place and give off thetored heat at the same temperature as the piece waseing cooled down, and this heat caused it to glow as

was noticed. Now if we were to experiment further

with our piece while at the critical range, we woufind certain other remarkable changes, one of the monoticeable of which is the loss of magnetism at aabove the critical range.

Irons and steels are usually the most magnetic marials, but the attraction of the magnet is completely loat or above the critical range.

Let us just consider this phenomenon a momenWe are told by the physicists that magnetism is iduced in a piece of iron or steel by a rearrangemeof the internal molecular structure, in which the potive ions face one direction and the negative ions the opposite direction. Th ere fore , if ma gnetism sudenly ceases to exist it would seem as if something hhappened to the "internal molecular structure" of thtest piece. Th us when the critical point is reached wmay conclude that something more than a mere absortion of hea t units has take n place. In fact we mareally believe that an actual internal molecular revoltion has occurred and that some of the natural lawwhich formerly had governed all of these little molcules which go to make up the whole piece of stehave been overthrown and that the molecules are moor less free to set up a new form of government fothemselves, and that, therefore, when a piece of steis brought to this point it is really in a very sensitivcondition. If we should care to investigate further wshould find that certain other great changes take plaat this critical point, such, for instance, as partifailure of the test piece to conduct an electric curren

which forme rly, of course, it did with great ease. Alwhen the critical range is reached, a peculiar contration of size interrupts the gradual expansion whichad been developing as the test piece absorbed heunits, and therefore these several observations give ureason to believe that our conclusions as noted abovmust be more or less correct.

Now if all steels acted exactly like the little tepiece which we have been observing above as thewere placed in the hardening furnace, it would notake us very much longer to finish our preliminarinvestigations. You remember the piece of steel whicwe have been investigating was a piece of simple cabon tool steel, containing about 0.90% carbon. Butall steels do not contain just this same percentage ocarbon, and may also contain various elements oththan carbon, all of which produce many and varieresults during the process of heating, treating anhardening.

Let us go through the same experiment with a piecof steel containing .45 % C. Just as before, as thtem perature 1250 degrees Fahrenhe it is reached wnote all the strange symptoms which are characteristof the point of recalescence and then, just as we aabout to decide that it is hard ly necessary to go furthewe notice that the pyrometer needle has again come rest, but that this time it is registering 1390 degreeFa hre nhe it. Th ere fore , it would seem as if this piehad two critical ranges instead of one.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


i} Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919

Now le t us t ake a p iece of ca rbon s tee l as before ,bu t th i s t ime conta in ing .15% carbon , and aga in proceed wi th ou r obse rva t io ns . Ag ain the need le o f thepyrometer records the po in t o f recalescence and a l sothe po in t des igna t ing the second range of c r i t i ca l t empera ture , bu t th i s t ime , s t range to say, as the t es t p iececont inues to absorb hea t , a th i rd c r i t i ca l range i sreg is te red .

By repea t ing the opera t ions as ou t l ined above , wi thp ieces o f stee l con ta in ing var iou s percen tag es o f ca rbonfrom zero to 1.25% a nd by plo t t ing the different cr i t ica l t empera tures so ob ta ined , we f ina l ly ob ta in a char tF ig ure 6 , whic h graphica l ly expre sses the c r i t i ca lranges of i ron and s tee l s due to the var ia t ion of thecarbon conten t .

J300-

/&oo-

< seso*\

\

Af*, M

5 \

ta - 4

> — i

tz$o°

\\

/39£'

, A

•v•i

• i

- v1 . • - - = «

I*1t

1

S--<

-©—1

//

*--*

.OO .15 JO .4S .eO .IS 30 /.OS l.iO

/o CAPBOH

FIGURE 6 .—The cri t ical points in s teels conta in ing var ious amounts of carbon .

Now, as we conc luded before , i t i s ev iden t tha tsome in te rna l change mus t have taken p lace in thesteel itself, and as we kno w tha t the chemica l co n ten tdoes no t vary, i t i s fu r ther ev iden t tha t the changemust be of a phys ica l na ture , o r as in the l anguage ofthe meta l lu rg i s t , an "a l lo t ro p ic ch ang e ."

T h e r e i s o n e v e r y f o r t u n a t e c i r c u m s t a n c e c o n n e c t e dwi th the pass ing f rom one of these a l lo t rop ic c hange sto an oth er, an d th at is tha t the effect ing of one ofthese changes takes time . I t does no t t ake a ve ry longi m e , however, fo r in some ins tances the change i s

affected in a ve ry small f rac t ion of a seco nd, w hilera re ly more than one or two seconds a re requ i red .

Would i t no t be in te res t ing i f we had been so constructed as out l ined in the beginning of this l i t t le volu m e ; t h a t w e c o u l d h a v e w i t h s t o o d t h e h i g h t e m p e r aures in which some of these very in te res t ing changes

occur, because we could then handle the s tee l , examinet and exper im ent wi th i t a t ou r l e i sure . H ow ev er,uch no t be ing th e case , we w i l l have to de r ive some

other means for "ca tch ing" the s tee l whi le i t i s in oneof these in te res t ing condi t ions , and then br ing ing i t ints e n t r a p p e d c o n d i t io n d o w n t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e .

H ow sha l l we do i t ? W el l , we rem em ber tha t we sa idt took t ime to effec t the changes un de r d i scuss ion andu r t h e r m o r e w e r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e c h a n g e s c a n o n l yake p lace when the s tee l i s wi th in the proper c r i t i ca lange . Th ere for e , i f we could do som eth in g to lowerhe tempera ture o f a p iece of s tee l whi le in one of

the c r i t i ca l ranges before th e steel ha d tim e to. effect t heusua l a l lo t rop ic change of fo rm, we might be ab le tocatch a piece of s teel wh ile in one of these un us ua lcondit ions, before i t had real ly had t ime to get back ton o r m a l .

Therefore , l e t us p lace a p iece of .9% carbon too ls tee l in the hea t ing furnace and br ing i t up to and be

yon d the po in t o f reca lescence . No w, gra sp in g thepiece f i rmly in a pa ir of tongs w ith al l possible speedwe p lunge i t in to a nearby pa i l o f ice wa te r, keep ingthe s teel cons ta n t ly in mot io n . Alm os t ins tan t ly thes tee l becomes b lack and wi th in a few seconds i s act u a l l y b r o u g h t d o w n t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e .

N ow le t us t ak e the s tee l ou t an d exam ine it . Th eact of tapping i t on the anvi l in order to knock off thesurp lus wate r g ives us a h in t tha t our t es t p iece hasund ergo ne some sor t o f a chang e . F or now it r ingswi th a be l l - l ike c lea rness and g ives the hammer wi thwhich we s t r ike i t a qu ick snapping rebound which'in

itself ind ica tes g re a t hardn ess . Ne xt , we tes t the p iecewith a hardened s teel f i le with which we could easi lyhave made a deep groove before we a t tempted thehea t ing opera t ion and to our surpr i se the f i l e has asl i t t le effect as i f i t ha d been m ad e of woo d. A nd t oour surpr i se on c loser examina t ion , we ac tua l ly f indtha t our t es t p iece has sc ra tched the file—surely i t mustb e v e r y h a r d . W e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t s o m e m a r k e dchan ge mu s t hav e take n p lace . W ha t can i t be ? W h yit must be that due to the rapid cool ing in the pai l ofice wate r we brought the t empera ture o f the t es t p iecedown be low the c r i t i ca l range before the abnormal con

dit ion at which i t exis ted while at and above the cr i t icalrange had found t ime to change back to i t s former condi t ion . A nd we reme mb er tha t if one of these a llot rop ic changes i s go ing to t ake p lace a t a l l , na ture saysi t mu st d o so wh ile the s teel is wi thin th e cr i t ical ra ng eand there for e hav in g forced the s tee l th ro ugh t ha tc r i t i ca l rang e whic h separa t es one a l lo t rop ic con di t ionfrom an oth er, bef ore i t ha d fou nd t im e to effect i tsd e s i r e d c h a n g e , w e m a n a g e d t o e n t r a p t h e a b n o r m a lcondit ion so that we could see i t and feel i t and getfami l ia r wi t h it a t room tem per a tu re .

Now le t us t ake our t es t p iece to the g r inds tone and

gri nd i t do w n to the sha pe of a cut t ing tool . I t isnecessary to resort to the gr ind s tone, in order to getthe desired shape, because of course, our test piece isfar too ha rd to cu t wi th any o ther meta l . Af t e r hav ingproduced a tool of the desired shape and s ize, le t usfasten the same securely into the carr iage of a la the,and then upon apply ing the cu t t ing edge to a revo lv ingpiece of cast iron, or soft steel, or even to a piece ofthe very same grade of s teel out of which the tool wasmade, only while i t is s t i l l in the softened or annealedcon dit ion , we f ind tha t i t is capab le of easi ly andquickly cut t ing out a good s ized r ibbon of chips fromthe meta l which i s to be machined .

H ow ev er, w e a re soon conf ron ted w i th a new d iff icu l ty, fo r as the cu t p rogresses , our too l runs into arou gh spo t which causes i t to t rem ble an d cha t te r an d

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



hen suddenly our too l c racks in two in the middle ands a t once com ple te ly ru in ed .

I t i s ev ident tha t as we a re ab le to increase thees i rab le e lement of hardness in a p iece of too l s tee l ,

we a ls o au tom a t i ca l l y i n c r ea se t he u n de s i r ab l e e l emen tf b r i t t l ene s s , and t he r e fo r e s o m e n e w m e t h o d m us te devised which wi l l a l low a sufficient deg r ee o f ha r dess to a l low the too l to cu t o ther meta l s and a t theame t ime not cause so much br i t t l eness tha t i t wi l lrack in tw o a t the f i rs t roug h spot wh ich i t en cou nte rs .

One method of ass i s t ing the toughening of a p iece ofardened too l s tee l i s accompl i shed by the process ofd r aw i ng . " Th i s s i m p ly me ans hea t i n g t he p i ece o fa rd e n ed t oo l s t ee l up to s o m e f a i rl y wa r m t em pe ra

ure , which of course mus t be kept wel l be low ther i t i ca l range (a t which the s tee l would jump a t thehance to qu ick ly change back in to one of i t s sof te rl lo t rop ic forms) and then keeping the s tee l a t th i sr a w i ng t em pe ra tu r e f o r a w h i l e un t i l t h e u nu sua lt ra ins and s t ress caused by the rapid c o o l i n g h a ve hadn o p po r tun i t y t o have be c o m e somew h a t r e l i eved .

T h e r e fo r e , t he p roce s s of "d r a wi n g " is qu i t e a s imor tan t as is the f ir st ac t of ha rd en in g itself, an d g r ea ta r e m us t be exe r c i s ed i n unde r t ak i n g t he s am e .

{Comm ent by S. W. Miller. T he we ld e r w i l l s e erom th is a r t ic le how the knowledge of s tee l appl iesl so t o we ld ing . A l th o u g h much of t he c a rb o n b u rn su t and i s the ref ore low in the co mp le ted we ld , theame changes occur in welds dur ing the i r cool ing asn the coo ling of a piece of s teel of the sa m e c arb ononten t . I t i s , the ref ore , des i ra b le for the we lder to

e fami l ia r wi th the changes tha t t ake p lace in i ronr s teel due to t he hea t i n g . )

T h e N eed of the Gas W eldin g Indust ryBy M. K E I T H D U N H A M

La ck of a t ten t ion to e lem enta ry pr inc ip les of ox y-ace ty lene weld ing i s p rob ably respo ns ib le for m os t o fhe fa i lu res . Ap pa ren t ly the rea l c ry i ng need of thendu s t r y i s educa t i on .

1. As to the importan ce of fusion — not adhesion.2. The absolute necessity of unde rstandin g expan

sion and contraction.3. The necessity of educating the engineer as well

as the welder in the fundamental principles ofOxy-Acetylene Welding.

Al l over the count ry good work i s be ing done da i lyby g o od we lde r s , — me n w h o have g r a sp e d a n d app l i edhese pr inc ip les , — and al l ove r t h e coun t ry p o o r works be ing execu ted by poo r welde rs . I f we can g ive to

the se poo r we lde r s t he knowledge o f t he go o d we l de r swe w i l l hav e ma de a r ocke t s t ri de fo rw a rd .

