Yoagacara Essay

8/12/2019 Yoagacara Essay

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INTERNATIONAL BUDDHIST COLLEGE

ĀLAYAVIJÑĀNA AND JUNG’S COLLECTIVE UNCONCIOUSS

By

Ven. Prajña ar!"a #D!ana G. A$%are& '.D( SID) *++,+--

Se "e/0er1 *++2

A33!4n/en" 56r

BT7*-*8'E7*-*. Ā$9ya:%!jñ9na) T;e Y649 9ra <6 "r!ne 65 ";e=S"6re: 6n3 !6>3ne33?

Venera0$e Pr65e336r Dr @ L D;a//aj6"!

In"erna"!6na$ B><<;!3" C6$$e4e1 221 '> *1 T;>n4 '6 S>0<!3"r! "1 @;>an Sa"61 A/ ;6e Sa<a61 S6n4 ;$a+* +1 T;a!$an<

TABLE O CONTENTS

-. Ā$aya%!jñ9na

-.-. S6/e 6r<3 a06>" ";e "er/

-.*. Or!4!n 65 ";e Ālayavijñāna D6 "r!ne -.*.-. Vijñāna !n Ear$y B><<;!3/

-.*.*. Anuśaya !n Ear$y B><<;!3/-.*.F. T;e r60$e/3 65 "!/e !n ";e Abhidharma-.*. . Sarvāstivāda D6 "r!ne3-.*.,. 'e<!"a"!6na$ e33a"!6n

-.F. C;ara "er!3"! 3 65 ālayavijñāna



*. J>n4 C6$$e "!%e Un 6n3 !6>3*.-. T;e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3*.*. Syn ;r6n! !"y*.F. Ar ;e"y e3*. . J>n4’3 ";e3!3 65 !n<!%!<>a"!6n

F. C6n $>3!6n. B!0$!64ra ;y

.

-. Ā$aya%!jñ9na

-.-. S6/e 6r<3 a06>" ";e "er/

Ālaya-vijñāna !3 a San3 r!" 6r< >3e< "6 <en6"e ";e e!4;"; 6n3 !6>3ne33 !";!n ";e ;6/6ny/6>3 ";e6ry

<e%e$6 e< 0y ";e Y649 9ra 3 ;66$ 65 B><<;!3" ";6>4;"1 ar6>n< Fr< en">ry A.D.

T;e 6r< a3 ren<ere< " 6 "!/e3 !n C;!na. One 0y Paramārtha an< ;!3 <!3 ! $e31 n6 n a3 ";e =6$<er

"ran3$a"6r3?1 ;6 "ran3 r!0e< ";e 6r< ālaya a3 a-li-ye # (1 an< 4a%e "6 !" ";e /ean!n4 65wu-mei

# ( 6r =n6n: <!336$>"!6n?. T;e 6";er "!/e a3 "ran3$a"e< 0y Xuanzang 1 ;6 "rea"e< ";e San3 r!" "er/

a3 a-lai-yeh # ( an< "ran3$a"e< !" !"; ";e /ean!n4 65 =3"6re?. A 6r<an" !"; ";e3e " 6 56r/3 65

"ran3$a"!6n ";e 6r< ;a3 <!55eren" r6n>n !a"!6n "661a-li !3 r6n6>n e< !"; a 3;6r" %6 e$ a. On ";e 6";er

;an< ";e 6r< a-lai !"; a $6n4 9. A$36 ";ey ;a%e <!55eren" <6 "r!na$ 6nn6"a"!6n3a-li-yeh 6/e3 6>" !n

"e "3 re$a"e !"; ";e na">re 65 Dharma 1 $! e ";e D!3 6>r3e 65 ";e A a en!n4 65 a!"; !n ";e ahāyāna 1

;erea3 a-lai-yeh! !3 3;6 n !n ";e 066 3 ;! ; "rea"3 ";e ;ara "er!3"! 3 65 Dharma 3> ; a3

Viña"timātratā-siddhi .-

-.*. Or!4!n 65 ";e Ā$aya%!jñ9na D6 "r!ne

Abhidharma "e "3 6n3er%e ";e <6 "r!na$ <e%e$6 /en" 5r6/ ";e #uddha$s "arinirvā aṇ >n"!$ ";e

e/er4en e3 65 %&gā'āra S ;66$ an< 6ne an 3ee ";e re3en e 65 56rer>nner3 ";e6r!e3 56r ";e 5!na$

ālayavijñāna <6 "r!ne.

In ";e 6n"e " 65 ";e In<!an 3 enery a5"er ";e #uddha a33e< a ay1 Abhidharma 6n3"!">"e< ";e !n"en" 65

3y3"e/a"!&!n4 ";e "ea ;!n43 65#uddha an< ";e e556r" "6 4!%e 6n3!3"en y "6 ";e/1 56r " 6 r!n ! a$

rea36n31 "6 0e a 4>!<e$!ne 56r $ea<!n4 ";e ra "!"!6ner3 "6 ";e 5!na$ 46a$ 65nirvā aṇ an< "6 <e0a"e !"; ";e

;ere"! 3.

1 En y $6 e<!a 65 B><<;!3/ # ( )

2



Ābhidharmi(as 6n3!<ere< ";e!r <6 "r!ne a3 re re3en"a"!%e 65 ;!4;e3" n6 $e<4e an< e re33e< ";e

6/ $e"e "ea ;!n4 65 ";e #uddha !n "er/3 65 dharmas 1 ;! ; ";ey 6n3!<ere< a3 >$"!/a"e "r>";

/ean ;!$e ";a" s)tras ere 6n<!"!6na$ "r>";.

Dharmas ere <e5!ne< a3 e33en"!a$ e$e/en"3 <!3 ern!0$e 0y ";e!r 6 n ;ara "er!3"! 3. T;!3 <!3 ern/en" 65

dharma a3 3> ; %ery ;!4;$y re4ar<e< ";a" Vasubandhu !n ;!3 A@B*Abhidharma(&śabhā yaṣ (1 a55!r/e<

";a"1 =T;ere !3 n6" 6";er ay "6 a !5y ";e a55$! "!6n3*(leśa+ ";an 0y e a/!n!n4 ";e <;ar/a31 ;! ; an

6n$y 0e <6ne ";r6>4; ";e Abhidharma, ?*

-.*.-. V!jñ9na !n Ear$y B><<;!3/

Be56re 6n"!n>!n4 !"; ";e 56r/er <!3 >33!6n !" !3 !/ 6r"an" "6 /a e ";e >rren" <!4re33!6n an< 6//en"

36/e "6 ! 3 a06>" ;6 ";e "er/ vijñāna a3 >3e< !n ";e an6n! a$ 6n"e " 65 Ear$y B><<;!3/.

T;e 6r< vijñāna a3 e%en 56r 6n3 !6>3ne33 6r ";e e33en"!a$ 5a "6r "6 e !3"en e an< 64n!"!6n 6r ";e

n6r/a$ 5>n "!6n3 65 3en3e3 an< /!n< 65 er e "!6n an< 64n!"!6n. An< ";e !/ 6r"an" 6!n" ;ere !3 ";a"

vijñāna a3 6n3 !6>3ne33 a3 >3e< a3 a 5a "6r 65 sa sāri' ṃ e !3"en e. I" re re3en"3 ";e re:$!n !n4

6n3 !6>3ne33 6r "ratisandhi-vijñāna 1 ;! ; en"er3 !n ";e 6/0 a" "!/e 65 6n e "!6n "6 4!%e r!3e "6 ";e

06<y8/!n< 6/ $e an< er3!3"3 !"; !" >n"!$ <ea";1 ;en a4a!n a5"er $ea%!n4 ";e 6r 3e1 !n!"!a"e3 an6";er

y $e. T;!3 6n3"an" 3"rea/ 65 6n3 !6>3ne33 !3 ";e !/ $! !" /e<!>/ "6 "ran3/!" (arma 5r6/ $!5e "6 $!5e.

T;!3 6n e "!6n a3 $a"er a K>!re< 0y %&gā'āra,

>r";er/6re1 vijñāna a3 64n!"!6n ;a en3 !n 3! "y e3 65 3en3e3 6n3 !6>3ne33 #eye1 ear1 n6!3e1 06<y1

"6n4>e an< /!n<( ;! ; ar!3e <e en<en" 6n ";e 6rre$a"e< 60je "31 an >n<a/a4e< 3en3e 0a3!3 6r 3en3e

6r4an an< r6 er a""en"!6n *manasi(āra+,

T6 $ar!5y ";!3 <>a$ r6$e 65vijñāna !3 /an<a"6ry "6 e a/!ne ;6 ";e3e " 6 a3 e "3 are re$a"e< "6 ea ;

6";er !n ";e 5ra/e 6r 65 "rat tyasamut"āda 3er!e31 ;! ; r>n3 a3 56$$6 3)

avijja. sa s(āra.ṃ vijñāna .nāma-r)"a. a āyatana.s"arśa.vedanā.t ā.u"ādāna. bhāva.ṣ ḍ ṛṣṇ jāti.jarā-mara āṇ .

