76

cWofo %

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

s]xL dflg;x¿ ckfËtfnfO{ la/fdL 7fG5g\,] jf:tjdf Tof] ;To xf]Og . t/, ckfËtf x'g'sf]

dtnj c?x¿n] eGbf clns a9L z/L/sf] Vofn ug'{kg]{ cj:yf rfFlx xf] .

ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfn] c?eGbf cfk\mgf] z/L/sf] cj:yfaf/] /fd|f];Fu a'l‰5g\ cfkm}n]

z/L/sf] vf; u/L b]Vg g;lsg] jf b'v]sf] yfxf gkfOg] efux¿ xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy / lgoldt hfFr

ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf k5{ . cyf{t\ olb z/L/sf] s'g} efudf b'Vof] jf ;d:of eof] eg] lsg o:tf]

ePsf] xf] eg]/ kQf nufpg' k5{ .

o; cWofodf :j:y /xg] tl/sf / w]/} k|sf/sf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfd ;DaGwL

hfgsf/L 5g\ . cfk"mnfO{ b}lgs :ofxf/sf nflu ;xof]usf] cfjZostf xF'bf rflxg] ;"rgf o;df

5g\ . of] hfgsf/L kl/jf/nfO{ klg sfd nfU5 .

c;n :jf:Yosf nflu c;n ef]hg;a} dlxnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] b}lgs

sfo{ ug{ lg/f]uL /xg / /f]usf] /f]syfd

ug{, / :j:y aRrf hGd lbg c;n ef]hg

cfjZos 5 . xfd|f h:tf u/Lj d'n'ssf

dlxnfx¿df ckfËtf agfpg] tyf cfd

:jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] sf/0f Go"g tyf

sd;n ef]hg klg xf] . lzz' cj:yfb]lv

g}, afnseGbf aflnsfnfO{ sd VjfpF5g\

o;sf] kl/0ffd pgLx¿ l9nf] a9\g] u5{g\,

xf8x¿sf] plrt ljsf; x'Fb}g / o:tf]

/fd|f] :jf:Yosf nflu ckfË ;lxt ;a}nfO{ /fd|f]

vfgf cfjZos x'G5 .

77

cj:yf g} kl5 uP/ ckfËtfsf] sf/0f klg x'g ;S5 . cem, s'kf]lift jf sd cfxf/ kfpg] dlxnf

la/fdL kl//xg] / ;d:of emg\ a9\g ;S5 .

:jf:Yos/ ef]hgh'g;'s} ;d'bfosf] ef]hgdf d'Vo / ;xof]uL vfg]s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g] u5{g\ . o; sf/0f

ef]hgdf w]/} k|sf/sf vfgfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ g} . :j:y /xgsf nflu ef]hgdf ;d'bfodf

k|rlnt d'Vo / ;xof]uL vfg]s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g' k5{ / ;Dej ePdf ;d'bfodf kfOg] yk

vfg]s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . d'Vo vfgfdf sfjf]{xfO8«]6 / ;xof]uL vfgfdf k|f]l6g, le6fldg

tyf vlgh kbfy{, yf]/} lrNnf] / u'lnof] kbfy{ ;dfj]z ul/g] ul/G5 . oL vfgfx¿ s]af6 k|fKt

x'G5g\ To;af/] tn s]xL ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 M–

• sfjf]{xfO8«]6 M of] k]6 eg]{ d'Vo vfgf / zlQm lbg] vfgf xf] . of] ;:tf] klg x'G5 . h:t} eft,

ds}, sf]bf], ux'F, cfn' cflb .

• k|f]l6g M o;n] z/L/ lgdf{0f u5{ . of] hgfj/ / jg:kltaf6 k|fKt x'g] u5{ . hgfj/af6 k|fKt

x'g] k|f]l6go'Qm vfgfx¿ h:t} b"w, bxL, rLh, c08f, df5fdf;' cflb x'g\ . jg:kltaf6 k|fKt

x'g] k|f]l6gsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ h:t} u]8fu'8L, bfn, abfd, cf]v/ cflb x'g\ . 5fnf tyf

df+;k]zLx¿ alnof] agfpg a9L k|f]l6g ePsf vfgf vfg' cfjZos 5 .

