w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

k¾;kh

w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

7 fYa%Ksh

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uY%S ,xldj

www.nie.lk

[email protected]


k¾;kh

7 jk fY%aKsh

w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

^2016 isg l%shd;aul fõ&

m%:u uqøKh 2016

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh ( uqøKd,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh


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wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiskaldf,daÑ; j úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk w;r ta ta úIhhkag wod< jw;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a iïmdokh tys tla m%;sM,hls'

ta wkqj 6 isg 13 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY mka;s ldurh ;=<id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;aiïmdokh lr we;'

w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a uÕsska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< WoaOD; .=re YsIH fomd¾Yajhfj; iemhSfuka wod< úIh Odrdj myiqfjka wOHhkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,fikq we;snj wmf.a úYajdih hs'

fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a mßYS,kh fldg bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shid¾:l lr .kakd f,i .=re Nj;=kaf.ka o" isiq ore ±ßhkaf.ka o b,a,d isáñ'

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ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh

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i|yd w;a±lSu mq¿,a úh hq;= h' úyso .sh mq¿,a mrdihla iys; by< we.ehSul ysñlu

ieug u Wmßu i;=gla Wreu lrhs' ta i|yd fiajkhg wod< mqoa.," ia:dk" jia;=" isoaê

nyq, ùu wjYH h'

tfia bf.kqï w;a±lSï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd;a ilia lsÍug

yelsùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg i;=gls' ta i|yd lem ù ls%hd l< ieug wmf.a

ia;=;sh msßkefï'

YsIH m%cdj fuu w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd; mßyrKh lrñka tuÕska bÈßm;a lrk

fjk;a ±kqï uQ,hka o ióm lr .;fyd;a by< idOkhla fj; <Õd ùug yels ùu

ksiel h' tneúka YsIH" .=re fo.=re" ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fuu w;sf¾l

iïm;a fmd;a ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug Wla; ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu o wm úiska

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m%d¾:kd lrñ'

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a

NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh


i i i

ye¢kaùu

YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< yr fyj;a m%Odk úIhhka f,i ms<s.;a ujqni".Ks;h" úoHdj jeks úIhhka i|yd fndfyda lf,l isg úIh ks¾foaYhg iu.dó j .=reud¾f.damfoaYhg ̂Teacher Guide& wu;r j fm< fmd;a ̂Text books& Ndú;fha mj;S' tawkqj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY .=rejrhdg o" fm< fmd; isiq mßyrKhg o ,nd foñka isiqka;=< keK myka b;d Wiia f,i o,ajkakg iefjdu ls%hd;aul fj;s'

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mka;sldurhg yrj;a jQ fuu bf.kqï iïm; fyg ojfia moaO;s .; lsÍfukawm imqrd .kakg wfmalaIs; iqúfYaI M, fufia fõ'

1' .=rejrhdg w;HjYH úIh lreKq tl f.dkqjla fldg imhd §fuka .=reld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu'

2' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fkd flfrk úIh wka;¾.;hfuu fmd; weiqßka ,nd§u'

3' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh m%udKfhka msgq úYd, .Kklg hdu je<elaùu yd Bg w;HjYHu lreKq muKla we;=<;a lsÍu'

4' u;fNaohkag ;=vq fok úIh lreKq fjf;d;a ta ms<sn| cd;sl jYfhka talu;slNdjhla we;s lsÍug wjYH ksYaÑ; lreKq$;¾l iïmdokh lsÍu'

5' úIh lreKqj, iu;=,s; nj yd iSud ks¾Khkays m%ñ;s .; nj we;s lsÍfuka we.ehSïld¾h myiq lrùu'

6' .=rejrhdf.a ±kqu ks¾foaYfhka u|la Tíng m%idrKh lrñka úIhdkqnoaO ±kqums<sn| úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'

7' .=re isiq fomsßig u bf.kqï$b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh rij;a yd yrj;a w;a±lSula njgm;a lsÍu'

ta id buy;a iïm;la f,i fuu fmd; wm foi ore le,f.a hy .=K keKjvkakg fuka u rij;a bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .kakg .=re Tng msysg jkqwe;' .=re Tfí ls%hdYS,S nj yd ±kqïj;a nj ñka ;j ;j;a jefâ jd! tfuka u j;aukaore le,g fi!kao¾h úIhh bf.kqu rij;a yd yrj;a Ôú; w;a±lSula fõ jd! hs uum;ñ'

Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxyksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je$n&úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh


i v

úIhud,d lñgqj

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wëlaIKh ( Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxyksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je' n'&úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh wëlaIKh ( tia' j¾KisxywOHlaI ^je' wd'&fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

jHdmD;s kdhl ( î' uÍkd Ysrdka;s o fidhsidlÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,h

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ndysr ( .=Kfiak rdcmlaI - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&isß,a ó.u - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&fi!kao¾h wOHdmk .=re úÿy," .srd.uiuka fmf¾rdiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - le,Kshfla iqika; .=Kj¾Okiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - fokqjr wOHdmk l,dmhhQ' Ô' fma%ur;akiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - y,dj; wOHdmk l,dmh

^úY%dñl&oïñ;a m%kdkaÿ - .=re WmfoaYl yd úIh

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.=re fiajh - Èlaje,a, u'ú' - Èlaje,a,

úIh ixialdrl

uKav,h ( fcHIaG uydpd¾h uqÈhkafia Èidkdhl

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h úl%uisxy nKavdr

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wfidald Èidkdhl

wdpd¾h Ys%hdks rdcmlaI

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h iqks,d rEmiair

fi!kao¾h l,d ú'ú' - fld<U 07

NdId ixialrKh ( uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x. - úY%dñl

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

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YS%kd;a .fKaj;a; uy;d - NdId ixialdrl

lxpql ks¾udKh ( B't,a'ta'fla' ,shkf.a uy;d

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl joka ieliqu( ã'iS' chfldä uy;añh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úúO iydh ( §md YsfrdauKS fufKúh

fla'Ô' fmf¾rd uy;d

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh


mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh i

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh i i

ye¢kaùu i i i

f,aLl uKav,h i v - v

mgqk v i

1 mrsÉfþoh

1'0 mßirh weiqre lr.ksñka k¾;k ks¾udKh 1

2 mrsÉfþoh

2'0 k¾;k m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh 8

3 mrsÉfþoh

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4 mrsÉfþoh

4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkdj, miqìu

yd .dhkh 32

5 mrsÉfþoh

5'0 YS% ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd 37

ixialD;sl miqìu

6 mrsÉfþoh

6'0 úúO l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï 49

7 mrsÉfþoh

7'0 w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka m%dix.sl l,dx. ks¾udKh 54

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uQ,sl irU bÈßm;a lsÍu'

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f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo

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moh ( fodñ lsg lsg fodï

lia;sru ( .;a;l= ð;a;ï .ð;l= ð;a;ï .ðx ðx; l=o

.ð;l= ð;a;ï ;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d

$

1 2 3 4

.;a - ; l=

. ðx - ðx

;ß lsg ð;a -

$

1 2 3 4

ð;a - ;ï -

- ; l= o

;ß lsg fodñ lsg

$

1 2 3 4

. ð ; l=

. ð ; l=

;d -

lia;sru

)

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1 2 3 4

ð;a - ;ï -

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1 2 3 4

fod ñ ls g

fodñ lsg lsg fodñ

.;a - ; l=

;ß lsg ð;a -

$

1 2 3 4

ls g fodï -

fodï lsg lsg fodñ

ð;a - ;ï -

;ß lsg fodñ lsg

$

1 2 3 4

fod ñ ls g

fodñ lsg lsg fodñ

. ð ; l=

;d - - -

iu.=K

fo.=K

lia;sru

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1 2 3 4

ls g fodñ -

fodñ lsg lsg fodñ

ð;a - ;ï -

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1 2 3 4

f; hs f; hs

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f; hs ; -

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1 2 3 4

; l== fodï -

fr.= oÕ ;l= fodï

fr . ; l=

$

1 2 3 4

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fr.= |. ;l= fodï

È ; . ;

$

1 2 3 4

fr .= | .

fr.= |. ;l= fodï

.= ¢ ; l

iu.=K

fo.=K

brÜáh

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fr.= |. ;l= fodï

fr . ; l=

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f; hs ; -

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$

1 2 3 4

fr .= | .

fr.= |. ;l= fodï

fr .= | .

fodï

$

1 2 3 4

.=ï - o .=

.=ï o.= oï .;a

fodx ;l ;x fodx

;d

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1 2 3 4

oï - .;a -

Èï .;a ±ysï È..;

Èx .; .;a ;;a

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1 2 3 4

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.=ï o.= ox .;a

.;a È; .; .;a

iu.=K

fo.=K

brÜáh

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Èï .;a ±ysï È;.;

Èï .; .=x o;a

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my;rg - b,x.ï irU

;=ka jk irUh ( .=xo .=ox .;a Èx .;a ±ysï ^È..;&

brÜáh ( fodx; .;x .=ï Èx.; .;a;;a

.oaÈ; .;.;a Èï.; .=xo;a ;d

y;rjk irUh ( fr.=| .;l= fodï

brÜáh ( fr.=| .È; .; .=¢;l fr.;l= fodï

inr.uq - fodôk mo

;=ka jk moh ( f;hs f;hs f;hs; f;hd f;hd f;hs;


$

1 2 3

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; l= |

; l= |

; l= |

f;hs ; lg

f;hs .; l=|

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y;r jk moh ( f;hs .;l=| f;hs ;lg$$

f;hs .; l=| $$ f;hs ;lg

idïm%odhsl k¾;k weiqßka w,xldr ud;%d ks¾udKh

ud;%d 2 + 3 îq¿ ueÿï& fo;s;g w,xldr mo ûd;%d& ks¾udKh lsÍu'

6 fYa%Ksfha § W.;a w,xldr mo k¾;kh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iq¿

ueÿï ^2 + 3& fo;;sg wh;a k¾;k wx.hla krUd tys olakg ,efnk p,k" wx.ydr"

;d, ms<sn| j iduQysl j idlÉPd lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a fõ' .=rejrhd jdokh lrk fnr

mohg wkqj ;d, ;eîfuka tys ßoauh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .; yels h'

óg by; wNHdi lrk ,o irU weiqre lr.ksñka w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr

.ekSug W;aidy lrkak' fuys § Wv mekSu" lerlSu" me;a;g .uka lsÍu jeks ls%hdldrlï

Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h'

jkakï .hñka keàu

Wvrg - ykqud jkaku

6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o ykqud jkaku .dhkh lrñka fnr jdokhg

wkqj k¾;kh lrkak'

w,xldr mo keàfuka miqj lia;sru k¾;kh lrkak'

lia;sru - rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a

;d.a. ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a

rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d

$

1 2 3 4

f; hs .

f; hs .

f; hs .

f; hs .

f;hs .; l=|

f;hs .; l=|

$

1 2 3

f; hs -

f; hs -

f; hs .

f; hs -

f;hs .; l|

f;hs .; l=|

$

1 2 3

; l g

; l g

; l= o

; l g

f;hs ; lg

f;hs ; lg


by; mßÈ lia;sru k¾;kh l< yels w;r tu lia;sru my; i|yka wdldrhg

§¾> f,i o k¾;kh lsÍug yelshdj we;' fuys § wjYH kï .=rejrhdf.ka Wmfoia

,nd .kak'

lia;sru - rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a$$$

;d.a. ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a$$

rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d

iSreudrej - ;l= ;l ðð l=| .ð; .ð; l=o

.ð .; l=| l=| ;d l=ð;a; .;

fodñ lsg ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d

wvõj - ;;a f;d`. ;l f;dÕ

;lalv ;ßlsg ;lf;d`.

;lg ðlg f;dÕ ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l f;d`.

