1

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti

Tbilisi, 0108, saqarTvelo

humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa

da marTvis fakulteti

xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTuleba

medea gunia

X saukunis Sua xanebis qarTuli safasado

plastikis Taviseburebani

kumurdos taZris magaliTze

sadisertacio naSromis referati

warmodgenilia xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris

(PhD) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

2015

2

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos s

axelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis

fakulteti

sadoqtoro programa:

xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi,

xelovnebaTmcodneoba

qvedargis kodi 100707

avtoris xelmowera .................................

dacva daniSnulia . .2015

xelmZRvaneli:

nato gengiuri, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Teatrisa da

kinos universitetis profesori

recenzentebi :

dimitri TumaniSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa

profesori

Tamar xundaZe, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa asoc.

profesori

eqspertebi:

dimitri TumaniSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa

profesori

qristian fraigangi, xelovnebaTmconeobis doqtori, berlinis

Tavisufali universitetis profesori

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reziume

qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebSi mZafrad

warmoCenili simboluri Txrobis elementebi, yvelaze

uxvad, X saukunis II naxevris taZrebSia Tavmoyrili.

erT-erTi yvelaze idumali, maRali ostatobiT

Seqmnili Zegli gaxlavT 964 wliT daTariRebuli

kumurdos sakaTedro taZari. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven

gadavwyviteT esoden vrceli Tema erTi konkretuli

Zeglis garSemo Segveswavla da swored kumurdos

kvlevis Sedegad warmogveCina X saukunis Sua xanebis

safasado reliefis azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis

mTavari aspeqtebi.

kumurdos taZris udidesi kulturuli Tu

mxatvruli Rirebulebis miuxedavad mis Sesaxeb

srulebiT damoukidebeli (monografiulixasiaTis)

kvleva aravis ganuxorcielebia. amitomac, Cven vecadeT,

dReisaTvis mitovebuli da savalalo mdgomareobaSi

myofi Zegli maqsimalurad Segveswavla da

SeZlebisdagvarad gagveSala yvela is Tema, rac

kumurdos taZris istorias ukavSirdeba da mis

dRevandel mdgomareobas asaxavs.

kumurdos taZris kompleqsurma kvlevam

saSualeba mogvca gamovkveToT, qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zegli,

ara marto misi mravalafsiadianobidan gamomdinare,

aramed rogorc erT-erTi pirveli Zegli qarTul

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi sadac Sekrulia rogorc

arqiteqturuli formebi, ise Semkulobis mxatvrul-

kompoziciuri sistema da warmoCenilia erTiani ideur-

Sinaarsobrivi sazrisi, rac sulis xsnas ukavSirdeba.

amasTan, safasado Semkulobis erT-erTi mTavari

komponentis - reliefuri mqandakeblobis calke

ganxilviT Cven warmovadgineT X saukunis II naxevris

farglebSi ganviTarebuli evoluciuri xazi, rac

sibrtyobriobidan moculobiTi sxeulis miRwevaSi

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mdgomareobs da eqspresiulad gazviadebul,

disproporciulad warmodgenil figurebs qmnis.

sainteresoa aseve reliefis mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi

enis safuZvelSi xazobrivi dinamikis dominantoba,

riTic igi srulebiT TviTmyofad saxes iZens. am

konkretul aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT paralelebis

moZiebam sxva qveynebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebidan

iberiis (pirineis) naxevarkunZulis preromanuli

stilis arqiteqturis magaliTebTan migviyvana.es

Zalian saintereso sakiTxia, gansakuTrebiT im fonze,

rodesac arsebobs garkveuli mosazrebebi

istorikosebs Soris zogadad iberiis naxevarkunZulis

macxovreblebsa (konkretulad baskebsa) da qarTvelur

tomebs Soris naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb. am mxriv,

Cven vawydebiT im faqtobriv masalas rac ziari

saxviTi enisadmi midrekilebiT warmoCndeba da risi

safuZvelic SesaZloa genetikur-kulturuli siaxlove

aRmoCndes.

sadisertacio naSroms erTvis: gamoyenebuli

literaturis nusxa; danarTi; ilustraciebis krebuli;

disertaciis ZiriTadi nawili moicavs 194 nabeWd

gverds.

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Sinaarsi naSromis zogadi daxasiaTeba ------------------------------ 6-14 gv. Temis aqtualoba kvlevis mizani, obieqti da meTodebi ZiriTadi Sedegebi da mecnieruli siaxleebi naSromis struqtura naSromis mokle Sinaarsi Sesavali _ qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis X saukunis II naxevris maxasiaTeblebi ----------------------------------------------- 14 I Tavi - kumurdos taZris istoria da arqiteqturis

aRwera --------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.1. samecniero literaturis mimoxilva 1.2. kumurdos taZris istoriis mimoxilva 1.3. kumurdos taZris arqiteqtura 1.3.1. safasado Semkulobis aRwera 1.4. kumurdos Sida sivrcis ganxilva 1.4.1 kumurdos kedlis mxatvroba

1.5. kumurdos taZarze warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebi

II Tavi - kumurdos taZris mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi

2.1. kumurdos Sida sivrcis stilisturi analizi ----- 28

2.2. kumurdos gare masebis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi

2.2.1. kumurdos taZris gverdiTa fasadebi

III Tavi - kumurdos taZris simboloTmetyveleba-------- 32 3.1. qristianuli simbolikis sawyisebi 3.2.kumurdos mqandakeblobis saerTo sazrisis

gamokvleva IV Tavi - qarTuli X saukunis xuroTmoZRvruli

Semkulobis saxviTi ena -------------------------------- 36 4.1. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis saerTo niSnebi

4.1.1…qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado gaformebis sistemis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da misi Sedareba sxva xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis TvisebebTan

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4.1.2. qarTuli da iberiis naxevarkunZulis preromanuli stilis saxviTi enis Tanxvedra

4.1.3 X saukunis qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi

daskvna --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

disertaciis Temaze gamoqveynebuli naSromebis sia—46 ilustraciebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 48

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Temis aqtualoba: X saukunis Sua xanebi, qarTul

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, aris gardamtexi periodi, rodesac

safuZveli eyreba safasado Semkulobis erTiani axali

sistemis Camoyalibebas. ostatebis winaSe dgeba

Semkulobis saerTo kompoziciaSi figuruli reliefis

organulad CarTvis sakiTxi. iwyeba calkeuli

dekoraciuli maxvilebis saxiT warmodgenili

gamosaxulebebis ideuri da mxatvruli

urTierTSerwyma. amasTan, am periodis Zeglebis

Semkulobis mxatvruli kompoziciis Semadgenel

elementTa SerCevaSi upiratesoba maT azrobriv-

simbolur mniSvnelobas eniWeba.

erT-erTi yvelaze maRali ostatobiT Seqmnili

Zegli gaxlavT 964 wliT daTariRebuli kumurdos

sakaTedro taZari. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven

gadavwyviteT esoden vrceli Tema erTi konkretuli

Zeglis garSemo Segveswavla da swored kumurdos

kvlevis Sedegad warmogveCina X saukunis Sua xanebis

safasado reliefis azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis

mTavari aspeqtebi.

kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari safasado

SemkulobaSi mraval simbolur formulas gvTavazobs.

X saukuneSi eklesiis samwysosTvis es formulebi

cxadze cxadi iqneboda. Cvens epoqaSi ki moxda wyveta,

erTgvari gaucxoveba da daSoreba

simboloTmetyvelebisgan.

kvlevis mizani, obieqti da meTodebi: imisaTvis, rom

istoriuli winaprebis mier saukuneTa siRrmidan

mowodebuli Setyobineba met-naklebad Sesatyvisad

iqnas gagebuli, kvlevis miznad safasado reliefebis

azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis arsis warmoCena

davisaxeT.

am mizniT, kvlevis kompleqsuri meTodiT,

ganvixilavTSua saukuneebis qarTuli sakulto

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nagebobebisara mxolod konkretuli kompoziciis

simbolur mniSvnelobas, rac aqamde ara erT mkvlevars

aqvs ganxorcielebuli, aramed taZris Semkulobis

saerTo sistemaSi yoveli niuansis urTierTkavSiris

ideuri mxaris dadgenas da erTiani semantikuri

sazrisis istoriul WrilSi gaazrebas.

sadoqtoro naSromis sakvlev problematikasTan

dakavSirebiT, stilisturi analizis da aseve

komparativistuli meTodis gaTvaliswinebiT, damuSavda

qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveynis saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvruli skolis safasado Semkulobis

maxasiaTeblebi, CuqurTmovani repertuarisa da

figuruli gamosaxulebebis roli da maTi

urTierTsinTezis xarisxi. TiToeuli regionaluri

skolis Taviseburebis qarTul safasado Semkulobis

ganviTarebis etapebTan Sejerebis Sedegad ki,

saSualeba mogveca, moZiebuli paralelebis fonze,

qarTuli Suasaukuneebis xelovneba ganvixiloT

msoflio xelovnebis konteqstSi. naSromSi

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo, adreqristianuli

epoqidanve Camoyalibebul gamosaxulebaTa simbolikis

kvlevas.

ZiriTadi Sedegebi da mecnieruli siaxleebi:

kumurdos taZris udidesi kulturuli Tu

mxatvruli Rirebulebis miuxedavad, mis Sesaxeb

srulebiT damoukidebeli (monografiulixasiaTis)

kvleva aravis ganuxorcielebia. amitomac, Cven vecadeT,

dReisaTvis savalalo mdgomareobaSi myofi Zegli

maqsimalurad Segveswavla da SeZlebisdagvarad

gagveSala yvela is Tema, rac kumurdos taZris

istorias ukavSirdeba da mis amJamindel mdgomareobas

asaxavs.

kvlevam daadastura kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris

udideso ostatoba da Rrmadganswavluloba,

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ramdenadac igi mtkiced warmodgeba rogorc Zlieri

arqiteqtori, romelic srulad flobs konstruqciul

elementTa teqtonikurobis SegrZnebas. amave dros,

kumurdos ostati udides niWs avlens ornamentul

Semkulobasa da reliefuri figuruli

gamosaxulebebis urTierTSerwymis mxrivac, sadac

orive komponents TavisaTavadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia,

Tumca reliefi ideuri sazrisis wamyvani elementia,

xolo CuqurTmovani figurebi misi arsis Semavsebeli

da Semamkobeli.

ramdenadac kumurdoSi mTavar fasads

aRmosavleTi warmoadges azrobriv-simboluri

qvakuTxedic swored aq iSleba. mxatvruli

kompoziciis analizis safuZvelze, Tamamad SeiZleba

daskvnis gakeTeba, rom kumurdos ostati flobs

saocar unars dauqvemdebaros X saukunis II

naxevrisTvis qarTuli safasado dekoraciisTvis

cnobili yvela xerxi mis mier Cafiqrebuli ideur-

semantikuri sazrisis warmoCenas. igi iyenebs, rogorc

feradovan aqcentebs, sibrtryobriv-grafikul maneras,

ise Zlierad moculobiTad modelirebul figurebs.

taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis gaformebaSi

erTgvari ideuri formulebis saxiT mocemulia

ZiriTadi semantikuri maxvilebi: mxatvruli

kompoziciis saerTo qargis Semkvreli sami jvris Tema,

rac centrSi qristes mewamuli jvriT aris

xazgasmuli, xolo fasadis gverdiTa, qveda

sarkmlebTan wnuli jvrebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu

gaviazrebT qarTul safasado SemkulobaSi

ikonografiuli programis arsebobis sakiTxs, romelic

gansazRvravs, garkveul wilad, gamosaxulebaTa

ganlagebis struqturas – es yvelaze Tamamad swored

sami jvris kompoziciasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom kumurdos

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ostati abalansebs aRniSnuli ikonografiuli sqemis

simbolur mniSvnelobas da mis mxatvrul funqcias.

kumurdos Semkulobis azrobriv-simboluri arsi

bevrad ufro farTod iSleba da centraluri

sarkmlis sapireSi Caiqsoveba. Cven maqsimaluri

yuradRebiT SeviswavleT dekoris yvela komponenti da,

TiTqos, `sasxvaTaSorisod~ warmodgenil

gamosaxulebebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis

fundamenturi mniSvneloba amovikiTxeT. es gaxlavT

sarkmlis SemomzRudavi samkaulis, masiuri reliefuri

TaRis konsolebis kuTxeebSi, sibrtyobrivad

gamokveTili adamianis saxis niRbebi. aq, erT mxares -

antikuri orsaxa ianusis warmarTuli sazrisis

qristianul religiaSi transformirebiT, warsulisa

da momavlis gamaerTianebeli, Zveli da axali aRTqmis

simboluri arsi davinaxeT, xolo meore mxares ki,

qveynis oTxi mxaris mcveli, oTxi geniis gamosaxuleba

davafiqsireT.

am gamosaxulebebs erTvis maxarebelTa oTxi

simboluri cxovelis saxiT warmodgena. Cven gvaqvs

araerTi SemTxveva sadac calkeulad gamoisaxeba

xarisa Tu lomis figurebi, xSirad Sesasvlelis Tu

sarkmelTa Riobis mcvelebis saxiT, rasac uZveles

tradiciasTan mivyavarT, magram ase konkretulad oTxi

maxareblis simbolos saxiT - angelozis, arwivis,

frTosani lomisa da frTosani xaris gamosaxulebebis

magaliTi reliefur monumentur qandakebaSi ar

mogvepoveba (Tu ar CavTvliT kankelis fragments

artaanidan da oSkis rvawaxnaga svetis kapitelis

gamosaxulebebs Soris, maxarebelTa simboloebis

tetramorfis saxiT aRbeWdvas).

amgvarad, aq mocemulia qristianuli moZRvreba

formulis saxiT - oTxi maxarebeli qristes sityvebs

iqadagebs qveynis oTxiv mxares da wminda werili

(Zveli da axali wigniT, rogorc erTi moZRvrebiT)

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gaxdeba safuZveli, amqveyniuri cxovrebis Semdgom,

zecaSi qristes didebis Tanazirad gaxdomis da

maradiuli cxovrebis damkvidrebis. es ukanaskneli

ki,(jvris qvemoT) `samoTxis~ mcenareebiT gamSvenebuli,

wriuli sarkmliT gamoisaxeba. maradiulobis,

cxovrebis Seuqcevadobis simbolo xom swored

Sekruli wre aris. gverdiTa fasadebze niSebis

konqebSi warmodgenili adamisa da evas figurebi ki,

swored maT gamoxsnil mdgomarebas unda asaxavdes da

sarkmelTa ornamentuli Semkulobis figurebSi

daqaragmebuli simboloebiT, kvlav samoTxis

yvavilebiTa da frinvelebiT savse samyaroSi Tu

wnulebiT xazgasmul maradisobaSi warmogvidgenen maT.

es ki, erTgvar mowodebas Tu imeds iZleva mrevlisvis,

rom ufali mowyalea.

aqve unda ganvixiloT Sida sivrceSi mocemuli

taZris Tanadrouli anikonuri mxatvroba. konqis saWeqi

naxevarwriuli, wiTeli feris qvidan momdinare

`sxivebi~ udaod mzis asociacias iwvevs. mze, rogorc

zecidan yovelives gamnaTebeli, gamaTbobeli erT-erTi

damkvidrebul simboloTagani gaxda

qristianebisTvisac.

kumurdos ostati uzomod Tavisufalia Tavis

gadawyvetilebebSi da arqiteqturis simbolikaSi

ierarqiulad aRmatebul adgils - gumbaTqveSa

trompebs, rac mxolod zeciur mkvidrTa adgils

warmoadgens - Tamamad uTmobs qtitorTa

gamosaxulebebs, rasac analogi ar moeZebneba. Cven

SevecadeT amogvexsna Tu ra iyo maTi aq ganTavsebis

mizezi. Semkulobis yvela elementis, struqturul-

formiseli analizis safuZvelze, ideuri arsis

amokiTxviT mivediT im daskvnamde, rom aq asaxulia

zeciur sasufevelTan myofi, gardacvlili leon mefe

(rasac xazs usvams misi gamosaxva SaravandiT da aseve

Crdilo-dasavleT afsidSi daculi sulis

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mosaxseniebeli warwera) da misi sulisTvis

mavedrebeli guranduxt dedofali. am mxriv, aq

mocemulia ara tradiciuli saqtitoro reliefi, risi

araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs qarTul monumentur

mqandakeblobaSi, aramed srulebiT sxva kuTxiT

gaazrebuli istoriuli pirebis gamosaxva. aq xdeba im

Temis gagrZeleba rasac mTeli taZris Semkuloba

eZRvneba – es gaxlavT adamianTa sulis xsna,

sikvdilis damarcxeba da saukuno samyofelis

damkvidreba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema: aRdgomis Jams

qristes sikvdilze gamarjveba, triumfi – X saukunis

ZeglebisTvis Zalian organulia da sxvadasxva saxis

simboluri kompoziciiT vlindeba. Tumca, vfiqrobT,

kumurdo maT Soris gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs,

radganac aq mocemulia ara erTi formula, aramed

simboloTmetyvelebis mTeli cikli, sadac TiToeuli

figuruli gamosaxleba Tu ornamentuli motivi

erTmaneTs avsebs da erTianad qadagebs qristianobis

arss.

am mxriv, kumurdos, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli

skolis erT-erTi marTlac unikaluri da uaRresad

Rirebuli taZris, Rirsebebis warmoCenis Semdgom,

kidev ufro mtkivneulia taZris dRevandeli savalalo

mdgomareobis aRqma.

sadisertacio naSromSi detalurad aRvwereT

taZarze warmoebuli 1939-40 wlis Tu 1970-80-iani

wlebis sarestavracio samuSaoebi, maTi udidesi

mniSvneloba da amasTanave, yuradReba gavamaxvileT im

naklovanebaze, romelic sarestavracio samuSaoebis

arasrulyofilad Catarebam gamoiwvia. is faqti, rom

mklavebis gadaxurva ar dasrulda dResac didad

azianebs taZars.

Ddaculobis TvalsazrisiT kumurdos

dRevandeli mZime mdgomareoba, saswrafo

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sareabilitacio samuSaoebis Catarebas moiTxovs. aqve

unda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom kumurdos teritoriaze

srulyofili arqeologiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, radganac SesaZloa aRmoCndes

dasavleTi fasadisa da gumbaTis raime xelCasaWidi

fragmenti, rac saSualebas mogvcems taZris

Tavdapirveli Semkulobis sistemis sruli suraTi

warmovidginoT.

naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba: Xsaukunis II

naxevris taZrebissafasado Semkulobis azrobriv-

simboluri mniSvneloba rom mravlismomcveli

Seswavlis sagania es kumurdos Zeglma naTlad

daamtkica. SemorCenili saxiTac ki,misi Semkuloba

simboluri Tu mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT bevris

mTqmelia. aq TiToeul gamosaxulebas imdenad Rrma

semantikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia, rom calke

gansaxilveli Temaa. Tumca, amasTanave yvelaferi

saerTo sazriss qmnis. kumurdos TiToeuli niuansis

Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca dagvenaxa, Tu rogor aris

ideurad Sekruli yvela saxis gamosaxuleba, iqneba es

taZris fasadTa saerTo Semkuloba Tu interieri

sadac, taZris Tanadrouli anikonuri mxatvrobiT,

warmodgenilia semantikuri sazrisis kulminacia.

am mxriv, kumurdos taZris kompleqsuri kvleva

saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovkveToT, qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zegli,

ara marto misi mravalafsiadianobidan gamomdinare,

aramed rogorc erT-erTi pirveli Zegli qarTul

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi sadac Sekrulia rogorc

arqiteqturuli formebi, ise Semkulobis mxatvrul-

kompoziciuri sistema da warmoCenilia erTiani ideur-

Sinaarsobrivi sazrisi.

kumurdo qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis

erT-erTi margalitia da mas Sesabamisi dafaseba da

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gafrTxileba esaWiroeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian

did imeds vitovebT, rom es kvleva garkveul wvlils

Seitans kumurdosadmi mzrunvelobis gaRviZebaSi da

amasTanave qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis

etapebis daxasiaTebaSi kidev ufro mkafiosaetapo

mniSvnelobis adgils daikavebs.

naSromis mokle Sinaarsi

SesavalSi mimoxilulia qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis zogadi

maxasiTeblebi. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia X saukunis

II naxevris periodze da warmoCenilia safasado

sistemis Camoyalibebis Taviseburebebi, ris

sailustraciodac arCeulia kumurdos (964w.) taZari;

amgvarad, gansazRvrulia kvlevis sagani, misi

aqtualoba, istoriuli foni, kvlevis meTodi,amocanebi.

I Tavi - kumurdos taZris istoria da arqiteqturis

aRwera

1.1. samecniero literaturis mimoxilva.

ganxilulia kumurdosadmi miZRvnili

naSromebi. gamokveTilia is Tematika razec xdeboda

mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

kumurdos taZarma mkvlevarTa yuradReba XIX

saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli, pirvel rigSi,

misi mravalafsidiani gegmiTa da uxvi lapidaruli

warweriT miipyro. es ukanaskneli marTlac Zalian

mniSvnelovania, radganac kumurdom Semogvinaxa misi

mSeneblobis zusti weli (964) rac saSualebas aZlevs,

rogorc xelovnebaTmcodneebs ise istorikosebs

imsjelon zogadad X saukunis II naxevris samxreT

saqarTvelos istoriul viTarebaze, moiSvelion igi

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sxva Zeglebis daTariRebisTvis da aS. am mxriv,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania valeri silogavas

monografia `kumurdos taZris epigrafika”.

kumurdos arqiteqturis uSualod

saxelovnebaTmcodneo kvlevis mxriv, pirvel rigSi

SeviswavleT giorgi CubinaSvilis naSromi `kumurdo

da nikorwminda...~. aq mocemulia taZris vrceli

aRweriloba da amasTanave gaanalizebulia misi

mxatvrul-teqtonikuri saxe.sainteresoa aseve vaxtang

beriZis mier, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis

etapebis maxasiaTeblebis warmoCenisas, kumurdos

araerTgzisi xseneba, rogorc saetapo mniSvnelobis

Zegli. avtori xazs usvavs taZris arqiteqturis Zalian

daxvewil, maRal dones.

kumurdos taZari uaRresad sainteresoa da

mravali aspeqtiT saetapo mniSvnelobis. sxvadasxva

dargis specialistebi viwro WrilSi ganixilaven misi

Semkulobis komponentebs: n. aladaSvili reliefur

gamosaxulebebs, r. Smerlingi ornamentul Semkulobas,

T. virsalaZe da z. sxirtlaZe mxatvrobas. kumurdos

taZris Sesaxeb saubaria Zvel periodul gamocemebSic.