• le6fldg / vlgh M logLx¿n] z/L/nfO{ /f]uaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] / z/L/sf lau|]eTs]sf tGt'

tyf cËsf] k'glgdf{0f ug]{ u5{g\ . oL tTjx¿ kmnkm"n / ;fu;JhLx¿df kfOG5g\ . vf;u/L]

x8\8L dha"t agfpg of a9\bf] pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ SoflN;od a9L k|fKt x'g] vfgf -b"w,

k|f]l6g

b"w bxL

u]8fu'8L

;kmf kfgL

t/sf/Lx¿

kmnk"mnx¿lrgL dx

t]n

sfh' abfd

d'Vo vfgf

rfdn, sf]bf] cflb

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

oL ef]hg z/L/sf nflu :j:ys/ 5g\

78

/QmcNktf:j:ys/ ef]hg vfg gkfpg] s'g} klg dlxnf jf aflnsf sdhf]/Laf6 kLl8t x'g ;lS5g\ /

pgnfO{ /QmcNktf x'g ;S5g\ . ef]hgdf cfO/go'Qm vfgf ;dfj]z gePdf o:tf] x'G5 . /QmcNktf

dlxnfsf] cfd ;d:of xf], of] k|foM ue{jtL / aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfO/x]sf dlxnfnfO{ x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0f

clt g} ysfO nfU5 tyf /f]u;Fu h'e\mg] Ifdtf sd u5{ . ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf cTolws /Qm;|fj eof] eg]

klg /QmcNktf x'G5 / cf}nf] Hj/ x'Fbf / c+s';] h'sf kbf{ klg x'g ;S5 . c+s';] h'sfsf] pkrf/ / cf}nf]

Hj/f]sf] /f]syfd / pkrf/sf nflu :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx lng' cfjZos 5 .

/QmcNktfsf nIf0fx¿• cfFvfsf] leqL k6n, leqL cf]7 / gª lkmsf b]lvg]

• sdhf]/L jf Hofb} ysfO dx;'; x'g]

• l/Fu6f nfUg] -vf;u/L a;]/ p7\bf_

• a]xf]; x'g] -cr]t x'g]_

• :jfF–:jfF a9\g] .

• d'6'sf] w8\sg a9\g] .

/QmcNktfsf] /f]syfd / pkrf/ M o;sf] /f]syfd / pkrf/ b'j}sf nflu x/]s lbg cfO/g

kmnfd k|z:t x'g] vfgf vfg' k5{ . cfO/g xl/of ;fu;JhL -/fof], kfn'Ëf], e]8] v';f{gL, l;:g', cflb_

/ b"w, bxL, vF'bf], c08f, df;' cflbdf kfOG5g\ .

tn pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;lsof] eg] s'g} klg JolQmn] kof{Kt cfO/go'Qm

vfgf vfg ;S5g\ M–

• a9L cfO/g ePsf vfgfsf ;fy} uf]ne]F8f jf kmnk"mn h:t} cfFk, d]jf, ;'Gtnf, sfutL /

cldnf] kmnk"mnx¿ klg vfg] . logLx¿df le6fldg …l;Ú gfds le6fldg x'G5 h;n] z/L/nfO{

vfgfdf ePsf] cfO/gsf] a9L k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

• kmnfdsf] efF8fdf vfgf agfpg'xf];\ . o;df uf]ne]F8f, sfutL / lga'jfsf] /; ldnfpg'xf];\ .

b"wsf kl/sf/, xl/of] ;fu;JhL, u]8fu'8L, s'/s'/]

xf8 ePsf] df;'df5f_ lbg' cfjZos 5 .

• ef]hgdf s]xL u'lnof] / lrNnf] kbfy{ klg ;dfj]z

x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf kbfy{x¿n]] zlQm lbG5g\ /

lrNnf] kbfy{n] z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] klg kf5{ .