;dl= ð;a; .; fodñlsg ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d

fuu wvõjg wu;r j ud;%d 2 + 2 ;ks ;s;g wod< fjk;a wvõjla jqj o fhdod

.; yels h'

iSreudrej iy wvõj ;d, ;nñka lSfuka miq j fldgia jYfhka ms<sfj<ska

k¾;kh lrkak'

my;rg - ykquka;d ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o iskaÿ jkaku .dhkh lrñka kej; jkakfï

ish¨ u fldgia wNHdi lrkak' tys § wx.ydr yd uKaäh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu

jeo.;a h'

brÜáh ( .;slsg .; fodx .=.=| ;ß

;;a È;a f;dx kx

.=ys;s.Èßlsg .;a;;a fodï;l Èl=ox

.;a; È;a; .; .ys;s.;x

;l= È.= fodï

inr.uq - wks,d jkaku

6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o wks,d jkaku ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg .dhkh

lrñka k¾;kh lrkak' miq j l,diu k¾;kh o tf,i l< yels h'

l,diu - ðñlsg lsá;l ;ßlsg lsá;l$$$

.;s; l=È;a;;a


wvõj - .;a; l=|;a ;d fodx.v ;rslsg cs;a ;d

.; l=| cs; l=| ;;alv cs;alv fodxf.dv ;rslsg

fcx; fcx; .; .;s .; osrslsg ;rslsg ;d

ðñ;a ;;a .;s .; y¾ð;a .; l=| ;d

wvõj ;d, ;nd lSfuka miq j .=re Wmfoiaj,g wkqj fldgia jYfhka f.k

k¾;kh lrkak'

Wvrg - ;=rÕd jkaku

;s; ( ud;%d 2$3 fo;s; îq¿ ueÿï&

^ /

;d, rEmh ( 1 2 1 2 3

fnr moh ( fodx ðx; .; fodx;

;dku ( ;;a ;;a ;k;a ;fkk ;;a ;;a ;k;a ;fkk

;;a ;;a ;k;a ;ïo kd kd

;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;;k kï ok ;fkk

;dk;a ;k;a ;ï o kd kd

lúh (

i;a fj;a uy;a wor ,;a hq;a iso;a l=ure

.;a is;a f;di;a meúÈ wx.d

wK lrk Pkakfhk lka:lh wiq f.fkk

f.k fhÿK wiqf. msg kex.d

.;a .;a mh;a wiqf. Yío;a ji;a iqß÷

hkafkka f;diska ;sfok iuÕ

hk hfkk l, ;sfok t;ek ;ek miqj ±k

.xf;rg m;a WKsh tuÕd

,;a ,;a is;;a ;sfok fj;a fj;a tlla miqj

uq;a lka:l;a fõ h ;=rÕd

isÿy;=k f.k jyk Pkak j,s.h w;sk

mekafkka tf;r wfkdu .x.d

f.d;a is;a uy;a reisre ,;a hq;a iso;a l=ure

f.ka fi;a /.;a fk¾; wx.d

;sfok mek .sh .Õsk tf;o wK f.k ne;sk

fhÿj keK j¾Kfhk ;=rÕd


lia;sru ( l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| ;d$$

ôl=K iy ju&

l=| .ð; l=| ;d$$

l=| ;d$$

l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| ;d

my;rg - NjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

ud;%d 2 + 3 fyj;a iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;g fnr moh ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miq j

jkakfï ;dku" lúh o .dhkh l< yels w;r fnr jdokh o fhdod .; yels h'

iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kfha § ;dkug;a lúhg;a hk fldgia folg u w,xldr

ud;%d k¾;kh lsÍu úfYaIhls' tys § my;rg ir, w,xldr mo fhdod .; yels w;r

isiq YlH;d wkqj mo k¾;kh úúO úh yels h' kshñ; wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka

jkakfï mo fldgia k¾;k lsÍu jeo.;a jk w;r" wjidkfha brÜáh keàu isÿ

flf¾'

my;rg NdjdÈ ;d,h isxÿ jkaku

;s; ( ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; îq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&

;d, rEmh ( ^ /

1 2 $ 1 2 3

fnr moh ( Èx .È.;x fodx;

;dku ( f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk

f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk

f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk

f;fkkd

lúh ( ieug u nhkaldr fjñ ks÷ tjka uqyq,

n,fhka hqog msúi tÈ fka

kul, úl=ka kEr m< l< frdiska fkal

l=,jr ijka iyi kÈ fka

ÿgq ÿgq ìÕ=ka fiau ì| yer Tjqka iEu

fialr lrka iqß÷ ir fka

fmulr is;ska fndau ku lr lshka f,dal

i; /l fojka biqre ks;s fka


brÜáh (

Èx .;s. ;ï fodx; - .; .ys;s .;ï ;;a ;;a

.=| .;s .;ï fodï; - .; .ys;s .;ï fodï fodï

kshñ; ;s;g brÜáh ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miq j fldgia jYfhka f.k

k¾;kh l< yels h'

inr.uq - l=Èrdä jkaku

1' ðx ðñ; ;;a ;lg hk ojq,a moh ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s;g ;d, ;nñka lshkak'

2' ojq,a jdokhg wkqj ;dku" lúh lSmjrla .dhkh lrkak'

;dkug iy lú moj,g yia; mdo p,kh lrñka w,xldr mo keàu inr.uq

jkakïj, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' ta i|yd ud;%d mfya w,xldr mo yd msg ud;%d

mo wdÈh fhdod .; yels h tys § wmg wjYH wdldrhg w,xldr mo ie,iqï lr .;

yels h' jkakfï mo fldgia kgd wjidkfha l,diu yd wvõj k¾;kh lrkq ,efí'

inr.uq - l=Èrdä jkaku

;s; ( ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; îq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&

;d, rEmh ( ^ /

1 2 $ 1 2 3

ojq,a moh ( ðx ðñ; ;;a ;lg

;dku ( ;;a ;;a; k;a ;fkk - ;;a ;;a ; k;a ;fkk

;;a ;;a; k;a ;ïo - kd kd

;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;k ;ïo

;;a ;;a; k;a ;ïo kd kd

lúh ( i;af;ka rcqka fmdrK .;af;ka /Õ=ï lrk

we;af;ka lssúka msßj rd

b| fomi je| tl, wjirh f.k ti|

lsh;a lú ±k t;k jd ã

frd;af;ka uy;a fikÕ is;a fu;a ne¨ï lrk

we;af;ka lúka msßj rd

ti| i; isßjhk f,ig hi lSu fkl

mejiQ fid| f,iska ne¨Kd ã

.;af;ka rnka velals lú ;d, ñysÕ= fnr


^

1 2

fodx -

.=x -

ðx -

Wvrg

my;rg

inr.uq

) )

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1 2 3

fodx - ;

; .=x -

; l g

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. ;

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tla;eka fjñka mEo rd

/f.k uÕ hk wiqka ú,i ±k lSu lú

t;k isg mej;s rÕ kd ã

we;af;ka lshka fulú i;af;ka wika fu;k

ke;akï thska fjhs mrd

foj .ug ÿj hkak lshñ fï jkakfï

ku wiõ fuf,i l=Èrd ã

l,diu ( ðx .;;a .;a;d $$$

ðx .;;a .;a ;lg ðx .;;a .;a;d

kshñ; ;s;g l,diu ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miqj fldgia jYfhka k¾;kh lr

fnr jdokh iuÕ l,diu kej; k¾;kh lrkak'

m%ia;dr lsÍu

fo;sf;a m%fNao y÷kd .ekSu'

ud;%d 2" ud;%d 3" ud;%d 4" îq¿" ueÿï" uy& hk uQ,sl ;s;a rEm ;=k wdY%fhka

fo;sf;a ;s;a rEm fn§ hk wdldrh my; olajd we;'

fo;sf;a m%fNao

iq¿ ueÿï fo;s; iq¿ uy fo;s; ueÿï uy fo;s;

ud;%d 2 + 3 ud;%d 2 + 4 ud;%d 3 + 4

fo;sf;a m%fNao m%ia;dr lsÍfï § ;ks;sf;a m%ia;drlrKfha § Ndú; lrk ,o

f;hs hk ;d, ix{djg ;s;a hk ;d, ix{dj uq,g tl;= lr ;s;a f;hs hkqfjka fhdod

.kq ,nhs' my; ±lafjkafka tu ix{d i,l=Kq fhdok wdldrh hs'

Wod ( ^ / ^ /

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

fnrmo m%ia;dr lsÍu

2 2 2 2 2 + 3 fo;sf;a ;d, rEmh

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ðx - ;

fo . ;

ð ñ ;


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; l g

; l g

.;a - ;

; l g)

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my;rg

inr.uq

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1 2 3

fodax - -

; l=x -

.=x - o

ð ñ;a -

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1 2

fodx -

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fodx - ðx -

fodx - . ;

ð ñ ls g

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my;rg

inr.uq

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ðx - ðx -

ðx - ðx -

. ;s . ;

;la - ls g

2 + 4 ;d, rEmh

3 + 4 ;d, rEmh

lú m%ia;dr lsÍu

;d,ï lú

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w f.a -

y r U

j f.a -

lS - u

l f.a -

kq U g

u f.a -

y r U

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fkd ± k

g tka -

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fnd ,ka -

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fka - -

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f, i ne

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ï m g

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l=¿ lú

u,a hyka lú

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mq gq fj

mq oka -

le gq j

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j äka -

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jkakï m%ia;dr lsÍu

Wvrg - ;=rÕd jkaku

;d, rEmh ( ud;%d 2 + 3 iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;

//

fnr

moh

;dku

lúh

lia;sru

^

1 2

fodx -

;;a -

;;a -

;;a -

kd -

; k

; ;

;d -

kd -

i;a -

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wx -

w K

lka -

f. k

kex -

l= |

l= |

l= |

l= |

l= |

l= |

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1 2 3

ðx - ;

;;a - ;

;;a - ;

;;a - ;

kd - -

; fk k

k ;ï -

k;a - ;

kd - -

fj;a - u

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is;a - f;d

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l r k

: l h

t ÿ k

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. ð ;

. ð ;

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^

1 2

. ;

k;a -

k;a -

k;a -

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o k

k;a -

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y;a -

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Pka -

w iq

w iq

- -

l= |

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l= |

l= |

l= |

l= |

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1 2 3

fodx - ;

; fk k

; fk k

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- - -

; fk k

; fk k

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w o r

l= u re

me ú È

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k fh k

f. fk k

f. ms g

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//


NdjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; îq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&

fnr

moh

;dku

lúh

brÜáh

^

1 2

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f;ï -

f;ï -

f;ï -

f; fk

ie u

fj ñ

n ,

t È

k u

m ,

l= ,

k È

od u

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i r

fm u

k u

i ;

ks i

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1 2 3

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f; k f;

f; k f;

f; k f;

kd - -

g u n

ks ÷ t

fhka - hq

fka - -

l , ú

j r i

fka - -

ÿ gq ì

ye r U

l r k

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l r hs

l r ls

/ l fo

fka - -

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. ;s .