1.3. kumurdos taZris istoriis mimoxilva

aRniSnul TavSi saubaria javaxeTSi,

axalqalaqidan 12 kilometrSi, sofel kumurdoSi

mdebare taZris istoriis Sesaxeb.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom kumurdos amJamindeli

mravalafsidiani taZari 964 wels aigo Zveli taZris

adgilas. amas safuZvlad udevs, pirvel rigSi, is

faqti, rom 506 wlis dvinis qarTul-somxur-albanuri

eklesiebis krebis dadgenilebis xelmomwerTa Soris

kumurdoeli episkoposi iosebic ixsenieba. amasTanave

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa, kumurdos maxloblad,

zevanisa da mtkvris xeobis napirze mdebare, areStis

(areSi) nasoflarze 1942 wels mikvleuli stelis

16

warwera.mis mixedviT 881-891ww. gurgen kurapalatis Ze

kumurdos taZars swiravs sofel areSts.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kumurdos taZarze

Semonaxulia mravali warwera, rac mniSvnelovan

cnobebs iZleva, ara marto uSualod taZris agebis

Sesaxeb, aramed im periodis saqarTvelos istoriaSi

javaxeTis rolze.·am mxriv gansakuTrebulia samxreTi

Sesasvlelis balavris qvaze warmodgenili warwera,

sadac aRniSnulia, rom igi aago 964 wels ioane

episkoposma xuroTmoZRvari sakocaris xeliT, leon

afxazTa mefis zeobisas, `erisTaobasa zuiaÁssa~:

samxreTiT, miSenebuli stoas kedelze ki

SemorCenilia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warwera,

romelic gvauwyebs, rom mefe bagrat IV dedis mariam

dedoflisa da zosime kumurdoeli episkoposis nebiT

"aReSena StoÁ ese" anu, es amowmebs im faqts, rom XI s-

is 30-ian wlebSi dasavleT mklavs sami mxridan gars

Semoertya stoa, romlis dazianebuli nawilebic

dRemdea SemorCenili. amave periodis aris samxreTi

Sesasvlelis marjvniv, zosime kumurdoelis kidev

erTi warwera. aRniSnuli warweriT vigebT, rom taZris

epigrafikaSi araerTxel naxsebeni kumurdos

`saSineli~ xati – `RmrTaebisaÁ~ macxovars unda

asaxavdes. rogorc Cans, mas gansakuTrebuli Zala da

madli gaaCnda da mniSvnelovan siwmindes

warmoadgenda. misi xseneba gvxvdeba kumurdoeli

episkoposebis mier qarTlis kaTalikosis mimarT

dadebul erTgulebis ficis teqstebSic. sadac

yovelTa uzenaes siwmindeTa Semdgom `yovlad

saSinelisa kumurdos xatisa Tavsmdebobaa” aRniSnuli

da erTgulebis niSnad ficia dadebuli.

XVI saukunis I naxevarSi javaxeTis saero da

sasuliero sazogadoeba jer kidev Zlieri iyo. swored

am periodSi kumurdos taZari mniSvnelovnad SekeTda.

amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs dasavleTi minaSenis

17

Sesasvlelis timpanis warwerebi. mosaxseniebeli da

saaRape warwerebi sxvac mravalia, maTi umetesoba X-XI

saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. istorikos valeri

silogavas naSromSi yoveli maTganis Seswavlis

istoria srulyofilad aris mocemuli, amitomac maTze

aq aRar SevCerdbiT.

XVI saukunis II naxevrisTvis samcxe-javaxeTis

mkvidr mosaxleobas umZimesi periodi daudga. isini

osmalebma didi raodenobiT amoxoces, darCenilebi ki

ojaxebiT ayares, TurqeTis teritoriaze gadaasaxles

da gaamusulmanes. swored am periodidan kumurdoSi

Sewyda wirva-locva. XVII–XVIII saukuneTa mijnazeki,

Zlieri miwisZvris Sedegad, kumurdom daaxloebiT

iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoradac dRes warmogvidgeba.

mlocvelTa da gulSematkivarTa gareSe darCenili

taZari Camocvenili qvebisganac nel-nela gaiZarcva.

gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, rodesac

aq axali, arzrumidan Camosaxlebuli somexi

mosaxleoba gaCnda. maTyofiTi saWiroebebidan

gamomdinare ukve dazianebuli, taZris mTavari sivrce

sawyobad gamoiyenes, xolo Semdgom stoaSi yvelis

qarxana moawyves.

sabednierod, kumurdos taZris mimarT

mkvlevarebis yuradReba xSirad aqtiurdeboda. rogorc

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, misi lapidaruli warwerebi did

interess uRvivebda yvelas. `wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa~ da, 1930-ian wlebSi

dafuZnebuli, ZeglTa dacvis komitetis wyalobiT mis

dacvas, avad Tu kargad, mainc axerxebdnen. yovel

SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis TviTnebiTi minaSenebi

moarRvies da taZris sivrce gaaTavisufles. garkveuli

sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebic warimarTa,

razec qvemoT dawvrilebiT visaubrebT. Tumca,

kumurdos gadarCenis sakiTxi kvlav mougvarebelia.

misdami realuri yuradRebis gamoCenis simwiris gamo,

18

taZris mdgomarebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad, bunebrivi

movlenebisgan Tu miuxedaobiT is sul ufro metad

uaresdeba.mimdinare (2015) wels, saqarTvelos

kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos

mxridan, arqiteqtor Tamar nemsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT,

mzaddeba taZris restavraciis proeqti. imedia,

yovelive pozitiur Sedegs gamoiRebs.

1.3. kumurdos taZris arqiteqtura

kumurdos taZari arqiteqturuli kompoziciis

mxriv, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli skolis erT-erTi

gamorCeuli Zeglia. igi warmoadgens jvar-gumbaTovan,

mravalafsidian nagebobas. taZris ZiriTadi sivrcis

gegma jvris formas Semowers, xolo eqsterierSi

kedlebi sworkuTxa, geometriulad mwyobr siluets

qmnis. Sida sivrceSi kedlebis sworxazovneba, TiTqmis,

srulad qreba da afsidalur monakveTebad

`nawevrdeba”. gamonakliss mxolod, sxvebTan SedarebiT

ufro dagrZelebuli da sworkuTxa, dasavleTi mklavi

warmoadgens. aRmosavleTiT mocemulia Rrma

afsidaluri sakurTxeveli. gverdiTa mklavebSi ki, or-

ori afsida erTmaneTis paralelurad aris

ganlagebuli. gumbaTi, afra-trompebis saSualebiT,

aRmarTuli iyo afsidTa kedlebidan Zlierad Sveril

maRal, waxnagovan burjebze.

kumurdos taZris jvruli gegmis TiToeul

mklavs lorfinebis orferda gadaxurva aqvs, rac xels

uwyobs fasadebze maRali proporciis, frontoniani

kedlis sibrtyis Seqmnas. aq xuroTmoZRvari

warmogvidgens safasado gaformebis sakmaod cxad,

simetriul mxatvrul kompozicias, risi

ganmsazRvrelic kedlis sibrtyis damanawevrebeli

samkuTxa niSebia: aRmosavleTiT ori – centraluri

sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT; samxreT da CrdiloeTiT ki

19

centrSi moTavsebuli da or-ori sarkmliT

flankirebuli.

naSromSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli

TiToeul fasadze konkretuli sareabilitacio

samuSaoebis kvali, gamoyofilia zusti areebi da,

Sesabamisad, warmoCenilia Tavdapirveli wyobis

struqtura.

1.3.1. safasado Semkulobis aRwera

kumurdos taZris safasado Semkulobis mTavar

aqcents aRmosavleTi fasadi warmoadgens. aq kedlis

sibrtyeze maxvili kuTxiT SeWrili ori niSa, Tavisi

ganlagebiT, mkveTrad gansazRvravs mTeli fasadis

danawevrebas. niSebs Soris moqceulia fasadis

centrSi gaWrili, saSualo zomis, TaRovani sarkmeli,

rTuli ESemadgenlobis SemkulobiT. fasadis kideebSi

ki, erTmaneTis Tavze, ornamentebiT damSvenebuli,

pastoforiumebis or-ori sarkmelia.qveda `sarTulis”

sarkmlebi odnav gverdiT, niSebisken aris

moTavsebuli, zeda wyvili ki niSasa da kedlis kides

Soris Tanabari daSorebiTaa gaWrili. kidev ufro

zemoT, fasadis centralur RerZze, kvlav CuqurTmebiT

Semofargluli wriuli sarkmelia, rasac mosdevs

ioane episkoposis, erTstriqoniani, didi zomis,

mwyobri asomTavruli warwera. boloski yovelive

golgoTas mewamuli jvariT gvirgvindeba. Tumca,

rogorc g. CubinaSvilis aRwerilobidan da n.severovis

rekonstruqciuli naxazidan Cans restavraciamde,

aRniSnuli jvris zemoT, kidev erTi mkveTri maxvilis

saxiT, mewamuli ferisve rombebis asxmiT

warmodgenili jvari avsebda frontons. samwuxarod,

CvenTvis misi aRqma mxolod warmosaxvas Tu

daefuZneba, radganac Zvel (Tundac 1902wlis)

fotoebzec ki, srulebiT ar ganirCeva.

