writingaconceptualframework-120207124306-phpapp02

7/29/2019 writingaconceptualframework-120207124306-phpapp02

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Writing a ConceptualWriting a Conceptual

FrameworkFrameworkSOC401SOC401Research MethodologiesResearch Methodologies


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What is a conceptualWhat is a conceptualFrameworkFramework

Part IPart I


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Conceptual framework

It is the researchers own position on the problem and givesdirection to the study.

It may be an adaptation of a model used in a previous study, withmodifications to suit the inquiry.

Aside from showing the direction of the study, through theconceptual framework, the researcher can be able to show therelationships of the different constructs that he wants toinvestigate.


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Conceptual Framework. News values, and thepressures and constraints shape the newspapers andtelevision newscasts. The result of this relationship isselective reporting of events.

Conceptual Framework


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Operational Framework.Foreign news sections of

Philippine newspapers and foreign news segments oftelevision newscasts are shaped by the interests ofowners, editorial policies, audience and advertisements.The criteria for selection of foreign news, the newsvalues, also affect the foreign news coverage. Thesefactors result in unequal treatment of stories and pavedway for the dominance of some topics and of some


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Based on the foregoing example, how should the

conceptual framework formulated?

1. cite your conceptual framework or paradigm;

2. Identify your variables;

3. Point out the dependent and intervening variables;

4. Show the direction of the study.

Once the conceptual framework has been determined, the next

for the researcher is to determine what research methods toemploy to best answer the research problem through theproposed framework.


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Research design depends on the nature of the data toanalyzed.

Quantitative data when your thesis problem requiresnumerical measurements of traits, trends, characteristics orattributes of the subject matter;

Analysis leads researcher to:

depict what is typical and atypical among the data;

show the degree of difference or relationship between two ormore variables;

determine the likelihood that the findings are real for thepopulation as opposed to having occurred only by chance in thesample.


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Qualitative data when your thesis problem focuses on themeanings, perceptions, symbols or description of the subject

matter.

Analysis leads researcher to:

observe behaviors, situations, interactions and environments;

scrutinize these observations for patterns and categories;

answer research questions based on what can be deduced fromthe findings.


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Break!!!!!!!! (take 5)Break!!!!!!!! (take 5)


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TheoriesTheories

Part IIPart II


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Forms of TheoriesForms of Theories

TheoryTheory

Interrelated set of constructs formed into propositionsInterrelated set of constructs formed into propositionsthat specify the relationships among variablesthat specify the relationships among variables

Describes how and why variables are relatedDescribes how and why variables are related

Forms includeForms include

Set of hypothesesSet of hypotheses

Series of if-then statementsSeries of if-then statements Visual modelVisual model


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The Deductive Approach UsedThe Deductive Approach Used

in Quantitative Researchin Quantitative Research

Researcher measures or observes variables

using an instrument to obtain scores

Researcher defines and operationalizes

variables derived from the theory

Researcher tests hypotheses or researchquestions from the theory

Researcher tests or verifies a theory


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Placing Theory in aPlacing Theory in a

Quantitative StudyQuantitative StudyPlacement Advantages Disadvantages

In the introduction Common approach; familiar toreaders; conveys a deductiveapproach

Difficult for a reader to isolate theorybase from other components of theresearch process

In the literature review Including theories in a literaturereview is a logical extension or partof the literature

Difficult for a reader to see the theoryin isolation from the larger literature

After hypotheses orresearch questions

The theory discussion explains howand why variables are related

May leave out an extendeddiscussion about the origin and use ofthe theory

In a separate section Clearly separates the theory fromother components of the researchprocess, enables a reader to betteridentify and to understand thetheory base

The theory discussion is isolated andmay not easily connect with othercomponents of the research process


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Theory Use in QualitativeTheory Use in Qualitative

ResearchResearch

Theory may be used as:Theory may be used as: A broad explanationA broad explanation A theoretical lens or perspectiveA theoretical lens or perspective

Feminist perspectiveFeminist perspective

Racialized discourseRacialized discourse Critical theoryCritical theory

Queer theoryQueer theory

Disability inquiryDisability inquiry

An endpoint, a theory that is generatedAn endpoint, a theory that is generated

Researcher may also choose not to employ theoryResearcher may also choose not to employ theoryin a qualitative studyin a qualitative study


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Research in a QualitativeResearch in a Qualitative

StudyStudy

Researcher asks open-ended questions of participants

or records fieldnotes

Researcher analyzes data to form themes or

categories

Researcher looks for broad patterns, generalizations,or theories from themes or categories

Researcher poses generalizations, or theories, and

compares to past experiences and literature

Researcher gathers information


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Use of Theory in MixedUse of Theory in Mixed

MethodsMethods

Mixed methods studies may:Mixed methods studies may:

Include theory deductively (theory testing)Include theory deductively (theory testing)

Include theory inductively (an emerging pattern)Include theory inductively (an emerging pattern)

Use a theoretical lens or perspective to guide the studyUse a theoretical lens or perspective to guide the study


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Break!!!!!!!! (take 10)Break!!!!!!!! (take 10)


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Research Questions andResearch Questions andHypothesisHypothesis

Part IIIPart III

Q li i R h


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Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

QuestionsQuestions

Qualitative researchers pose research questionsQualitative researchers pose research questions Not objectivesNot objectives

Not hypothesesNot hypotheses

Two types of qualitative research questions to focusTwo types of qualitative research questions to focusa study's purpose:a study's purpose: Central questionCentral question

broad question that asks for exploration of the centralbroad question that asks for exploration of the centralphenomenonphenomenon

SubquestionsSubquestions

Questions that narrow the focus of the studyQuestions that narrow the focus of the study


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Writing Qualitative ResearchWriting Qualitative Research