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kï -

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1 2 3

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f; fk k

f; fk k

f; fk k

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ld - r

uq yq ,

ms ú i

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kE - r

fka - l

i y i

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iq ß ÷

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fnda - u

f,da - l

b iq re

- - -

fodx - ;

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fodx - ;

fodx

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))

)


l=Èrä jkaku ̂ inr.uq&

ojq, moh

;dku

lúh

l,diu

^

1 2

ðx -

;;a -;;a -;;a -kd -; k; k;;a -kd -

i;a -.;a -we;a -rd -b |w jls h;ajd -frd;a -is;a -we;a -rd -t if, ime jKd -.;al út tlard -/ f.ú ,t ;kd -we;a -i;a -ke;a -rd -

ðx -ðx -ðx -ðx -

/

1 2 3

ð ñ ;

;;a - ;;;a - ;;;a - ;kd - -; fk k; fk k;;a - ;kd - -

f;ka - rf;ka - /f;ka - ls- - -fo m ii r h- l úã - -f;ka - ufuka - nef;ka - l- - -o i ;g h iiq fid |ã - -f;ka - r;d - ,;eka - fj- - -k u .i ± kk is gã - -f;ka - lsf;ka - w; ñ t

. ;;a -

. ;;a -

. ;;a -

. ;;a -

^

1 2

;;a -

k;a -k;a -k;a -- -; k; kk;a -- -

cqka -`.=ï -úka -- -je |f. k± k- -y;a -¨ka -úka -- -is ßls -f, iska- -nka -ñ ysñka -- -h ylS -me j- -h kika -bka -

.;a -

.;a -

.;a -

.;a -

/

1 2 3

; l g

; fk k; fk k; ï o- - -; fk k;ï - o; ï o- - -

fmd r Kl r kms ß j- - -t l ,t i |t ;e k- - -fi k Õl r kms ß j- - -j h ku fk l- ne ¨- - -vela - ls`.= fn rmE - o- - -w iqka -u l ú;s r Õ- - -fu l úfu ; kfj hs m

;d - -;d - -; l g;d

)

)

))

))

)))

))

))

)

))

)

))

))

))

))

))

))

)

))

))

))

))

)

))

))

))

))

))

)

)

))

))

))

))


3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK

idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav

ojq, jdoH NdKavh

idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav f,i y÷kajkq ,nk .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" ojq,"

;ïueÜgu" Wvelalsh" rndk iy ;d,ïmg Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk iïm%odhkag

wdfõKsl jQ NdKav h' by; i|yka l< NdKav w;ßka inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha

m%Odk jdoH NdKavh jk ojq," jdoH NdKav w;r §¾> b;sydihla we;'

mqrdKfha isg wd.ñl wjia:dj, f;ajd fyaúis jdok" fmryer i|yd fuka u

ikaksfõok ld¾hhg o ojq, Ndú; lr we;' WodyrK f,i ( fyaúis" wK fnr" u<

fnr" rK fnr oelaúh yels h' fï ieu wjia:djl u ojq,a jdokh m%Odk jk w;r

iuyr wjia:dj, ;ïueÜgu yd fydrKEj iydh jdoH NdKav f,i fhdodf.k we;'

oUfoKs wiafkys zzf,day ojq,a" ðk ojq,a" uy ojq,a '''''''' jYfhka ojq,a j¾.

lSmhla kï lr we;' ,xldfõ bmerKs ck fldgila jk jeÈ ckhd w;r mj;skafka

o ojq,g iudk jQ is,sKavrdldr fnrhls'

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh i|yd fhdod .kakd ojq,g iudk fnr j¾. wdishdfõ

fjk;a rgj, o fnfyúka ±lsh yels fõ' flfia fj;;a ojq, wmg wdfõKsl ixialD;shg

wkqj ilia lrf.k idod we;' ojq, iE§ug uQ,sl j .i lemSu o Y=N uqyQ¾;fhka lrk

wdldrh my; i|yka lúfhka úia;r fõ'

3 mßÉfþoh


wei<h mif<diajl od

ñ,a,h fma lrmq t od

kshñka iqn fudfyd; t od

ojq,g l| lemqj t od

fï wdldrhg iqn fudfyd;ska weye<" fldfydU" fldia" ñ,a, ls;=,a wdÈ .il" jg

m%udKh wÕ,a 45 lajk l|la" È.ska wÕ,a 15l m%udKhg f.k ilia lr .efka' ta

ms<sn| ojq,a Wmf;a i|yka jkafka my; wdldrhg h'

l| È. mif<dia wÕ= f,a

jg y;<sia mia wÕ= f,a

ta ±l reis kshu l f<a

fï f,i kshuhs ojq f,a

fï whqßka ilia lr .kakd ojq,a l|g fhdok wei ilia lr .kafka yrla yï

fyda t¿ yï fyda Ndú; lrñks' t¿ yu fyda yrla yu meh 2" 3l ld,hla c,fhys

fmdÕjhs' tu iu uDÿ ;;a;ajhg m;a lr f.k" fyd¢ka weo fnr lf|ys we;s l=yrh

jefik fia ;nd m%ñ;shg wkqj wjYH wdldrhg ne| ojq, ilia lr .kS'

fufia ilia lr .kakd ojq, wka jdoH NdKavj,g jvd úfYaI;ajhla olajk

;j;a fya;=jls" tla me;a;la w;ska iy wksla me;a; WmlrKhla Ndú; lrñka jdokh

lsÍu' wfkla ish¨ u NdKav jdokhg Ys,amSkA fhdod .kafka ;u oE;a muKs' ke;fyd;a

WmlrK muKs' ojq, jdokhg fhdod .kakd WmlrKh y÷kajkafka lämamqj kñks'

tneúka mxp ;+¾h j¾.SlrKfha zzú;;d;;ZZ j¾.hg ojq, wh;a fõ' lämamqj iE§u

i|yd zweÜfÜßhdZ jeks .iaj, fldagq Wmfhda.S lr .efka' lämamqfõ rEm igykla

my; ±lafõ'

by; wdldrhg iod .kakd lämamqj w,a,k fldgi i|yd frÈ má T;kafka

jdokh lsÍfï § ,siaiSu j<lajd .ekSug h'


ls%hdldrlu

1' mqrdKfha ojq, Ndú; lr we;s jdok wjia:d y;rla kï lrkak'

2' ojq,a wei iE§ug .kakd iï j¾. fol kï lrkak'

3' ojq, jdokh i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKfha ku l=ula o@

4' ojqf,a È. m%udKh iy ojq,a lf|ys jg m%udKh ,shkak'

úl,am jdoH WmlrK

úl,am jdoH WmlrK f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka bj; ,k øjH Wmfhda.S lr f.k

iq<x uÕska" oE;a yd WmlrK wdÈ foa fhdod f.k ;Ügq lsÍfuka fyda f;rmSfuka fyda

y~ Wmojd .ekSug yels wdldrhg ksmojd .;a NdKav hs'

yh fY%aKsfha § áka fnr" tlaiaf¾ fnr" .ia,nq ng k<d wdÈh ilia l< nj

u;l we;s'

ta wdldrhg iE¥ áka fnr ;=kla f.k tl áka fnrhlg j;=r 3$4 muK msrúh

yels h' wfklg j;=r 1$4 muK msrúh yels h' wfklg l=vd .,a leg 2$4 la muK

msrúh yels h'

jdokh i|yd fldagq lE,s folla Ndú;hg .; yels h'

tfia u f.dhï kegqfï § Ndú; lrk nqïueähg iudk WmlrKhla idod .;

yels h' ueá$ms;a;, l<hla iy tlaiaf¾ fld<hla f.k l<fha lg jefik fia

tlaiaf¾ fld<h ;nd lg .eg .ikak' thg ;Ügq lsÍfuka o y~ Wmojd .; yels h'

;j o lg fkdjik ,o ùÿre fnda;, lSmhla iy remshf,a$Y; mkfya fyda ldis

folla f.k tu fnda;,hg ldisj,ska ;Ügq lsÍfuka y~ Wmojd .; yels h'

óg wu;r j idudkH m%udKfha fmd,a lgq folla f.k t ;=<g ,S len,s folla

iú lr tu ,S lene,af,ka w,a,d fmd,a lgq fol tlg .eiSfuka o y~ Wmojd .;

yels h'


)

)

ls%hdldrlu

1' fi,ùfuka" ;Ügq lsÍfuka yd msöfuka jdokh l< yels úl,am jdoH WmlrK

fol ne.ska kï lrkak'

2' kï lrk ,o tla NdKavhla ilia lr jdokh lrkak'

idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK

iuQy jdokhla lrñka jdok l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd idïm%odhsl jdoH

NdKav fuka u úl,am jdoH WmlrK o Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' fï i|yd idïm%odhsl

NdKav jk .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" ojq," ;ïueÜgu" Wvelalsh" rndk wdÈ jdoH

NdKav iQodkï lr .; yels h' fïjd tla j¾.hlska tla NdKavhla j;a ;sìh hq;= h'

tfia u 6 fY%aKsfha § fuka u 7 fYa%Ksfha § ksmojd .;a úl,am jdoH WmlrK tla

j¾.hlska fol ne.ska fyda fhdod .; hq;= h'

Wod ( idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKavhla jk .egfnrhla yd thg úl,am WmlrKhla

f,i ilia lrk ,o áka fnr folla .ekSu iqÿiq h'

fufia ilia lr .;a NdKavj,g iy idïm%odhsl NdKavj,g ;Ügq lsÍfï §

fkdfhla wdldrfha Yío ksmofjhs' ;d,hlg wkqj fnr mohla jdokh lruq'

/ / / /

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

l= | . ; . ; fodï -

/ / / /

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

l= | g . ; g l= | g . ðx -

fuu fnr moj,g wod< Yío èjks jdok NdKavj,ska jdokh l< yels h'

Bg wu;r j úúO NdKavj,g moh fldgia lr §fuka úúO;ajhla we;s lr.;

yels h' WodyrK f,i my; j.=j n,kak'


.egfnrh úl,am jdoH WmlrK ojq, .egfnrh" úl,am

;ïueÜgu jdµ WmlrK

iy ojq,

l=|g .;g l=|g .ðx

fï wdldrhg fnr mo fjkqjg úl,am fnr mo fhdod .ekSu o l< yels h'

;j o - l=|g .;g l=|g .ðx ^by; j.=j wdldrhg&

p,a p,a p,a .ðx .ðx ^.egfnrh" ojq, iy úl,am jdoH WmlrKh

;ïueÜgu&

je,s mqrjk ,o ma,diaála

fnda;,h fi,ùu

by; wdldrhg o jdokh bÈßm;a l< yels h'

óg wu;r j ish¨ NdKav Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg jdokh

lsÍu l< yels h' by; i|yka lrk ,oafoa ;ks ;s; i|yd fnr mohls' óg wu;r j

fo;s;g wh;a ;d, rEmj,g o jdokh l< yels h'

Wod ( fodx ðx; .; fodx;

fujeks lú mo ks¾udKh lr jdokh lsÍu o l< yels h'

u< ysre;a nei hkj

iqÿ kx.s f.g tkak

nqÿ idÿ n,ka we;s

u,a myka o,a juq o

f;audjlg wkqj jdok

óg fmr W.;a mo weiqfrka fkdfhla wdldrhg mo jdokh isÿ l< yels w;r

f;audjla wkqj jdokh lsÍu o l< yels h'

jákd ixialD;sl wx.hla oDYHudk jk zfmryerZ f;audj f,i .ksuq' fmryerla

u;lhg .kak' tys kdoh ms<sn| y~ wjOdkhg fhduq lrkak' wE;ska tk fmryefrys

y~g lka ÿka whqre fufkys lrkak' Tng weiqKq uq,a u y~ isg wjika jk f;la

weiqKq y~ kej; wdj¾ckh lrkak'


fmryr ms<sn| lreKq idlÉPd lrkak' li y~ weiqfrka kï tu y~ Wmojk

wdldrhg úl,am jdoH WmlrKhla ks¾udKh lr ̂ f.dma fld< lSmhla È.g brd ̂ fjka

fkdlr& .; yels h'

bka miq j .fï fmryefrys kï m~qre fmÜáhla fid,jñka tk y~ wefihs' ta

fjkqjg fgdksla mshkaj,ska ie¥ j<,af,ka m%fhdack .; yels h'

bka miq fyaúis y~ fjkqjg áka fnr" whsialS%ï fldamamj,ska iE¥ ;ïueÜgï"

.ia,nq ngfhka ieÿï,;a k<dj wdÈh .ekSug mq¿jk'

tfia u .eñ kegqïj, § ,S tlg .eiSfuka ,S fl<s ;d, y~g o" fmd,algq tlg

.eiSfuka m;=re kegqfï y~g iudk y~la Wmojd .; yels h'

fï wdldrhg úl,am jdoH NdKav yiqrejd fmryerla i|yd iuQy jdokhla

bÈßm;a l< yels h'