I t wou ld s eem tha t t he p rope r i n s t ruc to r f o r t h ewe ld e r i s t he ma n w ho ha s had bo th t he p r a c t i c a l andt echn i ca l expe r i ence , and i f cho i ce wa s nece s s a r y, p r a ct i ce is t he mor e de s i r ab l e o f t he two r equ i r em en t s .For example , a shor t whi le ago the wr i te r v i s i ted awe ld in g s choo l wh e re t he i n s t ruc to r im pre s sed t h es tuden t s w i th t he impor t ance o f pay ing a t t e n t i o n t oexpans ion and con t r ac t i on and u sed t he we l l - k n ow nb r o k e n spoke of the ge ar whe e l as an i l lus t ra t i on . Bu the gave r ea sons fo r p r e -hea t i ng t he r im , wh i ch a p r a ct ica l welder who had tack led a job of th i s k ind before ,wou ld know in s t an t l y we re ba sed on t h ings t ha t c o u ldno t pos s ib ly happen .

I f no a t te n t io n is pa id to the law of expa ns io n a ndcon t r ac t i on , f a i l u r e , excep t on t he s imp le s t we ld i n gjobs , i s a lmos t cer ta in .

Ti m e a f t e r t i m e oxy-acetylene men have b ee n u paga in s t t he p rob l em o f t r y ing t o educa t e t he eng i ne e rof a p lan t to lay ou t h i s weld ing work in accordancewi th we ld ing p r ac t i c e . M an y t imes the we lde r is upaga ins t the problem of making a weld on a rece iveror tank , which has been des igned for r ive t ing and i ti s one of the hardes t jobs in the wor ld to convince aman un fami l i a r w i th we ld ing o f t he im p o r t anc e o flay ing out h i s work so tha t the welder can make a succe s s fu l j ob . T he oxy -ace ty l ene i ndus t r y i n t h e pa s tcoup l e o f yea r s ha s been i nunda t ed w i th t e ch n i c a l a rt i c les as to wh at t akes p lace in the weld . W ri t ing sand research work a re of the u tmos t va lue to the

indus t ry, bu t the rea l need of n ine ty n ine ou t o f ahu nd r ed w e lde r s and eng ine e r s is s imp le p r i nc ip l e ss imp ly explained — the A , B, Cs of we ldin g.

Safe Practices for G as W eld ing and Cu tt in gE qu ipmen t

Tw o v e r y complete se t s o f ru les and regula t ionshave been compi l ed by t he Na t i ona l Sa f e t y C ounc i la n d t h e N a t i o n a l B o a r d o f F i r e U n d e r w r i t e r s w i t hr e f e r enc e t o t he p ro pe r u se o f ga s We ld in g and C u t t i n gEq u ip me n t . Th e ru l e s p r e sen t i n an o rd e r l y m an ne r

the sa fe ins ta l la t ion and use of such equipment .T he t i t l e s o f t he se pamp h le t s a r e S a f e P r ac t i c e s —

Gas and E l ec t r i c W e ld ing i s sued by t h e Na t i o n a lSa fe ty Counc i l and r egu l a t i ons o f t he Na t i on a l Boa rdo f F i r e Un de rw r i t e r s f o r t he In s t a l l a t i on a n d O pe ra t i on o f Ace ty l en e Eq u ipm en t . Th ey m ay be ob t a inedwi t hou t co s t by app ly ing t o t h e Sec r e t a r y o f t heSocie ty.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



American Bureau of WeldingOFFICERS

DIRECTOR, C o m f o r t A. A d a m sV ICE-DIRECTOR, H e n r y M. H o b a r t , C h a i r m a n of Re

search Commit tee

VICE-DIRECTOR, A l f r e d S. K i n s e y, Vi c e - C h a i r m a n ofR e s e a r c h C o m m i t t e e

TREASURER, W. E. SymonsSECRETARY, H o w a r d C. F o r b e s

P U B L I C I T Y C O M M I T T E E

H . M. H o w e , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Counci lD. S. J a c o b u s , E n g i n e e r i n g F o u n d a t i o nB r a d l e y S t o u g h t o n , A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e M i n i n g & Met ,

E n g i n e e r s .

E X E C U T I V E C O M M I T T E ECreighton Churchi l l , U. S. Sh ipping BoardG. H. C levenger, Nat io na l Resea rch Counci lF. M. Fa rmer, A m e r i c a n S o c i et y for Te s t i n g M a t e r i a l sD. S. J a c o b u s , Engineering F o u n d a t i o nS. W. Mi l le r, Am er ica n Elec t ro-Chem ica l Soc ie tyB r a d l e y S t o u g h t o n , A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e M i n i n g & Met .

E n g i n e e r s( a n d the officers ex-officio)

The Directors of the Am erican Weld ing Society attheir first meeting on March 28, 1919, invited certainother societies and governmental departments to jointhem in the formation of the Am erican Bureau ofWelding. Th e completion of the organization of theBureau was delayed in order that the representativescould be officially appointed and take their part . TheBureau is, theref ore, only just ready to begin its work,and some of its committees have not yet been appointed.

The work of the Bureau is condu cted principallythrough its Research Committee, only matters for finalapproval coming strictly before the Bureau itself.According to the by-laws the membership of the Research Committee is not confined to members of theBureau. Thus the services of anyone who can contribute to its work may be obtained. The Nat ional Re

search Council have taken this Committee as theirCommittee on Welding. So it now acts in connectionwith both bodies.

The first task undertaken by the Research Committe e was to p repare a summary of the work of theWelding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. For this purpose a sub-committee was appointedwhose report will be presented in the Journal , in parts,as fast as it is prepared. Mr. Lemp's introductionappears in this issue. Prof. Hudson 's Theory of ArcWelding is also a pa r t of this work.

Besides this, the Bureau has taken up two questionswhich are of the greatest importance in welding. Thefirst, what shall constitute the test of a we ld ; thesecond, how welders shall be trained. A committeehad been appointed on each of these subjects, and theirreports will be taken up immediately.

T h e Wo r k of t h e W e l d in g C o m m i t t e e of t h e E m e rg e n c y F l e e t C o r p o r a t i o nBy H E R M A N N L E M P

T HE Welding Commit tee of the Emergency FleetCorporation, which, under the chairmanship of

Professor C. A. Adams, dur ing the war emergency,has been of notable assistance to that Corporation andto the welding industry as a whole, had its origin in

a Sub-Committee on Electric W elding formed fromthe Standards Committee of the Am erican Insti tuteof Electrical Engineers, which met for the first timeJuly 24, 1917, at the Massachusetts Insti tute ofTechnology, at Cambridge, Mass . At this meeting spotwelding—a modified form of electric resistance weldin g as originated by Professor Elihu Thomson—wasproposed for welding ship plates, in place of riveting,to expedite construction of ships. As a sequel to thismeeting, it was suggested that, in addition to spot welding, arc welding in connection with spot weldingshould be investigated.

At the second meeting a communication was received, transmitted from U. S. Shipping Boardthrough the Engineering Committee of the Council of

National Defence, requesting information and adviceas to the most economical methods of producing anchorchains in large quantit ies. A sub-committee, underchairmanship of Mr. W. L. Merrill, consisting of representatives of chain manufacturers, Navy Depart

ment, Classification Societies, U. S. Steam InspectionService, and the Em ergency Fleet Corporation, was appointed to solve this problem, and the result obtainedwill always stand as a monument to the foresight andclear judgment of this group of men, who in a shortspace of a month and a half produced a sample chain,and within six months started production on an orderof $1,000,000 for chains made by a new process, whichsaved the Government $50,000 at the start . This result is all the more noteworthy, as most articles manufactured under war pressure increased rather thandecreased in price. The new chain, made from caststeel, refined in an electric furnace, not only met thespecifications of the carefully h and forged chain of thepast, made by skilled help, but surpassed it, so that the

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 S3

Classif icat ion Societ ies , reluctant at f i rs t to accept i t ,increased the tes t requi rements 40% above tha t o f theo ld h and forged c ha i n ; b u t mo r e i m p o r t a n t t h an a l lth i s , t h e p roce s s so f a r o u td i s t an ce d t he a n t i qu a t edmethods of making cha in , tha t in p lace of the averageproduct ion of a gang of cha in welders of the h ighes tsk il l o f l ess tha n 1000 lbs . per da y, a fou nd ry uni t

wi th a 10-ton e lec t r ic furn ace pr odu ced 70 ton s of two -inch cha in in 24 hours , by mos t ly unsk i l led labor.

A t the same m eet i ng p lan s for spo t we lde rs of thepor ta b le an d s ta t i ona ry type for f rom o ne-ha l f inchpla te up to one- inch sh ip p la tes were d i scussed .

O n Feb rua ry 21 , 1 9 1 8 , a sma l l c o m m i t t e e was app o i n t e d by t he Em erg e n c y F l ee t C o rpo r a t i o n o f t h eUn i t e d S t a t e s Sh ipp i n g B o a rd , c o ns i s t i n g ' o f E . A .S t ev e ns , J r. , A . J . M ason , D . B . R us h m o re , a nd C . A .A d a m s , cha i rman , w i t h t h e r eque s t t h a t i t ex pand t otake in a l l necessary in te res ted and to thoroughly inves t iga te e lec t r ic weld ing in connec t ion wi th sh ip bu i ld

ing . Th is com mi t tee was a t ta che d to the Div is ion ofS t e e l Sh ip Cons t ruc t i on , unde r t he g e n e r a l d i r ec t i onof Mr. D. H. Cox, manager of tha t d iv i s ion , and i t sac c o m pl i shmen t s we r e due i n l a rge m e asu r e t o h i s w i seguida nce an d back ing . T he f ir st mee t ing of th i s commi t t e e was he ld Sa tu rd ay, M ar c h 23 , 1918 , a t t h e headqua r t e r s of t he Am er i c a n In s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l E ng in e e r s i n New York .

A t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e E m e rg e n c y F l e e t C o r p o r aio n , Cap t . J am es Ca ldwe l l , o f the Roy a l E ng in ee r s ,

w as s e n t by t he Br i t i sh A d m i r a l t y t o s t a y t h r e e mon thsn th i s count ry to g ive the i r exper ience wi th e lec t r ic

weld ing , as appl ied to sh ipbu i ld ing . Cap t . Ca ldw el ls ta ted tha t in England , s ince the war broke out , thedem a nd fo r ga s f o r oxy-acetylene weld ing was sogrea t tha t e lec t r ic a rc weld ing was taken up as asubs t i tu te . Cap t . Ca ld wel l s ince then 'has wr i t t e n acomple te repor t which has been publ i shed by theEm e rg ency F l ee t C o rpo r a t i on and wa s r e v i ew ed byP r o f e s s o r A d a m s i n t h e Electrical Wor ld o f S e p t e mber 7, 1918.

Co n t r a s t ed w i th t h e Br i t i sh expe r i ence , a s e x p l a inedby C a p t . Ca ldwe l l , Amer i can eng i n ee r s we re s e r i ous ly

ons id er ing spot weld ing in p lace of r ive t ing . T h e mo s tad i c a l and i n t e r e s t i ng p roposa l i n t h i s conne c t i on was

du e t o Mr. A . J . Mason o f t he Un i t e d S t a t e s S h ipp ingBo ard . I t wa s to emp loy a la rg e por tab le spotw e l d e r fo r assembl ing and tack ing the sh ip p la tes , a f te rwhich they were to be a rc welde d . As a resu l t o f M r.Ma s o n ' s e f fo r t s, t h e E m erg en c y F l ee t Co r p o r a t i on auhor iz ed the bu i ld in g and tes t ing of a 42- foo t mi dsh ipec t ion of a 9600- ton sh ip by th i s method . Al l p r e p aa t i o n s had been made and t he po r t a b l e sp o t we lde r

wa s a lmos t comp le t e when t h e w o rk was s t o pped byhe si gn ing o f t he a rmi s t i c e . H ad t h i s e x p e r im e n t beenar r ied to a success fu l conc lus ion , i t would have dem

ons t ra te d a gre a t sav ing in hu l l c ons t r uc t io n .At the me et in g of Apr i l 23 , the que s t ion of t es t in g

m e t h ods of we lded sh i p pa r t s wa s r e po r t e d on w i thou trr iving at any f inal conclusion.