T;e 5!r3"vijñāna 6r ";e re:$!n !n4 6n3 !6>3ne33 ar!3e3 <e en<en" 6n (arma *sa s(āra+ṃ an< !" !3 ";e a>3e

"6 ";e <e%e$6 /en" 65nāma-r)"a 1 a "!n4 a3 a 3> 6r"!n4 56r e 56r ";e ne 06<y "6 /a e !" 4r6 3 an<

!n rea3e3. Hen e vijñāna a" ";!3 6!n" !3 a rereK>!3!"e "6 any 5>r";er a " 65 64n!"!6n an< a3 j>3" ;a3 0een

2 a$<r6n1 !$$!a/3 S #- () 7

3



3a!< !" !3 6n<!"!6ne< 0y /en"a$ 56r e3 65 ";e a3". T;e 3e 6n< vijñāna a3 64n!"!6n !3 en4a4e< !"; ";e

(armi' a "!6n3 ";a" er e">a"e ";e y $e 65 $!%e3. Be a>3e <e en<en" 6n !" nāma-r)"a ar!3e3 an< !" 4!%e3 r!3e

"6 ";e 3en3e 0a3!3 * a āyatana+!ṣ ḍ > 6n ;! ; ";e 6/ $e"e r6 e33 65 64n!"!6n an 6 >r3. T;e ne " " 6

6n<!"!6ne< 5a "6r3 65 ";e 3er!e31 !.e.s"arśa! vedanā a$6n4 !"; saññā 1 are >n!%er3a$'aittas! ;! ; /ean3

";a" ";ey are

In3e ara0$e vijñāna 6n 6/!"an"3 ";a" are !n<!3 en3a0$e 56r ";e a " 65 64n!"!6n "a e $a e. In 0r!e51 !n e%ery

a "3 65 64n!"!6nvijñāna en"a!$3sa s(ārasṃ 6r (armi' a "!%!"!e3 an< ";e3e 3e >re3 5>r";er re0!r";.

'6re6%er1 ";e e/er4en e 65 ";e e/6"!6na$ re3 6n3e3 "6 5ee$!n43 *vedanā+ 65 ra%!n4*t ā+ ṛṣṇ an< 4ra3 !n4

*u"adāna+ /a!n"a!n ";e y $e3 65 ne re0!r";3 0y 4enera"!n4 a 3"r6n4 ;a0!" 65 6n"!n>a$ re e"!"!6n. T;ey are

56$$6 e< 0y 0e 6/!n4 *bhāva+ an< 0!r"; *jāti+ ;! ; ;a%e 0een 6n3!<ere< a3 a 3e 6n< r6 e33 65 re0!r"; 0y

";e e e4e"! a$ 6//en"ary 65 #uddhagh&sa !n ;!3 Visudimagga,B6"; 5>n "!6n3 !/ >"e< "6 vijñāna 0y ear$y Abhidharma ere !n 6r 6ra"e< !n ";e !<ea 65 ālayavijñāna 0y ";e

%&gā'ārins1 !n ;! ; ";e a>3e an< e55e " re$a"!6n 0e" een !"3 " 6 a3 e "3 ere e $! !"$y 3e ara"e<

#!( T;e 6n"!n>!n4ālaya- vijñāña

#!!( T;e /6/en"ary1 64n!"!%e an< er e ">a$ vijñānas # "rav tti-vijñāna ṛ (.F

-.*.*. An>Maya !n Ear$y B><<;!3/

T;e re$a"!6n 0e" een ";e er e ">a$ r6 e33 an< ";e a55e "!%e 6ne a3 a$36 a /a""er 65 !nK>!r!n4 !n ";e ear$y

er!6<3. T;e !<ea ";a" ";ere ere 36/e <!3 63!"!6n31 ;a0!"3 6r "en<en !e3 ;! ; >n<er$y!n4 ";e (armi'

a "!%!"y a3 a ";e6ry r> !a$ !n Ear$y B><<;!3/ "6 e $a!n ";e 6n"!n>!"y 65sa sāraṃ . On e a4a!n %&gā'ārins

"66 ";!3 ";e6ry a$36 an< !n 3a/e ay ";ey <!< !"; ālavijñana 1 ;ere ";ey r6 63e< 6";er !n< 65

6n3 !6>3ne33 !.e. (li ta manas!ṣṣ ";a" a3 ";e %e;! $e 56r ";e3e3 $a"en" "en<en !e3 6r anuśaya, T;e3e $a"en"

<!3 63!"!6n3 6 > !e< ";e 3a/e $a e 65 !/ 6r"an e a3 vijñāna !n ear$y B><<;!3" ";6>4;". Be a>3e "6 ";e/

";ey ;a%e " 6 a3 e "31 6ne 3y ;6:6n"6$64! a$ ;! ; /ean3 ";e er e">a"!6n 65 sa sāri'ṃ e !3"en e an<

6";er 36"er!6$64! a$ ;! ; /ean3 ";a" !"; ";e ra "! e 65 ";e Pa";1 ";ey an 0e era<! a"e< an< ";>3 4a!n

$!0era"!6n.

3 a$<r6n #- ( )F4 a$<r6n #- () F

4



=T;e3e <!3 63!"!6n3 are !n3"r>/en"a$ !n !n3"!4a"!n4 ";e ar/! a "!%!"!e3 6nne "e< !"; er e ">a$

r6 e33e3? , . T;e e/6"!6na$ re3 6n3e *t ā.u"ādāna ṛṣṇ + ";a" 56$$6 3 ";e ar!3!n4 65vedanā !n ";e 6n"e " 65

"rat tyasamut"āda 1 !3 6n3!<ere< a "!%a"e< 0y ";e3eanuśaya . >r";er/6re ";ey are re3 6n3!0$e 56r ";e 0a3!

3y ;6$64! a$ 3"r> ">re 65 ;>/an 0e!n43. In a 5e 6r<31 anuśaya 1 ";e $a"en"1 <6r/an" <!3 63!"!6n31 $! e

vijñāna er3!3" a5"er <ea"; an< are ";e re3 6n3!0$e 65 /a!n"a!n sa sāri' ṃ e !3"en e 0y $!n !n4 5ee$!n4 !"; ";e

(armi' a "!%!"!e3 65 ra%!n4 an< 4ra3 !n4.

-.*.F. T;e r60$e/3 65 "!/e !n ";e A0;!<;ar/a

B6"; 6n e "3 <!3 >33e< a06%e er"a!n "6 <!55eren" "!/e <!/en3!6n3. C64n!"!6n re$a"e3 "6 ";e re3en" ;!$3"

anuśaya !3 a 6"en"!a$!"y. Ābhidharmi(as$ %!e a33er"3 ";a" dharmas 0e$6n4 "6 re3en" "!/e an< !"3

;ara "er!3"! !3 ;an4e1 e/er4!n4 an< a33!n4 a ay e%ery /6/en". 'ean ;!$e anuśaya 0e$6n43 "6 ";e

5>">re an< !"3 ;ara "er!3"! !3 6n"!n>!"y. Ne%er";e$e33 06"; are !n ";e 6n"e " 65vijñana, T;ere56re e 56>n<

" 6 <!3 6>r3e3 re$a"e< "6vijñāna !n ";e "e "31dharmas$ ana$y3!3 an<santāna / , a$<r6n a$$3 ";e3e <!55eren"

a r6a ;e3 3yn ;r6n! an< <!a ;r6n! 2 re3 e "!%e$y.

T;e 3yn ;r6n! a r6a ; !3 en"ere< 5>n<a/en"a$$y 6n 'itta! ";6>4;" 6r /!n< an< 'aittas &r /en"a$ 5a "6r3.

In Abhidharma! 'itta! !3 >3e< !n"er ;an4ea0$e !"; vijñana, T;e re$a"!6n3;! 0e" een 'itta an< 'aittas !3 3a!<

"6 0e =re ! r6 a$ an< 3!/>$"ane6>3 #sahabh)+ ?-+ 0>" ";ere are 3> ; /en"a$ 5a "6r3 ;! ; are a336 !a"e< !";

vijñāna *'itta- sa "rayu(ta+ṃ 1 ";e 6ne3 ;6 /a e3 ";e a "!6n3 (armi'ally e55e "!%e. On ";e 6";er ;an<1 ";63e

;! ; are n6" a336 !a"e< !"; ";e /!n< # 'itta-vi"rayu(ta-sa s(ārā+ṃ are (armi'ally !n<e"er/!na"e< #

avyā( ta+, ṛ

A3 j>3" ;a%e 0een 3a!< ";edharmas $a3" 6n$y a /6/en" an< ";ey 6n"!n>6>3$y ar!3e an< a33 a ay1 56$$6 e<

0y 6";er ne dharmas 65 a !n 6r <!33!/!$ar "y e. A0;!<;ar/a e $a!n3 ";e <yna/! 65 ";!3 a "!%!"y 0y a

3y3"e/ 65 a>3e31 6n<!"!6n3 an< e55e "3 6r re3>$"3 #hetu 0 "ratyaya0 "hala (. T;e 5a!$ 65 ";!3 3y3"e/ "6 e $a!n

64en"$y ;6 ";e re3>$"an" e55e "*vi"ā(a- hetu+ 'ame "6 0e !n 36/e 3 e !a$ 3!">a"!6n31 a3 6ne 65 ";e rea36n56r a<<re33!n4 ";eālayavijñāna ";e6ry. T;e 6nne "!6n 0e" een ";e vi"ā(a-hetu an< vi(ā"a-"hala !3 ";e