4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine|s .dhkdj, miqìu yd .dhkh

jkakñj, iudc ixialD;sl miqìu

Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk k¾;k iïm%odh ;s%;ajhg u fmdÿ jQ jkakï" uq,a

hq.fha rpkd jS we;af;a .dhkh i|yd h' Wvrg jkakï yd inr.uq jkakï úfkdaodiajdoh

wruqKq fldg f.k rpkd ù we;s w;r" my;rg iskaÿ jkakï foúkqjr Wmq,ajka ̂ úIaKq&

foúhka flfrys Nla;sh fmr±ß fldg f.k Ydka;shla wfmalaIdfjka rpkd ù we;s nj

fmfka' .dhk lsÍu i|yd u rpkd ù we;s fuu jkakïj,g miq ld,fha k¾;kh

fhdod f.k we;' m%ia;=;fhka lshfjk woyi m%ldY ùula idïm%odhsl jkakï

k¾;kfha § bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu fmdÿ ,laIKhls' .dhkhg wkqj ;d,dkql+, p,khkays

fh§u jkakï k¾;kfha wdfõKsl iajNdjh hs'

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha jkakï oy wgla o my;rg iskaÿ jkakï ;sia folla

o Ndú;fha we;s w;r inr.uq iïm%odhfha jkakï ^21& úis tlla f,i ms<sf.k we;s

kuqÿ ±kg jkakï oy wgla Ndú;fha mj;S' kdñl jYfhka Wvrg yd inr.uq iuyr

jkakïj, iudk;ajhla olakg we;s w;r my;rg iskaÿ jkakï ;d, Í;Skag wkql+, j

,shù we;s nj fmfka'

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh - ;=rÕd jkaku

;=rÕd hkq wYajhdg iudkd¾: mohls' ;=rÕd jkakfï m%ia;=;fhka j¾Kkd

jkafka isÿy;a l=ure .sysf.h w;yer lka;l kï jQ wiq msg keÕS wfkdaud .x f;ßka

tf;r ù meúÈ nj ,nd .ekSug msg;a jQ wdldrh hs'

fuu jkaku ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;sf;a ;d, rEmh wkqj .dhkh flf¾' tu ;d,

rEmhg wkql+, j .dhkfha kdoud,dj ieliS we;'

4 mßÉfþoh


my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh - NdjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

fmdÿfõ iskaÿ jkakïj, ±lsh yels fi;a Ydka;sh ms<sn| j wfmalaIdj NdjdÈ

;d,h iskaÿ jkakfuka ms<sìUq fõ' ud;%d 2 + 3 ;d, rEmh wkqj .dhkh flfrk fuu

iskaÿ jkaku rpkd ú we;af;a o úIaKq foúhkaf.a .=K ms<sn| j¾Kkd lsÍu i|yd h'

úIaKq foúhkaf.a ùr úl%udkaú; Ndjh úia;r lr f,dal i;a;ajhd wdrlaId lr fok

f,i kuialdr mQ¾jl j b,a,d isàu fuu lúfhka woyia fõ'

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh - l=Èrä jkaku

ud;%d 2 + 3 ;d, rEm wkqj l=Èrdä jkaku .dhkd flf¾'

^* jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'&

l=̈ kegqfuS .dhkdj, iudÔSh yd ixialD;sl miqìu

lDIsld¾ñl iudcfha w;HjYH WmlrKhla f,i Ndú; jQ l=,a, mokï lr

f.k ks¾udKh ù we;s lú" l=¨ kegqfó lú jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'

l=,a, ilia lr we;s wdldrh ta i|yd fhdod .;a wuqøjH yd l=¨ /f.k

ls%hdldrlïj, fhfok ldka;djka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuka u l=,a, Wmfhda.S lr f.k

isÿ flfrk úúO ld¾hhka .ek o l=¨ lúj,ska lshfõ' ir, NdId ffY,shla fhdod

.ksñka l=,af,ka isÿ flfrk fuu ld¾hhka w;sYfhdala;shlska f;dr j .eñ lúhd

bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrh tu lú ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuid ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuys

kdo ud,dfõ iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka l=,af,ka lrkq ,nk ls%hdldrlï ksrEmKh lsÍug

WÑ; whqßka ks¾udKh ù ;sîuhs'

Wod ( rkaf;,Uqfõ yd r;akj,a,sfha tk lú o l=¨ kegqu i|yd Ndú;hg

.efka'

;d,ï kegqfuS lúj, iudc ixialD;sl miqìu

YS% ,xldfõ m%p,s; .eñ .dhkd w;r ;d,ï lú ;j;a iqúfYaI fldgila f,i

ye¢kaúh yels h' k¾;k" .dhk" jdok hk ;s%;aaj ls%hdj,sfha § ;d, ;eîu fyj;a

;d,h u;= fldg ±laùu ;d,ïmáka isÿ fõ' my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh folg

u jvd ;d,h biau;= fldg ±laùu i|yd ;d,ïmg Ndú; flfrkafka Wvrg k¾;k

iïm%odhfha § h' ta wkqj ;d,ïfmdáka isÿ flfrk fuu ls%hdj,sh ;j ÿrg;a u;=

fldg ±laùu i|yd ;d,ïfmdg iïnkaO fldg f.k úúO woyia ±lafjk lú ks¾udKh

ù we;s whqre úuid n,uq' ±kg rpkd ù we;s we;eï ;d,ï lú úuid ne,Sfï § ;ukaf.a

m%;sjd§kag wNsfhda. lrk wdldrh" tys we;s iqúfYaI;ajh nj;a ir, NdId ffY,shla

fhdod .ksñka ks¾udKh lr we;s nj;a fmfka' fï wkqj Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha §

Ndú; l< ;d,ïmg weiqre lr .ksñka ;d,ï lú kñka lú .dhkh ks¾udKh ù we;s

neõ lsj yels h'

Wod ( wf.a jvk uf.a ;d,ï '''''''''''''''''''' ^36 msgqj n,kak&


u,ahyka lúj, iudchSh yd ixialD;sl miqìu

´kE u iudchl iqn lghq;a;la wdrïNfha foú foaj;djqkaf.ka wdYS¾jdoh ,nd

.ekSu isß;ls' tksid u lrorhla" wm, Wmøjhla" wiajekafka wvq jeä ùula isÿ jqj

o foúhkaf.a msysg ,nd.ekSfï wruqKska fndfyda Ydka;sl¾u isÿ lrk ,o w;r tys

uQ,sl wruqK jkafka foú - foaj;djkag mqofi;a ,nd § msysg ,nd .ekSu hs' fï ksid

Ydka;s l¾u wdrïNfha § Ydka;sl¾u rx. N+ñh bÈßmiska u,a hykla b¢fldg tu

hykg foúhkag jäk f,i wdrdOkd iajrEmfhka .dhkd lrkq ,nk ldjH úfYaIh

u,a hyka lú hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' fïjd Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk ;s%úO iïm%odhhkays

fhdod .efka' m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajh wkqj mqo ,nk foúhka uq,a fldg fïjd bÈßm;a lrhs'

iïm%odhhka wkqj fuu .dhkdj, kdoud,djkaf.a fjkila ±lsh yels h'

Wod ( ñyska;,h wgiegf,k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

mqgqj iri,hs''''''''''''''''''''''''''

;,u, lú .dhkdj, iudÔh yd ixialD;sl miqìu

.%dóh mßirfha iajNdj fi!kao¾hh úoydmdk ;, .i §¾> ld,hlg miq tu

.fia wdhqld,h wjika jk fudfyd;l ;,u, msfmk nj .eñ ck iudch ;=< mj;sk

úYajdih hs'

tjka mßirhl iqkaor;ajh úoydmdk ;,uf,ys iajNdjh" j¾Kh" m%udKh

jeks iqúfYaI ,laIK .eñ ck;dj wjÈ lrùug fya;= fõ' tfia jqj o ;,u, msì§u

.ug wiqN ixfla;hla nj .eñ ck iudcfha úYajdih hs'

tfia fyhska tod .eñhd ;,u, lmd .fuka bj;g f.khdu i|yd thg f.!rj

olajñka ysi u; ;nd f.k fyda we;= msg ;ndf.k fyda /f.k .sh nj lú .dhkdj,ska

u;=lr oelafjhs'


;,u, jreK lú .dhkh

fodx ðx ðx ;lg fodx;l ^3 + 4&

1' f,< foñfka u, Wvq .=jfka

uq;= l=v f,isfka iq<Õg jekqfKa

fid| f,isfka ñKs nrK f,fia

wE;g fmkqfKa rka fld; f,isfka

wm f.disfka u, ±l fk;sfka

is; msßh jqfKa ksu ke;s f,isfka

fuu f,isfka ;, u, msmqfKa

ils msh ilsfka fid| ., uqÿfka

2' hkag fid|hs YS% uy fnda wkqr mqf¾

f.dka ne¢ ßhlska hd yel wkqr mqf¾

fyd|g fyd|hs ;,u, we;s nrg nf¾

we;=msg jvjuq ;,u, ùÈ lf¾

l=̈ lú .dhkd

1' <ud ,sfhda .jid u,a jr, msg

oud lrg uq;= fmdg w; j<¨ jg

fmud jvk f,i irid Tiß mg

mud fkdj rÕ;s l=¨ f.k ifí msg

2' rka .sß uqÿfka ysre nn<kafka

j,a,s <÷ka yKs yKslg tkafka

wõj o jeiai o lshd n,kafka

l=,a, wrka wms kegqug tkafka

3' fudk ,S m;=frka l=,a, úhkafka

ng,S m;=frka l=,a, úhkafka

fudk ,S m;=frka l=,a, n¢kafka

ng,S m;=frka l=,a, n¢kafka


;d,ï lú .dhkh

1' wf.a jvk uf. ;d,ï irU n,kafka

jf.a fkd ±k wehs kqU,d lSug tkafka

lf.a .s,a, f,i neß fjhs kqUg fnd,kafka

uf.a oE; ;d,ïmg yrU n,kafka

2' i|jg ;reje,a weúÈka l, t<s ioafoa

uo fldg mjiñ weúÈka merÿK ioafoa

hqohg jij;= weúÈka merÿKq hqoafoa

n|jg lefrflk uf. ;d,ïmg ioafoa

3' wyfia ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï

i| jg lerlS hhs ;d,ï

fmdf<dfõ ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï

je,shg lerlS hhs ;d,ï

uqyqfoa ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï

/,s msg ieÕù hhs ;d,ï

wmf.a ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï

n|jg lerlS hhs ;d,ï

u,a hyka lú .dhkh

1' ñyska;,h wg ieg f,k fia, ffp;H fjfyrg

wU;,dj ñßi jeáh Nhd .sßh kï fjfyrg

ch .%S uy rejkaje,sh :Qmdrduh fjfyrg

wguia:dkfha isáh;a jäkak foú u,a hykg

2' mqgqj iri,hs uu ie, lrkafka

mqgqfõ ;sfhk o¿ nq,;=hs mqokafkA

legqj isõjrx iu.ska n,kafka

Y%shd foaú u,a wiafkg jäkafka


5'0 YS% ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odhhka yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl

miqìu

k¾;k iïm%odhhka yd ine¢ idrO¾u

w;S;fha § k¾;k wOHdmkfha ;lai,dj .=ref.or jQ w;r tys § Ys,am Ydia;%h

yodrk YsIHhd ̂ wdOqkslhd& .=rejrhdf.a wkq±kqu we;s j ckaum;%h n,d iqÿiq fydardjlg

wkqj foudmsh wjirfhka l,t<s neiSug iqÿiqlï ,nhs' Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk

iïm%odh ;=k ;=< tk pdß;% iq¿ jYfhka fjkialï mj;sk w;r l,t<s wjia:d fufia

kdñl j y÷kajd fokq ,efí'