At the f if th me et ing , Apr i l 29 , 1918 , the Sh ip Des ig nCo mm it tee pre sen ted fu l l spec i f ica t ions an d draw ingsof a 10 ,000 ton e lec t r ica l ly weld ed sh ip wi th y ard andequ ipm ent nece ssary to bu i ld i t. Th is des ign was ofa rad ica l na ture , u t i l i z ing e lec t r ic weld ing , bo th the a rand spot type exc lus ive ly , an d de pa r te d f rom exis t in gme thods o f bu i l d ing sh ip s , c a r ry ing t he fabrication idea

to a further d eg ree t ha n had ye t been a t t em p t ed . Th eWeld ing Commi t t e e was i n f avo r o f hav ing su ch a s h ipbui l t a t the ear l ies t poss ib le mo me nt . T he very bo ldness of th i s p ropos i t ion ac ted as a s tumbl ing b lock toi t s r e ady accep t ance by t he more conse rva t i ve e l emen t sin t he Un i t ed S t a t e s Sh ipp in g Boa rd , a nd r e q u es t swere made tha t spec i f ic cos t s and poss ib le de l iver ieso f equ ipmen t , and number o f t r a i ned me n ava i l ab l efo r we ld ing shou ld be submi t t ed be fo r e t he bu i l d i n gof such a sh ip would be au thor ized .

Fo r t he pu rpose o f i n fo rming sh ipbu i l d e r s , f ou r d i st r i c t mee t i ngs we re he ld a s f o l l ows :

First District —March 18, 191 8, in th e office of theDi s t r i c t Off i c e r, Bos ton Cus tom House .

Tenth District —March 2 1 , 1918 , in th e office of theDis t r ic t Off icer, Medica l Ar t s Bui ld ing , Phi lade lph i a , Pa .

Second District —March 26 , 191 8, in th e office of theDi s t r i c t Off ic er, 115 Bro ad wa y, Ne w Yo rk .

Third District— -March 29 , 1918 , in th e office of theDi s t r i c t Off i c e r, Mex ing ton Bu i ld in g , Ba l t imor e ,Md.

At t he se mee t i ngs , P ro f e s so r Adams and Cap t . C a l dwel l thoroughly expla ined the poss ib i l i t i es o f e lec t r icweld ing as appl ied to sh ip bu i ld ing and the resu l t sa l r ead y ach i eved , and t he p ro sp ec t s o f f u r t he r app l i c at ions .

Th es e m eet in gs we re fo l lowed by a se r ies of l ec t uresin Ph i l ade lph i a , g iven und e r t he ausp i ce s o f t he Em ergency F l ee t Co rpo ra t i on , unde r t he cha i rma n s h ip o fMr. H . A . Horno r, and wh ich we re i n t ended fo r t hemen i n t he sh ipya rds .

Wed . , 8 P. M. Na v a l C ons t ruc to r H . G . Knox ,Ju ne 26, 1918 U . S. N .

"The L anguage o f E l ec t r i c We ld -ing"

Wed . , 8 P .M . W . L . M er r i l lJu ly 10, 1918 "To ols of Elec t r ic W eld ing "Wed . , 8 P. M. J . H . An de r to nJuly 17, 1918 "T im e Savin g in S tee l Ship Con

s t ruc t i on"Wed . , 8 P .M . E . J . RigbyJuly 24 , 1918 "Th e Boi l ing Ro d"W ed. , 8 P. M. H. J . Co xJu ly 31 , 1918 "D es ig n of Ship Jo in t s"Wed . , 8 P. M. Prof. Comfo r t A . AdamsAug . 7 , 1 918 " Su m m a ry o f t he W or k"

These mee t i ngs we re we l l a t t ended and l a t e r a r eques t was made t ha t t he add re s se s and d i s c us s ion sshou ld be p r i n t e d and d i s t r i bu t ed .

Un de r t he l e ade r sh ip o f Mr. H . M. Ho ba r t , t h e Resea r ch Commi t t e e i nves t i ga t ed t he cu r r en t d ens i t y su i tab l e fo r va r i o us e l e c t rode s ; non -de s t ruc t i b l e m e thod sfor tes t ing welds ; e ffec t s o f locked up s t resses inweld ing long sec t ions by r ig id or non- r ig id methods of

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 So

Electric Welding in Navy Ya r d s , by Lieutenant-Commander H. G. Knox.

Lloyd's Experiments on Electrically WeldedJ o i n t s , by H. Jasper Cox.

Industrial Training in W a r T i m e , by E. E .McNary.

Training of Electric Welders, by H. A. Hornor.Electric Arc Welding in Tank Construction, by

R . E . Wagner.A n Electrically Welded Freight Car, by J. A.

Osborne.Electric Welding a t Erie Works, G. E . Co., by

Hermann Lemp and J. R. Brown, Jr.Spot Welding of Heavy P l a t e s , by W. L. Merrill.Metallurgy of the Arc Weld, by W. E. Ruder.

Statement of the N at ional R esearch Cou nci lBy G A L E N H. C L E V E N G E R

The Research Committee of the Bureau is also theResearch Committee of the National R esearch Council

y votes as follows :—Vote of A M E R I C A N B U R E A U O F W E L D I N G July 11,

1919That the National Research Council be invited to

ccept the Research Committee of the AmericanBureau of Welding as their Research Committee onWelding and to co-operate with the Bureau in thisonnection.

Vote of Division of Engineering of National Reearch Council July 3lst, 1919

That the Research Committee of the AMERICANU R E A U O F W E L D I N G be designated as the Welding

Research Committee of the Division of Engineeringf the National Research Council.

T H E N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c il is an organization of the Scientif ic a nd En g ine e r ing fo r ce s ofhe coun t ry. I t came in to be ing wi th the w a r , followinghe a t t a ck upon the " S u s s e x , " in the s p r i n g of 1916,

w h e n P r e s i d e n t Wi l s o n r e q u e s t e d the N a t i o n a l A c ae m y of Sc iences to ass i s t in o rg a n i z i n g the scientificnd eng inee r ing fo r ce s of the U n i t e d S t a t e s for p u rose s of d e f ence . I t wil l be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t the

N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of Sciences i tself w a s o rgan i zedu r i n g the la t t e r ye a r s of the Civi l Wa r , w i t h thep p r o v a l of P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n , to p e r f o r m a s imi la re rv i ce . Af t e r c a r e fu l cons ide ra t i on , it was dec ided

ha t the d e s i r ed end could bes t be a t t a ined by c r ea t i ng

a new o rgan i za t i on w h ich , how eve r, wou ld be m o s tclosely aff i l iated with the A c a d e m y a nd en joy al l of itsa d v a n t a g e s .

A c c o r d i n g l y, the Na t iona l Resea rch Co unc i l wasf o r m e d c o m p r i s i n g t h e ch ie fs of the t e chn i ca l bu reau sof the A r m y a nd N a v y , th e h e a d s of the c ivi l ianb u r e a u s of the G o v e r n m e n t e n g a g e d in scient if ic r e

sea rch a nd eng inee r ing , i nves t i ga to r s r ep re sen t ing theeduca t iona l i n s t i t u t i ons , r e sea rch founda t ions , andr e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of i ndus t r i a l eng inee r ing r e sea rch .

T h e D i v i s i o n of E n g i n e e r i n g , one of the e ight d iv is ions of wh ich t h i s the wa r o rg a n i z a t io n of the Coun ci lw a s c o m p o s e d d id mo s t e ffect ive w or k in m a n y d i r e ct i o n s t h r o u g h o u t th e wa r.

In 1918 , P re s iden t Wi l so n is sued a n execu t ive o rd e rr eques t i ng t ha t t he N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c il be p e rpe tua t ed . Fo l low ing t h i s the effect ing of the p e r m anen t o rgan i za t i on of the Counc i l was r ap id ly accompl i shed . T h e Counc i l , as now o rgan i zed , cons i s ts of

t h i r t e e n d i v i s i o n s ; six of t he se deal w i th gene ra l r e l at i ons a nd seven w i th sc ience a nd t e c h n o l o g y. T h ed iv i s ions of sc ience a nd t e chno logy cove r the who lefield of pure a nd appl ied sc ience . O ne of t h e mos ti m p o r t a n t of t h i s g r o u p of d iv is ions is the D iv i s iono f Eng inee r ing .

T h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l is in rea l i ty a f ede ra t i on .of r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s w h o s e p u r p o s e it is top r o m o t e r e s e a r c h in the ma them a t i ca l , phys i ca l andbio logica l sc iences and in the app l i ca t i on of thesesc iences to eng inee r ing , ag r i cu l t u r e , med ic ine ando the r u se fu l a r t s , w i th the ob j ec t of i n c r e a s in g k n o wledge , of s t r e n g t h e n i n g the n a t i ona l de fence and ofcon t r i bu t ing in o th e r w a y s to the pub l ic we l fare .

A l t h o u g h the G o v e r n m e n t c o n t r i b u t e d to the financ i a l suppor t of the Na t io na l Resea r ch Counc i l d u r ingthe w a r p e r i o d and the Counc i l , in t u rn , co -ope ra t edin th e f r e ee s t m an ne r w i th the v a r i o u s G o v e r n m e n t a ld e p a r t m e n t s a nd b u r e a u s , it is not a G o v e r n m e n t organ iza t i on a nd is now s u p p o r t e d by p r i v a t e e n d o wmen t .

The D iv i s ion of E n g i n e e r i n g is not a d o e r of resea rch b ut r a t h e r is a s t i m u l a t o r a nd c o - o r d i n a t o r of

r e sea rch .

Contributors to this IssueGERALD W. HINKI.EY; au tho r of A Few Sec re t s of the Meta l

lurgis t . Graduate d f rom Cornel l in 1916. At the t imeof his death in 1918 he w as ass is tant to the P r e s iden tof th e At las Crucible Stee l Co., and cha i rman of th eBoard of Manage r s .

RALPH G. HUDSON; professor of Elec t r ica l Engine er ing a tt he Massachuse t t s I n s t i t u t e of Techno logy ; au tho r ofEng inee r s ' Manua l , Manua l of Mathemat ics , Table ofIn tegra ls , and Associa te Ed i tor of the Amer i can Handbook for Elec t r ica l Eng inee rs ; Consul t ing Enginee r forvar ious indust r ia l companies .

HERMANN LEMP; fellow of the Amer i can In s t i t u t e of Elect r ica l Engineers ; born and educated in Swi tzer land.Former Chief Engineer of the Thomson Elect r ic We ldingCompany; s ince 1881 connected wi th th e Genera l Elect r icCompany or its p r edeces so r s ; at p r e sen t Wo rks E ng inee ra t the Er ie , Pennsylva nia , p lant . Has been g rante dmore than 200 pa t en t s and contr ibuted var ious paperson Elect r ic Welding.

J . H. DEPPELER; a g r adua t e of S t evens In s t i t u t e of Technology,

wi th 12 years ' ex per ience in welding work. For thelast seven years he has been connected w i th th e Meta l& The rmi t Corp . as Chief E nginee r of the T h e r m i t Depar tment .

C. A. ADAMS; professor of Elec t r ica l Engineer ing at Ha rva rdUnive r s i t y, now Dean of th e new Ha rva rd Eng inee r ingSchool. Pas t Pres iden t of the Amer i can In s t i t u t e ofElec t r i ca l Eng inee r s ; Cha i rman of the Engin eer ing Division of the Nat ional R esearch Counci l .

H. SIDNEY SM IT H; P r e s i d e n t of I n t e rna t i ona l Ace ty l ene Associa t ion; Chief Engineer of Pres t -O-Li te Company;Pas t P re s iden t of Br i t i sh Acetylene and Welding Association.

GALEN_ H. CLEVENGER; Meta l lurgis t and mining engine er ;Vice-Chairman Engineer ing Divis ion, Nat ional ResearchCouncil .

M. KEITH DUNHAM; au tho r of Au tomob i l e We ld ing . Engineer for The Bas t ian Bless ing Company.

S. W. MILLER; welding engineer, wr i ter on meta l lurgica l andwelding topics , of the Roches t e r We ld ing W orks .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal o f the American Welding S ociety, October, 191

T H E E N G I N E E R I N G I N D E XW E L D I N G S E C T I O N

Com piled by The Am erican Society of Mecha nical Engineers

IN the p r e pa r a t i o n o f t h i s i n d e x t he e ng i nee r i n g s ta ff o f Th e Am er i c an S oc i e ty o f Mech a n i c a l En g in

r egu l a r l y exam ines a l l o f t h e t e chn i c a l j ou r na l s and soc i e ty p ub l i c a t i ons r e ce ived by t he Eng ineeSocie t ies Library, which form one of the grea tes t and mos t comple te co l lec t ions of sc ien t i f ic per iod ica lthe wo r ld , com pr is i ng up w ar d of 1100 d is t inc t publ ic a t io ns . In a l l cases wh ere the t i t l es o f a r t ic les a resuff icien tly descr ip t iv e , ex pla na tor y sen ten ces a re ap pen ded .