5 I<e/6 'en"a$ 3"rea/7 See N6"e3 -8 See N6"e3 *9 See N6"e3 F10 a$<r6n) 2

5



;ear" 65 Abhidharma (armi' ";e6ry1 ;! ; e $a!n3 ";e 6 era"!6n 65 a>3e an< e55e " 6%er e "en3!%e er!6<3

65 "!/e. T;e Sarvāstivad ns! <!3"!n4>!3;e< 3! /a!n a>3e3) -: ";e e55! !en" a>3e *(āra a-hetu+!ṇ ";e

3!/>$"ane6>3 a>3e *sahabh)-hetu+! ";e a>3e 0y a336 !a"!6n *sa "rayu(ta-hetu+!ṃ ";e ;6/64en6>3 a>3e

*sabhāga-hetu+! ";e 6/n! re3en" a>3e *sarvatraga-hetu+ an< ";e /a">ra"!6na$ a>3e *vi"ā(a-hetu+,11

T;e 3yn ;r6n! a r6a ; 6/e3 !n"6 "en3!6n !"; ";e =;6/64ene6>3 an< !//e<!a"e 6n<!"!6n

*samanantara-"ratyaya+2 13 ! !"; re5eren e "6 ";e ;e"er64ene6>3 3> e33!6n 65 dharma4 ;! ; !n%6$%e3 n6n:

;6/64ene6>3 an< n6n !//e<!a"e 6n<!"!6n3 "6 ar!3e an< ";e 6"en"!a$!"y 65 (arma an< anuśaya re3>$"3 6%er

$6n4 er!6<3 65 "!/e. A$";6>4; ";e /6/en"ary r6 e33 ann6" 5>$5!$$ ";e reK>!re/en" "6 0e a e "e< a3 a

64en" ";e6ry1 !" a3 en6>4; "6 6/ $e"e ";e >r 63e 65 !"3 rea"!6n1 ;! ; a3 "6 3;6 ";a" ";e /6"!%a"!6n3

;! ; a 6/ any!n4 a "!6n3 are ";e 56>n<a"!6n 56r a >/>$a"e (arma an< ";a" ";e ra "!"!6ner nee<3 "6

3>0<>e ";e !n5$>en e 65(leśa 1 "6 ea3e 4a";er!n4 6"en"!a$(arma an< ;en e 3"e 3 56r ar< !n ";e Pa";.

T;>3 ";!3 <!3 6>r3e !n ";e 36"er!6$64! a$ 5ra/e 6r a3 an< !3 /ean!n45>$ an< 6/ re;en3!0$e. -F

T;e 6";er 3!<e 65 ";e 6!n !3 ";e "ra<!"!6na$ ";e6ry 65 ar/a re3en"e< !n ";e A@B 0y Vasubabdhu . T;e

re$a"e< a "!%!"y 65(arma! (leśa an< sa sāraṃ !3 $ear$y e $a!ne< !n ";e 56$$6 !n4 K>6"a"!6n)

=I" !3 3a!< A5#h IV - ";a" ";e 6r$< !n !"3 %ar!e"y ar!3e3 5r6/ a "!6n #(arma (. I" !3 0e a>3e 65 ";e

$a"en" <!3 63!"!6n3 #anuśaya ( ";a" a "!6n3 a >/>$a"e # u"a'ita (1 0>" !";6>" ";e $a"en" <!3 63!"!6n3

";ey are n6" a a0$e 65 4!%!n4 r!3e "6 a ne e !3"en e. T;>31 ";e $a"en" <!3 63!"!6n3 3;6>$< 0e

n6 n a3 ";e r66" 65 e !3"en e # m)la bhavaṃ (.?-

T;e a >/>$a"!6n 65 a "!6n3 <6ne1 er%a<e< an< /an! >$a"e< 0y ";e (leśa 1 an< ";e!r $a"en !e3 6ranuśaya 1 !3

";e re3 6n3!0$e 65 ";e er e">a"!n4 65 3a 39ra y $e. T;e3e a >/>$a"!6n3 !3 3a!< ";a" !n rea3e ";e /en"a$ṃ

3"rea/ # santāna+1 /a !n4 !" r6 $!%!"y "6 re0!r";.

C6n"rar!$y "6 ";e P9$! "e "31 ";e A@B 6 en$y re$a"e3(arma an< !"3 a >/>$a"!6n !"; ālayavijñāna a3 ";e!r

%e;! $e. A4a!n A@B a33er"3)

11 a$<r6n),*.12 I<e/ )213 I<e/) 14 a$<r6n #- ()

6



='en"a$ /6"!%a"!6n #mana sañ'etanāḥ ( r6je "3 #ā( e"aṣ ( rene e< e !3"en e ";a" e !3"en e ;! ; !3

r6je "e< !31 !n ">rn1 r6<> e< 5r6/ ";e 3ee< #b ja( 65vijñāna ;! ; !3 !n5>3e< # "aribhāvita ( 0y ar/a.

T;>31 ";e3e " 6 are re<6/!nan" !n 0r!n4!n4 56r"; ";e e !3"en e ;! ; !3 n6" ye" ar!3en.? -,

e an 3ee ";a" a06>" ";e r6$e 65 /en"a$ /6"!%a"!6n ";ere !3 6n56r/!"y !"; ";e an6n! a$ <6 "r!ne.

B>" =Sautrānti(a 3 <e%e$6 e< ";e "ra<!"!6na$ /e"a ;6r 65 3ee<3 "6 e6"li'itly 3"an< 56r ";e $a"en"

6"en y 65 06"; #!( ar/a an< #!!( (leśa,2 1/

T;e Sa>"r9n"! a ";e6ry #<!a ;r6n! 1 santāna $!n e<(1 a$36 3;6 e< ";e r60$e/ 65 ann6" 0e a $!e< "6

dharmas #3yn ;r6n! 1 dharmi' ana$y3!3( ;! ; a "!%!"y !3 <e%e$6 e< !n 6";er <!/en3!6n 65 "!/e.

On e a4a!n1 ";e Sa>"r9n"! a3 >3e< ";e /e"a ;6r 65 3ee<3 *b ja+! "6 e $a!n ";e <!3 63!"!6n3)

T;e a55$! "!6n&r (leśa ;! ; !3 <6r/an" !3 a$$e< a $a"en" <!3 63!"!6n 6r anuśaya! ;! ; ;en a a ene< !3

a$$e< an 6>"0>r3" &r "aryavasthāna, '6re6%er1 ";ey 3a!< ";a" ";e a55$! "!6n ;en !3 <6r/an" !3 ";e 6n"!n>!"y

6r anubandha !n a 3ee< 3"a"e 6rb ja-bhāva 65 ";e re5erre< a55$! "!6n ;! ; !3 n6" /an!5e3".

;en !" !3 a a en !" !3 a$$e< =0e!n4 re3en"?. On ";e 6";er ;an<1 ;a" !3 a$$e< =3ee< 3"a"e? !3 ";e a a !"y

6r śa(ti 65 ";a" er36n *ātmabhāva+ 56r an a55$! "!6n "6 ar!3e 5r6/ a re%!6>3 a55$! "!6n.

Sautrānti(as <!3"!n4>!3;e< n6"! ea0$y a/6n4 ";e $a"en" <!3 63!"!6n3 an< !"3 /an!5e3"a"!6n 6r 6>"0>r3"1 0>" !n

";a" ay ";ey ;663e "6 a0an<6n ";e 3y3"e/ 65 ";e dharma, T;ere56re ";e <!3 63!"!6n3 are ne!";er 'itta-

sa "ratyu(taṃ n6r 'itta-vi"rayu(ta! 0e a>3e ";ey are n6" rea$ en"!"!e3*dravya+,17

A 3ee< !3 <e5!ne< a3 any 3y ;6: ;y3! a$ 6/ $e *nāma-r)"a+ ";a" !3 a0$e 65 r6<> !n4 a 5r>!" e%en

/e<!a"e$y 6r !//e<!a"e$y 0y a 3 e !5! /6<!5! a"!6n 65 ";e /en"a$ 3"rea/ # santati"ari āmaviśe ajāt ṇ ṣ (.-2

;en ";e /en"a$ 3"rea/ ;an4e3 "6 a <!55eren" 3"a"e ";a" !3 a$$e< /6<!5! a"!6n. 'en"a$ 3"rea/ !3 a$36 <e5!ne<

a3 ";e /6"!%a"!6na$ 6/ $e 6r sa s(āraṃ e !3"!n4 a3 a>3e an< e55e ". 18

T;e 6n e " 65 3ee<3 !3 3!4n!5! an" !n ";e 6n"e " 65 ";e /en"a$ 3"rea/ 6r santāna 1 ;ere ";e $a"en"

<!3 63!"!6n3 a "3 a3 !ner"!a$ 56r e3 !n ";e 3>0 6n3 !6>3 $ayer3 65 /!n<1 6n3"!">"!n4 an !n<!%!<>a$ 3a 39r!ṃ

e !3"en e ;! ; 5>n "!6n3 a4a!n3" ";e dharma 3y3"e/.

15 Idem.16 a$<r6n) .17 I<e/18 a$<r6n)--19 a$<r6n),

7



Re3>/!n4 ";e re e<en" <!3 >33!6n1 e an 3ay ";a" vijñāna !n A@B !n !"3Sautrānti(a e 63!"!6n3 an< !n

Abhidharma !n 4enera$ ;a3 ";e 3a/e " 656$< r6$e ";a" !n P9$! "e "1 !.e1 64n!"!6n a3 a /6/en"ary r6 e33 ";a"

";e dharmi' ana$y3!3 e $a!n3 an< ";e re:$!n !n4 an< 3> 6r"!n4 $!5e 5a "6r1 arr!er 65(amma 1 6n"!n>a$$y

5$6 !n4 5r6/ $!5e "6 $!5e >n"!$ $!0era"!6n.