QuestionsQuestions

Ask 1-2 central questions and no more than 5-7Ask 1-2 central questions and no more than 5-7subquestionssubquestions

These questions should:These questions should:

Relate the central question to the strategy of inquiryRelate the central question to the strategy of inquiry Begin with "what" or "how"Begin with "what" or "how" Focus on a single phenomenon or conceptFocus on a single phenomenon or concept Use exploratory verbs like discover or describeUse exploratory verbs like discover or describe Avoid directional words such as "affect" or "impact"Avoid directional words such as "affect" or "impact"

Evolve during the studyEvolve during the study Be open-ended without reference to the literatureBe open-ended without reference to the literature Specify the participants and research site (unless statedSpecify the participants and research site (unless stated

previously)previously)


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A Script for Writing aA Script for Writing a

Qualitative Central QuestionQualitative Central Question

(How or What)(How or What)is theis the((story for for narrativestory for for narrative

research; meaning of the phenomenon forresearch; meaning of the phenomenon for

phenomenology; theory that explains the process ofphenomenology; theory that explains the process of

for grounded theory; culture-sharing pattern for for grounded theory; culture-sharing pattern forethnography; issue in the case for case study)ethnography; issue in the case for case study)ofof

(central phenomenon)(central phenomenon)forfor(participants)(participants)atat(research(research

site)site)..


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Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research

Questions and HypothesesQuestions and Hypotheses

Quantitative researchers pose research questions or hypotheses to focusQuantitative researchers pose research questions or hypotheses to focusthe study's purposethe study's purpose

Quantitative research questions:Quantitative research questions: Questions about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks toQuestions about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to

knowknow

Quantitative hypotheses:Quantitative hypotheses: Predictions that the researcher makes about the expected relationships amongPredictions that the researcher makes about the expected relationships among

variablesvariables Predictions about the population values that the researcher will estimate basedPredictions about the population values that the researcher will estimate based

on data from a sampleon data from a sample

Quantitative objectives:Quantitative objectives: Indicate a study's goalsIndicate a study's goals Used frequently in proposals for fundingUsed frequently in proposals for funding


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Writing Quantitative ResearchWriting Quantitative Research


Write questions or hypotheses, not bothWrite questions or hypotheses, not both

Consider 3 approaches to the variables for a question orConsider 3 approaches to the variables for a question orhypothesis:hypothesis: Compare groupsCompare groups

Relate variablesRelate variables Describe responsesDescribe responses

Specify questions and hypotheses based on theory if possibleSpecify questions and hypotheses based on theory if possible

Measure the independent and dependent variables separatelyMeasure the independent and dependent variables separately

Generally use demographic information as intervening variablesGenerally use demographic information as intervening variables

Use consistent words and ordering for independent andUse consistent words and ordering for independent anddependent variablesdependent variables


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Scripts for Writing Quantitative ResearchScripts for Writing Quantitative Research


DoesDoes ((name the theoryname the theory)) explain the relationshipexplain the relationship

betweenbetween (independent variable)(independent variable) andand (dependent(dependent

variable)variable), controlling for the effects of, controlling for the effects of(control(control

variable)variable)??

There is no significant difference betweenThere is no significant difference between (the(the

control and experimental groups on the independentcontrol and experimental groups on the independentvariable)variable) onon (dependent variable)(dependent variable)..


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Forms for Writing Quantitative ResearchForms for Writing Quantitative Research


If writing hypotheses, use a consistent form:If writing hypotheses, use a consistent form: Null hypotheses (predict no difference or no relationship)Null hypotheses (predict no difference or no relationship)

Directional hypotheses (predict direction of difference orDirectional hypotheses (predict direction of difference orrelationship)relationship)

Nondirectional hypotheses (predict a difference or relationship,Nondirectional hypotheses (predict a difference or relationship,but not its direction)but not its direction)

If writing research questions:If writing research questions:

First, specify descriptive questions for each important variableFirst, specify descriptive questions for each important variable Next, state inferential questions that relate variables orNext, state inferential questions that relate variables or

compare groupscompare groups

Finally, add questions in which variables are controlledFinally, add questions in which variables are controlled

Mi d M h d R h


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Mixed Methods ResearchMixed Methods Research


Advance both qualitative and quantitative researchAdvance both qualitative and quantitative researchquestions (or hypotheses)questions (or hypotheses)

Use guidelines for writing good qualitative and quantitativeUse guidelines for writing good qualitative and quantitativequestions and hypothesesquestions and hypotheses

Order questions to match the mixed methods designOrder questions to match the mixed methods design In a two-phase design, order to match the phasesIn a two-phase design, order to match the phases

In a one-phase design, order according to the method given theIn a one-phase design, order according to the method given themost weightmost weight

Include a mixed methods research question thatInclude a mixed methods research question that Directly addresses the mixing of the two strandsDirectly addresses the mixing of the two strands

Is written to convey theIs written to convey theproceduresprocedures or theor the contentcontentof the studyof the study


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Different Ways to Write Questions andDifferent Ways to Write Questions and

Hypotheses into a Mixed Methods StudyHypotheses into a Mixed Methods Study

Write separate qualitative questions and quantitative questionsWrite separate qualitative questions and quantitative questionsor hypotheses:or hypotheses: At the beginning or as they emerge in phasesAt the beginning or as they emerge in phases

This places emphasis on the two approachesThis places emphasis on the two approaches

Write separate questions or hypotheses followed by a mixedWrite separate questions or hypotheses followed by a mixedmethods question:methods question: This highlights the two approaches as well as their combinedThis highlights the two approaches as well as their combined

strengthstrength

Write only a mixed methods question:Write only a mixed methods question: This emphasizes the integration and not the individual partsThis emphasizes the integration and not the individual parts

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