:jf:YosdL{n] d}n] w]/} b"w / xl/of]

;fu;JhL vfg'k5{ t eg] t/, b"w

>Ldfg / 5f]/fsf nflu hf]ufpF5' /

xl/of] ;fu;JhL lsGg d;Fu k};f 5}g .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

79

o;n] efF8fsf] kmnfd vfgfdf ld;fpF5 .

• sfutLsf] /;df ;kmf kmnfd s]xL ;do 8'afO{ Tof] /; kfgLdf xfn]/ lkpFbf klg cfO/g k|fKt

x'G5 .

xfd|f] b]zsf] ;/sf/L :jf:Yo rf}sL tyf pk:jf:Yo rf}sLdf ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ /QmcNktfaf6

hf]ufpg cfO/gsf rSsLx¿ lgz'Ns lbg] ul/G5 .

z/L/ ;lqmo agfO/xg ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿;a} dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] z/L/ ;'b[9, nlrnf] tyf

:j:y agfO/fVg Jofofd ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . Jofofdn]

df+;k]zL, d'6', kmf]S;f], df+;k]zLnfO{ ;'b[9 /fVg ;xof]u u5{

/ o;n] pRr – /Qmrfk, x8\8L sdhf]/ / slJhotsf]

/f]syfd u5{ . Jofofdn] w]/} df]6f] x'gaf6 klg hf]ufpF5 .

w]/} df]6f] x'g' :j:y x'g' xf]Og / df]6f]kgn] b}lgs ul/g]

JolQmut lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ Hofb} sl7g agfpF5 .

slxn]sfxLF ckfËtfn] ubf{ s'g} cË jf k"/} z/L/ rnfpg

g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Jofofd ubf{ /fd|/L

cË jf z/L/ rnfpg ;lsFb}g . lgoldt rnfpg g;lsPsf

df+;k]zLx¿ sdhf]/ aG5g\ / v'lDrG5g\ . hf]gL{x¿nfO{ k"/}

dfqfdf rnfpg] ul/Pg eg] tL c//f aG5g\ clg ;f]e\mofpg

/ v'DRofpg klg g;lsg] x'G5g\ . z/L/nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ckfËtf

ePsfn] z/L/sf] k"/} efux¿ hlt dfqfdf rnfpg ;lsG5,

Tolt g} rnfpg ;lsg] k|sf/sf] Jofofd ug'{ k5{ . s'g} s'g}

a]nf o;sf nflu c¿sf] ;xof]u klg lng ;lsG5 .

Jofofdn] dlxnfnfO{ dfgl;s lj/lQmdf klg ;xof]u

ug{ ;S5 . s'g} s'g} vfnsf Jofofdn] kL8fdf jf:tljs

¿kdf cf/fd lbG5 . lgoldt Jofofd u/]sf JolQmx¿ /fd|/L

lgbfpg ;S5g\ .

w]/}h;f] dlxnfx¿nfO{ vfgf ksfpg], ;/;kmfO ug]{,

v]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{, 3fF;bfp/f sf6\g], afnaRrf af]Sg] h:tf

;fwf/0f 3/fo;L b}lgs sfdx¿af6 Jofofd -s;/t_ eO/x]sf]

x'G5 . ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfn] klg o:tf cfk\mgf] zlQmn]

EofP eg] sfdx¿ u/]/ Jofofd ug{ ;S5g\ .

=== 5fltsf] df+;k]zL tGsfpg]

k|oTg ug'{xf];\ .

olb a]nfa]nfdf

cl3lNt/ e'mSg' x'G5 eg] ====

olb z/L/ rnfpg Hofb} sl7gfO x'G5 eg] a]nfa]nfdf a;fO l:ylt kl/jt{g ul//xg' k5{ .

o;}u/L lbge/ al;/xg] JolQmn] a]nfa]nfdf s]xLa]/sf nflu kN6g] ug'{ k5{ .