Acetylene Generat ing PlantAcetylene Genera t ing Plant for Large Weld

ing Shops. Acety lene & W eldin g Jl . , vol. 16,n o. 188, May, 1919, pp. 93-94, 1 fig. It consists of seven generators, gas collector, moisture separator, two condensers, gasometer capable of storing 350 cu . ft. of gas and fourlarge purifiers with bypasses for working inpairs.

Aluminum Weld ingThe Ver t ica l Weldin g of Alum inum. Acet

y lene & We lding Jl . , vol. 16, no . 188, May,1919, pp. 94 & 99. 2 figs. T est s mad e onsheet alum inum of 11 and 14 gage.

Boiler RepairsRepairs to Boilers and Engines by Welding,

E. G. Hiller. Can. Machy., vol. 21 , no. 21,May 22, 1919, pp. 520-521, 2 figs. Exam plessuch as repairing wrought steel , hot-waterboiler which was fractured at f ire hole andbuilding up by electric welding flanged seamsof flue-tube for Lancash ire boiler. Pap er readbefore Ins tn . Mech. Engrs .

Con crete, Reinforced, Co nstruct ionAutogenous Welding in Reinforced-Concre te

Const ruc t ion (Die Flamm enverschmelzung imEisenbe tonbau) . Autogene Meta l lbearbei tung,vol. 12 , no. 1, Jan., 1919, pp. 26, 12 figs.Description of method of construction saidto be especially suited for concrete vesselsand large tanks . (To be cont in ued) .

Cylindrical BodiesWelding Performed on Cyl indr ica l Bodies ,

Ern est Schw artz. Can. Machy., vol. 21, no.22 , May 29, 1919, pp. 552-553, 4 figs. Concerning welding of seams and of head andbottom cylindrical bodies.

DredgesOxy-Acetylene and Elec tric We lding on

Dredges , H. G. Blankm an. Min. & Sci . Press ,vol. 118, no . 21 , May 24, 1919, p. 716. AlsoMetal Trades, vol. 10, no. 6, June, 1919, p.257. Can. Klondyke Mining Co. operatesthree large dredges and has installed in i tsmachine shop an oxy-acetylene welding equipmen t. Artic le quotes results obtained.

Elec t r ic Weld ingElect r ic Arc Welding Methods , H. L . Un-land. Ele c. Ry. Jl., vol. 54, no. 7, Au g. 16,1919, pp. 343-344, 4 figs. Function and practical operation of various types of equipmentfor carbon- and metal-electrode welding.

Elec t r ic Arc Welding Equipment , H. L . Un-land. Metal Tra des , vol. 10, no. 8, Au g. 1919,pp. 355-359, 1 fig. Tab le showing ap proxim atekilowatt-input required for various systems;also classification of different types of weldingequipment and discussion of uses of each.

Elec t r ic welding: I t s Theory, Prac t ice , Application and Economics, H. S. Marquand.Elecn, , vol. 83 , nos. 2149, 2150 and 2151, July25 , Au g. 1 and 8, 1919, pp. 91-92, 116-118 and139-141, 29 figs. July 25: Tes ts to deter min estreng th of electrically welded flanges. Aug. 1:Examples of welding an anchor and locomotive frames. Aug . 8: Exam ple of repair ingmain drive wheel of Atlantic type locomotive,in which three of spokes gave way by crackingin neighborhood of coupling rod crankpin boss.Elec t r ic Welding and Welding Appl iances—X II I. Eng ineer , vol. 127, no. 3306, May 9,1919, pp. 444-446, 5 figs. Machines manufactured by Al Manufac tur ing Co. , of Indust ry Work s , Bradford . They produce machines

and accessories for resistance welding only.Elec t r ic Welding in Warships , W. H. Gard .

Mar . Eng r. & Nava l Archite ct, vol. 41, no.500_, May , 1919, pp. 238-244, 7 figs. Am ongvarious examples of repair work, restoring ofcast-steel sternpost of batt leship Is quoted assignificant developmen t of process. Pa per readbefore Inst. Naval Archi tec ts .

Important Factors for Efficient Arc Welding, E . Wanamaker and H. R. Pennington.Ry. Elec. Engr. , vol. 10, no. 6, June, 1919,pp . 179-185, 13 figs. Co nc ern in g flexibility ofinstallations, location of accessories and eyeand body protection.

Relation of Arc Phenomena to ElectricWelding, C. D. Fawcett. Univ ersity of Colorado, Jl. of Eng., vol. 15, no. 3, Apr. 1919, pp.15-24, 2 figs. Suggestions in regard to welding practice with table giving approximaterelation of electrode diameter, plate thickness , etc.

Electric Arc Welder for Portable and Stat ionary Use . Automot ive Indus t r ies , vol . 40 ,no. 23, Ju ne 5, 1919, p. 1233, 2 figs. Outfitdesigned for operation on either direct current or a l te rna t ing current l ines .

The Plastic-Arc System of Welding, J. O.Sm ith. Coal Age, vol. 15, no, 26, Ju ne 26,1919, pp. 1162-1166, 7 figs. Also R y. R ev.,vol. 64, no. 24, June 14, 1919, pp. 898-900, 9figs. Des cripti on of outfit and exam ples ofrepairs effected by this system. Pa per presented before meeting of Coal Min. Elecns.and Mechanics Inst .

Elec t rodesComposition of Electrodes. Iron Age, vol.104, no. 8, Aug. 21, 1919, pp. 503-504, 8 figs.Tests to determine effect of chemical composition of physical characterist ics on weld madeby Wilson Welder and Metals Co., New YorkCity.

Effects of Chemical Composition of the Electrode on the Welded Material , Decey W elder.Welding Engr. , vol. 4, no. 8, Aug. 1919, pp.42-44, 9 figs. Re sult s of analys is.

Engine Cylinders , LibertyWelding Operations on Liberty Motor Cylin

ders, H. A. Car hart . Am. Mach., vol. 50, no.22 , M ay 29 , 1919, pp . 1019-1025, 13 figs. Mixtures and apparatus used by Lincoln MotorCo.

Fus ion Weld ingFusion W elding as Applied to Drop-Forging,S. W . M iller. Am . Mech., vol. 51, no. 8, Aug.

21 , 1919, pp. 378-382, 29 figs. Co nsid erat iongiven to both electric-arc and oxy-acetyleneprocesses. Physic al effects that may occur inweld and in adjoining sections of metal due toheat developed and method of application ofprocesses i l lustrated with photomicrographs.

Gas Cutt ing TorchesModern Welding and Cutting. Am. Mach.,

vol. 50, no. 23, June 5, 1919, pp. 1081-1087,15 figs. Difference between gas cutting torches and those us ed for w elding;" deta ils of various makes of gas cutting torch es. 13tharticle.

Modern Welding and C u t t i n g — X I V, E thanViall . Am . Mach., vol. 50, no. 26 , June 26 .1919, pp. 1237-1243, 15 figs. _ Gas-pressureregulators and working assemblies; directionsfor l ighting of torch; charts showing various

flame characterist ics with different gas combinations.

Hydraul ic -Press Cylinder, Welding ofWelding a Badly Broken Cylinder of a 200-

Ton Capaci ty Hydraul ic Press , Nels Johnson.

Welding Engr., vol. 4, no. 8, Aug., 1919, pp.34-36, 2 figs. Work done at Soo Line Railroadshops at Minneapolis, Minn.

Malleable - I ron Weld ingSome Considerations Affecting the Welding

of Malleable Iron , H. A. Schw artz. We ldingEngr., vol. 4, no. 8, Aug., 1919, pp. 21-23, 9figs. Photo microg raphs i l lustrati ng variouskinds of welds.

Oxy-Acety lene Weld ingFill ing C avities and P utting on Parts by theOxy-A cetylene Process , J . F. Springer. Ry. &

Locomotive Eng., vol. 32, no. 8, Aug., 1919. pp.233-234. Cases in which cavities in castingsmay be filled and thus save expense of recasting.

Oxy-Acetylene Welding Investigation, J . H.Davies. Can. Man ufactu rer, vol. 39 , no. 8,16, 1919, pp. 317-319, 8 figs. Con stru ctio n offor securing good results; also results of carbon-steel exper imen ts. Paper read before Ins t .Mech. Engrs .

Building Special Work with an Oxygen-Acetylene Cutting and Welding Outfit , MontelleC. Smith . Elec . Ry. JL, vol. 54, no. 7, Au g.16 , 1919, pp . 317-319 8 figs. C ons truc tion offrogs, switches, switchmates, and similar workjobs.

Ace tylene W elding . Ry. JL, vol. 25, no. 6,June, 1919, pp. 18-19. Committee report before Master Boiler Makers ' Assn.

Great Br i ta in ' s Acety lene Welding Industry—its Birth, Growth and Wa r Record, Norman MacLeod. J l . Acety lene Welding, vol. 2,n o. 12, Ju ne , 1919, pp. 601-606, 8 figs.Founding of Nor thern Polytechnic Ins t . , andfeaturing courses in autogenous welding.Among samples of welding applications, therecon struct ion of a bomb dropped in Londonby a German zeppelin is described.

Shutdown of Great Steel Plant Avoided byOx welding, L . M. M alcher. Jl . A cetyleneWelding, vol. 2, no. 12 , June, 1919, pp. 611-614, 5 figs. Repa iring wrecked low-pressurecylinder which was cracked at head end inseven different places.

A Difficult Cylinder Bloc Job, David Baxter.JL Acetylene Welding, vol . 2, no. 12, June,1919, pp. 607-610 & 622, 10 figs. P res en ted ascase in which welding operator was handicapped by intense heat radiating against t ip atclose quarters from every direction and verylimited space in which to manipulate.

Notable Repairs on Large Cylinder by Oxy-Acetylene Welding, L . M. Malcher. Pac . Mar.Rev., vol. 16 , no. 6, June, 1919, pp. 104-105,4 figs. Cy linde r of Allis-Chalmers twin compound re versing engine, 70 in. diameter, badlyfracture d. Cost of repair estimated aboutone-third of that of a new cylinder.

Welding by the Oxy-Acetylene Method^I I I , J . F. Springer, Automobile Eng., vol. 4.no . 5, May, 1919, pp. 238-239, 2 figs. Examples of successful welds in cast-iron frames,with remarks on methods of making weldinggroove and filling it with new metal.

Thermi t Weld ingThermit Process Used on Big Welding Job

on North ern Pacific. Mar. News, vol. 6, no.2, J u ly, 1919, pp. 96-97, 5 figs. Illustratingrepair on cast-steel stern frame which wascracked through just above upper post gudgeon, the break forming roughly a tr iangle,each side of which was about 2 ft. long.Restoring Steel Machinery to Service by theTherm i t Process . Welding Engr. , vol. 4, no.6, June, 1919, pp. 29 and 32-33, 14 figs. Examples of repairs of large pieces of work forPittsburgh Steel Co.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



A D V E R T I S IN GI t i s in ten ded tha t the fo l lowing ad

ve r t i s i ng pages sha l l be p r imar i l y fo r t hebenef i t o f the purchaser.

As more compan ie s beg in t o u se we lding , there wi l l be necessar i ly much confus ion as to wh at to bu y.

The Soc i e ty we lcomes i nqu i r i e s , andwill a t t em p t t o gu ide pu rch ase r s i n sucha way tha t fa i lures in weld ing and unneces sa ry expend i tu r e s may be avo ided .

A c lassi f ied inde x is pro vid ed an d th e

adve r t i s i ng pages a r e i n t ended t o supp lement th i s .

I t has not been poss ib le in prepar ingthis f i rs t issue to make the classif ied index s a t i s f ac to ry. Sug ges t i ons a r e desired.

C U S T O M M A D ET R A N S F O R M E R SO u r e x p e r i e n c e a s m a k e r s o f s p ec i a lt r a n s f o r m e r s h a s s h o w n t h a t e n g i n e e r snave t h e i r o w n i d e a s a s t o t h e p r o p e ra p p l i c a t i o n o f a l te rna t ing c u r r e n t f o rt h e i r p u r p o s e s . T h e u s e o f t r a n s f o r m e r so b v i o u s l y o f f e r s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v em e t h o d t o a c h i e v e t h e b e s t r e s u l t s .vve s p e c i a l i z e in the d e s ig n a n d c o n

s t r u c t i o n o f m a d e - t o - o r d e r t r a n s f o r me r s a n d o u r e x p e r i e n c e a n d m a n u f a ct u r i n g f a c i l i t i e s e q u i p u s t o fill e v e r yr e q u i r e m e n t in this l i ne .