T;e 'itta-santāna <!3 6>r3e an 0e a33!/!$a"e< !"; ";!3 $a"er r6$e 65vijñāna1 ;! ; a$36 arr!e3 (arma an<

a55$! "!6n31 !n a er e">a$ y $e 65 re0!r";.

T;e /63" re/ar a0$e <!55eren e !3 ";a" !n Abhidharma! ";e dharmi' ana$y3!3 !3 6n3!<ere< >$"!/a"e rea$!"y1

0>" !n ";e Sa>"r9n"! a ar" 65 AB@1 ";esantāna ";e6ry !3 6n3!<ere< j>3" n6/!na$.

-.*. . Sar%93"!%9<a <6 "r!neSarvāstivādins r6 63e< an a$"erna"!%e 6n"6$64! a$ ";e6ry "6 e $a!ndharmi' ana$y3!3 an< ";e 6n"!n>!"y 65

(arma an< (leśa a$"64e";er 3"ay!n4 a ay 5r6/ vijñāna, T;ey r6 63e< ";a" dharmas e !3" <>r!n4 ";e ";ree

"!/e3) a3"1 re3en" an< 5>">re. T;ey <!3"!n4>!3;e< " 6 ne dharmas! a "!%!"y 6r(aritra an< 633e33!6n 6r

"rā"ti, T;e 5!r3" 6ne <e"er/!na"e3 a dharma a3 re3en"1 ";e 3e 6n< 6ne <e"er/!ne3 ;en a er"a!n /en"a$

5a "6r 6>$< 5a$$3 !n"6 6ne’3 /!n< 3"rea/ 6rsantāna! 0>" !" !3 n6" a336 !a"e< !"; ";e /!n<1 !" !3'itta-

vi"rayu(ta an< ;6$e36/e an< >n ;6$e36/e /!n< /66<3 an 6:e !3" an< 5$6 !n an ;e"er64ene6>3

3> e33!6n. T;ere56re ";e r60$e/ 65 anuśaya !3 a%6!<e< an< ";e y 3a!< ";a" !n ";e 3Q"ra3 $a"en" <!3 63!"!6n

a3 >3e< a3 an6";er na/e "6 633e33!6n. In a<<!"!6n ";ey 3a!< ";a" !3 "rā"ti ;! ; <!3"!n4>!3;e< an Aryan

5r6/ a " thaagjiana ṛ # 6r$<$!n4 0e!n4(. T;eSarvāstivādins an< Sautrānti(as 6n3eK>en"$y a4ree< !n ";a" ";e

a0an<6n/en" 65 a55$! "!6n3 !3 !n<e en<en" 65 ";e re3en" 3"a"e 65 /!n<. Ne%er";e$e33 ";e 6n e " 65

633e33!6n <!< n6" 6r !n ";e 5ra/e 65 hetu-"rartyaya- "hala! an< !" a3 n6" re !3e a3 a /ean "6 en$!4;"en

";e ;en6/ena 65 (arma an< (leśa 1 e%en /6re !" a3 n6" a $ear /ar er 65 ";e !/ r6%e/en" !n ";e 3 !r!">a$

Pa";. Prā"ti 1 a3 C6n&e 6!n"e< 6>" a3 a 6n e " "66 near "6 3e$5 6ne. On ;!3 6 !n!6n 633e33!6n a3 =j>3"

an e%a3!%e "er/ 56r an >n<er$y!n4 er36n?*+ an< a$36 ";a" !" !/ $!e3 a 3> 6r" ;! ; 46e3 5>r";er ";an ";e

/6/en"ary 3"a"e1 a3 a /a""er 65 5a " a 36r" 65 $a3"!n4 er36na$!"y.

Hen e1 "rā"ti 5a!$e< !n 3> 6r"!n4 the particular purpose of its proposition and 4a%e $a e "6

Vasubandhu$s <e3 !3e ;6 a5"er a $6n4 "!/e 65 e ;an4!n4 <!3 >33!6n3 a3 e< ;y 633e33!6n !3 a ">a$$y a

20 a$<r6n) 7+

8



dravyadharma an< n6" a /ere 6n%en"!6na$ 6ne # "rajña"ti-dharma+! "6 ;! ; ";e Sarvāstivādins re $!e<

na!%e$y =0e a>3e !" !3 6>r <6 "r!ne?.*-

-.*.,. 'e<!"a"!6na$ e33a"!6n

An6";er 6!n" 65 6n"r6%er3y a3 ";e e $ana"!6n 65 ;6 ";e vijñāna e/er4e3 5r6/ ";e 3"a"e 65 /e<!"a"!6na$

e33a"!6n 6r nir&dha-samā"atti! an< ;! ; !n< 65 /!n< /a!n"a!n3 ";e 06<y a$!%e <>r!n4 !". S ;/!";a>3en

6n3!<er3 ";!3 !33>e ";e !n3"!4a"!n4 a>3e 56r ";e <e%e$6 /en" 65ālayavijñāna ";e6ry.

T;ere a3 4enera$ a4ree/en" 6n ";a" 65 ";e 3! !n< 65 6n3 !6>3ne33 <e3 r!0e !n Abhidharma! n6ne 6ne

an $ay a r6$e !n ";!3 3!">a"!6n1 0e a>3e a$$ 65 ";e/ ar!3e <e en<en" 6n ";e re3 e "!%e 3en3e 6r4an1 ";e

6rre3 6n<en" 60je " an< /en"a$ 5a "6r3 ";a" e%er a 6/ any!n4 ";e/. In ";e 6n"e " 65 e33a"!6n a$$ ";!3

reK>!re/en"3 are n6" re3en". T;ere56re a <!55eren" !n< 65 /!n< ;a< "6 0e 3>44e3"e<.

Sautrānti(as r6 63e< ";a" ";e /!n< ;! ; e/er4e3 5r6/ ";e nir&dha-samā"atti 1 6r!4!na"e3 5r6/ a 3ee<

re3er%e< !n ";e 06<y1 a33er"!n4 ";a" ";e 06<y an< ";e /!n< are />">a$ 3ee<3 65 ea ; 6";er.

Sarvāstivādas 3a!< ";a" ";e $a3"'itta re e<!n4 ";e a036r "!6n !3 ";e re3 6n3!0$e "6 4!%e r!3e "6 ";e e/er4!n4

/!n< an< !" !3 ";a" ay 0e a>3e ";e dharmas als& e !3" !n ";e a3".

O";er3 /a!n"a!n ";e %!e ";a" a 3>0"$e 56r/ 65 /!n< 3"!$$ e !3"3 <>r!n4 ";e a036r "!6n1 6";er !3e ";e 6/ $e"e

!";<ra a$ 65 vijñāna /ean3 <ea";.

!na$$y ";e%&gā'ārins 6/0!ne< 06"; ";e6r!e3 an< r6 63e< a 3>0"$e "y e 65 /!n< ;! ; arr!e3 ";e 3ee<3 65

06<y an< /!n<1 a$$e<ālayavijñāna, 33

-.F. C;ara "er!3"! 3 65 ālayavijñāna

=T;e Vijña"timātratā-tri si(āṃ 1 <e3 r!0e3 ";e ālayavijñāna a3 56$$6 3) =T;e 5!r3" #"ran356r/a"!6n( !3ālaya-

vijñāna! 6r vi"ā(a #<!55eren"$y /a">re<( 6rsarvab ja(a # 633e33e< 65 a$$ 3ee<3(.?*F

T;ere are <!3"!n4>!3;e< ";ree ;ara "er!3"! 3)-. Se$5: ;ara "er!3"! ) 6r !n 6";er 6r<3 3e$5:3>03"an e. An< ";e $a"er !3 ";e $!"era$ "ran3$a"!6n 65 ";e 6r<

alayavijñāna . T;e "er/ ālaya a3 "ran3$a"e< 0y >an&an4 a3 3"6re an< !" a3 4!%en ";ree

6nn6"a"!6n31 -. T6 3"6re #nen4: an41 (1 ;! ; /ean3 ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 ee 3 ";e 3ee<3 65 ";e21 I<e/. C!"e< !n A@B1 P6>33!n)-27.22 a$<r6n)-F23 En y $6 e<!a 65 B><<;!3/ #- 7-() F2 .

9



a$$ ;en6/ena$ e !3"en e3. *. T6 0e 3"6re< # 3> : an41 ( /ean3 ";a" ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 !3

er5>/e< 6r !/ re33e< 0y ";e re e<!n4 3e%en !n< 65 6n3 !6>3ne33 an< 3ee<3 are $an"e< !n !".