t/ Ps}rf]6L s8f kl/>d kg]{ vfnsf] Jofofd ug'{ xF'b}g . Jofofdsf] :t/ lbgk|lt lbg

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

80

lj:tf/} a9fpFb} hfg' k5{ . vf;u/L z/L/ kof{Kt rnfpg g;lsg], jf z/L/sf] s'g} efu rnfpg

g;Sg] jf z/L/ sdhf]/ 5 jf kL8f eO/x]sf] 5 jf Ps} a;fO l:yltdf nfdf] ;do;Dd a:g]

ul//xg' ePsf] 5 eg] xn'sf Jofofdaf6 yfngL ug'{ k5{ . w]/} rndn gubf{ df+;k]zL / hf]gL{

grNg] jf b'Vg] x'G5g\ . z/L/ hlt rnfFpb} uOG5 Tolt g} rnfpg ;lhnf] x'Fb} hfG5 .

Jofofdn] dgf]/Ghg klg lbG5cfk"mnfO{ /dfOnf] x'g] Jofofd ug'{ k5{ . s;}nfO{ xn'sf g[To ubf{ cfgGb cfpF5 . s;}nfO{

uLt ufP/ xft v'§f rnfpFbf /dfOnf] x'G5 .

s;}nfO{ gfr]/ dgf]/Ghg x'G5 ===

=== s;}nfO{ v]n]/ .

c? JolQm;Fu ldn]/ klg Jofofd ug]{

ug'{ k5{ . ;fyL;ËL;Fu ldn]/ Jofofd ubf{

lbglbg} ug{ dg nfU5 .

lXjnr]o/ k|of]u ug]{x¿n] cfkm} s';L{

rnfP/ ufpF3/ 3'Dg] ug'{ k5{ . olb of] ;+ej

5}g s'g} ef/ -9'Ëf, kfgL e/]sf] af]tn jf

y}nL_ xftdf /fv]/ k6s k6s p7fpg] tyf

/fVg] Jofofd ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;n] sfFw /

xftsf df+;k]zL / xf8x¿nfO{ alnof] agfpF5 .

s;/L p7fpg] < 9'+uf p7fpg' cufl8

;s];Dd ;f]emf] eP/ plegf];\ / nfdf] ;f;

tfg]/ kmfNg'xf];\ . ;f; kmfNbf s'g} ;fdfg af]s]

e}+m sfFwnfO{ ;s];Dd k5fl8 nfgf];\ / k'gM

nfdf] ;f; lng'xf];\, / j:t'nfO{ dfly p7fpg'xf];\

/ ha j:t'nfO{ kl5lNt/af6 tn emfg'{ x'G5

ta ;f; kmfNg'xf];\ . of] k|lqmof s]xL k6s

bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

df+;k]zL tGsfpg] tyf v'Drfpg] lqmofdf+;k]zL tGsfpg] v'DRofpg] lqmofn]

df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ a9L nrsbf/ agfpF5 . o;f]

ePdf p7\g, a:g / lgx'l/g ;lhnf] x'G5 .

ckfËtf ePsf w]/} dlxnfx¿n] df+;k]zL

tGsfpg] v'DRofpg] lqmof lgoldt ugf{n]

pgLx¿sf] kL8f sd ePsf] dx;'; u/]sf

5g\ . o; lqmofn] rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 klg

arfp u5{ .

ux|f}F rLh af/Daf/ p7fpgfn] df;' /

xf8 alnof] x'G5 .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

81

df+zk]zL tGsfpg] tyf v'Drfpg] lqmof ug]{ tl/sf!= gn8\g] / ;'/lIft 7fpF vf]Hg'xf];\ . of] lqmof xn'sf tyf df+zk]zLdf em8\sf gkg]{ u/L

ul/g' k5{ . h:t}, 9f8 tGsfpgsf nflu u'Gb|Ldf ;'t]/ 3'F8f ;dftL gb'v'~h]n 5ftLlt/

Nofpg'xf];\ .

@= oxL cj:yfdf Psb]lv tL;;Dd

ug'Gh]n;Dd l:y/ /xg'xf];\ /, o;

cj:yfdf z/L/nfO{ cl3 jf kl5

pkmfg'{ of rnfpg' x'Fb}g .