20

amgvarad, fasadis mTavar maxvils centraluri

sarkmeli qmnis.misi Semkuloba dekoraciuli

elementebis garda Rrma simbolur formulebs

warmogvidgens.

rac Seexeba gegmaSi samkuTxa maRal niSebs,

maT konqisebr daboloebaSi Casmulia, sakmaod

moculobiTi formis, wverosani mamakacis Tavebi

romelTa zemoTac trompis zedapiri dafarulia

radialurad ganfenili reliefuri RarebiT (sxivebiT).

warweris Tanaxmad marcxniv zecis personifikaciaa

(caÁ), marjvniv ki q(ue)y(ana)[Á]). orive gamosaxulebis

mTavari maxasiaTeblebi: Tavis qalis moculobiTi

(`burTiviT~) forma; gamoSverili, mrgvali yurebi;

Rrmad CakveTili farTo Tvalebis Wrili, gadabmuli

warbebi; mkveTrad wagrZelebuli, wawvetebuli

wverebiT Semosili saxe – absoluturad identuria.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT ki, TvalsaCinoa maTgan

ganfenili radialuri sxivebis gansxvavebuloba.

marjvena mxares sxivebi amoburculi saxiTaa

damuSavebuli, xolo marcxena mxares piriqiT

CaRrmavebulia.

rac Seexeba gverdiTa fasadebs, aq

warmodgenilia or-ori sarkmeli, romelTa Sorisac,

aRmosavleTi fasadis msgavsi, TiTo niSaa SeWrili.

samxreTiT, niSis konqur daboloebaSi, warweris

Tanaxmad, adamis Tavia gamosaxuli, CrdiloeTiT ki

evasi.

samxreTiT gansakuTrebul rols taZris

Tanadrouli karibWe asrulebs. igi Zlieraa

dazianebuli _ SemorCenilia mxolod aRmosavleTi

afsida, rac, Tavis mxriv, aseve dazianebulia: centrSi

gamongreulia wyobis nawili da eqsterierSi srulebiT

Semoclilia perangi. amis gamo, mis gare masebze bevrs

ver visaubrebT. Tumca, aRvwerT mis Sida sivrces,

21

sadac daculia umniSvnelovanesi lapidaruli

warwerebi da, amas garda, reliefuri gamosaxulebebi.

mwyobri arqiteqturul - konstruqciuli

detalebiT karibWe zustad esadageba taZris ZiriTadi

masis mSeneblobis xasiaTs. karibWis kamarovani

gadaxurva Camoqceulia, Tumca, SemogvrCa mcire

trompebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia angelozis TiTo

reliefuri figura. angelozebi mocemulia

moculobiTi, daunawevrebeli sxeulis formebiT,

orantis JestiT da eqspresiulad gazrdili

SaravandiT Semosili TavebiT.

uSualod taZarSi Sesasvleli Semkulia

geometriul ornamentTan Serwymuli vrceli

saqtitoro warweriT. igi Tavisi SinaarsiT friad

mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac istoriul pirebTan erTad

dasaxelebulia taZris mSeneblobis zusti TariRi.

rac Seexeba dasavleT fasads, ganadgurebis

gamo mis Sesaxeb verafers vityviT. Tumca,

SemorCenilia dasavleTi stoas nangrevebi, romelic

taZars XI saukunis dasawyisSi miaSenes. igi warmodgeba

plastikuri ornamentis nairgvari repertuariT. amiT

ki kumurdos taZari kidev erT Rirebul cnobas

gvaZlevs, qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis arc Tu

vrcel monakveTSi, mxatvruli sametyvelo enis

ganviTarebis amplitudaze. yvelaze ukeT SemorCenilia

stoas samxreTi kedeli, rac mnaxvels izidavs Tavisi

ornamentuli Tanabari zomis TaRnariT.

minaSenis CrdiloeT kedelzec, iseve rogorc

samxreTiT, Tavis-Tavad gadasrolili iqneboda TaRedi,

rac kidev ufro mravalricxovan ornamentul motivebs

SemogvTavazebda, magram dReisaTvis maTi kvali

saerTod waSlilia. SemorCenilia mxolod sayrdeni

lilvebis bazisebisa da kapitelebis ornamentuli,

sakmaod saintereso Semkuloba.

22

rac Seexeba uSualod taZris CrdiloeT

fasads,niSis aqeT-iqiT moTavsebuli sarkmlebi sakmaod

dominanturia, ramdenadac warmoadgens farTo

(aRmosavleTi fasadis sarkmlebTan SedarebiT) Wrils,

rasac agvirgvinebs ornamentebiT Semkuli

gadanakeciani TavsarTebi. wlebis manZilze modebuli

sokovani `xavsis~ gamo kumurdos unikaluri

arqiteqturuli Zegli Zalze savalalo dReSia,

gansakuTrebiT `daavadebuli~ki swored CrdiloeTi

fasadia.

1.4. kumurdos Sida sivrcis ganxilva

kumurdos taZris Sida sivrceSi yovelive

mopirkeTebulia sxvadasxva zomis da sxvadasxva

feradovnebis Tlili bazaltis kvadrebis mwyobri

rigebiT. aqdominantur rols asrulebs afsidTa

kedlis Sverilebis saxiT warmomdgari gumbaTqveSa

svetebi.oTx ZiriTad svets damatebulia, gverdiTa

Sewyvilebuli afsidebis saerTo kedlidan

gamoziduli, burjebi. es ukanaskneli ufro Seweulia

siRrmeSi da amiT iqmneba heqsagonaluri, farTo

gumbaTqveSa sivrce, sadac adamianis mzera

Tavisuflebis SegrZnebiT zeviT miiswrafis.am

mimarTulebiT mizidulobas kidev ufro aZlierebs,

aRniSnul eqvs, masiur da amasTanave Zalian mwyobri

proporciis, mravalwaxnagovan svetebze gardamavali

odnav Seisruli TaRebi. svetebis kapitelebis Tavze,

centrSi `wamoskupulia” damatebiT miniaturuli,

ornamentebiT Semkuli `svetebi”.

rogorc aRvniSneT, aRmosavleTiT afra-

trompebSi warmodgenilia qtitorebis figuruli

reliefebi. sakurTxevlis marcxniv, gamosaxulia qalis

figura. rom ara Tanmxlebi warwera, rac gvisaxelebs

konkretulad `guranduxts~, mas vedrebis kompoziciis

23

RmrTismSoblad miviCnevdiT. dedofali warmodgenilia

sakurTxevlisken mimarTuli. aq, TiTqos, figuris

sammeoTxedSi gamosaxvis mcdeloba gvaqvs: Tavi

gadaxrilia gverdiT, mxrebi fasSia, xolo xelebi

aRmosavleTisken arisgawvdili. amave mimarTulebas

imeorebs ganlageba fexebisa, romelTac koWebamde

faravs absoluturad sibrtyobrivad gadmocemuli

Sesamoseli. unda aRiniSnos, rom kacis figuris

Sesamoseli, miuxedavad minimaluri damuSavebisa,

bevrad ufro momrgvalebuli kideebiT, erTgvarad

moculobiTobis miniWebiT aris gadmocemuli, rac

qalis figuraze naklebad iTqmis. guranduxt

dedoflis SemTxvevaSi, Tu moculobiTobaze

visaubrebT, es mxolod mis saxes SeiZleba Seexebodes.

afra-trompebidan uSualod gumbaTis yelis

sawyisia amozrdili.es ukanaskneli 1970-iani wlebis

restavraciis dros, SemorCenili detalebis mixedviT

aRadgines da Sekres gvirgvini. amasTan, Tavdapirveli

Semkulobis Sesabamisad, SemogvTavazes trompebs Soris

or-ori, ritmulad ganmeorebadi samyura mcire niSebis

mxatvruli dekori. amis Semdgom, Tavis droze,

gumbaTis yeli amoizrdemoda. misi Semkulobis, Tu

sarkmlebiT danawevrebis Sesaxeb, SemorCenili

mcireodeni konstruqciuli detalebisa da

paraleluri Zeglebis magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT,

garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana dReisaTvis mxolod

varaudis donezea SesaZlebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

nikoloz severovi aRniSnavs, rom kumurdos gumbaTis

yelis sayrdeni nawilebi amJRavnebs msgavsebas

qronologiurad axlomdgom taZrebTan (oSki, xaxuli,

wyarosTavi, kacxi, gogiuba da sxva) da askvnis, rom aq

unda yofiliyo, 12 waxnaga gumbaTis yeli, TiTos

gamotovebiT, warmodgenili 6 sarkmeli, razec

metyvelebs 6 gumbaTqveSa sveti, 6 gumbaTqveSa TaRi, 12

trompi da 12 samyura niSi.

24

Semdgomi periodis restavratori Tamar nemsaZe

eTanxmeba nikoloz severovis am mosazrebas da

mxolod umatebs, rom kumurdos gumbaTis yeli

interierSi TaRebiT iqneboda damSvenebuli.

Cven ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos

dasavleTi mklavi srulad morRveulia. gegmis

mixedviT, igi sworkuTxa formis yofila da SedarebiT

ufro grZiv sivrciT erTeuls qmnida. dReisaTvis,

dasavleTiT dgomisas, rTuli aRsaqmelia is realuri

sivrce, arqiteqturul masaTa urTierT Sefardeba, rac

xuroTmoZRvari sakocaris mier iqna Seqmnili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom orive gverdiTa mklavis

dasavleTiT momijnave kedelze, zeda registrSi

gaWrilia TiTo sakmaod farTo sarkmeli, rac

ukavSirdeboda dasavleT mklavze meore sarTulad

Semoyolebul patronikes. amgvarad, dasavleTi mklavi

orsarTuliani iyo, SigniTken gaxsnili

garsSemosavleliT.

1.4.1 kumurdos kedlis mxatvroba

Tavdapirvelad, kumurdoSi mxolod

sakurTxevlis konqi iyo (atenis sionis pirveli

moxatulobis fenis msgavsad) anikonuri mxatvrobiT

aqcentirebuli (wiTlad daferili naxevarwridan

gadaSlili `sxivebi~). amgvari grafikuli xasiaTis

mxatvrobis nimuSebi gvaqvs tao-klarjeTis ara-erT

Zeglze (oSkis taZris konqebSi) Tumca, umetesad is

safasado filebs amSvenebs xolme (dolisyana, oSki,

parxali). miuxedavad 964 wels kumurdos

xuroTmoZRvris mier interieris Semkulobis

organizebaSi freskuli mxatvrobis

gauTvaliswineblobisa, XI saukunis dasawyisSi aq

mniSvnelovani kedlis mxatvroba Seiqmna,

25

gansakuTrebiT srulad moixata sakurTxevlis afsida,

sadac samregistriani `didebis~ kompozicia Sesrulda.

Zalian sainteresoa samxreT-aRmosavleT

afsidSi RmrTismSoblis miZinebis kompoziciis

fragmenti, rac Seqmnilia arc Tu Cveuli xerxiT – aq

figurebi baTqaSiT aris naZerwi, reliefurad

amoyvanili da Semdgom daferili. dReisaTvis

kompoziciis zeda nawilSi, marcxena mxares, mfrinavi

angelozis figuris mniSvnelovani kvalia SemorCenili.

es gaxlavT uaRresad plastikuri, rbili

modelieribiT gamoyvanili reliefuri sxeuli,

romelic Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT aSkaras xdis sruli

kompoziciis pirvandel Rirebulebas da, Sesabamisad,

uzomod zrdis danaklisis simZimes. amiT igi naTlad

pasuxobs qarTuli mqandakeblobis ganviTarebis im

etaps, rodesac moculobiTi, plastikuri sxeulis

Seqmna srulad aris daZleuli da mTavar sametyvelo

enas warmoadgens. riTic, Sesabamisad, XI saukunis

pirveli naxevris ganviTarebis periods srulad

exmianeba.