WELDING —HE ATING—RIVETING

A M E R I C A N T R A N S F O R M E RCOMPANY

178 EMMET T STREET - - NE W AR K. N. J .

W M , T . B O N N E RENGINEER WELDED SHIP CONSTRUCTION

30 Church Street, New York

P l a n s and Es t im a te s for We l ded Sh ips and Ba rges and Equ ipmen t of Ya rds for W eld ing

W E S T S I D E - W E L D I N GW O R K S

EXPERT OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING & CUTTING521 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, III.

H E N R Y C A V ECharter Mem ber A. W . S. Mem ber A. S. M. E.

CONSULTING ENGINEER

WELDING AND PRODUCTION290 Collins Street .'. .\ Hartford, Conn.

C O M E T W E L D I N G M F G . C O .521 W . JACKSON BOU LEVA RD

CHICAGO, ILL.

Fundamental Requirements fora Good U niform Weld of High

Tensile Strength:1. Correct mixture of com bustib le gas and oxy genwhich g ives comple te combust ion .

2 . Correct heating value of the f lame in accord anceto material to be welded.

How to obtain this easily and w ith accuracy: Use the

Hydrex Flow Indicator;(Patented)

I t indica tes in cubic feet the volume ofgases flowing through the torch.Perfect control over the flame, no oxidizedor carbonized nelds, more efficiency, betterquality and best results.

Hydrex Engineer ing Corporat ionHutchinson Building

Buffalo, N. Y.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Lincoln Electric Co.Metal & The rmit Corporat ionOxweld Acetylene CompanyU. S. Light & Heat Corpo rat ionUnited Marine Contract ing CorporationWest Side Welding WorksWilson Welder & Metals Co.

LEATHER OR ASBESTOS A P R O N SChicago Eye Shield Co.

L E AT H E R A P R O N S

K-G Welding & Cutting Co.

LOCOMOTIVE REPAIRS (See Job We lding)

M A R I N E R E PA I R S (See Job Welding)

M A S K S (See Eye Protection)

MOTORS (See Generating Sets )N I T R O G E N , GAS

Air Reduction Co., Inc.International Oxygen Co.Linde Air Pro ducts Company

NOZZLES, AISThe Macleod Company

NOZZLES, SANDTh e Macleod Company

OXY-ACETYLENE (See Gas Welding and Cutting)

OXY-HYDROGEN (See Gas Weld ing and Cutting)

OXYGEN, GASAir Reduction Co., Inc.International Oxygen Co.K-G Welding & Cutting Co.Linde Air Products Co.

P I P E , M A N I F O L D S

Bastian-Blessing Co., The

P I P E W E L D I N G (See Job We ld ing)

PREHEATERS

Alexander Milburn Co.Metal & Thermit Corporat ion

R A I L W E L D I N G (See Job Welding)

RECEIVERS, AIRJohn Woods Mfg. Co.Wm. B. Scaife & Sons Co.

R E C E I V E R S , A M M O N I AWm. B. Scaife & Sons Co.

RECEIVERS, OXYGENWm. B. Scaife & Sons Co.

REGULATORS, GAS PRESSUREAir Reduction Co., Inc.Bastian-Blessing Co., TheFederal Brass WorksDavis-Bournonville Co.

R E PA I R S (See Job Welding)

S A N D B L A S T, E Q U I P M E N TTh e Macleod Company

S H I E L D S (See Eye Protection)

S U P P L I E S (See Arc, Gas, Thermit, etc.

TA N K SAmerican Roll ing Mills Co.John Woods Mfg. Co.Wm. B. Scaife & Sons Co.

T H E R M I TMetal & The rmit Corporat ion

TO R C H E S , W E L D I N G AND C U T T I J -,Air Reduction Sales Co.Alexander Milburn Co.Bastian-Bl essing Co., TheDavis-Bournonville Co.K-G Welding & Cutting Co.The Macleod CompanyOxweld Acetylene Co.

TRANSFORMERSAmerican Transformer Co.Burke Electric CompanyElectric Arc Cutting & Welding Co.

T U B I N GStandard Parts Company

VA LV E S , H I G H P R E S S U R EInternational Oxygen Co.

W E L D I N G (See Job Welding)

W E L D I N G A P PA R AT U S AND S U P P L I E S (See Arc,Gas, Thermit)

W E L D I N G AND C U T TI N G M A C H I N E SDavis-Bournonville Co.

W E L D I N G M A C H I N E S , E L E C T R I C (See Electric)

W E L D I N G , TRANSFORMERS (See Transformers)

W E L D I N G W I R EAmeric an Rolling Mills Co.Apex Steel CorporationPage Steel & Wire CompanyRoebling's Sons Co., J. A.

W I R E & CABLESElectric Arc Cutting & Welding Co.Page Steel & Wire Company

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY33 West 39th Street, N E W YORK

M E M B E R S H I P AND DU E S rights of members hip. Class B is not ordi-, . , . . , . . . . . ,.a . j . narilv open to employees of corporations whichInd .v iduals , assoc ia t ions , scientific societies a r e n o t a , r e a d y r e p r e s e n t e d i n Q a s s A $ 2 0

or governmental depar tme nts having receivedthe approval of a majority of the Membe rship CLASS C—Associate members without right to vote„ ., , ,T , , , „ , or hold office, being limited to individuals whoCommittee shall become members of this so - a r e a l r e a d y m e m b e r s o f a s s o c a t ; o n S s o c i e t i e s o rCiety upon t h e p a y m e n t o f dues . depart ments affiliated with this society under

, , Article VI II of its By-Laws 10M E M B E R S H I P Animal

Dues CLASS D—Associates without right to vote or hold

CLASS A—Sustaining members, being individuals o f f i c e

' b e i n

S individuals who are welders oraccredited to corporations interested in th e sci- welding inspec tors by occupation 5ence and art of welding, with full rights of . , . . , . . . ,~ , n n CLASS E—Association members, being individualsmembership $1U0 ... , . . . . . .._ . ,. ,

accredited to associations, scientific societies andCLASS B—Members, being individuals intere sted gover nmental dep art ment, with full rights of

in th e science and ar t of welding, with full membersh ip 100

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


' '.

fU/StUcHT & H E AT C O R P O R AT I O N '

A Repe

•X 7 i

M

DC-DC

ArcWelder

AC-DCArc

Welder

ELECTRICCarefully kept records have omy in industrial shops. This lahas caused railroads and shipsupreme industrial importanceThe U. S. Light & Heat Corpoment and will continue to use Several interesting welds main the accompanying illustratiIf you are interested in welding, let us

USL A

U. S. LIGHT &

Branches: Neu) York

FACTORYChicago D

• n am

• f t , P P

m W m\ ~ m\ W m\ ™ «, ™f

m \-**L-4m\\

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Pioneers Opened the Way

To the Weal th of AmericaWith Co lu m bus i n 1492 they we athe red the storms and

fought their way under hardships, suffering trials andtribulat io ns w hi ch m ak e fiction for our sons and dau ghters of today.

As pioneers in Electr ic Welding, we have had the sat isfaction of experiencing the gradual perfection of our products over the old form of riveted construction.

Established in 186 7, this firm used both the weldin g andriveted process in manufacturing range boilers , expansiontanks, pneumatic tanks, gasoline tanks and containers.

Since 1903 , w he n we first entered into t he exclusive m an ufacture of Ele ctr ic W el d pro duc ts, this form of m etal-

to-metal con struc tion has established a service rec ordwhich has proven the worth and strength of Electr icWeld products .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Saving Oxygen Is Real EconomyThe Mi lburn Quick-Weld Torch welds on equa l

pressu res of oxygen and acetylene. O n heavywelding, the amount of oxygen used is muchless than that demanded by old s tyle torches ,wh ich ma kes i t the mo s t economica l to rc h onthe marke t .

Oxygen is an expensive par t of any welding operat ion. By cut t ingthe oxygen consumption in half you cut down your welding costs .Look over your las t month 's oxygen bills—and figure what a large

saving would amount to . This char t te l ls the s tory:Tip

Number6-J7-J8-J9-J

10-J

Working PressuresOxygen Acetylene3 lbs . 3 lbs .4 lbs . 4 lbs .6 lbs. 6 lbs .7 lbs . 7 lbs .7 lbs . 7 lbs .

MetalThickness

% inchiZ inchy2 inchy inch

1 inch and up

T h e M i l b u r n Quick-Weld does not save oxygen at the expense ofthe jo b. In fact , i t pro du ces q uick er, m ore perfect wo rk tha n oldstyle torches.

Write for Booklet No. 34

Milburn welding and cutting torches are covered by U. S. patents and the Alexander Milburn Com pany guaran tees protection to venders and users of its products.

The Milburn Ca rbide Light is the right light for night work. Write for booklet N o. 24.

M I L B U R NC O M P A N Y - B H LT I M O R E . M D

N E W Y O R K

5 1 E . 4 2 dS t r e e t

C H I C A G O P I T T S B U R G H

1013 Kim ba l l 4 0 6 B e s s e m e rB l d g B l d g .P h i l a d e l p h i a D i s t r i b u t o r : M . K. E P S T E I N , L i n c o l n B l d g .

A g e n c i e s T h r o u g h o u t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a

S A N F R A N C I S C O

1 0 3 7 MonadnockB l d g .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


,3J, Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 19

O X Y G E N(AIRCO)

A C E T Y L E N E N I T R O G E N C A R B I D E

A I R C OR A I L R O A DS E RV I C E

Building up a worn rai lroad frog by the Airco process

H E L P I N G T H E R A I L R O A D SA IRCO does i t by maintaining a corps of expert welders, whose

wide practical experience in the f ield is augmented in the Aircolabora tor ies by the be s t eng ineer ing ta lent . The se exper ts t ravelf rom shop to shop he lp ing ra i l road welders . They ins t ruc t beginners , dem onst ra te im proved m ethod s of weld ing , poin t out shor tcuts to save t ime and money. They show how a worn out frog isreclaimed, a cracked locom otive cylinder repaired or a f ireboxma de perm ane nt ly non- leakable . Th ese men are welding exper ts— they kn ow the ir busines s — and they d o give service.

A IR C O E N G I N E E R I N G S E RV I C EA I R C O O X Y G E N S E RV I C EA IR C O A C E T Y L E N E S E RV I C EA I RC O A P P A R AT U S S E RV I C E

A. combin ation thatis continuallycutting cosrs ofrailroad operation

A I R RED UC TION COMPANY, INC.1 2 0 B R O A D WAY, N E W YORK CITY

An AIRCO Service Station is near every AIRCO user

W E L D I N G AN D C U T T I N G A P PA R AT U S A N D S U P P L I E S A C E T Y L E N E G E N E R AT O R S

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



O X Y G E N A C E T Y L E N E N I T R O G E N C A R B I D E

AIRCOA C E T Y L E N E

S E RV I C ED I S T R I B U T I N G S TAT I O N S

W H E R E A IR C O G A S S E RV I C E I S R E N D E R E D

Atlanta , Ga .Bal t imore , Md.Boston, Mass.Br idgepor t , Conn.Bronx, N. Y.Brooklyn, N. Y.Buffalo, N. Y.Camden, N. J .Chicago, 111.Cincinnati , O.Cleveland, O.Coatesvil le , Pa.C o lu m b us , O .Defiance, O.

Des Moines, IowaDetroit , Mich.Dorches ter, Mass .Dulu th , Minn.Eas t Chicago, Ind.East S t . Louis , 111.E m e ry v i l l e , Calif.Fo r t Wa yne , I nd .Grand Rapids ,MichIndianapolis , Ind.Jersey City, N. J .Joh n s tow n , Pa .Kansas City, Mo.Louisvil le , Ky.

Madison, III.Mi lwaukee , Wis .Minneapol i s , MinnNashvi l le , Tenn.New Haven, Conn.New York Ci tyNorfolk, Va.O ak l a nd , Calif.Oklahoma City, Ok.Omaha , N eb .Paterson , N. J .Peor ia , 111.Phi lade lphia , Pa .P i t t sburgh , Pa .