S"6re a""a ;e< "6 #K : an41 ( en"a!$3 ";a" ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 e !3"3 !";6>" !n"err> "!6n an<

";ere56re 6n3"!">"e3 ";e 3>0je " 65 ea ; !n<!%!<>a$. I" !3 a""a ;e< "6 ";emanas # "; 6n3 !6>3ne33( 6r

3e$5: 6n3 !6>3ne331 a$$e< a$36 ";6>4;": 6n3 !6>3ne33. T;e3e ";ree <!3"!n "!6n3 are a$$e< ";e

";ree56$< 3"6re 65ālaya, 39

*. E55e " ;ara "er!3"! ) ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 !3 6n3!<ere< ;ere a3 an e55e "1 an e55e " ar!3!n4 65 a

a r6 r!a"e a>3e. T;e San3 r!" "er/ 56r ";!3 ;ara "er!3"! !3 vi"ā(a! ;! ; !3 ren<ere< a3 <!55eren"

/a">r!"y1 !" ;a3 %ar!6>3 /ean!n43 0>" ;ere !3 >3e< a3 ";e =re"r!0>"!6n /a">re< <!55eren"$y 5r6/ a>3e?.

T;!3 !/ $!e3 ";a" ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 !3 a ne>"ra$ *avyā( ta+ ṛ 5r>!" ar!3en 5r6/ a>3e3 65 <!55eren"

na">re.In ";!3 6nne "!6n !3 !/ 6r"an" "6 e/ ;a3!&e ";a" ";e a>3e !n%6$%e< !n =<!55eren" /a">r!"y? !3 n6" ";e

r!/ary 6ne. I" !3 a 3e 6n<ary a>3e 6r a 66 era"!%e 6ne. T;e 3ee<3 ;! ; are ";e <!re " a>3e 65

";e ālayavijñana are 65 a ne>"ra$ an< $ear na">re*aniv ta-avyā( ta ṛ ṛ ( an< ";ere56re "66 ea "6

/an!5e3" ";e/3e$%e3. T;e 66 era"!%e 3ee<3 65 466< 6r 0a< na">re are r6<> " 65 ";e er5>/!n4 65

0a< an< 466< a "!6n31 36 ";ey are a$$e<(armi' 3ee<3 6r 3!/ $y (arma, On ";e 6";er ;an< ";e

3ee<3 a3 <!re " a>3e3 are na/e< abhilā"a 3ee<3 6r 3ee<3 65 6r<3. e an 3ee ";a" ";e 0y a>3e

!3 ;! ; ;a%e ";e e/ 6 er/en" "6 4!%e r!3e ;en6/ena an< ";a" !3 ;a" ";e a33a4e =";e a>3e !3

e!";er 466< 6r 0a<1 ;!$e e55e " !3 ne>"ra$? /ean3.*, T;a" !3 ";e /ean!n4 65 <!55eren" /a">r!"y. On ";e

3a/e "6 ! ";ere !3 an6";er <!3"!n "!6n ";a" />3" 0e <6ne 0e" een rea$ <!55eren" /a">r!"y’ an<

r6<> "3 65 <!55eren" /a">r!"y’. T;e 5!r3" 6ne !3 ";e 6/ $e"e na/e 65 <!55eren" /a">r!"y’ an< !" !3 a$36

an a$!a3 "6 ";eālayavijñāna an< !"3 /ean!n4 !3 ";e re3>$" 65 a 3en"!en" 0e!n4. 'ean ;!$e ";e 3e 6n<

"er/ !3 >3e< "6 <en6"e ";e ar"! >$ar re"r!0>"!6n3 65 ";e ea ; 6ne 65 ";e 3! 6n3 !6>3ne33e3.

C6n ern!n4 "6 ";e rea$ <!55eren" /a">r!"y’ !" ;a3 "6 5>$5!$$ ";ree 6n<!"!6n3) 5r>!"!6n 65(arma 1 6n"!n>!"y

an< >n!%er3a$ re3en e !n ";e ";ree rea$/3. r>!"!6n 65 (arma !n<! a"e3 ";e <!55eren"$y /a">re ne>"ra$

5r>!"!6n ;! ; ar!3e3 !n re$a"!6n !"; 6ne’3 0a< 6r 466<3 a "!6n3. C6n"!n>!"y’ 3!4n!5!e3 a er3!3"en"

e !3"en e !";6>" !n"err> "!6n an< $a3"$y >n!%er3a$ re3en e !n ";e ";ree rea$/3’ 3 e !5!e3 !"3

24 En y $6 e<!a 65 B><<;!3/ #- 7-() F225 En y $6 e<!a 65 B><<;!3/) F2,

10



e >$!ar!"y 65 e !3"!n4 any $a e !n ";e ";ree rea$/3 *7. On$y ";e e!4;"; 6n3 !6>3ne33 6n56r/3 "6 ";e

";ree 6n<!"!6n3 <e3 r!0e< a06%e.

F. Ca>3e ;ara "er!3"! ) a06>" ";!3 5ea">re ālayavijñāna !3 0e$!e%e< "6 0e ";e a>3e 65 e%ery";!n4 ";a"

e !3"3. Ca>3e !n ";!3 6n"e " /ean3 ";e 3ee<3 a3 <!re " a>3e3 56r ";e 6 >rren e 65 ";e en"!re

;en6/ena. Be a>3e ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 ;a3 ";e a a !"y 65 e/0ra !n4 an< re3er%!n4 ";e3e

3ee<31 re e!%e< ";e na/e 65 sarvāb ja(a !n ";e Viña"timātratā-tri si(āṃ 37 , Sarvāb ja 3!4n!5!e3 a$$

3ee<3’ an<

Sarvāb ja(a <en6"e3 ";a" ";e e!4;"; 6n3 !6>3ne33 ;a3 ";e 633e33!6n 65 a$$ 3ee<3 !n !"3e$5.

Y649 9r!n3 a33er"e< ";e ";e6ry 65 a>3a"!6n 0yālayavijñāna 1 /ean!n4 ";a" a$$ ;en6/ena e/er4e

5r6/ ";!3 6n3 !6>3ne33 a3 a 6n3eK>en e 65 633e33e< a$$ 3ee<3. 6$$6 !n4 ";e 3a/e rea36n!n4

";e na/e 65 C6n3 !6>3ne33:6n$y D6 "r!ne’ 6r Viña"ti-mātratāvāda !3 4!%en "6 ";e 3"a"e/en" 65e%ery";!n4 !3 5a0r! a"e< 0y 6n3 !6>3ne33.

>6"!n4 Ta a >3>) =Ā$aya: 6n3 !6>3ne33 !"3e$5 !3 n6" an >n ;an4ea0$e 5! e< 3>03"an e*dravya+0>"

!3 !"3e$5 e%er ;an4!n4 !n3"an"ane6>3$y*( a i(a+ṣ ṇ an< re ea"e<$y an< 0e!n4 er5>/e<’ 6r ;a%!n4

!/ re33!6n3 /a<e > 6n !" 0y 64n!"!6n an< a "!6n1 !" 0e 6/e3 ;a0!">a"e< an< e55! !en" !n

/an!5e3"a"!6n. I" !3 $! e a "6rren" 65 a"er ;! ; ne%er 3"6 3 a" 6ne $a e 56r " 6 6n3e >"!%e

/6/en"3. I" !3 6n$y !"; re5eren e "6 ";e 6n"!n>!"y 65 ";e 3"rea/ ";a" e an 3 ea 65 a r!%er.? *2

A 6r<!n4$y ";e e!4;"; 6n3 !6>3ne33 ne%er ea3e3 "6 0e1 6n$y ;an4e !"3 na/e "6 vi"ā(a 6r

ādāna 38

;en an 6r<!nary 0e!n4 a ;!e%e3 ";e e!4;"; bh)mi !n ";e bh&disattva ay 6r ara;an3;! . In 06";

56r/er 3"a4e3 ";e e!4;"; 6n3 !6>3ne33 0e 6/e3 <e"a ;e< 5r6/ anas 1 ";e 3e%en"; 6n3 !6>3ne33

an< !n 6n3eK>en e n6" <e5!$e<. ;en ";e 3"a4e 65 B><<;a:;66< !3 a""a!ne< ";e "er/ Vi"ā(a !3 n6"

>3e< any/6re. 6r ";!3 ;!4;e3" $e%e$ 65 rea$!&a"!6n 6n$y ";e 6r<ādāna :; !3 a $! a0$e1 /ean!n4

5r>!"!6n 65 B><<;a:;66< 5r6/ an >n"a!n"e< # !";6>"anuśaya+ 6n3 !6>3ne33. T;e e!4;";

6n3 !6>3ne33 65 ";e B><<;a !3 a$$e<ādarśajñāna :1 1 0e a>3e ;ere ";e 6 er 65 !3<6/ 6%er 6/e3

";e <!3 r!/!na"!n4 a "!%!"y 65 /!n< an< a$36 !3 na/e< !n ";a" ay 0e a>3e !" !3 "6"a$$y "a!n"$e33.26 @9/a:<;a"QW rea$/ 65 <e3!re. RQ a:<;a"QW rea$/ 65 ";e 56r/ an< arQ a:<;a"QW rea$/ 65 ";e 56r/$e33.27 En y $6 e<!a 65 B><<;!3/ #- 7-() F2, .28 Ta a >3> #- ,7() *.29 Ādāna W;6$<!n430 Ādāna-vijñāna< a 6n3 !6>3ne33 ";a" !3 a$ ay3 !"; ";e 06<y 0>" 3>0"$e ";a" ";e 6r<!nary /!n<.31 Pr!3"!ne 64n!"!6n

11



T;e ahāyānasa grahaṃ :3 !<en"!5!e3ālayavijñāna !"; !n"r!n3! 0a<ne33 6r dau hulyaṣṭ :: , A$36 !" !3

6n3!<ere< a3 ";e a>3e 65 sam(leśa :9 , T;>3 0e!n4 ";e ālayavjñāna a <e5!$e< ;en6/ena$

6n3 !6>3ne33 an< !"3 5r>!"3 <e5!$e< ;en6/ena1 ";e ";e6ry 65 a>3a"!6n 0yālayavjñāna !3 n6 n a3

";e ";e6ry 65 "a!n"e< a>3a"!6n’. Here "a!n"e< /ean3 <e5!$e< an< ;en6/ena$ 6n3 !6>3ne33

3!4n!5!e3 ";a" !" !3 a ;en6/ena$ e !3"en e.