Zalian sainteresoa aseve, Crdilo-aRmosavleT

afsidSi SemorCenili datirebis kompoziciis mcire

fragmenti. is asaxavs baTqaSze wiTeli saRebaviT

konturulad Sesrulebul macxovris sxeulTan

daCoqil RmrTismSobels.es gaxlavT yvela aspeqtiT

didi ostatobiT Sesrulebuli mxatvroba. sxeulis

formebi, figuraTa urTierTmimarTeba, moZraoba,

xasiaTi – srulebiT bunebriv, natifad Sesrulebul,

gancdebiT gajerebul kompozicias qmnis. aqve, qvemoT

SeimCneva sam-meoTxedSi mobrunebuli ori figuris

konturuli monaxazi rac menelsacxeble dedebs unda

asaxavdes, Tumca imdenad waSlil-Camorecxilia, rom

damatebiT raimes Tqma rTulia.aRniSnuli stilisturi

niSnebiT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi afsidis moxatulobis

fragmentebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sakurTxevlis

26

freskebis maxasiaTeblebisgan, rac qarTuli kedlis

mxatvrobis ganviTarebis mogviano periods

migvaniSnebs. mariam didebuliZe datirebis kompozicias

XIII saukuniT aTariRebs.

1.5. kumurdos taZarze warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebi

kumurdos taZarzesareabilitacoori eqspedicia

ganxorcielda -1938-39 wlebSi nikoloz severovis da

1970-80-ian wlebSi rusudan gverwiTelisa da Tamar

nemsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT.

1938-39 wlebis samuSaoebis avkargianobaze

saubramde, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT daZabuli

istoriuli realoba, arakvalificiuri muSaxeli,

profesionalebis mier uSualod samuSaoebisTvis

zedamxedvelobis ver gaweva. ra Tqma unda, es

garemoebebi naTlad aisaxa kumurdos restavraciis

xarisxzec. amis gamo, taZris fasadebze erTi SexedviT

Cans CamoRvenTili duRabiT, ugulisyurod aRdgenili

perangis ruxi qvis rigebi. bolomde miuyvaneli

mklavebis gadaxurva da aS.

kumurdos feradovnebaSi ikveTeba aseve

SedarebiT axali, Ria movardisfro bazaltis

filebic_ 1970-80-iani wlebis restavraciis kvali. am

periodSi, SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT,

amoiyvanes afrebszeda nawili gumbaTis uSualod

sayrden sartyelamde. amoiyvanes aseve, mklavTa

gadakveTaze gumbaTis sayrdeni Sverili waxnagebi da,

TiTqmis, daasrules mklavTa lorfinebiT gadaxurva.

Tumca, Secdoma aqac gaipara, ris gamoc gumbaTis

yelis sawyisTan, aRmosavleTi mklavis gadaxurva

bolomde ver iqna miyvanili. Sedegad ki, aqedan wvima

mTel kedels asvelebs. samwuxaroa, rom am patara

27

niuansis gamo, gaweuli Sromis miuxedavad, taZars

ziani adgeba.

kumurdos erT–erTi yvelaze didi danakargi,

ganadgurbuli dasavleTi mklavia. dReisaTvis misi

saxis warmodgena Zalze Znelia, vinaidan aranairi

xelCasaWidi fragmenti ar arsebobs. Sida sivrces rac

Seexeba, SemorCenili elementebisa da qronologiurad

axlos myofi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis

mixedviT mniSvnelovani rekonstruqciuli naxazebia

Seqmnili. rogorc aRvniSneT, nikoloz severovis

mixedviT, dasavleTi mklavi unda yofiliyo

orsarTuliani, SigniT gaxsnili garsSemosavleliT da

patronikeTi.

rac Seexeba gumbaTs, samwuxarod, arc misi

gadawyvetis raime Rirebuli naSTia SemorCenili. g.

CubinaSvili, n. severovi aRniSnaven, rom gumbaTis

yelis sayrdeni nawilebi amJRavneben msgavsebas

qronologiurad axlos myof taZrebTan (oSki, xaxuli,

wyarosTavi, kacxi, gogiuba da sxva).

aRsaniSnavia, rom kumurdos taZari jer kidev

ar aris bolomde Seswavlili, ramdenadac mis

mimdebare teritoriaze srulyofili arqeologiuri

samuSaoebi ar warmoebula. amis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia

Zeglze Seiqmnas sruli warmodgena da misi aRdgenis

proeqtebis ganxilva. kulturuli Rirebulebis

arqiteqturuli Zeglebis mimarT aRdgeniTi

samuSaoebis warmoebis saerTaSoriso debuleba,

romelic veneciis qartiis saxeliT gamoqveynda

pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom Zeglis restavracias,

romelic gulisxmobs misTvis esTetikuri da

istoriuli Rirebulebis dacva–ganaxlebas, win unda

uswrebdes arqeologiuri kvleva.

28

IITavi

2.1.kumurdos Sida sivrcis stilisturi analizi

am TavSi saubaria qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis

mravalafsidiani tipis taZrebis maxasiaTeblebze.

mravalafsidiani taZrebi arc Tu mravlad Seiqmna

qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi, cnobilia mxolod

rva Zegli. maTi qronologiuri CarCoebi X-XI

saukuneebiT ifargleba da moicavs saqarTvelos,

TiTqmis, yvela regions.

sataZro xuroTmoZRvruli formebis simbolikis

kvlevas, TavisTavad, safuZvlad udevs geometriul

formaTa simbolika. amis Sesabamisad, taZris

kvadratuli sivrce amqveyniur samyarosTan, mis oTx

mxaresTan asocirdeba, xolo konqi, kamarovani

gadaxurva Tu gumbaTi Tavisi wriuli formebiT –

zeciuri maradiulobis maniSnebelia. kumurdoSo

swored afsidebidan amozrdili konqebi da vrceli

gumbaTqveSa heqsagonaluri sivrce dominirebs, cxadad

warmoCenil, `am qveyniuri” samyofelis oTx mxareze.

qarTuli mravalafsidiani taZrebisgan gansxvavebiT,

sadac afsidebi radialuradaa ganlagebuli –

sakocaris mxatvruli alRo, vfiqrobT, swored cxadi

kontrastis warmoCenisken miiswarafvis. igi taZris

Sida sivrceSi ki ar STanTqavs jvrul gegmas, rogorc

amas nikorwmindas SemTxvevaSi vxedavT, aramed

gviCvenebs kuTxovani da naxevarwriuli formebis

Tanaarsebobas, urTierTSerwymas da amasTanave,

ukanasknelTa dominantobas. `zeciuri maradisoba~ ver

imarjvebs mxolod dasavleTiT. Cven viciT, rom

qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi dasavleTi wyvdiadTan

asocirdeboda, amitomac sakocari mas unarCunebs

`miwier” formas da upirispirebs ara Tu mxolod

sakurTxevels, rogorc es xdebadarbazul an

29

sworkuTxamklavian taZrebSi, aramed mTels danarCen

nawils.

amgvarad, `upiratesni” samxreTiT gamarTuli

centraluri SesasvleliT, karibWis gavliT, pirdapir

`zesTa sofels” erwymodnen. dasavleTi sworkuTxa

mklavidan taZarSi Semsvleli ki, mxolod garkveuli

manZilis gavlis Semdgom, srulebiT moulodnelad

xvdeba, arqiteqturul komponentTa harmoniuli

TanafardobiT Seqmnil, gaSlil, zeazidul

gumbaTqveSa sivrceSi da saSualeba eZleva eziaros

maradiulobas.

Sesabamisad, SegviZlia gamovitanoT daskvna, rom

kumurdos xuroTmoZRvruli kompoziciis struqtura

iseve gajerebulia semantikuri sazrisiT, rogorc misi

Semkulobis saerTo sistema. aq Cven naTlad

vkiTxulobT qveynisa da zecis, miwierebisa da RvTis

sauflos simboloTa metyvelebas, sadac maradiuli

samyofeli sazeimo sidiadiT warmodgeba.

kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris mier Seqmnili

dinamikuri, kontrastuli da mRelvare, sazeimo

gancdiT gaJRenTili arqiteqturuli kompozicia

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis axal

tendencias qmnis, rac ferweruli stilis damkvidrebis

momaswavlebelia.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samwuxarod,Cven,

gumbaTis morRveulobis gamo, ar SegviZlia zustad

warmovidginoT Sida sivrceSi ganfenili Suq-

Crdilovani efeqtebi, Tumca dRevandel pirobebSic ki

naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad mkafio iqneboda ganaTebaTa

sxvaoba centralur sivrcesa da afsidalur mklavebs

Soris. dResac ki, rodesac srulebiT Ria cis qveS

imyofeba taZris ZiriTadiD nawili, gverdiTa mklavebSi

mzis sxivebi, Zalian kontrastulad aRwevs. am mxriv,

Cven SegviZlia Tavs ufleba mivceT da warmovidginoT

swored is cxovelxatuli, dinamikuri Suq-Crdilovani

30

efeqti, rac kumurdos xuroTmoZRvar sakocars axali

stilis mqadageblad aqcevs. kumurdoSi dinamikuroba

da, amasTanave, wonasworoba erTmaneTs enacvleba da

erTmaneTs avsebs. miuxedavad fasadTa sibrtyeze sadad

datovebuli intervalebisa yoveli detali

urTierTkavSirSia. marTalia aq mxatvruli formebi ar

gadaedineba erTmaneTSi, magram TiToeuli maTganis

srulyofili saxe Tvals moZraobas aiZulebs, ra

drosac win modis maTSi daSifruli semantikuri

sazrisi.yvelaferi erTmaneTisgan gamomdinarea da

miuxedavad calkeul „frazaTa" dasrulebuli azrisa,

iqmneba „erTiani winadadeba".

2.2. kumurdos gare masebis mxatvrul-stilisturi

analizi

kumurdos taZari Tavisi Tlili, ZiriTadad,

Tanabari zomis kvadrebis horizintaluri wyobiT

exmianeba qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis X

saukunis maxasiaTeblebs. aqmkafiod dominanturi roli

centralur vertikals gaaCnia. mTavar maxvils ki, aq

warmodgenili sarkmlis Semkuloba qmnis. ostati

mxatvrul - gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis monacvleobiT

axdens ara marto zogadad mTel safasado sibrtyeze

mTavar da masze daqvemdebarebul elementTa

gamorCevas, aramed uSualod aRniSnuli sarkmlis

Semkulobis Semadgenel nawilTa Sorisac ki. aq

mocemulia Xsaukunis II naxevrisTvis cnobili yvela

SesaZlo mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxi, iqneba es

mcenareul-geometriuli ornamentis plastikuri

monaxazi Tu maRali reliefuri figuruli

gamosaxulebebis sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilisa da

mis gverdiT moculobiTi masiuri sxeulebis

gamoqandakeba.

Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sarkmlis

morTulobis amgvari Sedgenilobis kompozicias,

31

Tanadroul qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi,

analogi ar gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, misi TiToeuli

Semadgeneli nawilis arseboba srulebiT bunebrivia da

igi gamoZaxils povebs sxva mraval ZeglSi - iqneba es

calke reliefuri, masiuri TavsarTi, figuruli

gamosaxulebebi, Tu (qvemoT) yovelives makavSirebeli

ornamentuli arSia. es Cveulia, magram siaxles maTi

Sekruloba, erTian qargaSi warmodgena da ideis

Sinaarsis uwyveti Txrobaa.

naSromSi, kumurdos safasado Semkulobis

stilisturi analizis gverdiT, ganxilulia tao-

klarjeTis Tanadrouli Zeglebis maxasiaTeblebi. maT

Soris gamorCeulia eqeqis taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis

gadawyveta, dolisyanas taZari. gansakurebuli

yuradReba eTmoba oSkis kaTedrals.

kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis SemkulobaSi

gamokveTilia `sami jvris~ kompozicia. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, warmodgenilia aRniSnuli Temis

ganviTarebis gzebi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi.

calkea ganxiluli sarkmelTa Semamkobeli

ornamentuli struqtura, xasiaTi. warmodgenilia

paraleluri masala qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolasa

da dasavleT evropis preromanul arqiteqturaSi.

daskvnis saxiT, Cven vxedavT Tu kumurdos

aRmosavleTi fasadi ramdenad mravalferovnad aris

Semkuli. wonasworoba, sisadave, simkacrec arasodes

irRveva da, amasTan, aq ganirCeva Zalian Rrma ideuri

sazrisi, rac yvelafrisadmi, TiTqos umniSvnelo

detalisadmic ki, Zalian did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.

2.2.1. kumurdos taZris gverdiTa fasadebi

rac Seexeba gverdiTa fasadebs, aqac mxatvruli

aqcenti centralur RerZze modis, sadac yovelives

maorganizebeli centrSi gaWrili Rrma, samkuTxa

32

maRali niSaa. samxreTiT, niSis konqur daboloebaSi

adamis Tavis gamosaxulebaa, xolo CrdiloeTiT evasi,

rac radialurad gadaSlili reliefuri sxivebis

fonze sakmaod Zlier moculobiTi saxiT aris

warmodgenili. niSebi orive fasadze erTnairadaa

flankirebuli SedarebiT farTo Wrilis sarkmlebiT,

romelTa Semamkobelic ornamentirebuli gadanakeciani

TavsarTebia.

kumurdoSi warmodgenili ornamentis zogadi

saxe: sisadaveSi warmoCenili simkacre da amasTanave

adgil-adgil misi gamaneitralebeli nazi (yvavilovani)

formebi xSirad gvxvdeba javaxur

arqiteqturaSi.MmTlianobaSi unda iTqvas, rom

kumurdos taZris yvela ornamentuli motivi

warmoadgens erTgvar martiv saxes swored im

CuqurTmovani repertuarisa, rac Semdgom periodSi

saocari virtuozuli cxovelxatulobiT gaiSleba da

dafaravs qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado vrcel

areebs.

III Tavi - kumurdos taZris simboloTmetyveleba

3.1. qristianuli simbolikis sawyisebi

simboluri gamosaxulebebis wyaro umetesad

warmarTuli xanis saxviTi niSnebia. Tavdapirvelad

simboluri gamosaxulebebis gamoyenebisas qristianebi

eyrdnobodnen kliment aleqsandrielis da misi

Tanamedrove mamebis qmnilebebs. ramdenadac kliment

aleqsandrieli Rrmad swavlobda egviptur

ieroglifebs, man axsa misca mravali gamosaxulebis

simbolur mniSvnelobas da amiT qristianebs Seuqmna

garkveuli simboluri cikli (rac qristianul

sarwmunoebasTan SesabamisobaSi modis) mag.: rogoric

aris mtredi, Tevzi, gemi, Ruza, lira da sxv.) wminda

klimentis mier Zveli egvipturi simbolikidan

33

amokrebil gamosaxulebebs daemata wminda werilsa da

saeklesio TxzulebebSi gamoyenebuli simboloebi

(rogoric iyo aTenagoras, irineos melitonisis,

Teofile antioqielis da sxvaTa Txzulebebi).

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli simboluri gamosaxulebis

sxvadasxva kombinaciiT warmodgenas sxvadasxva

mniSvneloba gaaCnda.

3.2. kumurdos mqandakeblobis saerTo sazrisis

gamokvleva

amgvarad, fasadis Semkulobis kompoziciur

qargaSi ikveTeba qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi

damkvidrebuli sami jvris Tema. miuxedavad imisa, rom

igi fasadze ar aris mkveTrad aqcentirebuli, misi

sazrisi saerTo ideis erT-erTi safuZvelia.

golgoTas mTis asaxvis saxiT, frontonSi

warmodgenili, qristes mewamuli jvris Tanmxleb

avazakTa jvrebs - ostati gverdiTa qveda sarkmlebis

Semamkoblad aTavsebs. aq ki, damatebiTi dekoraciuli

elementebis miRma Cven vvaraudobT: erT mxares

qerubimebiT dacul, daRSul samoTxis kars,xolo

meore mxares Triqueta-s simboluri niSnebiT

flankirebul samoTxis Ria kars.

ostati ar kmayofildeba am, TiTqos, cxadi

simboluri sazrisis mqone kompoziciuri elementebiT

da aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri sarkmlis

Semkulobas kidev ufro xunZlavs ideurad Rrma

gamosaxulebebiT.

fasadis kedlis sibrtyidan yvelaze

gamoziduli da aqcentirebulia centraluri sarkmlis

Semkulobis konsolebze dayrdnobili, mcenareuli

ornamentiT gamSvenebuli TaRi. Cven didi adgili

davuTmeT swored mis konsolebze gamosaxul, TiTqos,

SeumCnevel figurebs. es gaxlavT erT mxares adamianis

oTxi saxe, xolo meore mxares ori saxe.migvaCnia, rom

34

marjvniv gamosaxulia qveynis oTxi mxaris, oTxi qaris

personifikacia. xolo meore mxares ki, SesaZloa

warmodgenili iyos, erTgvarad, orsaxa ianusis cnebis

qristianuli transformacia, rac warsulis da

momavlis, Zvelis da axlis erTobliobiT –

savaraudod wminda werils asaxavs.

kumurdoeli ostati qristianobis gavrcobis

mTavar qvakuTxeds konsolebis dabla, Zlieri

maxviliT deklarirebs. aqqristes moZRvrebis

maxareblebi, misi mqadageblebi arian warmodgenilni

simboluri `oTxi cxovelis~ saxiT, rac, Tavismxriv,

wminda werilis orive nawilSi erTi saxiT gvevlineba.

ezekiel winaswarmetyvelze dayrdnobiT Tu ioane

RmrTismetyvelis apokalifsis mixedviT, uflis `dRe

da Ram madidebeli“ frTosani xaris, lomis,

angelozisa da arwivis – figurebi, swored oTxi

maxareblis: lukas, ioanes, maTesa da markozis

simbolur gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens.

marTlac, kumurdos simboloebis semantikis

kiTxva qvemodan TanmimdevrobiT rom daviwyoT,

warmogvidgeba Semdegi suraTi: golgoTas mTaze

aRmarTuli sami jvriT, rodesac ganxorcielda RvTis

gangebuleba- qristem sakuTari sisxliT

gamoisyidaadamis codva da monanie avazaks mieca

uflis gverdiT samoTxeSi adgilis damkvidreba.

swored amis Semdgom, oTxi maxarebeli qristes

sityvebs iqadagebs qveynis oTxiv mxares da wminda

werili (Zveli da axali wigniT, rogorc erTi

moZRvrebiT) gaxdeba safuZveli, amqveyniuri cxovrebis

Semdgom, zecaSi qristes didebis Tanazirad gaxdomis

da maradiuli cxovrebis damkvidrebis. es ukanaskneli

ki, (jvris qvemoT) `samoTxis~ mcenareebiT

gamSvenebuli, wriuli sarkmliT gamoisaxeba.

maradiulobis, cxovrebis Seuqcevadobis simbolo xom

swored Sekruli wre aris.

35

SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom taZris

maSenebeli ioane episkoposi Tavis savedrebel

warweras swored jvarsa da wriul sarkmels Soris

aTavsebs da ufals Txovs Sewyalebas “dResa mas”. cisa

da qveynis personificirebuli gamosaxulebebi ki,

savaraudod, uflis yovlismomcvelobaze migviniSnebs.

gverdiTa fasadebze niSebis konqebSi

warmodgenili adamisa da evas figurebi ki, maT

gamoxsnil mdgomarebas unda asaxavdes da sarkmelTa

ornamentuli Semkulobis figurebSi daqaragmebuli

simboloebiT, kvlav samoTxis yvavilebiTa da

frinvelebiT savse samyaroSi Tu wnulebiT xazgasmul

maradisobaSi warmogvidgenen maT. eski, erTgvar

mowodebas Tu imeds iZleva mrevlisvis, rom ufali

mowyalea.

aqve unda ganvixiloT Sida sivrceSi

warmodgenili taZris Tanadrouli anikonuri

mxatvroba. konqis saWeqi naxevarwriuli, wiTeli feris

qvidan momdinare `sxivebi~ udaod mzis asociacias

iwvevs. mze, rogorc zecidan yovelives gamnaTebeli,

gamaTbobeli erT-erTi damkvidrebul simboloTagani

gaxda qristianebisTvis.

kumurdos ostati, arqiteqturis simbolikaSi

ierarqiulad aRmatebul adgils - gumbaTqveSa

trompebs, rac mxolod zeciur mkvidrTa adgils

warmoadgens - Tamamad uTmobs qtitorTa

gamosaxulebebs. Semkulobis yvela elementis,

struqturul - formiseli analizis safuZvelze,

ideuri arsis amokiTxviT mivediT im daskvnamde, rom aq

asaxulia zeciur sasufevelTan myofi, gardacvlili

leon mefe (rasac xazs usvams misi gamosaxva

SaravandiT da aseve Crdilo-dasavleT afsidSi

daculi sulis mosaxseniebeli warwera) da misi

sulisTvis mavedrebeli guranduxt dedofali. am

mxriv, aq mocemulia ara tradiciuli saqtitoro

36

reliefi, risi araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs qarTul

monumentur mqandakeblobaSi, aramed srulebiT sxva

kuTxiT gaazrebuli istoriuli pirebis gamosaxva. aq

xdeba im Temis gagrZeleba rasac mTeli taZris

Semkuloba eZRvneba – es gaxlavT adamianTa sulis

xsna, sikvdilis damarcxeba da saukuno samyofelis

damkvidreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ostatisTvis kargad

aris cnobili moculobiTi sxeulis gamoqandakebis

teqnika, igi sxeuls ganSorebuli, gardacvlili leon

mefis warmosaCenad maqsimalurad sibrtyobriv,

statiur, sada, Seumkobel gamosaxulebas

warmogvidgens, rasac acocxlebs mxolod farTod

gaxelili, sulis sarke – Tvalebi.