#= tlGsbf ;f; km]l//fVgf];\ . tGs]sf]

efu b'Vg yfNof] eg] b'v]sf] efusf] tGsfOnfO{ sd u/L xn'sf agfOlbg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{

klg kL8f sd ePg eg] csf]{ cf;gl:ylt lnP/ ;'¿ ugf]{;\ .

ufx|f] sfd jf Jofofd yfNg' cufl8 hlxn] klg df+;k]zL tGsfpg] v'DRofpg] lqmof ug'{ /fd|f]

x'G5 . xn'sf;Fu of] lqmof ugf{n] JolQmnfO{ s'g} xflg x'Fb}g tyf df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ s'g} rf]6k6s

nfUb}g . of] lqmof ufx|f] sfd jf Jofofd ul/;s]kl5 ug'{ klg kmfObfhgs 5 . o; lqmofn]

z/L/nfO{ nrsbf/ /fVg ;xof]u ug]{ ePsfn] pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf x'g] kL8f tyf sdhf]/Lsf] /f]syfd

ug{ ;S5 .

yf]/} dfq xnrn ug{;Sg] cj:yfsf dlxnfn] s'g}

s'g} df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ tGsfpg] tyf v'Drfpg] lqmof k|of]u

ubf{ kmfObfhgs x'g ;S5 . of] lqmof ubf{ s'g}s'g} a]nf

c¿sf] ;xof]u lng' kg]{ klg x'G5 . t/, ;xof]uLnfO{

df+;k]zLnfO{ rnfpg] ubf{ pgLnfO{ xn'sf;Fu tfGg] of

v'DRofpg] ug'{xf];\ eGg' k5{ . olb tGsfpFbf b'Vof] jf

c;lhnf] eof] eg] /f]Sg nufpg' k5{ .

s;} s;}n] of] lqmof ug'{ cl3 df+;k]zLx¿df j/km

jf tftf] uD5f jf sk8f /fVbf ;lhnf] ePsf] dx;';

u5{g\ . of] tl/sf klg sf]lz; ug{ ;lsG5 / cf/fd

dx;'; eof] eg] lgoldt ug{ ;lsG5 .

df+;k]zLx¿ s8f ePsf dlxnfx¿n] ljxfg} b}lgs

sfdx¿ ;'? ug'{cl3 of] lqmof u/] eg] c? a]nfsf] h:tf]

x'g] b'vfO{ sd x'G5 . /ftL ;'Tg' cl3 klg of] lqmof

ul/of] eg] /fd|f] lgGb|f nfU5 / s]xL lbgkl5 b'vfO{ sdL

x'g yfN5 .

;fg'sf] v'§f kf]lnof] nfu]/

kIff3ft ePsf] 5 . o;sf/0f

pgL cfk\mgf] v'§f c/7\7f] jf s8f

gxf];\ eg]/ sfd ubf{ df+zk]zL

tGsfpg] tyf v'Drfpg] lqmof

ug]{ ul5{g\ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

82

s}og dlxnfx¿n] ljleGg sfdx¿ ul//x]sf cjlwdf df+;k]zL tGsfpg] tyf v'Drfpg]

lqmof ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ kmfObf klg x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;a}n] cfk\mgf b}lgs

lqmofsnfkx¿ ul//x]sf cjlwaLr o:tf] lqmof ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

u'8\g] of ws]Ng] uf8f jf a}zfvL jf lx\jnr]o/ k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿n] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿u'8\g] of ws]Ng] uf8f jf a}zfvL jf lXjnr]o/ k|of]u

ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] tL j:t'x¿ lbgx'F xftx¿n] ws]Ng] u/]sf

sf/0f gf8L / sfFwdf ;d:ofx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . xft / sfFwx¿df

rf]6 nfUg ;S5, hf]gL{x¿ km'l:sg ;S5g\ . o;f] x'g glbg

a]nfa]nfdf xft / sfFWfx¿ tGsfpg] / v'DRofpg] lqmof ul//xg'

k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M–

k|foM lXjnr]o/ k|of]u ug{] dlxnfsf] xft alnof] x'G5 .