*. J>n4 C6$$e "!%e Un 6n3 !6>3

*.-. T;e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3 F,

Car$ J>n4 #-2 ,:- 7-( a3 a S !33 3y ;!a"r!3" an< 6$$ea4>e 65 re><X3 ;6 0r6 e a ay 5r6/ re><!an

3y ;6ana$y3!3 6%er ";e !33>e 65 ";e >n 6n3 !6>3 /!n< a3 a re3er%6!r 65 re re33e< 3e >a$ "ra>/a ";a"

a>3e3 a$$ ne>r63e3. J>n4 56>n<e< ;!3 6 n 3 ;66$ 65 ana$y"! a$ 3y ;6$64y. A 6r<!n4 "6 ;!/1 ";e 6$$e "!%e

>n 6n3 !6>3 !3 a ar" 65 ";e >n 6n3 !6>3 /!n< 6//6n "6 a$$ ;>/an3. T;e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3 6n"a!n3

ar ;e"y e31 >n!%er3a$ /en"a$ re<!3 63!"!6n3 n6" 4r6>n<e< !n e er!en e. T;e ar ;e"y e3 <6 n6" 6r!4!na"e !n

";e 6r$< 65 ";e 3en3e31 0>" e !3" !n<e en<en"$y 65 ";a" 6r$< an< are n6 n <!re "$y 0y ";e /!n<. J>n4

0e$!e%e< ";a" ";e ar ;e"y e3 ar!3e 3 6n"ane6>3$y !n ";e /!n<1 e3 e !a$$y !n "!/e3 65 r!3!3. J>3" a3 ";ere are

/ean!n45>$ 6!n !<en e31 ";a" ;e a$$e< 3yn ;r6n! !"y1 ;! ; 6 en ";e <66r "6 "ran3 en<en" "r>";31 ";ere56re

a$36 r!3!3 6 en3 ";e <66r 65 ";e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3 an< $e"3 6>" an ar ;e"y e "6 re%ea$ 36/e <ee "r>";

;!<<en 5r6/ 6r<!nary 6n3 !6>3ne33.

T;e unconscious 6r subconscious /!n<1 a 6r<!n4 "6 $a33! a$ re><!an 3y ;6ana$y3!31 !3 a ar" 65 ";e

/!n< ";a" 3"6re3 re re33e< /e/6r!e3. T;e ";e6ry 65 re re33!6n /a!n"a!n3 ";a" 36/e e er!en e3 are "66

a!n5>$ "6 0e re/!n<e< 651 36 ";e /!n< 3">553 ";e/ !n ";e e$$ar. T;e3e a!n5>$ re re33e< /e/6r!e3 /an!5e3"

";e/3e$%e3 !n ne>r6"! 6r 3y ;6"! 0e;a%!6r an< !n <rea/3. O 63!n4 "6 re>< 0e$!e51 J>n4 ";6>4;" ";e

>n 6n3 !6>31 a3 0e!n4 a re3er%6!r 65 "ran3 en<en" "r>";3.

In 3;6r" J>n4’3 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3 !3 an !n;er!"e< ar" 65 ";e 3y ;e1 a 5>n<a/en"a$ <r!%!n4 56r e1 a

6n"a!ner 65 4rea" "r>";31 an< ";e 6n$y "r>3" 6r";y 4>!<e "6 3e$5:rea$!&a"!6n. Ye"1 !" !3 ;!<<en !n ";e <e "; 65 ";e

32 r6"e 0y A3a 4a !n -ṇ3" en">ry A.D.

33 See N6"e ,34 Sam(leśa< r6 e33 65 0e!n4 6n"a/!na"e<35 See N6"e) 7

12



/!n<1 >n n6 n "6 /an. 'y";3 are ";e !n3"r>/en"3 "6 <!3 6%er an< "6 >"!$!&e !". 6r ;!/ /y";3 are 06rn 6>" 65

";e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>31 ";ere56re /a<e > 65 ar ;e"y e31 ";ey are /6re ";an e re33!6n3 65 ";a" ar" 65

";e 3y ;e1 "6 J>n4 ";e ;6$e 65 /y";6$64y 6>$< 0e "a en a3 a 36r" 65 r6je "!6n 65 ";e 6$$e "!%e

>n 6n3 !6>3. Drea/31 6n ";e 6";er ;an<1 6/e 5r6/ ";e er36na$ >n 6n3 !6>31 an< ann6" 0e 6/e /y";31

0e a>3e 65 ";e!r er36na$ na">re.

*.*. Syn ;r6n! !"y

A06>" 3yn ;r6n! !"y1 Car$ J>n4 <e5!ne< !" a3 an e $ana"6ry r!n ! $e. Syn ;r6n! !"y e $a!n3 /ean!n45>$

6!n !<en e3?. H!3 n6"!6n 65 3yn ;r6n! !"y !3 ";a" ";ere !3 a a>3a$ r!n ! $e ";a" $!n 3 e%en"3 ;a%!n4 a 3!/!$ar

/ean!n4 0y ";e!r 6!n !<en e !n "!/e ra";er ";an 3eK>en"!a$$y. He $a!/e< ";a" ";ere !3 a 3yn ;r6ny 0e" een

";e /!n< an< ";e ;en6/ena$ 6r$< 65 er e "!6n. Syn ;r6n! !"y !3 a !n 65 re$a"!6n3;! 0e" een !<ea3 ;! ;

are n6" 65 a>3a$ na">re 0>" 3!/>$"ane6>31 !.e.1 ";e a>3e an< ";e e55e " "a e $a e a" ";e 3a/e "!/e.

*.F. Ar ;e"y e3 F7

J>n4X3 !<ea 65 ar ;e"y e3 a3 ";a" ";ey e !3" an< re/a!n !n 36/e !n< 65 ;>/an a arene33 ";r6>4;

4enera"!6n31 !n<e en<en"$y 65 "!/e an< $a e. T;e ar ;e"y e31 ;e 3a!< are ";e 36>r e 65 6r!4!n 65 =/y";3 6r

>n!%er3a$ /6"!53?1 ;! ; are ";e/3e$%e3 >n 6n3 !6>31 n6" a0$e "6 0e re re3en"e< an< a r!6r! 56r/3 ";a"

3ee/3 "6 0e ar" 65 a ;er!"a4e 6n3"r> "!6n 65 ";e 3y ;e an< ";a" ;a%e ";e 633!0!$!"y 65 /an!5e3"a"!6n

any ;ere a" any"!/e. F J>n4 a>"!6n3 ";a"1 One />3"1 56r ";e 3a e 65 a >ra y1 <!3"!n4>!3; 0e" een

Xar ;e"y eX an< Xar ;e"y a$ !<ea3.X T;e ar ;e"y e a3 3> ; !3 a ;y 6";e"! a$ an< !rre re3en"a0$e /6<e$1

36/e";!n4 $! e ";e a""ern 65 0e;a%!6r !n 0!6$64y. F2 >r";er/6re ;e a<<3)

T;e ar ;e"y e !n !"3e$5 !3 e/ "y an< >re$y 56r/a$...a 633!0!$!"y 65 re re3en"a"!6n ;! ; !3 4!%en a

"ri&ri . T;e re re3en"a"!6n3 ";e/3e$%e3 are n6" !n;er!"e<1 6n$y ";e 56r/31 an< !n ";a" re3 e " ";ey

6rre3 6n< !n e%ery ay "6 ";e !n3"!n "31 ;! ; are a$36 <e"er/!ne< !n 56r/ 6n$y. F

36 See N6"e 37 J>n4 #- 2 ()F -38 E e "e< 5r6/ On ";e Na">re 65 ";e P3y ;e#- 2-() *39 J>n4 #- 2 () F -

13



J>n4 ";en 6n $><e3 ";a" !n ;!3 %!e !n a<<!"!6n "6 ";e !//e<!a"e 6n3 !6>3ne33 ;! ; !3 65 a er36na$

na">re1 =";ere e !3"3 a 3e 6n< 3y ;! 3y3"e/ 65 a 6$$e "!%e1 >n!%er3a$1 an< !/ er36na$ na">re ;! ; !3

!<en"! a$ !n a$$ !n<!%!<>a$3.? T;!3 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3 !3 !n;er!"e< an< !" !3 6n3!3"!n4 65 ar ;e"y e3 ;! ;

are a r!6r! 56r/3 ";a" = an 6n$y 0e 6/e 6n3 !6>3 3e 6n<ar!$y an< ;! ; 4!%e <e5!n!"e 56r/ "6 er"a!n

3y ;! 6n"en"3.? +

I" !3 n6" 633!0$e "6 /a e a 6/ $e"e $!3" 65 ar ;e"y e3 J>n4 ;!/3e$5 ne%er e%en 3>44e3"e< a $!3".