IV Tavi

4.1. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis saerTo niSnebi

aRniSnul qveTavSi saubaria qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis X saukunis

Sua xanebSi mimdinare tendenciebze, rasac gamoarCevs

ornamentuli motivebis zrda da fasadze ufrometi da

meti adgilis daTmoba. sarkmelTa Semamkobeli

TavsarTebis nel-nela srulad Semomfargvlel

sapireze gadasvlis sakiTxi, lavgardanTa ornamentuli

Semkulobis repertuaris zrda da portalTa meti

aqcentireba.

am mxriv, vrclad aris saubari saetapo

mniSvnelobis taZrebze, rogoric arismag. klarjeTSi

mdebare centralur-gumbaTovanitaZari dolisyana,

aseve eredvis beris saydaris sameklesiiani bazilika.

damoukideblad aris warmodgenili

lavgardanTa Semamkobeli damkvidrebuli ornamentuli

motivebis ganviTarebis etapebi, rogoric ars TaRebisa

da Subis pirisebri mwkrivebi. warmodgenilia maTi

paralelebis arseboba somxur, Tu romanul taZarTa

37

SemkulobaSi.am mxriv, CvenTvis Zalian sainteresoa

portugaliis XII saukunis II naxevriT daTariRebuli

san salvador de arnozos monastris taZris safasado

SemkulobaSi CarTuli, ormagi TasmiT Semdgari wnuli

ornamentebis, maT Soris, Subis pirisebri motivis

arseboba, rac Semouyveba centraluri portalis gare

TaRovan moxazulobas. mravalgvari saxis ornamentul

SemkulobasTan erTad Subis wverisebr ornaments

Zalian farTo zoli aqvs daTmobili portugaliis

barselos municipalitetis manentes (Igreja de Manhente,

Barcelos) taZris portalis SemkulobaSi. mis Sesaxeb

masalis amokiTxvisas aRniSnulia, rom misi

Semkulobis xasiaTze didi gavlena igrZnoba Santa Maria

das Júnias taZrisa, romelic warweris mixedviT

TariRdeba 1147 wliT, Tumca arsebobs mosazreba rom

igi IX saukunis miwurulSi ukve arsebobda.marTlac, am

ukanasknelis portalis SemkulobaSi Cans swored

aRniSnuli ornamentis ufro arqauli xasiaTi. amgvari

paralelebis arseboba Zalian sagulisxmoa da ufro

Rrmakulturologiul kvlevas saWiroebs.

4.1.1……qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebissafasado

gaformebis sistemis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da misi

Sedareba sxva xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis TvisebebTan

kumurdos safasado Semkuloba rom udaod

sistemur xasiaTs atarebs es naTelia, magram is

imdenad individualuri, TviTmyofadia, rom naklebad

miiRo `zogadqarTuli~ nimuSis saxe. rasac ver

vityviT tao-klarjeTSi mdebare oSkis kaTedralze,

romelic qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli

skolis safasado sistemis Camoyalibebis pirvel

srulyofil magaliTad saxeldeba.oSkis taZarSi

epoqaluri yvela tendencia Zalian damajereblad

38

aris warmodgenili da Seqmnilia srulyofili

harmoniulobiT Sekruli dekoraciuli kompozicia.

aqarqiteqturuli tipis da fasadis danawevrebis

Sesabamisad, Semkuloba koncentrirebulia centralur

nawilSi da amasTan, xazi esmeva vertikalur

mimarTulebas, rasac aZlierebs TiToeul fasadze

warmodgenili centrisken mzardi TaRedi.

sainteresoa, rom qarTuli skolisgan

gansxvavebiT, amave epoqis berZnuli arqiteqturis

Zeglebis (hosios lukas Xs., nea moni XIs., dafnis

monasteri XIs.) erT-erTi mTavari TvalsaCino

maxasiaTebelia eqsterieris reprezentabelurobis

miRweva uSualod saSeni masalis, arqiteqturuli

kompoziciis, konstruqciuli formebis sinatifiT. aq

faqtiurad ugulvebelyofilia safasado ornamentuli

Semkuloba. mTavar xiblsumetesad qvisa da aguris

monacvleobiT miRebulipoliqromiuli wyoba

warmoadgens. amasTan kedlisTvis simsubuqisa da

mxatvruli elferis miniWebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba

uSualod aguris sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli wyoba.

ammxriv, srulebiT sxvagvar esTetikas qmnis

somxuri xuroTmoZRvreba, rac tipologiurad sakmaod

axlos dgas qarTul arqiteqturasTan. sxvadasxva

periodis somxur Zeglebs Tvals Tu gavadevnebT,

gamoCndeba safasado Semkulobis, TiTqmis, Tanxvedri

ganviTarebis etapebi. Tumca skolaTaSoris sxvaoba

Zalian TvalnaTelia, rac formaTa Tanafardobisa da

zogadad arqiteqtonikis sxvagvarad aRqmaSi vlindeba.

CvenTvis sainteresoa vladimir-suzdalis

xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado gaformebis sistemis

ganxilvac, ramdenadac misi gumbaTovani taZrebis

fasadTa dekoraciuli sistema maRalmxatvrul

magaliTs warmoadgens.Tumca, maTi qronologiuri

CarCo ufro mogviano periods ganekuTvneba da

ifargleba XII-XIII saukuneebiT. am mxriv saukeTeso

39

Zeglebia vladimiris wm. dimitris taZari (1193-1197ww.)

da wm. giorgis taZari iurev-polskidan (1230-1234ww.). aq

kedlis zedapiri mTlianad daTmobili aqvs

ornamentul da skulpturul gamosaxulebebs, rac

srulad Semosavs safasado sibrtyeebs.

sainteresoa qarTuli mqandakeblobis Sedareba

dasavleT evropis romanul nimuSebTanac. romanuli

taZris safasado skulptura SinaarsiT qmnis erT

mTlians, sadac asaxulia saerTo programa.

Sinaarsobriv centrs warmoadgens portalis timpanSi

moTavsebuli vrceli kompozicia, xolo danarCeni

scenebi da figurebi ganavrcoben da avseben

centralur siuJets. romanul skulpturul dekorSi

aRiniSneba qarTulisgan gansxvavebuli midgoma, aq Cans

mTavari kompozicia da masze damokidebuli

gamosaxulebani. sainteresoa aseve, rom qarTuli

nimuSebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli figuraTa

disproporciuloba, Jestebis eqspresiuloba,

xazobrivi dinamika _ yvela es momenti ar midis

gadametebamde, rac SeimCneva romanul xelovnebaSi,

sadac siuJetis dramatulobis gadmosacemad figuraTa

eqspresiuloba, proporciaTa darRveva erTgvari

dauokebeli ZaliT aris gamZafrebuli. Tu romanul

reliefSi srulad aris gamjdari erTgvari

daZabuloba, qarTul nimuSebSi gamoikveTeba

TavSekavebuloba da simSvide.

40

4.1.2. qarTuli da iberiis naxevarkunZulis

preromanuli stilis saxviTi enis Tanxvedra

zemoT sxvadasxva qveynis xuroTmoZRvruli

skolis safasado gaformebis maxasiaTeblebis

ganxilviT,naxsenebi iqna erovnuli TviTSegnebiT

ganpirobebuli sxvaobebi, Tumca amasTanave gvxvdeba

iseTi SemTxvevebic sadac erTmaneTs emTxveva

sxvadasxva qveynis gemovneba da ZiriTadi saxviTi enis

SerCevis prioritetebi.

am mxriv saukeTeso paralels vpovebT

preromanul espanur arqiteqturaSi. aq Cven vxedavT

gasaocar msgavsebas, rogorc mxatvrul stilisturi

modelirebis TvalsazrisiT, ise kompoziciuri agebis

da formaTa TavSekavebuli, ideur-simboluri sazrisiT

gajerebuli, lakoniuri gamomsaxvelobiT

dasrulebuli formebis mxriv. gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa erTi patara taZari - santa maria de

kuintanila de las vinias (Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las

Viñas). igi mdebareobs espaneTis istoriul

teritoriaze - la tiera de laraze (La Tierra de

Lara).fasadebis mTavari Semamkobelia kedlidan

kedelze gardamavali uwyveti frizuli ornamentuli

sartylebi, rac warmoadgens xan vazis lerwis

imitaciiT Seqmnil rgolebis xveulebs, raSic

Cawerilia fantastiur cxovelTa da frinvelTa

figurebi, xan ki erTmaneTSi gardamavali rgolebis

jaWvi, sadac TiToeul maTganSi didi ostatobiT aris

gamokveTili calke mdgomi figura.

aRsaniSnavia, rom santa maria de kuintanila de

las vinias taZarma Semogvinaxa reliefuri figuruli

kompoziciebis saintereso nimuSebic. CvenTvis

mniSvnelovania maTi mxatvruli sametyvelo ena, rac

sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stiliT xasiaTdeba. aq

warmodgenilia kedlidan mcired amoziduli figurebi,

romelTa zedapiric fonis paralelur sibrtyes

41

inarCunebs. moculobiTobis SeZena miniSnebulic ar

aris. dekoraciuli gamomsaxveloba ki xSiri, mokle,

sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli xazebiT Sesrulebuli

modelirebiT aris warmodgenili. TvalSisacemia

darRveuli proporciebi.

aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebiT es reliefuri

kompoziciebi axlo paralels povebs qarTuli

mqandakeblobis ganviTrebis misTvis Tanadroul - IX-X

saukunis nimuSebTan, rac X saukunis II naxevridan

TandaTan momrgvalebuli-moculobiTi formebiT

icvleba. romanul arqiteqturaSi ganviTarebises

tendencia umaRles wertilamde mivida da

gamosaxulebebma TiTqmis, sami ganzomileba SeiZina.

Cvenma erovnulma skolam ki, mainc Cveuli

TavSekavebuli, tradiciebisadmi erTguli xasiaTiT

moculobiTi, momrgvalebuli formebi garkveuli

odenobiT SeiTvisa, Tumca xazis, rogorc mTavari

sametyvelo enis, mniSvneloba faqtiurad srulad

SeinarCuna.

garda uSualod saxviTi manerisa, CvenTvis

sagulisxmoa figuraTa urTierTmimarTeba. aq, iseve

rogorc IX-X saukuneebis qarTul mqandakeblobaSi,

kompoziciis mTavari Semkvreli, siuJetis gamxsneli,

Tu eqspresiis gadmomcemi figuraTa Jestikulaciaa.

frontaluradgayinul, srulebiT umetyvelo saxeebs

da uwono, sibrtyobriv sxeulebs gamomsaxelobas sZens

formaTa plastikuri konturi da xelis mtevnebis

rbili modelireba.

yovelivedan gamomdinare, Cven vxedavT drosa da

sivrceSi Tu raoden sainteresod viTardeba safasado

Semkulobis sistema. xazgasmiT Cans is Tanxvedri

amocanebi rac ostatTa winaSe dgas: yvela skolis

magaliTze aSkaraa sibrtyobrividan nel-nela

moculobiT sxeulebze gadasvla. droTa ganmavlobaSi

grafikul stils ferweruli, Suq-CrdiliT

42

gajerebuli elementebi enacvleba da Sesabamisad,

ornamentisa da reliefuri kompoziciebis roli

safasado sibrtyeze izrdeba. Tumca, Cven vxedavT,

sayovelTao tendenciebis miRma, adgilobiv gemovnebaze

daqvemdebarebul, kompoziciur agebas,

formaTSegrZnebas, dinamikas, rac kvlav ganapirobebs

swored sxvadasxva erovnul skolaTa TviTmyofad

maxasiaTeblebs.