t/ o;f] eg]/ ws]Ng k|of]u x'g] efusf df+;k]zLx¿ dfq

alnof] eP/ x'Fb}g, k"/} xft / sfFwsf df+;k]zLx¿ alnof] x'g'

h¿/L 5 . xft / sfFwsf] a9L k|of]uaf6 hf]lug Ps} tl/sfaf6

nfdf] ;do;Dd s'g} sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . h:tf] s'g} j:t' p7fpg

Ps} xftsf] dfq k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g, 3/L jfofF 3/L bfofF u/]/ b'j}

xftx¿ rnfpg] ug'{ k5{ .

sfFwsf cGo df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg] tl/sfdf

lXjnr]o/nfO{ k5fl8 ws]Ng] tl/sf lgs} ;xof]uL x'g]u5{ .

s'g} efu a9L rnfpg] ubf{ x'g] ;d:ofb'O{ xf8x¿ hf]l8g] 7fpF hf]gL{ xf] . hf]gL{x¿df TofGb|]

df;' (tendons) n] df+;k]zLx¿ / xf8nfO{ hf]8\5 . Pp6}

rfn af/af/ ul//xFbf h:t}, lXjnr]o/, uf8f jf a};fvL

rnfO/xFbf gf8Lsf] TofGb|] df;'sf s]xL jf w]/} s];|fx¿

rF'l8g ;S5g\ .

o:tf] cj:yfdf gf8LnfO{ xn''sf ;dfTbf klg xft b'V5 .

pkrf/• cf/fd lbg]M– xft / gf8LnfO{ ;s];Dd xnrn gu/fO{

;'lawfhgs cj:yfdf cf/fd lbgf];\ . t/, ;f] xft rnfP/

otfptL ug}{kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] xft / gf8LnfO{ ;s];Dd

xnrn gx'g] u/L sfd|f] afFWg] ug'{ k5{ .

• sfd|f] afFWg]M– g/d sfd|f] agfpg], ;f] sfd|f]nfO{ rNg

glbg] u/L gf8L tyf tNnf] kfv'/fdf sk8fn] a]g]{ . sfd|f]nfO{

sk8fn] a]bf{ klxnf] s'/f t hf]gL{ ;Lwf ug{ ;xof]u

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

83

k'U5 . sk8f gf8L rnfpg ;lsg] u/L a]g'{ k5{ t/ /ut /f]lsg] u/L jf xTs]nf lgnf] x'g] u/L

s:g' x'Fb}g . ;Dej eP;Dd 3'dlkm/ jf sfd ubf{ / cf/fd ubf{ jf ;'Tbf klg sfd|f] afFWg]

ug'{ k5{ .

• kfgL ;]s ug]{ M– Pp6f efF8f]df lr;f] / csf]{df

dg tftf] kfgL eg]{ . ;j{k|yd lr;f] kfgLdf

gf8L / xft Ps ldg]6;Dd 8'afpg] / To;kl5

rf/ ldg]6 tftf]df 8'afpg] . o:tf] Ps kl5

csf]{ u/L %–% k6s 8'afpg] ug'{ k5{ . cGtdf

tftf] kfgLdf xft / gf8L 8'afPsf] x'g' k5{ . of]

k|lqmof lbgdf b'O{ k6s ug'{ k5{ / o;f] ubf{df

xft / gf8LnfO{ hDdfhDdL sDtLdf Ps 306f 8'afpg] ubf{ cf/fd ldN5 .

• Jofofd M– kfgLsf] pkrf/kl5 xft / gf8Lsf] Jofofd ug'{xf];\ . o;n] xf8 hf]8\g] df;'df

Iflt x'gaf6 /f]S5 . xftsf] x/]s cj:yfdf % ;Dd uGgf];\ . b'V5 eg] cj:yf km]gf]{;\ . of]

!) k6s ugf]{;\ .