• Wvrg iïm%odhh - ysi fjia ne£fï ux.,Hh

^YS¾IdNrK me,|ùfï ux.,Hh&

• my;rg iïm%odhh - uvq neiSfï ux.,Hh

• inr.uq iïm%odhh - .=re jrï §fï ux.,Hh jYfhks'

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha ysi fjia me,|ùfï ux.,Hh

.=ref.or wOHdmkh ksu lrk wdOqkslhd ;u ckau m;%hg wkqj kshu lr.;a

Èkg f;uila l,ska ls,sj,ska wdrlaId ù Wfoa iji iakdkh lr msßisÿ ù wd.ñl

j;dj;aj, fh§u isß;ls' tu jljkqj ;=< .=rejrhd wdOqkslhd fj; Ys,amh ,nd§u

isÿ flf¾' kele;a Èkg wdikak Èk 7la wdOqkslhd úydria:dkfha wd.ñl j;dj;aj,

fh§ iji wod< foú foaj;djkag myka me,la ilid myka o,ajd wdYS¾jdo ,nd .kS'

kele;a Èkg m%:u Èk rd;S% yÕ< we;=¿ rx. jia;%dNrK fma lr" fndaê mQcdjg iyNd.s

fõ' kele;a Èk WoEik .=rejrhd w;ska meka fodjd .;a wdOqkslhd úydr f.g f.dia

ysi fjia me,|ùu fi;a msß;a .dhkh ueo isÿ flf¾' bka miq iqÿ frÈlfvka wdjrKh

lr úydrf.ka msg;g meñK wod< pdß;% isÿ lr fnda rel fyda u,a nq,;a;gqj fyda foi

n,d jyka;rdj újD; lr m,;=re mQcdjla ms<s.kajd .=re md keueo ux.,ï k¾;kfhka

rx.kh wdrïN lr" Ys,amSh l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs' tys§ YsIHhdg ;E.sfnda. msßkeóu

pdß;%hls'

5 mßÉfþoh


uvq neiSu fyj;a l,t<s neiSfï ux.,Hh

my;rg k¾;k Ys,amh m%.=K l< wdOqkslhl= ish yelshdjka wka wh bÈßfha

m%o¾Ykh lrk iqúfYaI wjia:dj uvq neiSu fyj;a l,t<s neiSu kñka ye¢kafõ' uvq

neiSfï pdß;%h i|yd uvq hd.hla fhdod .kakd w;r l,t<s neiSu i|yd hla f;dú,hla

fhdod.ekSu mj;akd isß;ls'

uvq neiSfï§ fohdldrh; pdß;% úê olakg ,efí' wdOqkslhd lmq m;a;sks

flfkla kï uvq neiSfï§ y,x jevujd m;a;sks keàu l< hq;= w;r wjfYaI wdOqksl

Ys,amsfhla kï jdy, keàu l< hq;= h' fuu uQ,sl pdß;% úê ksu lsÍfuka miq uvq

hd.fha wfkl=;a k¾;k wjia:d i|yd wdOqkslhkag iyNd.s úh yels h' tfuka u

ud,lalï" nUr j<,a, jeks iqúfYaI olaI;d oelaùu o fuys§ isÿ flf¾'

l,t<s neiSfï § fndfydaúg hla f;dú,hla fhdod.kakd neúka ikakshl=u

we;=¿ wfkl=;a hla f;dú,aj,g wh;a k¾;k wjia:d wdOqkslhd úiska m%.=K l< hq;=

h' ish¨ u k¾;k Ys,amSka iyNd.s jk yekaoE iuhu keue;s k¾;k wjia:dfõ §

wdOqkslhdg ish olaI;d oelaùug wjia:dj ,efí' ta wkqj yekaoE iuhug wh;a

k¾;kj,g wu;r j ud,lalï" nUr j<,a, jeks iqúfYaI olaI;d o fuys § bÈßm;a

lrhs'

Wvrg yd inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhkays fuka iqúfYaI pdß;% úê my;rg

k¾;k iïm%odhfha § olakg ke;' tfy;a wdOqkslhd k¾;khg msúfik wjia:dfõ §

muKla ;u .=rejrhdg .=re m`vqre yd ;E.s fnda. m%odkh lsÍu isß;la j mj;sk nj lsj

hq;= h'

inr.uq .=re jrï §fï ux.,Hh

.=re f.or wOHdmkh ksud lrk wdOqkslhd Ys,amSh m%ùk;djhg m;a jQ úg Tyq

.=re jrï §u iqÿiq hehs .=rejrhd ;SrKh lrhs' Ys,am {dKh ,enQ mrïmrdjg wdfõKslj

mj;ajk Ydka;s l¾uhl § .=re jrï ,nd§u iQodkï lsÍu isß;ls' tkï uvq Ydka;s l¾u

.=re mrïmrdjlg wh;a kï myka uvqfõ o" hla f;dú,a isÿ lrk mrïmrdjla kï hla

f;dú,hl § o" n,s Ydka;s l¾u isÿ lrk mrïmrdjla kï n,s Ydka;sl¾uhl § o wdÈ

jYfhks'

fuys § .=rejrhd wdOqksl Ys,amshdf.a foudmshka ±kqj;a lrhs' wk;=rej Ydka;s

l¾uh mj;ajk ujla ta i|yd iQodkï ùug uÕfmkajhs' fuys § uvqj mj;ajkq

,nkafka wdOqkslhdf.a Ys,amSh m%d.=KH m%o¾Ykh l< yels whqßks'

uvqj mj;ajk Èk iji iqN kel;g wkqj yÕ, yd fk;a;sud,h ̂ ysia m<|kdj&

m<|jkq ,efí' wk;=re j mqjlau,a lsks;a;la w;g § .=rejrhd wdOqkslhddf.a ysiu;

w; ;nd .=re jrï § wdYS¾jdo lsÍu iïm%odhsl isß;hs'

wdOqkslhd jrï ,nk Ydka;s l¾ufha uQ,sl pdß;% isÿ lrkq ,nkafka wdOqkslhdf.a

uQ,sl;ajfhks' fuys § lú .dhkh" k¾;kh" ixjdo iy hla lú fuys ,d wka;¾.;

fõ' Ydka;s l¾uh wjidkfha .=rejrhd úiska wdOqkslhdg fi;a lrhs' wdOqkslhdf.a

foudmshka kE ys;=j;=ka Thqg wdYS¾jdo lrñka i;=g m%ldY lsÍug ;E.s fnda. o msßkeóu

isÿ lrhs'


Ydka;sl¾u

Ydka;sl¾u hkq lsishï mqoa.,hl=f.a udkisl fyda ldhsl fyda iqN isoaêh

wruqKq fldg foúhka" hlaIhka ke;fyd;a fjk;a n,fõ. ÿre lr Ydka;shla Wfoid

mj;ajk lsishï ld¾h ixisoaêhls'

foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odh ;=kg wh;a Ydka;sl¾u

iïm%odh Ydka;sl¾uh

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh fldfydUd lxldßh

my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh fofjd,a uvq Ydka;sl¾uh

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh myka uvqj Ydka;sl¾uh

Ydka;sl¾u meje;aùug fya;= jQ lreKq

w;S;fha meje;aùug fya;=j

• m~qjia foõ rcqg jeÿKq Èúfodia

ksid yg.;a frda. iqjm;a lsÍu

Wvrg fldfydUd lxldßh Ydka;sl¾uh

j¾;udkfha meje;aùug fya;=j

• Ok" OdkH" .j" uysIdÈ Nj fNda.

iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu

• mqo a.,hkag n,mE hï

frda.dndOhka iqj lr .ekSu

• .ulg" m%foaYhlg" uq¿ rgg u

meñK we;s jHikhlska ñ§ fi;a

Ydka;shla ,nd .ekSu

• wdOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhk yd

m¾fhaIK i|yd&

> >

>

>


• fiarudk rcqg we;s jQ ysiroh iqj

lsÍu

my;rg fofjd,a uvq Ydka;sl¾uh


• .ug rgg fi;a Ydka;shla me;Su

• ëjrhkag jdrlka ld,fha §

/ljrKh yd Ydka;sh me;Su

• iYS%l;ajh Wfoid

• frda. ksjdrK fi;a Ydka;shla f,i

• wOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhkh

yd m¾fhaIK i|yd&

> >

>

> >


iïm%odh

Wvrg

my;rg

inr.uq

m%Odk Ydka;sl¾uh

fldfydUdlxldßh

fofjd,a uvqj

myka uvqj


• fiarudk rcqg we;s jQ ysiroh iqj

lsÍu

inr.uqj myka uvqj Ydka;sl¾uh


• wïudjrekaf.a f,v f,i .eñhka

y÷kajk frda.j,ska w;añ§u i|yd

wkjYH wdydrj,ska ñ§ m;a;sks

foaj;dúh fjkqfjka fmaù fi;a

Ydka;s lsÍu

• wdOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhkh

yd m¾fhaIK i|yd&

> >

>

> >

mqo ,nk foújre

fldfydUd foúfhda

w¨;a fldfydUd"

uy fldfydUd"

mrK fldfydUd hk

fldfydUd foú ;=ka

lÜgqj

m;a;sks foaj;dúh

fofjd,a foúfhda

±äuqKav foúfhda

fod<y foúfhda

m;a;sks foaj;dúh

úIaKq foúfhda

iuka foúfhda

l;r.u foúfhda

úNSIK foúfhda

kd: foúfhda

fofjd,a foúfhda

Ydka;sl¾uj, mqo ,nk foújre


fldfydUd lxldßfha mqrdjD;a;h

úch rcq l=fõKsh irK mdjd f.k jdih lsÍfï § Tyqg Ôjy;a; iy Èid,d

kï ore fofokd WmÈ;s' blaì;s Tyq l=fõKsh m,jd yer uÿrdmqrfhka f.kajd .;a iu

l=, l=udßhl irK mdjd .kS' úch rcq flfrys fldamhg m;a l=fõKsh Tyqg Ydm l<d

h' úchf.a wejEfuka rc meñKs m~qjia foõ rcqg" l=fõKsh úiska úch rcqg lrk ,o

Ydmh jeÈKs'

isysfkka Èú fjila ±l ìhm;a jQ m~qjia foõ rcq n,j;a fia frda.d;=r úh'

fldfydUd lxldßfha Èú fodaIh kñka ye¢kafjkafka fuh hs' fuu Èú fodaIh ÿre

lsÍu i|yd fkdfhl=;a fi;a Ydka;s lrjk ,o kuq;a iqjhla fkd ,eìKs' wk;=re j

Yl% foafõkaøhdg fuh ie, lr isáfha h' Èúhl= isysfkka ±l ìh ùfuka yg.;a

frda.hla fyhska ujq l=fika Wmka flfkl=g ÿre l< fkdyels ksid uf,ka Wmka

flfkl= fidhd hd.h lrk f,i Wmfoia fok ,È'

fuu ld¾hh rdyq wiqf¾kaøhdg Ndr lrk ,§' rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd úIaKq foúhkaf.a

oi wj;drj,ska tlla jk Èfhka" .skafkka" wdhqOj,ska fyda yShlska fyda fkd kiakd

n, we;s W!re wj;drh ,nd fokafka kï ld¾hh Ndr .kakd nj lshd isáfha h'

wjirh ,enqKq rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd i;a uqyqfoka tf;r ù" u,h rgg f.dia rcqf.a kkaok