R ichmond , Va .San Francisco, Cal .Sea t t le , Wash.Sharon , Pa .So. Be th lehem, Pa .So. Bos ton , Mass .Springfield, O.St . Louis, Mo.Ta c o m a , Wa s h .Terre Haute , Ind .Toledo , O.Ven i ce , 111.Wa r r e n , O.Wi lke s -Ba r r e , Pa .

A I R C O A C E T Y L E N E S E RV I C EOf the Sam e High Stan dard as Airco Oxygen Service

I T is a fac t tha t AIRCO A C E TY L EN E bus iness has grown toits present size simply becau se the man ufact urers of this gas

have gone beyond puri ty of product and given service.

AIRCO Dis t r ibut ing Sta t ions a re so loca ted through out the count rythat no matter where the plant of the user may be, his source ofsupp ly is near en oug h to enable a promp t fulfi l lment of his acetylene requi rements .

A I RC O AC ET Y LE N E cy l i nd e rs a r e f u rn i s he d unde r an a r r angement which means the grea tes t convenience and economy in thepurc hase of this gas . Com plete detai ls of this special arran gem entof cylinder supply wil l be furnished upon request .

AIR REDUCTION COMPANY, INC.120 B R O A D W AY , N E W Y O R K C I TY

An AIRCO Service Station is near every AIRCO user

W E L D I N G A N D C U T T I N G A P PA R A T U S A N D S U P P L I E S A C E T Y L E N E G E N E R AT O R S

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


m Journal o f the American Welding S ociety, October, 19

JSM mwmfmmm^mj§ i ,..,

The time and labor cost saved by repairing broken parts by

arc W elding is worth more than money to busy establishments

Car wheel lathe repaired *WiLfo r $16.45 ^ % 0 ^

• T

Fire box patch {8'x8 )welded for $6.58

^ T ^ H E s p l end id economy ot' a rc^- w e l d ing is sh ow n by t he abo ve

two i l lus t ra t ions .

T h e c a s t i r on chu ck of a c a r w hee ll a t he w a s we lded i n 22 hou r s andrequi red 48 pounds o f e lec t rode .T h e t o t a l co s t w a s $16.45 an d t hej o b h a s w i t h s t o o d c o n t i n u o u s u s efor the l as t four years .

The pa tch in s ide shee t o f a locomot ive f i r e box was made by a r cw eld in g to offset a big sa vi ng by

el iminat ing labor cost for dr i l l ingholes an d app ly ing pa t ch bo l t s o rr i ve t s a s we l l a s c au lk ing runn ingseams .

W i th G -E a r c we ld ing s e t s it ispossible to assure a s teady f low ofm eta l in to the weld . Th es e se t sop er at e a t h i gh effic iency.

W e wi l l be g lad to ins t ru c t you rw eld ers in ou r f ree school w hi leyo ur se t i s be in g bui l t .

Gene ra l E l e c t r i cG e n e r a l O f f i c e

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 •rr

R E G OTORCHESS T R O N G c laims

But every onecan be proven in

hal f ho ur ' s t im en yo ur shop w i thout expense.

Do Not F lash Back — U s eL e s s Oxygen—Operate onLower P ressures—MakePossible Bet ter Steel Welds

NO.THEAD ON TIPNO FLASHBACK

SOFT WELDINGFLAME

NICKEL-COPPERONE PIECE TIP

The REGO pr inciple of balancedressures , w h er eb y the a ce ty leneons tan t ly dams the oxygen , was

new t o t he i ndu s t ry w h en R E G Oorches w e r e b roug h t upon t h e

m a rk e t in Jun e, 1918.

The superiority of this principleU. S. P a te n t No. 1,307,044) is att es tedy thousands of users.f you are interested in lower oxygen bills,ncreased production and better quality

welds, you w i l l inv es t iga te th e R E G O l ine .

Distr ibutors and Service Stat ions throughoutthe Uni ted States and Canada

THE DASTIANBLESSING COMPANYWEST AUSTIN AV E, AT LAS ALUS ST., C H t C A O O

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


38 Journal of the American Welding So ciety, October, 1919

20% More Work Per DayThe s teady arc assured by the stabilizer feature ofthe Lincoln Arc W eld er means more work per day.

The resis tance of a we ld ing arc varies every insta nt,because of the uneven surface and th e varying resistanceof the work upon which it is being used. By storingup reserve power—just l ike a flywheel does on a punchpress—the L incoln s tabi lizer overcom es these i rreg ularities and mainta ins a steady arc w hic h does not sputter or b reak .T h a t is why the operator can do 2 0 % m o r e W O f kper day—and does it with less stra in o n hand a nd eye. Yetthe stabilizer does all this w itho ut any loss of efficiencyto the we ld ing mach ine . Th er e are no power-wast ingresistances—no com plicated clapper p -switches to get out of order—nothingin the wh ole L incoln outf it whic h isnot s imple, ruggedly constructed andeasily and econom ical ly op erated.

• • • , . • • •

¥mmm)Write for Bulletin 104.-A.

•LINK UP WITH LINCOLN<M^--.Z.

Motor Genera tor

This Lincoln Motor operated under water over3 years without damage.

THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC CO.General Offices and Factory, Cleveland, O.

New York Cityuffalo

Cincinnat iChicagoDetroitSan Francisco

ColumbusPittsburghPhiladelphia

BostonCharlotte, N. CMinneapol is

Th e Lincoln Electric Co., of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Montreal

Agencies in other Principal Cities

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



f* 1 A 1*1 C 1 f* W

Canada Car bide bales Company Inc.M ain Office Bra nch Office

3 0 C hurch Street, N e w Y ork City 549 McCormick Building, Chicago,

ill.

C N D I N

C R B ID E

THE GREEN DRUMS i z e P a c k a g e s - 1 0 0 0 lb ; 100 lb . & 25 lb . Dr um

S i z e C a r b i d e s ' x 2 medium

2 x ^ S mall

I % x Y Nut

X x l / l 2 P e a

CANADIAN CARBIDE" M o r e G a s P e r P o u n d "

Distributing PointsA L A B A M A O H I O

Bessemer, 201 4-2 024 Second Bar tonAv e .

I L L I N O I SBelleville; BentonCh icago , 549 McCorm ick

Bldg.ChristopherSpringfield, 812-814 E . A d

ams St .West Frankfor t

I N D I A N AClintonRochesterTe r r e Hau t e , 15 N. Eighth St .

I O W AAlbiaCentervilleKnoxville

K E N T U C K YBeaver Creek

L O U I S I A N ANew Or l eans

M A R Y L A N DBal t imore , 115E. LombardSt.EmitsburgWes t e rnpo r t

M A S S A C H U S E T T SBoston, 47 Oliver St.

M I C H I G A NDetroi t , 343 Bel levue Av.G r a n d R a p i d s , 7 5 7 H a w

thorne St.Saginaw, Thom pson and

Franklin StreetsM I N N E S O T A

Duluth , 3d A v. Eas tMichigan St.Minneapolis

Av. N .

Can ton , 1372 D ueb e r Av.Cleveland, 3300 Lakes ide A v .CrescentMayna rdNelsonvilleSalemToledo, 928 George St .

WairenWells tonZanesvi l le , Thi r d & M arket

Sts.O K L A H O M A

CommerceTulsa

P E N N S Y L VA N I AAl toona , 947 Nineteenth St.AvonmoreBamesboroClymerHastingsLat robeNanty Glo .Pitt bu-gh

1222 Farmers Bank Bldg.40th St . and A . V. R. R.Por tagePottsvil le, Centre & Market

Sts.SaltsburgScranton, 339 Penn Ave.South ForkWilkesbarre , 75 S . P enn s y l -

d vania A ve .Wilpen

R H O D E I S L A N Dd Providence , 546 Char les St .

T E N N E S S E E100-1 12 Seco nd Knoxville, 761 A sylum A v.

T E X A S

M I S S O U R I E l Paso,323 S . Santa Fe St .Joplin, opposite Postoffice Fo r t Wor th , 415 T h r oc k m o r-Lexin gton ten St.

N E W J E R S E Y U T A HPaterson, 61-6 3 W ashington Sal t La ke Ci ty, 121 W . 2d

St . South St .N E W Y O R K V E R M O N T

Buffalo, Seneca & Ham bur g Burlington, Par k A v.S t s St . Johnsbury

C o r tl a nd , 4 1 E l m S t . V I R G I N I AMalone , 32 -34 W . Ma in S t . Onac ockMidd l e town , 28 W . Main S t . R i chmo ndN e w Yor k C it y, 3 0 C h ur ch W E S T V I R G I N I A

St , Char les ton , 821 Virginia St,Roscoe Hunt ington, 1032 Th i rd Av .Spr ingvi l le MatewanTrumansburg , 55 Main St . Morg antownVal le y St ream Nor thfork

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


1,0 Journal of the American Welding Society, O ctober, 19

We will helpyoirtrainan efficient welding force

A Pro m inen t P i t t sburgh S tee l Man Said: —"VJ7E hav en ' t b een ab le to ge t men dur ing th e war, bu t now expect to

' * o rganize a weld ing depar tment , perhaps as a par t o f the e lec t r ica lde pa r tm en t . Th is dep ar tm ent wi l l be in charge of a good m an whose dutyi t wi l l be to bu i ld up a wel l - t ra ined weld ing force . W e sha l l look to h im toget the maximum good out of weld ing . I f igure tha t the Saving in This PlantAlone Will Exceed the Quarter Million Mark Annually.I nve s t i ga t i o n h a s shown tha t t h e d i s cou rage m en t s some t ime s exp e r i enced bytho se ins ta l l ing the i r f ir st weld in g se t , mig ht eas i ly have bee n avo ided h adthe wel der bee n prov ided th oro ugh in s t ruc t io n a t the s ta r t . Th at i s why theWe s t i n g h o us e We ld in g Schoo l was o rgan i zed . We train Your men without

charge.Ask for our new 50-page catalog, Electric Arc Welding, the Fieldof Application and an Explanation of Modern Welding Practice.

W E S T I N G H O U S E E L E C T R I C & M A N U FA C T U R I N G C O .Ea s t P i t t sb u rgh , P a .

Westinghouse

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 J/.l

The Oxy-Welding Gauge of To-DayA c c u r a c y is a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l . W i t h i t m u s t g o

s t u r d i n e s s , l o n g s e r v ic e a n d s a f e t y. O u r S O L -F R U N T O x y - We l d i n g G a u g e — t h e o n l y g a u g e w i t ha cas t so l id fron t — e m b o d i e s a l l t h e s e f e a t u r e s .

T h a t ' s w h y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 0 % o f t h e t r a d e i n s i s tupon i t .

F u l l d e t a i l s a n d C a t a l o g W . A . g l a d l y s e n t o n r e q u e s t .

GAUGE C Q

Tradr Hark

U N I T E D S T AT E S G A U G E C O .67 W A L L S T . N E W Y O R K

BOSTON CHICAGO DETROIT NEW ORLEAN S PHIL ADE LPH IA SAN FRANCISCO MONTR EAL

Distributing Agents Throughout the World

G E N U I N E S W E D I S H I R O NBest Swedish Brands —All Sizes and Sections—Prompt Shipm ent f rom A merican Stocks

GENUINE SWEDISH WELDING WIREA ll Sizes Pr om pt Ship m ents from Am erica n Stocks Send Specifications

F E D E R A L T O O L & A L L O Y S T E E L C O R P O R A T I O NT H O M A S TO W N E , F i r s t Vice-President and General Manager

Successors to Swedish Iron & Steel Ccrporation

General Offices WOOL W O RT H B L D G . , N E W Y O R K C I T YBranch Offices and W arehouses B R O O K LY N C H I C A G O N E W O R L E A N S C L E V E L A N D

Butt Welders — Spot Welders — Electric RivetersWe design and bu ild Electric Welding and Riveting equipment

for any and all purposes

T H E W I N F I E L D E L E C T R IC W E L D I N G M A C H I N E CWARREN, OHIO, U. S. A.

NEW YORK CH ICAGO CLEVE LAND DETROIT BOSTON MONTR EAL LONDON PARIS

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 M

Get FEDERALQualityRegulators

You Can Guarantee Them

As k for Catalog

FEDERAL BRASS WORKS310 0 SOUTH KEDZIE AV ENUE .\ CHICAGO

L O O K O U TFor

1 . E ffi ci ency i n op e ra t i o n2 . Cos t o f op e ra t i o n3 . Spe ed i n we ld in g4 . D e g r e e o f c e r t a i n t y o f u n i n t e r r u p t e d s e rv i c e

Primary requisites of welding app aratu s —and you have the

A.G. ARC WELDERthen add LOW INITIAL COST.