• cf}ifwL M– xft jf gf8Ldf kL8f 5 jf ;'lGgPsf] 5 eg] Pl:k|g jf b'Vg sd x'g] cf}ifwL h:tf

kL8fgfzs tyf ;'lGgPsf] sd ug]{ cf}ifwLx¿ ;]jg ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

/f]syfd• ;s];Dd xft jf gf8L sd dfq} df]l8g] tyf nlRsg] u/L / ltgLx¿df bjfj gkg]{ u/L z/L/

rnfpg] k|oTg ug'{ k5{ .

• ;Dej 5 eg], lXjnr]o/ s]xL ;dosf nflu c¿nfO{ ws]Ng nufpg' /fd|f] x'G5. o;f] ePdf

xft / gf8Ln] cf/fd kfpF5g\ .

• xft / gf8Lsf] Jofofd lbglbg} ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ubf{ xft / gf8L hlt 3'Dg ;S5g\, Tolt g}

3'dfpg] ug'{ k5{ . o; Jofofdn] TofGb|] df;' / df+;k]zLx¿ /fd|/L tGsg] tyf v'Drg] /

dha"t x'g]5g\ . Jofofd ubf{ kL8f x'G5 eg] xn'sf / lj:tf/} rnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

xft jf gf8Lx¿df /ftf]kg jf tftf] 5 eg] ;+qmd0f ePsf] x'g ;S5, t'?Gt} :jf:YosdL{nfO{

b]vfpg' k5{ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

84

a}zfvLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿a}zfvL k|of]u ug{' k/] ;aeGbf klxnf cfk"mnfO{ 7Ls x'g]

a}zfvL k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

a}zfvL k|of]u ubf{ z/L/sf] ;a} ef/ xftdf k/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

o;sf/0f xftdf x'g] Ifltsf] /f]syfdsf nflu :jf:YosdL{;Fu

;Nnfx lng'k5{ .

sfvLsf] gzfdf x'g] Ifltaf6 hf]lug ;s];Dd s'lxgfdf

c8\ofpg] a}zfvL (Elbow crutch) k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . olb

sfv] a}zfvL g} k|of]u ug]{ eP sfvLdf bjfj gkg]{ u/L k|of]u

ug'{ cfjZos 5 . s'Ogfx¿ clnslt v'Drfpg' k5{ / pFlebfv]l/

a}zfvL sfvLeGbf @–# cË'n d'lGt/ x'g'k5{ . o;f] ePdf

cfk\mgf] uf]8fx¿nfO{ prfn]/ cufl8 a9fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

cUnf] a}zfvL sfvLdf bjfj k/]df s]xL ;dokl5 :gfo'df

bjfj k/]sf] sf/0f xftx¿df ;d:of kg{ ;S5 .

;+s'rg -xftv'§f g;f]lemg] cj:yf_s'g} xft jf v'§f w]/} lbg;Dd v'lDrP/ /x\of] eg] To;kl5

Tof] xft of uf]8f ;+s'rg x'G5 cyf{t\ ;f]lemg ;d:of k5{ .

s]xL df+;k]zLx¿ 5f]6f x'g hfG5g\ jf xft of uf]8f k"/f

;f]lemg ;Sb}gg\ .

w]/} jif{b]lv hf]gL{ ;+s'rg ePsf] JolQmn] xn'sf;Fu

hf]gL{nfO{ rnfpg] ug]{ tyf tGsfpg] v'DRofpg] u/]df ;f]

;+s'rgsf] cj:yf emg\ lju|g kfpFb}g . ;+s'rg eO;s]sf]

hf]gL{ ;Lwf kfg{ t sl7g g} x'G5 t/ xn'sf Jofofdx¿n]

hf]gL{x¿nfO{ sd c//f] jf To;sf df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ alnof]

agfpg eg] ;S5g\ .

o:tf] ;+s'rg x'g glbg tyf df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ alnof]

agfpg x/]s lbg Jofofd ug]{ ug'{ k5{ . olb cfk"mn] ug{

g;lsg] cj:yf 5 eg] c? s;}sf] ;xof]u lng' kg]{ x'G5 .