Whk úkdY lrkakg mgka .;s' Whk wdrlaId lrk Whka m,a,d isÿ j we;s úm; u,h

rcqg ±kaù h' rcq W!rd we,a,Su i|yd kqjr wKfnr ,jd jeÈ fiakdj /ia lr Whk jg

lf<a h' W!rd u,h rcqf.a kqjrg jeo ud<s.d ì| ÿjk úg u,h rcq" ls;aisre" i|,s÷

hk ;=kafok w;ska ÿkq yS f.k W!rd ÿqne| ,laÈj meñKsfha h' i;a uqyqo mSkd .sh

W!rd ,laÈjg meñK yka;dk lkao wi, § .,la njg m;a úh' u,h rcq lvqfjka

fldgd úiauhg m;a jQ wjia:dfõ t;ekg meñKs ilafoõ rcq u,h rcq we;=¿ msßi fuys

f.kaùu msKsi fujeks udhdjla l< njla úia;r lf<a h' u,h rcq we;=¿ msßi m~qjia

foõ rcqf.a Èú fodia iqjm;a lsÍu msKsi wkqrdOmqrfha uyfujqkd Whfka kshñ; È.

m<, iys; uKavmhla lrjd Ydka;s l¾uh lsÍfuka wk;=re j Èú fodaIh iqjm;a úh'

fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a;h

fiaruka rcqf.a Whk md¿lrñka isá f.dakl= urd ouk f,i rcq úiska wK

lrk ,Èka fyajdhska f.dakd miqmi mkakd hk wjia:dfõ f.dakdf.a mh meg,S wi,

;snqK rcqf.a fmdl=K ;=<g jeà urKhg m;a úh' ;udg úm;a lf<a rcq nj ±k.;a

f.dakd Tyq flfrys fldamfhka urKhg m;a ù fmdl=fKys u l=vd ueçhl= ù Wm§'

Èkla rcq fmdl=Kg hoa§ ,iaiK u,la ±l th lvd iqj| wd>%Kh l< iefKlska tys isá

l=vd ueçhd rcqf.a kdihg .sfha h' bka yg.;a ysirohla iqj lsÍug fkdyels j isáh

§ Èkla rcqg isysfkka rEu;a ldka;djla fmkqKd h h' ta nj mqfrdays;hkag ±kaù h'

Tjqka mejiqfõ isyskfhka fmkS we;af;a m;a;sks foaúh nj;a fn!oaOd.u ia:dms; rglg

f.dia mska meñKúh hq;= nj;a h' tys § ,xldj f;dard f.k le,Kshg f.dia nqÿka je|

foúhkag mska § rejkaje,af,a § fofjd,a uvqj wdrïN l W nj lshefõ'

* inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a;

l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a'

42k

¾;k

h 7 f

Ya%K

sh - w

;sf¾l

lshùï f

md;

Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh" pdß;% úê iy ieris,s ^Wvrg&

Ydka;sl¾u

• fldfydUdlxldßh

pdß;% úê

• lma isgqùu• uvqj iE§u• uvq fma lsÍu• f;dg fma lsÍu• u, fma lsÍu• wdNrK jevuùu• u,ahyka lú yd

foúhka fma lsÍu

k¾;k wx.

• hla wekakqu• wiafka• wdjekaÿu• y;amo

• ÿkqud,mamqj • fldfydUd yE,a,

• hla;=ka moh • y;a moh • odk my • uvqmqrh

.dhkh

• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú

jdokh

• k¾;kh i|ydflfrk jdokh

• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdokh

• u`.=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a jdokh

ieris,s

• uvqj jgd f.dmafld<ieris,sj,ska w,xldrlrkq ,efí' uvqieriSu" whs, u,ahyka"msfoaks ;gq ieliSu i|ydo ieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;a l,flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjH f,ifhdod .kshs' ,S fldagq"mÜgd" flfi,a fld<"ynr, fld< o Ndú;lrhs' rx. NdKavks¾udKh o ieris,sj,gwh;a fõ' fmdÿfõ .;al, mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'

kdgHuhwjia:d

• hlalï• .=ref.a ud,dj• .nvd - fld,a,h

43k

¾;k

h 7 f

Ya%K

sh - w

;sf¾l

lshùï f

md;

Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh" pdß;% úê iy ieris,s ^my;rg&

Ydka;sl¾u

• fofjd,a uvqj

k¾;k wx.

• f;drK hd.h• f;,afu• fofjd,a"• jdy," m;a;sks• wU úouk

.dhkh

• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú

jdokh

• k¾;k i|ydflfrk jdok

• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdok

• uÕ=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a

pdß;% úê

• f;dgfug hdu• ñ,a, lemSu• ìfida lma

isgqùu• mQkdj fma lsÍu• myka m;a;=

lsÍu• ld, mkaou• f;drka hd.h• u,ahyka mQcdj• foajdNrK

mQcdj• foajdNrK jevuùu

ieris,s

• ùÈ yd f;drKwdosfhka rx. N+ñhw,xldr lrkq ,efí'uvq ieriSu" whs,u,ahyka" msfoaks ;gqieliSu i|yd oieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;al, flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjHf,i fhdod .efka',S fldagq" mÜgd"flfi,a fld<"ynr, fld< o Ndú;flfrhs' rx. NdKavks¾udKh oieris,sj,g wh;afõ' fmdÿfõ .;al, mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'

kdgHuh wjia:d

• wU úouk• fofjd,a f.dv

neiSu• we;a nkaOkh• ó nkaOkh

44k

¾;k

h 7 f

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sh - w

;sf¾l

lshùï f

md;

Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;k" .dhk" jdok" pdß;% úê" ieris,s înr.uq&

Ydka;sl¾u

• myka uvqj

k¾;k wx.

• foaj flda,amdvqj• uqÿka ;d,h• hyka ±lau• y;a mo fm<md,sh• u,a mo• mkaoï mo

.dhk

• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú• u,a hyka lú

jdok

• k¾;k i|ydflfrk jdok

• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdok

• uÕ=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a

pdß;% úê

• uvq fma lsÍu• ñ,a, lemSu• f;g fma lsÍu• wdNrK jevu

ùu• myka ±,aùu• mkais,a .ekSu• ìfida lma• isgqùu• ld, mkaoï

isgqùu• y,x mdjd §u• fi;a lsÍu

ieris,s

• ùÈ yd f;drKwdÈfhka rx. N+ñhw,xldr lrkq ,efí'uvq ieriSu" whs,u,ahyka" msfoaks ;gqieliSu i|yd oieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;al, flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjHf,i fhdod .efka' ,Sfldagq" mÜgd" flfi,afld<" ynr, fld< oNdú; flfrhs' rx.NdKav ks¾udKh oieris,sj,g wh;a fõ'fmdÿfõ .;a l,mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'

kdgHuh wjia:d• wU úouk• fofjd,af.dv

neiSu• rdud hlalu ûrd bmeoa§u&• wiqr hlalu• fmd;a lrhs

hlalu


k¾;k iïm%odh m%j¾Okhg odhl jQfjda

roa±,af,a fmdä uy;auhd uy;d

• inr.uq k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i lghq;= l< roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd Ys,amSh

{dkh ,enqfõ mshdf.ks' uq,a hq.fha fuu inr.uq k¾;kh iSud ù ;snqfKa

Ydka;sl¾uj, rÕ±laùug;a" úydria:dk wdYs%; j meje;s mskalï wdÈhg;a

muKs'

• 1947 j¾Ifha § inr.uq k¾;kh b.ekaùug inr.uq l,dh;khla wdrïN

l< fu;=udg 1959 j¾Ifha § Èlaje,a, uyd úoHd,hfha k¾;k .=rejrhl=

f,i m;aùula ,eìKs'

• 1964 § .srd.u .=re úoHd,hfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajhg ne÷Kq

fu;=ud b.ekaùu i|yd kshñ; ld,hg iSud fkdù wu;r ld,h o fhdod

.ksñka inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh b.ekaùu i|yd .=re úoHd,hSh

lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jYfhka uy;a lemùulska lghq;= lf<a h'

• bka miq j 1977 - 1990 olajd fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

f,i lghq;= l< t;=ud isiqka tl;= lr .ksñka m%dix.sl j b.ekaùï

lghq;=j, ksr; úh' fï ksid jeä isiqka msßila k¾;k wOHdmkhg

m%úIag lrùug yels úh' inr.uq k¾;k úIhud,d ilia lsÍug uQ,sl;ajhla

,nd ÿka fu;=ud ta ms<sn| jdo újdo mjd isÿ lf<a h'

• roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd lÓldpd¾h ;=ud inr.uq k¾;khg;a" .dhkhg;a"

ojq,a jdokhg;a tl yd iudk olaI;djla ±lajQ l,d Ys,amsfhls' fu;=ud

k¾;k ks¾udKhg iqúfYaI olaI;djla ±laù h'

• mdi,g" .=re úoHd,hhg" úYajúoHd,hhg muKla t;=ud fiajh iSud lf<a

ke;' ,efnk ieu wjia:djl u myka uvq" .ïuvq Ydka;sl¾uj,;a

k¾;kfhka fhÈKs'

• roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd kñka fuka u mrx.shd j;af;a fmdäuy;a;hd hk

kñka o fu;=ud ye¢kafjhs'


fÊ'B' fiaoruka uy;d

1908'09'23 Èk Wm; ,nd we;s fudyq m%ùK Wvrg k¾;k Ys,amsfhls' uykqjr

mQcdmsáh uy úoHd,hfhka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd we;'

bf.k .kakd ,o Ys,am Ydia;%

mshd jQ udok isßfiak .=re;=udf.ka Wvrg k¾;kh" fnr jdokh" Ñ;% Ys,amh"

uQ¾;s Ys,amh" klaI;%h wdÈh;a mkai, wdY%hfhka isxy," md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj iy

ldjHlrKh;a W.;a fu;=ud olaI l,dlrefjls'

úfoaY ixpdr iy bÈßm;a lrk ,o k¾;k

- 1930 j¾Ifha § m%xYh n,d msg;a j .sh Tyq tys § i¾lia lKavdhulg ne£

k¾;khla bÈßm;a lr we;' c¾uksh" fn,aðhu" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" yxf.aßhdj"

b;d,sh iy tx.,ka;h jeks rgj, o ixpdrfha fhfoñka k¾;k bÈßm;a

lr we;'

- tx.,ka; ixpdrfha § rd.sks foaúh iuÕ rdOd ls%IaK k¾;kh iy kd.

k¾;kh bÈßm;a lsÍug fuka u wehf.a k¾;k jev igykaj, k¾;k

wx. yhla bÈßm;a lsÍug o wjia:dj ,eî we;' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o zziqkaor

hqfrdamhZZ kï lD;sfha rdjK kD;Hhla o bÈßm;a lr we;s nj i|yka

fjhs' ixpdrl kegqï lKavdhula ilia lr fma%laIlhka bÈßfha /Õ=ï

±laùu" i¾liaj, iy m%o¾Ykj, rx.khka bÈßm;a lsÍï wdÈ lghq;= o lr

we;'

wOHdmk lafIa;%h Wfoid bgq lr we;s fiajh

- 1941 cqks 01 Èk .=rejrhl= f,i uq,a u m;aùu ,nd .ksñka udj;.u uyd

úoHd,hfha Wvrg k¾;kh úIhhla f,i b.ekaùu'

- .srd.u" fmardfoKsh" fmd,af.d,a," óß.u" ksÜgUqj hk .=re wNHdi

úoHd,hj, kegqï iy ix.S; mÍlaIljrhl= f,i fiajh lsÍu'

- .srd.u .=re wNHdi úoHd,hfha kegqï yd ix.S; lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i

fiajh lsÍu'

rÑ; .%ka:

* isxy, kdgH l,dj - 1944

* kD;H Ñka;duKs - 1949

* Wvrg kegqï l,dj - 1962

* kD;H r;akdlrh - 1959


* ,xldfõ hlaI hq.h fyj;a fldfydUd lxldß Wm; - 1955

* Y=N Ydka;s úê fkdfyd;a ,xldfõ n,s Wm; - 1964

* n,shd. úpdrh fkdfyd;a ,xldfõ n,s Wm; - 1967

- ks¾udKh lrk ,o uqød kdgH lD;s

* mKavqldNh

* f;a,m;a;