7s this suggestion worth on ly the time it takes toread it or are you interested in details ?

GIBB INSTRUMENT COMPANYFac tory & Off ices 348 Pa lm er Av e . E . De t ro i t , Mich .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



g t f l l l l .

How Much Oxygen?Where? When?

YO U R answer—quite regardless of quantity, placeand time — means to us another order to be filled

easily, promptly, gladly To you, it means all theoxygen you want, where you want it, when you want it.For Linde Oxygen Service is ample, everywhere, all thetime.

There are 65 Linde Distributing Stations, the service areas of whichcover the United States. Wherever you are located, you are withineasy distance of one or more of these stations.

Whether for 1 Cylinder or 1000 We'llFill Your Orders Immediately

I LINDEOXYGEN

The Linde Air Products CompanyLargest Producer ofOxuqen in the World30 East 424 Street KOHL BUILDING

New York San Francisco

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



i: '- : ; ;w- , . ;^: ' £Bl rmm

Here ' s P roof o f"The U n i v e r s a l S e r v i c e "

L A S K A o r Atlanta—no ma t te r where. you do business — yo u' ll find on e of

the 40 Pres t -O-Li te Plants and Warehousesyou r best an d ha nd iest so urce of acety lene

supply.Wherever repai rs are needed, there youwill f ind good welders using and depending upon

JteaCLDISSOLVED ACETYLENE

T h e U n i v e r s a l G a s w i t h t h e U n i v e r s a l S e r v i c e

Prest-O-Lite Service goes w here ver yo ucan go ; does any ki nd of a w eldi ng or cutt ing job for the leas t t ime and money cos t .

Writefor the Service Plan

It's InterestingTHE PREST-O-LITE COMPANY, Inc.

General Offices

30 East 42nd Street, New York

Kohl Building, San FranciscoIn Canada

PREST-O-LITE C O. OF CANA D A , L imi tedToron to

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


46 Journal of the American Welding So ciety, October, 1

Doelcam Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting OutfitsDo You Have Trouble Obtaining Oxygen Gas?

If so here is an outfit that will generate both gases.Size C 2, 25 lb. Ac etylen e Ge nerator, 1 W eldin g To rch,Regulators , Hose, Oxygen Generator, capaci ty 300 cubicfeet per day and other Sundries.

S ize C 3 , 50 lb . Ace ty lene Genera tor, Oxyg en Ge nerator, capacity 400 ft. perday, 2 Torches, Regulatorsand other Sundries.

Size C 4 , 100 lb. A ce ty

lene Generator, OxygenGenerator, capacity 800 ft .per day, 3 Torches, Regulators and other Sundries.

Ilustration of Size C 2

Just the plant for export and isolated places such as mines and factories where shipping facilitiare not good.

WE BUILD EVERY DESCRIPTION OF OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING AN

CUTTING OUTFITS, PORTABL E AND FIXEDWE BUILD ACETYLENE GENERATORS UP TO 500 LBS. CAPACI

DOELCAM PREHEATING TORCHESUSING KEROSENE OIL AS FUEL

SAVE ONE HALF YOUR GAS BY PREHEATING YOUR WORK

Ty p e A. —Portable Independent OutfitSize No. 25 A 25 CSize Tank Gals. 5 5Size Flame 2 x 1 2 3 J x 1 5

Price 40.0 0 50.0 0Type Ji Burner requires preheating before operating.

Ty p e B. —Compressed Air PatternSize No. 1 1 B 11CSize Tank Gals. 5 5Size Flame 2\ x 1 4 3£ x 20Price 60 .00 70.00

iW Always order Type B if you have compressed air available, as the Burnercan be started instantly.

THE MACLEOD COMPANY

26 A10

3 i x 15

65.00

I 2 B10

3Jx2080.00

21 A

176x20

96.00

13B17

6x24100.00

2030 BOGEN STREET CINCINNATI, OHIO

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


48 Journal o f the American Welding Society, October, 1919

II. Itm n •••••

*Mifc.

T V.

,,,-ils?

• ' • . • • " ••

IA

A B ad B re a k in a B ad Spot

THESE three pictures are a movie showing

the progress of a valuable compressorcrosshead saved from the scrapheap and readyto go back into service.

Oxweld Equipment did the job—quickly,cheaply, permanently.

T h e Oxweld Injector Typ e Blow pipe savesgas, saves time, saves disappointment—gives100% results for the skill you put into yourjobs.

O X W E L D A C E T Y L E N E C O M PA N YNEW ARK , N. J . CHICAGO LOS ANGEL ES

World's Largest Maker of Equipment for Oxwelding and Cutting Metals

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



YT * /** 1 * 1 O l /"*

Union tarbide Sales CompanyN e w Yo r k C i t y

4 2 n d S t . B u i l d i n gC h i c a g o , 111.

P e o p l e s G a s B u i l d i n g

S O L E D I S T R I B U T O R S O F

S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l .K o h l B u i l d i n g

U N I O N C A R B I D E" W O R L D ' S B E S T QUALITY— HIGHEST G A S Y I E L D "

For Oxy-Acetylene Welding PlantsC o n t r a c t o r s ' F l a r e L i g h t s , To r c h e s a n d P r i v a t e a n d M u n i c i p a l L i g h t i n g P l a n t s .

"Un ion Carbide" i s packed in 100 lb . b lue and gray d rums m ar k ed con sp i cuo us ly, " UN I ONCARBIDE". The following sizes are carried in stock in 100 lb. drums:

3i x 2 in.—a large size Is x I in.—an intermediate sizeI x 1-12 in.—finely crushed size

P a c k e d i n B l u e a n dG r a y D r u m s

-a large size2 x 1 in.—a medium sizeUn ion Carbid e in the G enera tor sizes above l is ted wil l be shipped direct to consu mersfrom a U n i o n C a r b i d e S a l e s C o . ware hou se at any one of the following poin ts wherelarge stocks are kep t on h and :

A L A B A M ABirmingham —1916 Morr is Ave.Mobile —16 8 . Commerce St.Montgomery— 114 N . P e r r y St.

A R I Z O N APhoenix —42 S. Cent ra l Ave.

A R K A N S A SFort Smith —109-123 So. Ninth St .

C A L I F O R N I AFresno —932 H St.L o s Angeles —639 Gibbon St .Sacramento —1523-31 Front St.San Diego —326-336 Fi f t h S t .S an Francisco—Kohl Bu i ld ing .

COLORADODenver —Nineteenth a n d Wazee Sts .

C O N N E C T I C U THartford —412 Trumbull St.

D I S T R I C T O F C O L U M B I AWashing-ton —Maryland Ave. and 9 thSt., S. W.

F L O R I D AJacksonville— 515 W . B a y St.Tampa, —107 Mad i son St.

GEORGIAAtlanta —Cor. Haynes and Rh odes S t s . ,

P . O. Box 1594.Savannah —Ogeechee Canal , South of

Ba y S t . , P . O. Box 7S.I L L I N O I S

Chicago —Peoples Gas B ldg . , Mich iganBlvd.

Decatnr —133-147 W. W i l l i ams S t .H a s t S t. Louis —600 Wa l n u t Av e .Peoria —100-110 E d m u n d S t .Monanouth —124 B . A rche r Av e .Marion —315 S. Grani te St . , Box 747.Qnincy —222 S . E ig h th St.Streator —702 Eas t E lm S t .

I N D I A N AEvansville —1601 I l l inois S t .F o r t Wayne —2216 B r o a d w a y.Indianapolis —110-112 S .. Al ab am a St .Terre Haute —921 Wa b a s h Av e .

I O WADavenport —118 Harrison St.D e s Moines—3rd a n d E l m S t s .Dubuque —8th and Wa sh i ng t on S t s .F o r t Dodge— 10 S. 8 th St.Ottumwa—207-9-11 S. Wa s h i n g t o n St.S ioux City —925 Four th St . , P. O. Box

398.Waterloo —1209 E. 4th St.

K A N S A SPittsburg —109 W. Third St .Salina— 154 So . 5 th St.Wichita —535-543 Wes t Do u g l a s Ave .

K E N T U C K YLouisville —126 E. Main St .Middlesboro —1701 Cum ber l a nd A ve .

L O U I S I A N AN e w Orleans —819-21 Jul ia S t .

M A I N El ortland —11 E x c h a n g e S t .

M A RY L A N DBaltimore— 19 E . Lom bard S t .Cumberland —1 N. Libe r ty St .S a l i s b u r y — Opp . Fu l t on S t a t i on .

M A S S A C H U S E T T SBoston —(See C a m b r i d g e " A . " )Cambridge —241 Albany St .Springfield —Napier St.

M I C H I G A NDetroit —Grand R ive r and Lorain Ave.G r a n d Rapids —500 Shiawmut Ave.,

N . W .Hancock—Firs t Na t i o na l Bank B ldg .I ron Mountain —215 E. A St .Jackson —172 Sou th W a te r S t .Muskegon —43 No . Te r r ace S t .Saginavv—1830 No . Mich igan Ave .Sault Ste. Marie.

M I N N E S O TAMinneapolis —3 34 N. Fi r s t S t .Virginia. —413 Ches tnu t S t .

M I S S I S S I P P IVicksburg- —1312 Wa s h i n g t o n S t .

M I S S O U R IK a n s a s City —1316-1318 W. E igh th S t .S t . Joseph —920 S. S ix th St . , S ta . "A."S t. Louis —(See Eas t S t . Lou i s , III.)

N E B R A S K AOmaha —1007-9-11 Jon es St . , Unio n

Sta . P. O.N E W J E R S E Y

Camden —West and Cl in ton Sts .J e r s e y City —554-56 Hen de r so n S t .

N E W Y O R KAlbany —Montgomery and Colonie Sts.Binghamton— 21 Ja rv i s S t .Buffalo —1336 Genesee St .Oeneva —Exchange S t . and Ra i l r oad P I .Hur leyvi l l e .Jamaica —1 1 N e w Yo r k Ave .Kingston —O'Neil S t . , n ea r B roadway.N e w Y ork.N i a g a r a F a l l s .Foughkeepsie —Smith St. and N. Y.,

N . H . & H . R . R . Trac ks .Utica —135 Hote l S t .Watertown —438 C o u r t St.Whitehall —22 Main St .

N O RT H C A R O L I N ACharlotte —Post Office Box 777.Raleigh —107 F ay e t t ev i l l e S t .Wilmington —Room 16 Mason i c Tem

ple , 13 N. Front S t .N O RT H D A K O TA

Fargo —17 B r o a d w a y.O H I O

Canton —400 Wa l n u t Av e . Si. E.Cincinnati —67 P lum S t .Cleveland —601 The C i t i z ens ' Bu i l d ing .Columbus —3 30 Dub l in Ave .

Dayton —812-828 E. F i rs t S t .Lima —338 Eas t H igh S t .Mansfield —40 Wes t Th i r d S t .Steubenville —324-343 Nor th 7 th St .Toledo —414 S„ Erie St.Zanesville —Main and Second Sts .

O K L A H O M AO k l a h o m a City —27-29 E. Grand Ave.Tulsa —1-11 No. Boulder St .

O R E G O NPortland —Fifteenth and Hoyt Sts .

P E N N S Y LVA N I ABeaver —359 Beave r S t .D o Bois —Webber Ave . and F r a nk l i n

St.Erie —1426 Che s tnu t S t .E . Greensburg —Clark and George St .Harrisburg —627 W aln u t S t ,Johnstown —Messenger St. & B. & O.R . R .Pittsburgh —1202 Chamb er o f Co m

merce Bu i ld ing .Pottsville —Railroad and Sanderson Sts .Scranton —Penn Ave. and Vine St .Shamokin —5th an d Wa ln u t S t s .Williamsport —Canal and Cour t S ts .

S O U T H C A R O L I N AC h a r l e s t o n —N o. 3 Lib er ty St .

T E N N E S S E EChattanooga, —627 A rolunteer S t a t e Ins .

B ldg .Knoxville —426 Wes t Depo t A v e .Memphis —671 Sou th Main S t .Nashville —105-107-109 B r o a d w a y.

T E X A SDallas— 802-810 Cadiz St .El Paso —900 E . Ove r l an d St.Houston —Baker and Ced a r S t s . , Box

745.S an Antonio —Cor. Leal and N. Salado

sts .Waco —13th and Mary S t s .U TA HSalt L a k e City —118 W. Second South

St.V I R G I N IA

Lynchburg —1324 Commerce St.Norfolk—513 F ron t S t .Richmond —18th and Cary Sts .