B>" 36/e 65 ";e/ /en"!6ne< 0y J>n4 an< ;!3 6$$ea4>e3 3ee/ "6 0e ";e /63" re re3en"a"!%e !n ";e r6 e33

65 3y ;e’3 !n<!%!<>a"!6n. T;ey are)

• The hero 1 ;6 >r3>e3 a 4rea" K>e3" "6 rea$!&e ;!3 <e3"!ny.• The self 1 ";e er36na$!"y 3"r!%!n4 "6 ar<3 !"3 6 n 6/ $e"e rea$!&a"!6n.• The shadow 1 ";e a/6ra$ re/nan" 65 6>r !n3"!n ">a$ an!/a$ a3".• The persona 1 ";e /a3 an< re"en3e e 3;6 6";er3.• The anima and animus 1 6>r 5e/a$e an< /a$e r6$e3 an< >r4e3.• The mother 1 r!/ar!$y !n ";e 3en3e 65 6>r nee< 65 ;er.• The father 1 r!/ar!$y an a>";6r!"y 5!4>re 65"en !n<> !n4 5ear.• The child 1 6>r !nn6 en" 0e4!nn!n4 !"; a$$ 6>r 6"en"!a$ !n 5r6n" 65 >3.• The sage 1 6r !3e 6$< /an1 6ne ;6 ;a3 ";e r656>n< n6 $e<4e.• The god 1 ";e er5e " !/a4e 65 ";e Se$5.• The goddess 1 ";e 4rea" /6";er1 6r '6";er Ear";.

T;e 56re/63" 65 ar ;e"y e3 !3 ";e ;er61 a er36n ;6 0ra%e$y 6%er 6/e3 4rea" <!55! >$"y !n 6r<er "6

rea$!&e ;!3 <e3"!ny. He 6>$< 0e <e3 r!0e< a3 a r6$e:/6<e$1 >r4!n4 ea ; 65 >3 "6 46 a;ea< an< >r3>e 6>r

6 n K>e3". re><1 "661 >" 3!4n!5! an" e/ ;a3!3 6n ";e ;er6 65 /y"; an< $6re.

J>n4X3 ;er6 /ee"3 !"; er"a!n ;ara "er31 e%en"3 an< 603"a $e3 6n ;!3 K>e3". T;63e are 65"en

re 64n!&a0$e 5r6/ 6ne /y"; 6r an6";er. T;e ;er6 /y"; !3 ";e >$"!/a"e 56r/>$a 65 3e$5:rea$!&a"!6n1 an< !" !3

5>n<a/en"a$ !n J>n4’3 r6 63a$ 65 !n<!%!<>a"!6n.

*. . J>n4’3 ";e3!3 65 !n<!%!<>a"!6n

T;e !n<!%!<>a"!6n r6 e33 !3 a "er/ rea"e< 0y J>n4 "6 <e3 r!0e ";e r6 e33 65 0e 6/!n4 a are 65 6ne3e$51 65

6ne’3 /a e:> 1 an< ";e ay "6 <!3 6%er 6ne’3 "r>e1 !nner 3e$5. A$";6>4; ";e 3"r> ">re !3 0a3! an< 3!/ $e1 ";e

40 I<e/

14



6n"en"3 reK>!re a /> ; <ee er >n<er3"an<!n4. In<!%!<>a"!6n /ean3 ";a" 6ne 0e 6/e3 an !n<!%!<>a$1 a "6"a$$y

!n"e4ra"e< er36na$!"y. I" !3 a r6 e33 65 Se$5 rea$!&a"!6n <>r!n4 ;! ; 6ne !n"e4ra"e3 ";63e 6n"en"3 65 ";e

3y ;e ";a" ;a%e ";e a0!$!"y "6 0e 6/e 6n3 !6>3. I" !3 a 3ear ; 56r "6"a$!"y. On e a er36n ;a3 a e "e< ";e

6n"en"3 65 ;!3 >n 6n3 !6>3ne33 an< ;a3 rea ;e< ";e 46a$ 65 ";e !n<!%!<>a"!6n r6 e331 ;e !3 6n3 !6>3 65

;!3 re$a"!6n3;! 3 !"; e%ery";!n4 ";a" $!%e31 !"; ";e en"!re 63/63. In<!%!<>a"!6n !3 a na">ra$1 !n;eren"

r6 e33 !n /an. I" ann6" 0e 3"!/>$a"e< 0y 36/e";!n4 e "erna$1 0>" !" 4r6 3 5r6/ ";e !n3!<e.

T;ere are a$36 36/e 0a3! 6n e "3 ";a" ;a%e "6 0e n6 n !n ";e ay J>n4 <e3 r!0e3 ";e/.

The ego !3 ";e en"er 65 6n3 !6>3ne33. I" !3 6n3!<ere< a 5>n "!6n ";a" a$$6 3 6ne "6 <!3"!n4>!3; 6ne3e$5 5r6/

6";er3. I" !3 a 3"r> ">re ";a" 6r<er3 6ne’3 3y ;6$64! a$ K>a$!"!e31 36 6ne an /a e 3en3e 65 6ne3e$5 an< 6ne’3

a "!6n3. I" 4!%e3 6ne a 3en3e 65 >n!K>ene331 0>" a$$ ;a%e ";a" !n 6//6n.

O";er ";!n4 ";a" ;>/an3 ;a%e !n 6//6n !3 a 6n3 !6>3 an< an >n 6n3 !6>3. T;e 6n3 !6>3 !3 a0$e "6e er!en e ";e e%ery<ay $!5e. T;e >n 6n3 !6>3 0y 6";er ;an< !3 a "!%e a" ";e 0a 4r6>n<. I" !3 6/ 63e< 65

;!<<en a3 e "3 65 6ne3e$5 ";a" are 6n"!n>!n4 6r !n4 0>" !";6>" 6ne’3 a arene33. T;e >n 6n3 !6>3 !3

6n3!<ere< a 5>n "!6n ";a" "r!e3 "6 0r!n4 ";e er36n !n"6 0a$an e. T;e >n 6n3 !6>3 "en<en !e3 are n6"

3>0/!""e< "6 ";e !$$. J>n4 <!%!<e< ";e >n 6n3 !6>3 !n " 6 ar"3) er36na$ an< 6$$e "!%e. T;e er36na$

>n 6n3 !6>3 0e$6n4 "6 6ne3e$5 an< !" !3 56r/e< 0y a 6$$e "!6n 65 3>0$!/!na$ !n<!%!<>a$ er e "!6n31 re re33e<

6r 56r46""en /e/6r!e31 !3;e3 an< re re33e< e/6"!6n3. T;e >n 6n3 !6>3 ann6" 0e e%6 !n4 0y !$$ 0>"

36/e"!/e3 !" a ear3 !n <rea/31 5an"a3!e3 6r 0y ;y n63!3 r6 e<>re3.

An6";er !/ 6r" "er/ !3 the Self . T;e Se$5 !3 ";a" e are !n e33en e. I" !3 n6" ";e e461 a ">a$$y !3 a 3"r> ">re 65

;!4;er 6r<er ";a" en 6/ a33e3 ";e 6n3 !6>31 ";e >n 6n3 !6>3 an< ";e e46. T;e Se$5 !3 ";e en"ra$

ar ;e"y e !n ";e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3ne331 $! e ";e 3>n !n 6>r 36$ar 3y3"e/. T;e Se$5 !3 6n3!<ere< 56r J>n4

a3 ";e ar ;e"y e 65 6r<er1 6r4an!&a"!6n an< >n!"y. He a$36 6n3!<er ";e Se$5 a3 6ne’3 46a$ !n ";e $!5e1 0e a>3e

!" !3 ";e /63" 6/ $e"e e re33!6n 65 ";e ;!4;e3" >n!"y ";a" ;e a$ !n<!%!<>a$!"y.

T;e !n<!%!<>a"!6n r6 e33 0e4!n3 !"; 0e 6/!n4 6n3 !6>3 65 ";e Per36na1 ";e /a3 e "a e 6n !n 6>r e%ery

<ay $!5e. A5"er ";!3 e 0e 6/e 6n3 !6>3 65 ";e S;a<6 1 ";e re re33e< ;ara "er!3"! 3 65 ";e e46. T;en e

0e 6/e 6n3 !6>3 65 ";e An!/a1 ";e !nner 6/an !n ea ; /an1 6r ";e An!/>31 ";e !nner /an !n ea ;

6/an1 ";e '6";er an< ";e a";er. T;en ";e !/a4e 65 ";e 6$< !3e /an1 6r ";e 6$< !3e /6";er a ear31

a5"er ;! ; ";e e er!en e 65 ";e Se$5 ;a en3. T;e3e ;a3e3 are n6" ne e33ar!$y ;r6n6$64! a$ !n 6r<er 6r

3e ara"e< 5r6/ ea ; 6";er. T;ey an 6%er$a ea ; 6";er 6r r>n ara$$e$. T;e !n<!%!<>a"!6n r6 e33 !3 n6"

15



"ran3 en<!n4 <>a$!"y 0>"'&njun'ti&n-&""&sit&rum1 ;ere!n 6 63!"e3 are >n!"e<.