4.1.3 X saukunis qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis

stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi

amqveTavSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia X

saukunis qarTuli safasado qandakebis

maxasiaTeblebis gamokveTaze.

pirvel rigSi warmovadgenT, IX saukunis

safasado qandakebis `etalonad~ miCneul, opizis

samfigurian, saqtitoro reliefs (IXs.-is I mesamedi). aq

gamosaxulia darRveuli proporciebis sibrtyobrivi

sxeulebi. frontalurobidan gamomdinare, figurebi

erTmaneTTan mxolod Jestikulaciis xarjze aris

dakavSirebuli da mTavari dekoraciuli funqciis

matarebeli CakveTili xSiri Rarebia, rac samosTa

drapirebis saxiT faravs samive figuras.

rogorc Cans, momdevno periodis Zeglebze

aramarto opizis reliefis figurebis tipaJma, aramed

kompoziciurma struqturamac iqonia gavlena. amis erT-

erT magaliTad, safaris miZinebis taZris stoaSi

`daculi” (realurad ki migdebuli) reliefuri

gamosaxulebis fragmenti da aseve inguSeTSi mdebare

qarTuli taZris Txaba-erdas reliefuri kompozicia

migvaCnia.

Cven, komparativistuli analizis safuZvelze,

detalurad ganvixilavT aRniSnul reliefur

kompoziciebs.

43

am ori kompoziciis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT

SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu rogor TandaTanobiT

icvleba da viTardeba saxviTi ena saukunidan

saukunemde. X saukunis meore naxevidan reliefur

qandakebaSi figuraTa statiurobis TandaTanobiTi

daZleva da moZraobis Semotana naCvenebia safaris

miZinebis taZris mSenebli figurisa da Semdgom

qoroRos taZris relifur kompoziciaTa ganxilvis

saxiT. sadac naTlad Cans sxeulis SeboWilobisgan

gaTavisflebis tendencia, moZraobis ufro Tavisufali

gadmocema.

X saukunis qandakebis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa safaris miZinebis taZris angelozebis

magaliTebic radganac aqfigurebi imdenad

moculobiTad aris gamoqandakebuli rom sami

ganzomilebis STabeWdilebas tovebs, es gancda kidev

ufro mZafrdeba eqvsfrTed angelozTan mimarTebiT,

radganac gamosaxulebis wels qvemoT nawili

srulebiT mrgvalia da gverdidan Sexedvisas

gamWolad Cans sivrce. sxva yvelafers rom Tavi

davaneboT, marto am aspeqtiT es gamosaxuleba Tavisi

epoqisTvis udides naxtoms warmoadgens da srulebiT

axal sityvas ambobs qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

ori momijnave raionis – mesxeTisa da

javaxeTis erTi epoqis qmnilebebs erTmaneTs Tu

SevadarebT, warmoCndeba ostatTa Zalian Rrma

SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. miZinebis taZarSi

warmodgenilia erT SemTxvevaSi, marTalia blokuri,

nakleb danawevrebuli figura, magram zedapiris

kveTas micemuli aqvs ufro meti siRrme da formis

uSualod `gamoyvanis” funqcia (gansakuTrebiT

frTebis mxatvruli gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT).

kumurdoSi ki, Rarebs mxolod gamoburculi sxeulis

`dafarvis~ funqcia aqvs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tu

44

miZinebis taZris SemTxvevaSi orive angelozis

gamosaxulebaze gansakuTrebul aqcents frTebi

warmoadgens, aq isini erTgvarad `miCqmalulia~

ostati ar iyenebs mis `efeqtur gamomsaxvelobas~,

radganac yuradReba mimarTuli aqvs uSualod

figuris sxeulis masis warmoCenaze.

amgvarad, kumurdos angelozebi

TavSekavebulia, mkacri da figurebi srulebiT

statikuria, rasac, rogorc aRvniSneT, amZafrebs

CamoSvebuli frTebi. safaras SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT,

SeigrZnoba swored dinamika, rac kidev erTi axali

sityvaa epoqis farglebSi. marTalia orfrTed

angelozSi es mxolod miniSnebiTaa gamoxatuli,

radganac figura kvlavac frontalurad da

statikuri orantis dgomiT aris warmodgenili, magram

gaSlili masiurი frTebi mkveTr maxvils qmnis da

aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas mxatvrul saxeSi.

reliefuri qandakebis ganviTarebis X saukunis II

naxevrisTvis arsebuli yvela monapovari

gansakuTrebuli didostatobiT aris warmodgenili

oSkis taZarSi. mis fasadebze mocemuli calkeuli

figurebi Tu rvawaxnaga svetis mravalfiguriani

Semkuloba gvTavazobs plastikurad naqandakeb,

moculobiT sxeulebs, sadacsamosis miRma sxeulis

simkvrive SeigrZnoba. amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia, X

saukunis II naxevris farglebSi, retrospeqtiulad

davinaxoT reliefuri qandakebis saxviTi enis

cvalebadoba da ganviTarebis etapebi. am mxriv,

dolisyanas gamosaxulebebi sawyisad unda miviCnioT,

sadac jer-kidev sibrtyobriv-xazobrivi modelireba

mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxia; kumurdoSi

xazgasmulia moculobiTi, momrgvalebuli sxeulis

dominantoba, Tundac is iyos daunawevrebeli da

erTiani blokuri saxis. anu, iseve rogorc qarTul

Wedur xelovnebaSi, sibrtyobrioba mkveTri

45

moculobiT icvleba. safaris miZinebis taZarSi ki

moculobiTobasTan erTad formiseuli dinamikac

Semodis. xolo, oSkSi ganviTarebis es xazimaqsimalur

niSnulamde midis da erTgvari, elinisturi

mqandakebobis xasiaTis reminiscenciiTa da

bizantiuri mcire plastikis nimuSebis, mcxeTis jvris

reliefebis darad, daxvewili, mSvidi, natifi

gamosaxulebebi iqmneba.

winamdebare kvlevis daskvniT nawilSi mkafiod

gamoCnda, Tu qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis

ganviTarebis gzaze, ramdenad saintereso da

mniSvnelovani periodia X saukune. am periodis

ostatebma klasikuri da Ziebis periodSi dagrovebuli

gamocdileba, epoqis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad

warmoaCines da saRvTo didebulebis gancdiT, sazeimo

ieriT gaajeres. am faqtorTa saukeTesod warmomCen

magaliTad gvesaxeba 964 wliT daTariRebuli

kumurdos taZari, romlis SeswavliT, Cven kidev ufro

Rrmad SevigrZeniT am periodis sataZro

xuroTmoZRvrebis arsi. rac gulisxmobs ara ubralod

salocav Senobas, an mxolod qveynis didebulebis

warmomCen grandiozul nagebobas, aramed yovelives

sinTeziT, qristianuli religiis mTavari swavlebebis

damtevi simboloebiT Seqmnil arqiteqtonikur Tu

dekoraciul sistemas.

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis

saerTo niSnebis ganxilviT, kidev erTxel davinaxeT

masSi aRbeWdili erovnuli xasiaTi, gemovneba da

temperamenti, riTic naTlad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva

qveynis xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis erovnuli

niSnebisgan, iqneba es bizantiuri arqiteqtura,

somxuri, rusuli, Tu dasavleT evropis romanuli

stilis arqiteqtura.

46

safasado Semkulobis erT-erTi mTavari

komponentis - reliefuri mqandakeblobis calke

ganxilviT Cven warmovadgineT X saukunis II naxevris

farglebSi ganviTarebuli evoluciuri xazi, rac

sibrtyobriobidan moculobiTi sxeulis miRwevaSi

mdgomareobs da amasTan, eqspresiulad gazviadebul,

disproporciulad warmodgenil figurebs qmnis.

sainteresoa aseve reliefis mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi

enis safuZvelSi xazobrivi dinamikis dominantoba,

riTic igi srulebiT TviTmyofad saxes iZens. am

konkretul aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT paralelebis

moZiebam sxva qveynebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebidan

iberiis (pirineis) naxevarkunZulis preromanuli

stilis arqiteqturis magaliTebTan migviyvana.es

Zalian saintereso sakiTxia, gansakuTrebiT im fonze,

rodesac arsebobs garkveuli mosazrebebi

istorikosebs Soris zogadad iberiis naxevarkunZulis

macxovreblebsa (konkretulad baskebsa) da qarTvelur

tomebs Soris naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb. am mxriv,

Cven vawydebiT im faqtobriv masalas rac ziari

saxviTi enisadmi midrekilebiT warmoCndeba da risi

safuZvelic SesaZloa genetikur-kulturuli siaxlove

aRmoCndes.

daskvnis saxiT gvinda kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT,

rom kumurdos taZris kompleqsuri kvleva saSualebas

gvaZlevs gamovkveToT, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis es

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zegli, ara marto misi

mravalafsiadianobidan gamomdinare, aramed rogorc

erT-erTi pirveli Zegli qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi

sadac Sekrulia rogorc arqiteqturuli formebi, ise

Semkulobis mxatvrul-kompoziciuri sistema da

warmoCenilia erTiani ideur-Sinaarsobrivi sazrisi,

rac sulis xsnas ukavSirdeba.

47

disertaciis Temaze gamoqveynebuli naSromebis sia:

1. maxarebelTa simboluri gamosaxulebebis

semantika (kumurdos taZris

magaliTze),Asaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani

#1 (58) Tb.,2014;

2. safasado Semkulobis sistemis ideur-

Sinaarsobrivi sazrisis gamovlena kumurdos

magaliTze, quTaisis akaki wereTlis

saxelmwifo universiteti, saerTaSoriso

samecniero konferenciis masalebi, 2013;

3. Problems of Javakheti Region Cultural Heritage (Rehabilitation

of Kumurdo Cathedral), Caucasus Journal of Social Scienes,

Volume 4, Issue 1, The University of Georgia, Tb., 2011;

4. Sapara, The Church of the Assumption of The Virgin Mary (The

Arrangement of the Inner Space as a Means of Determining

Construction Dates, V.Beridze 1st International Symposium of

Georgian Culture, Tbilisi, 2009.

48

kumurdos kaTedrali

49

aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri sarkmlis Semkuloba

50

`ca” `qveyana”

adami eva

sakurTxeveli, konsolebis simboluri figurebi

51

kumurdos taZris Sida sivrce

gumbaTqveSa afra-trompebiSi warmodgenili qtitorebi

52

samxreTi karibWe