* úch l=fõKs

- l,d;aul lghq;= i|yd msysgqjk ,o ixúOdk

* ,xld uyck l,d uKav,h

* rdjK l,d ix.uh

tï'tÉ' f.dañia uy;d

my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhfha ud;r ffY,sfha k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i f.dañia

uy;d ye¢kaúh yels h' rghl=u fyj;a ßoaÈ hd.h" iQkshï lems,a," uyfidfydka iuhx

jeks Ydka;sl¾u ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqula t;=ud i;= j mej;s w;r" m%ùK Ydka;sl¾u weÿrl=

f,i m%isoaêhg m;a j we;'

k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i f.dañia uy;d m%isoaêhg m;a jQfha my;rg iqúfYaI

k¾;k wx. lsysmhla ksid h' kd.lkHd" .sks isis," mkaoï md,sh jeks k¾;k wx. bka

lSmhls' flda,ï kdglfha tk kd. lkHd kegqu b;d u is;a .kakdiq¨ wdldrhg

ks¾udKh lrñka fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i rx. úkHdih lf<a f.dañia uy;d h' tfia u

.skss isis, kue;s k¾;k wx.h o fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i ilia fldg bÈßm;a lsÍfï

f.!rjh o f.dañia uy;dg ysñ úh hq;= h'

my;rg k¾;kh fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i ilia ù fkd;snqKq wjêhl tajd

l%uj;a j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fu;=ud ord we;s W;aidyh w.h l< hq;= h'

f,dalfha rgj,a .Kkdjl u ;ukaf.a k¾;k yelshdjka m%o¾Ykh l< fu;=ud

wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka iïudkhg md;% jQfjls' fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha ndysr

lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i jir .Kkdjla fiajh l< f.dañia uy;df.ka my;rg k¾;k

l,djg isÿ jQ fiajh fndfyda fokd w.h lr;s'


ld¾h m;s%ldj

j.=j weiqre lr .ksñka ysia;eka mqrjkak'

Ys,amSkaf.a kï

fÊ'B' fiaoruka

wh;a iïm%odhh

my;rg k¾;k

iïm%odhh

Ys,amSh olaI;d

ojq,a jdokh

k¾;k l,djg

isÿ jQ fiajdj

k¾;k

lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

yd m%Odk

mÍlaIljrhl=

f,i fiajh

lsÍu

ks¾udKh lrk

,o l,d lD;s

Wvrg ;d,

Ydia;%h


6'0 úúO l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï

l;r.u foajd, fmryer

l;r.u foajd, fmryer isxy," yskaÿ" uqia,sï" wdÈjdiSka wdÈ ish¨ ckhdf.a

wd.ñl fmryerla f,i ye¢kafõ'

wruqKq

- ne;su;=kaf.a wm, Wmøj ÿre lsÍu

- foajdYS¾jdoh ,eîu yd rgg fi;ame;Su

- j¾Idj yd iYS%l;ajh ,nd .ekSug

- iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska rg fírd .ekSu

fmryer meje;afjk ld,h

lma isgqùfuka osk 44la f.jqKq ;ek § t<fUk wudjl f.ù" mqr mE<úh Èkfha

mqi kel;ska l;r.u foajd,hfha fmryer wdrïN fõ' wei< udifha ux.,Hh

meje;afjk uq¿ ld,h ;=< u l;r.u foúhka ñksia f,djg meñK isgqjk ,o lfmys

jdih lrk njg úYajdihla mj;S' t ksid isgjk ,o lma mQcd jia;=jla f,i i,lkq

,efí'

l;r.u fmryer yd ne¢ pdß;%

l;r.u foajd,hfha idïm%odhsl jYfhka jd¾Isl j meje;afjk m%Odk ux.,H

W;aij ;=kls' wjqreÿ ux.,Hh" wei< W;aijh" b,a uy ux.,Hh jYfhks'

.sks mE.Su" ìu fmr<Su" lgq .eiSu wdÈ ÿIalr ld¾hhkays kshef<kafka foúhka

fjkqfjka ±ä Nla;sh m%ldY lsÍu i|yd h'

uÕ=,a fmryer meje;afjk Èkfhys § úfYaI lejqï" lsßn;a ilia lsÍu pdß;%hla

jYfhka isÿjkakls' fuu leú,s ilia lrkqfha foajd,hfha f;ajdlrejl= jk .ïmy

úodfka h' fmryer mgka .ekSfï § zzj; ne£uZZ kï pdß;%hla fõ' j; ne£u hkq

foajdNrK f.k hk we;= msg jia;% we;sÍu h'

6 mßÉfþoh


.dhk yd jdok wjia:d

wei< mqrmif<diajl f.ù wjmE<úh ,nk Èkfha § zzfõ.j;a fmryerZZ kñka

ye¢kafjk úfYaI fmryerla meje;afõ' ÿjk fmryer hkq fuhg ;j;a kuls' fuu

fmryer uyd foajd,hfhka kslau j,a,s wïud foajd,hh fj; hhs' fuys § úfYaI

fyaúis jdokhla ±lsh yels j' ks,OdÍka bÈßfha meje;afjk fyaúis jdokfha § jdokh

lrkq ,nkafka tu wjia:djg muKla ieliqKq fnr mohls' fuu fnr moh kï lr

we;af;a zzùrmohZZ kñks'

fyaúis jdokh fuka u" oñ< fnrh kd.iajrï wdÈ NdKav jdokh lsÍu fuu

fmryef¾ ±lsh yels h' Bg wu;r j foaYSh jdoH NdKav o Ndú; flf¾'

foúhka jevu lsÍu isÿ lrkafka uyd foajd,hfhka ,nd.;a msß;a meka foajd,hh

mqrd biSfuka yd foajd,hh ;=< ;ekam;a lsÍfuka wk;=re j h' tys § zzyfrda yrdZZ

kdofhkq;a ;+¾h jdok" >Kagd yd iSkq kdofhkq;a wjg mßirh .s.=ï fohs'

fmryer t<sh lrk mkaoïlrejka o" iqj| Èh iy u,a biskakka o" ud¾.h mú;%

lsÍu msKsi ly Èhr biskakka o" iaf;da;% iy øúv .S;sld .dhkh lrkakka o" fmryer

fomiska .uka lrkq ±lsh yels h' fuys § isxy, yd øúv ck;djf.a tluq;=lu o

fmfka' fuys Èia jkafka rc fmryerl iajrEmhls' Bg fya;=j rc fmryerl we;=<;a

jQ ieu wxYhla u fuu foajd, fmryefrys wka;¾.; j ;sîu h'

k¾;k rx. jia;% yd ieris,s

fmryefrys jevulrjkq ,nk Y=oaO jia;=" hka;% yd foajrEm" jdikdfïÈh fj;

f.k hkqfha lmqrd, h' foajd,fha isg fïÈh f;la jQ ud¾.h r;= m,ila jeks

mdjdvhlska iy iqÿ úhklska ieriSu;a" Y=oaO jia;+ka f.k hk lmqrd, uqLjdvulska yd

;,mamdjlska ieriSu;a fï wjia:dfõ § ±l.; yels h' w,s we;=ka f.ka fuka u úÿ,s

nqnq¿j,ska yd ùÈ ieris,sj,ska fmryer w,xldr fjhs'

fmryef¾ bÈßfhka u isákafkda br y| ksrEmKh flfrk isxy, P;%" fiai;a

orkakka" yd Èid fldä orkafkda h' fm!rdKsl kshuhka wkqj ;u ;ukag kshñ;

fldä Tijd .; hq;af;a kskao.ï ,oaojqka úisks' B<Õg ks,fï we÷fuka ieriqKq

niakdhl ks,fï iy foajd,hfha f,alïjrhd ±lsh yels h' Tjqka fofokd fomi

lmqre iy myka w;e;s fyajd lrefjda fofofkla isá;s' foúhka jevu jk we;=msg

uqLjdvñka ieriqKq lmqrd, h' foúhkaf.a wdrlaIdjg fuka tfia .uka lrkqfha uy

foajd,hfhys fiajdj lrk m%Odk lmqrd, hs' we;= msgqmiska w;aje,a ne|.;a zzwd,;a;s

wïu,dZZ .uka lr;s'

Wvrg" my;rg yd inr.uq wdÈ idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx. fuka u l=¨" f.dhï"

rnka" ijrka" pdur" fõje,a" ;d,ï" ,S" lvq wdÈ úúO .eñ kegqï j,ska o isxy kegqu"


ykquka;d kegqu" fudkr kegqu wdÈ ks¾udK kegqïj,ska fuu fmryer w,xldrj;a

fõ' øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ ldjä kegqu" flfydU l<h wdÈ kegqï fuu fmryefrys

iqúfYaI fõ'

idïm%odhsl fnr jdok we÷ï lÜg,h yd idïm%odhsl k¾;k we÷ï lÜg, o

Ndú; lrk w;r úúO wdldrhg ks¾udKh lrk ,o rx. jia;%dNrK o kegqï i|yd

Ndú; lrkq olakg ,efí'

.dhkh" jdokh yd k¾;kh i|yd ia;S%" mqreI fomsßi u iyNd.s fj;s'

l;r.u foajd, fmryer ̂ ld¾h m;s%ldj&

meje;aùug fya;=

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fmryefrys olakg ,efnk k¾;k wx.

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fmryer yd iïnkaO iqúfYaI mqoa.,kdu1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fmryefrys olakg ,efnk ieris,s wx.1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ k¾;k wx.1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

meje;afjk ld, iSudj

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fmryefrys olakg ,efnk jdok NdKav

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fmryer yd iïnkaO iqúfYaI pdß;% úê

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Nla;sh oekùu i|yd lrk ld¾h1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ jdoH NdKav1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


fjk;a ixialD;sj,g wh;a k¾;k

lr.ï kegqu

bkaÈhdfõ .eñ kegqï w;ßka iqúfYaI jQ .eñ kegquls' ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;h uQ,sl

lr f.k fuys wdrïNh isÿ jQ w;r ;dkacdjQ¾ m%foaYfha wd.ñl mqo mQcd wjia:djkays

§ olakg ,efí'

mqo ,nk foújre

udß wïudka yd .x.d wïudka foújre

W;aij mj;ajk ld, iSudj

wf.daia;= udih ;=< bkaÈhdfõ yd ,xldfõ meje;afjk W;aijhls'

lr.ï kegqu yd ne¢ iqúfYaI ,laIK

iunr;dj ;nd .ksñka k¾;kh lsÍu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' ta i|yd l<hla ysi

u; ;nd f.k ir, p,k Ndú;hg .kshs' .eyekq msßñ fomlaIh u fï i|yd iyNd.s

ùu isÿ fõ' ;ks ;ks j yd hq., jYfhka k¾;kfha fhfo;s' f,dayj,ska fyda

ueáj,ska fyda ilia lrk ,o l<h úúO j¾Kfhka hq;a u,a j¾.j,ska irikq ,efí'

Wod ( r;=" iqÿ" ly u,a jeä jYfhka w,xldrh i|yd fhdod .efka'

l<h uqÿfka lvodisj,ska ilia lrk ,o .srjl= f.a wdlD;shla ±lsh yels h'

tu .srjd lerflk wdldrhg l<h ysi uqÿfka ;nd .efka'

iunr;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd l<h we;=<g iy,a oukq ,efí' u,aj,ska

irik ,o l<fha ljdldr nj biau;= lsÍug nïnq ,Shla l<h ;=<g isria w;g oud th

jgd u,a je,aj,ska w,xldr lr k¾;kfha pu;aldr nj jeä lr .efka'

ix.S;h yd jdoH NdKav

fnr j¾. yd k<d j¾. ix.S;h i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r ffkhä fï,ï

ix.S;h fuys § iqúfYaI fõ' we;eï úg .dhkh i|yd .S; o fhdod .efka'

rx. jia;%dNrK

oñ< ,laIK fmkakqï lrk idßh fkdfyd;a È. idh" yeÜgh yd wdNrK

ldka;djka Ndú; lrk w;r msßñ foda;sh yd mQk kQ, Ndú; lsÍu olakg ,efí' r;="

ly" fld< j¾K jeä jYfhka fhdod .kq ,efí'


fjk;a ixialD;s yd ne¢ k¾;k wx.