T;e Se$51 a 6r<!n4 "6 J>n41 !3 n6" a !n< 65 >n!%er3a$ 6n3 !6>3ne33. I" !3 ra";er an a arene33 65 6>r >n!K>e

na">re an< 6>r !n"!/a"e 6nne "!6n !"; a$$ $!5e. T;e Se$5 !3 3y/06$!&e< !n ";e 56r/ a ;!$<1 C;r!3"1 B><<;a1

an< 36 6n. In <rea/3 !" an 3 r6>" 56r"; 5r6/ an an!/a$ 6r an e44. T;e ;er/a ;r6<!"e1 an 65"en >3e<

a$ ;e/! a$ !/a4e1 !3 an6";er 3y/06$ !" j6!n3 ";e 6 63!"e3 65 /a$e an< 5e/a$e. O";er !/a4e3 are ";e <!55! >$"

"6 60"a!n "rea3>re1 a je e$1 a 5$6 er1 a 46$<en e44 6r 46$<en 0a$$1 a ;a$! e $! e ";e Gra!$1 an< a$$ 56>r56$<

!/a4e3 $! e /an<a$a3.

F. C6n $>3!6n

Be56re 65 0e4!nn!n4 !"; ";e ar4>/en"31 I 6n3!<er !/ 6r"an" "6 6!n" 6>" ";a" ";e " 6 r!n ! a$ 3 6 e3/en

!"; ;6/ J>n4 a3 en4a4e< !n <!3 >33!n4 B><<;!3/ ere H!3a/a"3> an< E%an3: en"& - an< ";ere56re

5>n<a/en"a$$y ;e "66 6n"a " !"; Zen an< Vajrayāna B><<;!3/. He a3 6ne 65 ";e ear$!er e$$: n6 n

e3"ern !n"er re"er3 65 B><<;!3/. 6r ";e ;ere"! 3 /any 65 J>n4 6n e "3 are ";6>4;" "6 6/e 5r6/

B><<;!3/. A$";6>4; ";ere are 36/e 3> er5! !a$ 3!/!$ar!"!e31 ";e 5!na$ 6n $>3!6n3 65 J>n4 are $ear$y 5ar 5r6/

B><<;!3" ";6>4;". A3 ";!3 6r !3 <e%6"e< "6 ";e 3>0je " 65ālayavijñāna! !" !$$ /a e e/ ;a3!3 6n ";!3 "6 ! 1

e%en ";6>4; 36/e $a"era$ <!3 >33!6n a06>" 6";er 0a3! J>n4!an 6n e "3 !$$ 0e ne e33ary "66.

A3 j>3" a3 /en"!6ne< 56r/er$y ";e r!n ! a$ /6"!%a"!6n 65 re3en"!n4 ";e ";e6ry 65 ālayavijñāna 0y %&gā'āra

S ;66$ a3 "6 36$%e " 6 5>n<a/en"a$ r60$e/3 ";e 6n"!n>!"y 65 (arma an< vijñāna !"; a 64en"

e $ana"!6n. An< ";ere are ";e3e "6 ! 31 (arma an< ālayavijñāna! ;! ; ere 5reK>en"$y $!n !n4 "6 J>n4’3

3y ;6$64! a$ ";e6r!e3 ;ere 6ne an 3ee <ee <!55eren e3 !n /ean!n4 an< 6nn6"a"!6n.

J>n4 3ee/3 "6 a r6a ; "6 Zen ;en ;e <!3 >33e3 ";e na">re 65 ";e Se$51 ";en ;en ;e <e"a!$3 6";erar ;e"y e31 ;e >3e3 ";e T!0e"an B><<;!3" an";e6n "6 3> 6r" ;!3 6n3!<era"!6n3.

;en ;e 0r!n43 !n ;!3 6n e "!6n3 65 6n3 !6>3ne331 ";e >n 6n3 !6>3 an< ";e 3y ;e1 ;e 3;!5"3 "6 an

ar4>/en"a"!6n 65 ";e na">re 65 ";e Se$5. He 6/e3 $63e "6 B><<;!3/ 0y re 64n!&!n4 ";e %ery re3"r! "e<

!e$< 65 ";e e46: 6n3 !6>3ne33 an< !"3 <e en<en e3 6n <ee er 6r 3>0"$er $ayer3 65 ";e /!n< 6r 3y ;e 0>"41 A/er! an an";r6 6$64!3" an< ne6 ";e636 ;!3"1 !6neer !n T!0e"an B><<;!3" 3"><!e3.

16



3 e >$a"e3 a rea$ e !3"en e 65 =6";er? ";a" 3"an<3 0e;!n< a$$ a earan e3 an< a$36 a n6 $e<4e3 a$$

;en6/ena . *

T;e a06%e !n"er re"a"!6n 4!%e3 ";e !/ re33!6n ";a" J>n4 !3 nearer 65 A"/an ";an B><<;a:na">re.

Reyn6$<3F 1 3a!< ";a" ;e a3 /!3$ea<!n4 0y E%an3: en"&1 ;6 ;a3 /!3>n<er3"an<!n4 "ran3$a"!6n3 65 T!0e"an

6r 3 0y /! !n4 ";e/ !"; ;!3 6 n T;e636 ;! a$ !<!63yn ra3y. T;e 56$$6 !n4 e er " 5r6/ J>n4’3 6r 3 /ay

$ear ;!3 /!3 6n e "!6n a06>" 5>n<a/en"a$ B><<;!3"’3 !<ea3.

A06>" e/ "!ne33 ;e r6"e)

=N6 !5 6n3 !6>3ne33 !3 e/ "!e< a3 5ar a3 633!0$e 65 !"3 6n"en"31 ";ey !$$ 5a$$ !n"6 a 3"a"e 65>n 6n3 !6>3ne331 a" $ea3" 56r ";e "!/e 0e!n4. In Zen1 ";!3 <!3 $a e/en" >3>a$$y re3>$"3 5r6/ ";eener4y 0e!n4 !";<ra n 5r6/ 6n3 !6>3 6n"en"3 an< "ran35erre< e!";er "6 ";e 6n e "!6n 65e/ "!ne33 6r "6 ";e 6an. A3 06"; 65 ";e3e />3" 0e 3"a0$e1 ";e 3> e33!6n 65 !/a4e3 !3 a06$!3;e<an< !"; !" ";e ener4y ;! ; /a!n"a!n3 ";e !ne"! 3 65 6n3 !6>3ne33. #- *( =

In one of his dialogues with the en master !isamatsu" when as#ed a$out his understanding of the

en%mind. !e answered"

&It is the un#nown'. B>" !" !3 ";e >n n6 n ;! ; e !"e3 an< <!3">r03 /e 3y ;! a$$y !" !3 ";e>n n6 n ;! ; !n5$>en e3 /e 63!"!%e$y 6r ne4a"!%e$y. I a/ a are ";a" !" !31 0>" I <6n’" n6 ;a" !"!3.?,

An< !n J>n4 =";e >n n6 n? !3 ";e 6$$e "!%e >n 6n3 !6>3. An< a3 'a3a6 A0e ;a3 re/ar e<1

=In 6n"ra3" "6 ";!31 a 6r<!n4 "6 Zen1 ";e 3e$5 !3 n6" ";e >n n6 n1 0>" ra";er ";e $ear$y n6 n. '6re3"r! "$y 3 ea !n41 ";e n6 er an< ";e n6 n are 6ne1 n6" " 6. T;e n6 er !"3e$5 !3 ";e n6 n1 an<%! e %er3a. Se$5 !3 n6" re4ar<e< a3 36/e";!n4 e !3"!n4 =6%er ";ere1? 36/e ;ere 0ey6n<1 0>" ra";er !35>$$y rea$!&e< r!4;" ;ere an< n6 . #Reyn6$<31 - 2 (?7

'6re6%er1 H!3a/a"3> a3 e< "6 ;!/1 =I3 I: 6n3 !6>3ne33’ <!55eren" 5r6/ Se$5: 6n3 !6>3ne33’1 6r n6"[?

=T;e Se$5 !3 >n n6 n1 56r !" !n<! a"e3 ";e ;6$e1 ";a" !31 6n3 !6>3ne33 an< ";e >n 6n3 !6>3?1 J>n4

63!"e<.

=J>n4 ;a3 <e5!ne< 6n3 !6>3ne33 a3 !<en"! a$ !"; e461 an< ";a" ;! ; !3 n6" e461 a3 !n3"!n ">a$?. An< an

!n3"!n " ;e 3a!< !3 a =4!%en? 56r/er 6n3 !6>3ne33 ";a" !3 !"3e$5 an a<%an e< a 6/ $!3;/en". T;ere56re "6

;!/ !";6>" e46 an 0e n6 6n3 !6>3ne33. T;a" !3 ;y "6 ;!/ ";e j;ana <e3 r!0e< !n B><<;!3" $!"era">re are

*

S;ar!n #*++*()F43 S;ar!n #*++*(),44 I<e/)45 I<e/),46 I<e/),

17



3a/e !n< 65 >n 6n3 !6>3 3"a"e3 65 /!n<1 ;!$e ";ey are e er!en e< !";6>" ";e !<ea 65 e46. T;!3 6>$< 0e

";e rea36n 65 ";e J>n4 0e$!e5 ";a" B><<;!3/ an< !<e$y Ea3"ern ";!n !n4 are a !n "6 <rea/!n4 an< "6"a$$y

!n"r6%er"e<.

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#term! s'<=re(! ! tr<'hr?n&s! ! time (.,+

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