W E S T V I R G IN I ABlueflehl —19 5 R o a n o k e St.Charleston —Broad St . and K. & M.

R. R.F a i r m o n t — " A " St .Huntington— 820 3rd Ave.

WA S H I N G T O NSeattle— 110 3 F i r s t Ave .Spokane —646 Pey to n Bu i l d in g .

W I S C O N S I NL a Crosse —Front and King Sts ,Madison —513-19 •Williamson St.Milwaukee —120-134 Jeffers on St.

We r e c omm end ou r cu s to m er s to s e l e c t f rom t he l i s t , th e c i ty f rom wh ich the quick es t de l ivery and low est f re igh t ra te ca nbe

ob t a i n e d , and address the i r o rders to "Union Carb ide Sa les Company"

a t t he d i s t r i bu t i ng po in t s e l ec t ed accompanied by

remi t tance .Please address reques t for informat ion or specia l correspondence to e i ther the New York or Chicago off ice .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


SO Journal of the American Welding Society, October, 191

QUASI ARC ELECTRICWELDING

The Only Electrodes WhichWill uniformly produce welds of 1 0 0per cent efficiency, even in the handsof inexpert operators.

Will give equally good welds in all positions — Flat, Horizontal, Vertical,and Overhead.

The Only Electrodes WhichAfter exhaustive practical tests, havereceived the official approval of LloydsRegister of Shipping for use in shipconstruction.

For Particulars Apply to

Q U A S I A R C W E L D T R O D E C O M P A N Y INCATLANTIC AVENUE & WARWICK STREET

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



ELECTRIC (Arc)and OXY-ACETYLENE (Gas)

W E L D I N G

JOHN A. ROEBLING S SONS CO. TRENTON N. J.

RIMS

T U B I N G

T U B U L A R PA RT S

P I O N E E R SIN E L E C T R I C W E L D I N G

RODS

RINGS

G E A R R I N G

BLANKS

?; ::S£C 'e :SE:

TWENTY YEARS OF MAKING GOOD20 years of work and leadership in the development of the weldingart have built this plant and have given us the right to say we are

THE ELECTRIC PROCESS M A S T E R W E L D E R S THE GAS PROCESSKNOWLED GE, EXPERIENCE, FACILITIES ARE AT YOUR DISPOSAL

The Standard Welding Division, T H E S T A N D A R D PA R T S C O M PA N YE D G E WA T E R PAR K , C L E V E L A N D , O H I O

COMPRESSED GAS WELDING AND CUTTING

COMPLETE EQUIPMENT—TORCHES -ACCESSO RIES

K-G Welding & Cutting Co. Inc.OXYCFN 556 WE ST 34TH ST RE ETA I ±±± GRE ELY 6358 NEW YOR K CITY

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Don' t le t your broken, heavy s teel

CrankshaftRoll or Pinion N e c k

Roll or Pinion Pod

Gear Wheel

If you have broken a large

D rop Fo rge Sect ion or anyH o u s i n g o t h e r

Locomot ive Frame heavy

M otor Case Steel Sect ion

When

can w eld it up as pe rm a- ixE&Shi* w ith the tim e and cos t of

nent ly good as new and a t - -^^S pL^C p u r c h a s i n g and ins ta l l inga grea t sav ing as com pa red - ^ l a ^ l l l ^ f ; n e w e q u i p m e n t .

Send or Pamphlet I735

imm M E TA L & T H E R M I T C O R P O R A T I O N

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 o3

equipment l ie idle in the scrap heap

120 BRO AD W AY , N E W YORK

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


54 journal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919

;Bil

E L E C T R O LY T I C O X Y G E N - H Y D R O G E N G E N E R AT O R S

GASEFFICIENCY

T HE most expert chauffeur can notr u n y o u r car r igh t wi th imp ure

gasoline. The highest-skil led operators in cut t ing and welding can no tturn out good work wi th oxygen andh y d r o g e n of infer ior grade. A 2%i m p u r i t y in you r oxygen cuts dow nthe efficiency of y o u r w o r k m e n 2 5 %to 45%.I .O .C . e l e c t r o l y t i c g a s g e n e r a t o r s i n s t a l l e di n y o u r p l a n t a s s u r e y o u a s t e a d y s u p p l yo f o x y g e n a n d h y d r o g e n a t t o p n o t c h p ur i ty. I . O . C . gases wi l l ke ep yo ur h ig h lyp a i d l a b o r f r o m g o i n g t o was te .

W r i t e us f o r p a r t i c u l a r s .

" T h e c e l l w i t h t h r e e t i m e st h e c a p a c i t y

Largest Man ufacturers of Standard ElectrolyticOxygen and Hydrogen Apparatus

INTERNATIONAL OXYGENCOMPANY

NEW ARK , N. J., U. S. A.Verona , Pa . Col lege Poin t , N. Y.Chicago P i t t sburgh Par i s

I . O. C. Ltd. , 38 Victoria Stree tWe s t m i n s t e r, L o n d o n , S . W.

\Velded, Riveted and

Brazed

TA N K Sfor every purpose11 7 Y E A R S O L D - FO UN DE D 1802

. rW llliam 13. Scaire G? S o n s

C o m p a n y

Pit tsburgh - - P a .C H I C A G O38 So. Dearborn Street

N E W Y O R K26 Cortlandt Street

G o g g l e s for We l d e r s

1

W elders' Goggle No. 5, mounted with G rayGreen glass, absolute protection from Ultra-Violet and Infra-red Ra ys, price $1 .25 perpair, $ I 2.00 per dozen.

Complete line of Welders' Goggles

Prices low Service unexcelled

WILLIAM C. ADAMSManufacturer, Importer an d Wholesale Dealer in

Welding Goggles an d Protection Glasses

4 22 B O Y L S TO N S T R E E T, B O S TO N , M A S S . , U . S. A .Write for Catalogue

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


ournal of the Ame rican Welding Society, October, 1919 Be

E LE CTRIC WE LDINGmade this broken crankshaft as good as new.

P ERFECT fusion of deposited metalgave a tensile strength that resisted

every stress.

This is the character of welding workwe are doing every day, afloat andashore.

Nine barges equipped with the latest electricwelding devices and an expert staff of welders,yours to comm and, at a mom ent's notice.

UNITED MARINECONTRACTING CORPORATION15*WJfti-tefLaH /S-trec"t T>Jew ' Y o r k Cvty

Sr&lGpfLoTja-J5owhhg Green 742.0~74Zl-7-*ZZ

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



DAVIS-BOURNONVILLE COMPANY

Manufacturers of

Oxy-Acetylene and Oxy-Hydrogen

W eld ing and Cutting Torches, Pres

su re Regu la to r s , Appara tus and

Equipment, Acetylene Generators,

Oxy-Hydrogen Generators, Port

able A cetylen e Generators, Portable

Welding and Cutting Outfits, Weld

ing and Cutting Machines.

Davis Flare L ights for illumination

of building operations, quarrying,

mining and wrecking.

Davis-Bournonville CompanyGE NE RA L OFFICES - - JERSE Y CITY, N. J .

Factories: Jersey City, N. J. and Niagara Falls, Ontario

Atlanta Cinc innat i ^JFlDlBiSfi^BTfflif^

Boston Cleveland

Buffalo Dallas

Cal lao Det ro i t

Chicago Los Ange les

Mani la

Minneapolis

Montrea l

N e w Yo r k

Philadelphia

Pittsburgh

St. Louis

San Francisco

Seat t le

To r o n t o

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]


urnal of the American Welding Society, October, 1919 57

A p e x Wa l l o o n We l d i n g WireThe Highest Quality Welding Wire Made

GENUINE SWEDISH IRON

Analyz ing under .06 Carbon; under .11 m a n g a n e s e ;under .025 Sulphur and Phosphorous

H a r d D r a w n in st icks or coils for Arc ^\^eldingSor t Annea led in sticks or coils for A c e t y le n e W e l d i n g

Sof t Annea led Coppered for A c e t y l e n e W e l d i n g

L o w M e l t i n g P o i n tFree from Lime or Slag

High Tensi le St rengthE v e r y R o d Pe r fec t ly Sound

A L W A Y S U n ifo r m

Ask f or Samples and Form Your Own ConclusionsYour First Hand Experience is Our Most Effective Sales Jirgument

A P E X S T E E L C O R P O R AT I O N50 Church S t ree t , Ne w Yo r k City ^ V a r eh o u s e , B r o o k l y n , N. Y.

N e w Orleans — Genera l Trad ing & Expor t Company ..3 1 0 ^Vhitney Centra l Bui lding

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



Siemund \A/enzel E l e c t r i c We l d i n g C o .3 0 Church S tr e et , N e w Y o r k

ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINESWE LDING W IR E, FLUXES A ND SUPPLIES

T H E E L E C T R I C W E L D I N G C O .

O F A M E R I C AFOOT OF COURT STREET

BROOK LYN, N. Y.

A LT E R N AT I N G C U R R E N T W E L D I N GThe Essential Points.

FIR ST COST: Very low — ^ pr ice ofD . C. machine.

P O RTA B I L I T Y: We i g h s 2 6 0 l b s . -fitted with handles for easy carrying.

EF FIC IEN CY : As i t i s of t ransformertype, it has high efficiency.

C O S T O F O P E R AT I O N : T h e p o w e rconsumption is 2 % to 3 K. W . H .per hour.

M A I N T E N A N C E : N o n e .C L A S S O F W O R K D O N E : W i t h

high pene trative effect, cas t ironweldin g is successful; also steel, copper, brass and bronze welding.

This welder uses an y type electrode. W e hav e our own , wh ich w e recommend.These electrodes, in competition with others, have made 100% welds.

Electric Arc Cutting and Welding Company222 H A L S E Y S T R E E T N E W A R K , N . J.

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



BURKE ELECTRIC COMPANYE R I E - - - PA .

MANUFACTURERS OF

E L E C T R I C A R C W E L D I N G E Q U I P M E N T S

We invite inquiries from those having specific

welding problems. Our Engineers are prepared

to make recomm endations of the type of welding

equipment best suited to individual needs.

T H E " F Y B E R - W E L D " G O G G L ET h e C o n c e d e d S t a n d a r d f o r We l d e r s

" ESSENTIALlTEv" lenses are used in all good goggles, r l e recom me nd No. 4sha de, for cut t ing, N o. 6 shade for ]velditi^,, an d No . 12 .shadefor arc-weldingwhere your machine is 150 to 250 amperes^ t> iX,, . ; _ , , . V ' _ . [ . ; , , ,;

Send for catalog fon Eye Protection

CHICAGO EYE^ SHIELD € 6 .• ; • ... . (C.•E. ,¥JGQ',) . ' . . , -1 i u

2300 WARREN AV E . CHICAGO, ILL .

8/10/2019 WJ_1_1919[1]



WILSON P las t ic-Arc WELDERThe outfit that includes every featuredesirable in welding equipment

The Plastic-Arc System requires no preheating of any job,w h e t h e r l a r g e o rsmall.

T h i s P l a s t i c - A r cOutfit delivers cons tan t hea t a t theweld regardless ofthe skill of the operator.

This outfit operates on the well known Wilson principles of constant voltage of 3 5 and an automaticallyregulated current, insuring a constant critical heat atthe weld, regardless of the skill of the operator.Practically any m etal including cast-iron or steel, boilerplate, copper, brass, aluminum, e tc., can b e wel dedwith this outfit, w i t h o u t p r e h e a t i n g .

Three switches on the panel provide an easy means ofcurrent adjustment, between 25 and 1 75 amperes, insuring a prop er hea t at the we ld to suit the fusingpoint of the particular metal to be welded.Th is outfit can be furnished as a motor driven unit,with a motor of practically any characteristics to suit

be driven by any means available.The normal generator speed is 1800 R. P. M. Theweight of this new outfit is 807 lbs. with A . C. motor,8 0 0 with D . C. motor, 1200 with gasoline engine,and 550 lbs. as a belted outfit without motor. Thesenew sets can be furnished as portable outfits if desired.

T h e P l a s t i c - A r c Welder used with P l a s t i c - A r cWelding Metals makes the ideal combination of welding equipment.P l a s t i c - A r c W eldin g M etal is mad e in eight grades.Ea ch grade is best for a given purpose. T he grade specified for a given work is absolutely guaranteed for thatwork.

Documents

WJ_1_1919[1]