ldjä$lr.ï rx. WmlrKhla ilia lr .ekSug Wmfoia

- k¾;kdx.hla ms<sn| j rx. WmlrKhla (CD ;eáhla fyda mska;+rhla

fyda keröfï § my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

jeo.;a h'&

- yev;,h

- rx. WmlrKh ilia lr we;s wuqøjH

- w,xldr lr .ekSug Ndú; lr we;s j¾K yd øjH ms<sn| j fyd¢ka

ksÍlaIKh lsÍu'

- ta wkqj rx. NdKavhla ks¾udKh lsÍu'

my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a fjñka k¾;k wx.hla ks¾udKh lr

.ksuq'

- imhd .;a .dhkh yd jdoH LKav Y%jKh lr tys ;d,h ms<sn| is;kak'

- fuu k¾;kh i|yd fhdod .kakd p,k øúv wdNdihla f.k we;s nj

is;g .kak'

- rx. NdKavhla iunr lr .ksñka k¾;kh l< yels ir, p,k ks¾udKh

lr .kak'

- wjYH wjia:dj, § .=re Wmfoia ,nd .; yels h'

- ir, rgdj,g wkqj ksudjla we;s k¾;k wx.hla ks¾udKh lr .kak'

- ;ks ;ks j fyda lKavdhï jYfhka fyda k¾;k wx.h mka;s ldurh ;=<

m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

- fuu k¾;k wx.h mqyqKqùfuka Tnf.a isref¾ iunr;dj" bjiSfï

.=Kh" ord .ekSfï yelshdj hkd § .=Kdx. j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels h'

rduidka W;aijh

rduidka W;aijh wrdìh" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" bkaÈhdj" YS% ,xldj wdÈ

rgj, fjfik bia,dï ne;su;=kaf.a W;aijhls' uqia,sï wd.ñl kS;sh wkqj iEu

bia,dï Nla;slhl= úiska u wksjd¾hfhka u /lsh hq;= fkdaïì we,a,Su fyj;a Wmjdi

YS,h udihla mqrd wdrlaId lr wjika lrk Èkh rduidka W;aij Èkh hkqfjka

ye¢kafõ' fuu Wmjdi YS,h wdrïN ùug fya;= ù we;af;a bia,dï wd.ñlhkaf.a Y=oaO

jQ .%ka:h jk zw,a l+¾ wdkhZZ f,dj my, jQ ld,h isysm;a lsÍfï wNsm%dhh hs' ia;S%

mqreI fNaohlska f;dr j ieu bia,dï Nla;slhl= úiska u wksjd¾hfha u l< hq;= fulS

Wmjdih i|yd wjq' 07g wvq jhiaj, orejkag" YÍr Yla;sfhka ÿ¾j, frda.Skag yd

jhia.; jQjkag wjir fkd,efí'

WoEik ysre Wodj;a iuÕ m%:u hd{dfjka wdrïN lrk Wmjdih ysre nei .sh

miq ksud fldg wdydr ms<sfh< lrf.k ojfia tl u wdydr fõ, wkqNj lsÍu


fudjqkaf.a isß;ls' Wmjdi ld,h wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd fjka jQ ld,hla neúka fï

udifha § b;d u Nla;sfhka yd lemùfuka wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq

lsÍug bia,dï Nla;slfhda fhduq fj;s'

w,a,dya foúhkaf.a wdYS¾jdoh u; fï ld,fha ÿmam;a fmdfydi;a fNaohlska

f;dr j ;uka ms<sfh< lr .kakd wdydr" Ok OdkH jia;= we÷ï me<÷ï" fnod yod

.ekSfuka fndre lSu" u;ameka mdkh lsÍu jeks ÿYapß;j,ska ñ§fuka Wmjdi YS,h /

lSu fuys iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' tfuka u udkisl ixjr nj" ldhsl ixjr nj o we;s

fldg f.k hym;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd jirlg jrla fhduq jk fï Wmjdi ld,h

^fkdaïì we,a,Su& cqks udifha fmda Èk i| ne,Sfuka miq j h<s cQ,s udifha fmda Èk i|

ne,Sfuka wjika fõ'

fkdaïì wjika jQ miq isxy, w¨;a wjqreÿ pdß;% fuka keoE ys;j;=kaf.a ksfjiaj,g

hdu o isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï wkqj bia,dï ne;su;=kaf.a iuÕsh j¾Okh ùu;a" wd.ñl

jYfhka" cd;sl jYfhka tla ù ÈhqKqj i|yd;a zzrduidka W;aijhZZ foúhka jykafiaf.ka

Tjqkg ,enqK ienE wdo¾Yhla f,i i,l;s'


7'0 w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka m%dix.sl l,dx. ks¾udKh

.S;hl iqúfYaI;d

wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d '''''''''''''''''''''''''' .S;h

fjila lel=¿ w;= w. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .S;h

wvx.= CD mghla$.=rejrhd úiska fyda isiqjl= úiska fyda lrk ,o .dhkhg

ijka §u'

wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d .S;h

mo rpkh ( kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd iQÍyq

.S; .dhkh ( fcdaka o is,ajd kdgH lKavdhu

fuh kQ¾;s .S;hls' fjiaika;r yd ukaøS foaúhf.a újdyh f;aud lr.;a .S;hls'

fuu .S;h we;=<;a ù we;af;a fjiaika;r cd;l l:dj weiqfrka kS;s{ fcdaka

o is,ajd iQÍka úiska rpkd lrk ,o fjiaika;r kQ¾;s kdgHfha h'

fjila lel=¿ .S;h

mo rpkh ( u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=ud

ix.S; ks¾udKh ( ;kq ks¾udKh - iqks,a idka; uy;d

ix.S; ks¾udKh - î'weia' fmf¾rd uy;d

.S; .dhkh ( bkaødKs úfÊnKavdr uy;añh

ir, mo rpkfhka fuka u .S ;kq ir, núka o hq;a fï .S;h we;=<;a jkafka

Ñ;%mg ix.S;fha ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,flk 1956 ksIamdokh jQ zf¾LdjZ kï

Ñ;%máfha h'

7 mßÉfþoh


.S;hg wkqj k¾;k ks¾udK i|yd Wmfoia

• ±ka Tn leue;s mßÈ fï .S; foflka tlla f;dard .kak'

• lKavdhïj,g fn§ fyda ;ks ;ks j u fyda f;dard .;a .S;hg p,k

ks¾udKh lrkak'

tys § my; i|yka Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka k¾;kh ks¾udKh lr.kak'

• .S;fha woyig wkqj fyda Tn leu;s wdldrhg fyda p,k ks¾udKh

lr.kak'

• ix.S; LKav i|yd o iqÿiq p,k fhdod .ksñka k¾;kh w,xldr lr.kak'

• .S;fha woyig wkqj p,k fhdod .ekSfï § uqyqfKa bßhjq flfrys o

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• p,k ks¾udKh lsÍfï § mdi,g .e<fmk wdldrhg p,k ilia lr

.ekSug ie,ls,su;a jkak'

• wjldY Ndú;fha § Èid" ;," rgd ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• wjYH wjia:dj, § .=rejrhdf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSug yels h'

• lKavdhïj, § wka whf.a woyiaj,g o .re lrñka iduQysl j k¾;kfha

fhfokak'

• lKavdhï wkqj fyda ;ks ;ks j Tnf.a ks¾udK bÈßm;a lrkak'

ld¾h m;s%ld

1' fuu .S; Y%jKh lsÍfï § Tn is;g ±kqKq woyia folla ,shkak'1'2'

2' ojg .yuqÿfka isg y~k mlaIshd kï lr mlaIshl=f.a p,khka bÈßm;a lrkak'

3' tu mlaIshdf.a kdoh wemg wefikafka '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ld,fha § h'

4' .S;hg wkqj zzf,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafkaZZ l=uk fya;= ksid o@

1'2'3'

5' fjiaika;r kQ¾;s kdgHh rpkd lrk ,oafoa l=uk cd;sl l:dj weiqre lr.ksñka o@

6' hd lrkak'1' fjila lel=¿ .S; .dhkh u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=ud2' fjiaika;r kdgH bkaødKs úfÊnKavdr uy;añh3' .S; rplfhls fjiaika;r l=ure ukaøs l=uß4' pß; folls kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d


.S;h - fjila lel=¿

fjila lel=¿ w;= w. b| kgk ú,dfia

bfrka yf|ka isß ú| ú| rÕk ú,dfia $$

msh,s i,d,d f¾Kq i,d,d iqj| Wrd isis,a iq<x yukafka

f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka $$

ojg .fya .y uqÿfka fldyd w~kafka

lEr,d o kdo foñka .yg fldgkafka $$

áx áx ioafoa ta ueo we;af;a

.u jg lr l=re¨ .S; wefikafka

f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka$$

lod j<¨ oE; Èf.a álsß ,shkafka

álsß álsß j<¨ y~ hs <má <÷kaf.a$$

.S; .hkafka .hd kgkafka

fld¨ fl,s fmdÈ .S .hñka kgkafka

f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka $$

.S;h - wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d

wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d

ukaøS l=udß n£

foafjdamldf¾ fõjd iE§ fi;a

rgjeiaikaf.a ldf, fyd|d

ÿ¾NslaI hdh is£

ux.,af,a idrfjjd iE§fi;a

fndau mS%;s f>daId wefikakd fï isõ Èid

fi; w;am;a fõjd ukaøs l=ußyg ±ka

rdc iïm;a fkdñka foah rdcd W;=ï

l=urdf.a mskla uhs

jdikd fnda''''''''''' jdikd fnda


ieris,s wx.hka ks¾udKh

• y;a wäfha Ndú; jk mshqï

• f.dma fld< fk¿ï u,

• f.dma fld< l=re,a,d

fïjd b;d myiqfjka ir, j ks¾udKh l< yels ks¾udK neúka my; i|yka

rEm igyka wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú; fldg ks¾udKh lrkak'

^1& ^2& ^3&

wjYH øjH (

f.dma fld<

fïrE úh<s fld< ^fmd,a fld<&

flfi,a fldg lene,a,la

brgq

msyshla

• 1 rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< lmkak'

• lmd.;a f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< wxl ^2& rEmfha oelafjk mrsos os.

yer .kak'

• ta wkqj f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< wjYH m%udKhg lmd È. yßkak'

• f.dma fld<j,ska iy fmd,a fld<j,ska wjYH m%udKhg fld<

lmd .kak'

• flfi,a fldg lene,a,la ^w`.,a 5la Wig ilia lr .kak'&

• lmd .kakd ,o fld< wxl 3 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ flfi,a fldg

lene,af,a Wv uqyqKf;ys brgq ;=fvka r|jkak'


wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

Wvrg kegqï l,dj - fiaoruka" fÊ'B'

weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u

fld<U 1979

k¾;khg w;aje,la - cd'w'wd'

YS% ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld,h 2000

k¾;kh 10 fYa%Ksh - u,a,jwdrÉÑ" iageka,s f.a%Ika

u,amsh<s 2000

my;rg kegqï - iõßia is,ajd" tia'tÉ'

tï'ã' .=Kfiak 1965

inr.uq kegqï l,dj - fla'B' iqis,r;ak

fikr;a m%ldYk 2006

isxy, k¾;k l,dj - Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia

weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

1998

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w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;