;+s'rg x'g glbg tyf df+;k]zLx¿ alnof] agfpg ;xof]uLJofofdx¿sf] pbfx/0fWofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M hf]gL{ w]/} dlxgf jf jif{b]lv bf]la|Psf] 5eg] lj:tf/} Jofofd ug'{ k5{ . ;Lwf kfg{ Ps}rf]l6 an ug'{ x"'b}g .s]xL :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿

cfk\mgf] z/L/af/] ;DalGwt JolQmn] g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f];Fu

pFlebfv]l/ a}zfvL sfvLeGbf

@–# cË'n d'lGt/ x'g'k5{ .

ef/ hlt xftdf kg'{' k5{ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

85

a'‰g] ePsfn] ;fyL, kl/jf/ / :ofxf/stf{x¿n] cfk"mnfO{ s;/L /fd|/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f

;DalGwt JolQmn] g} pgLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg ;S5g\ . ;d:of x'Fbf cfjZos k/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg

8/ jf ;+sf]r dfGg' x'Fb}g . ;a} :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfd ug{ t ;lsFb}g t/ clwsf+z :jf:Yo

;d:ofx¿sf] ;dod} pkrf/ u/] tL ;d:ofx¿ uDeL/ x'g kfpFb}gg\ . ;Dej eP;Dd, lgoldt

:jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|fKt ug]{ k|oTg ug'{ k5{ .

b}lgs :ofxf/;do ;dodf g'xfP/ / lgoldt 5fnf hfFr u/]/ :j:y /xg tyf ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5.

lbge/ al;/xg] of /fd|/L xnrn ug{ g;Sg]

JolQmx¿n] t 5fnfsf] hfFr ug]{ s'/fnfO{ yk

Wofg lbO{ of] :j:y /x]sf] s'/fsf] kSsf ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 . a]nf a]nfdf 5fnfdf st}

;'lGgPsf], /ftf]kg ePsf] jf ;+qmd0fsf cGo

lrXgx¿ 5g\ ls x]g]{ ug'{ k5{ . lrl/Psf],

sf6]sf] jf 3fp ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] :yfgnfO{

/fd|/L wf]P/ ;'Svf kf/L k6\6Ln] jf s'g} ;kmf

sk8fn] 9fSg] ug'{ k5{ . x]g{ gldNg] 7fpFsf nflu P]gf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b[li6ljxLg dlxnfx¿n] ;'F3]/

jf 5f]P/ yfxf kfpg l;Sg' cfjZos 5 .

lgoldt skfn g'xfpg] / b'O{rf/ lbg h:tf]df h'd|f k/]sf

5g\ ls x]g]{ ug'{ k5{ . 6fpsf]df s'g} 3fp jf kfk|f 5g\ ls hfFRg]

ug'{ k5{ . x/]s lbg ;kmf n'uf, vf; u/L, leqL n'uf / df]hfx¿

k]mg]{ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfn] eg]sf s'g} :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf]

ædfd'nLÆ lrXgx¿k|lt klg Wofg lbOg'k5{ . h:tf] ls, s'g} dlxnfn]

kf7]3/sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf avt x'g] b'vfO{ dx;'; ulb{gg\ t/,

of]lgaf6 aUg] c;fdfGo ;|fa / uGw yfxf kfpg ;lS5g\ . sf6]sf]

3fpdf uDeL/ ;+qmd0f eO/x]sf] s'/f b[li6ljxLg dlxnfn] b]Vg

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

86

;Sb}gg\ t/, b'vfO / ;'lGgPsf] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ .

xftv'§fx¿sf] :ofxf/xftv'§f nf6f] ePsf] 5 eg] oL cËx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{

a9L Wofg /fVg' k5{ . sfl6Psf] 3fp tyf c? k|sf/sf

3fpnfO{ lbgx'F x]g'{ k5{ . nf6f] ePsf xft v'§fdf ;lhn}

kf]lng ;S5 jf yfxf g} gkfO{ sfl6g jf 3fp x'g ;S5 .

o:tf] b]lvPdf 3fpnfO{ lgsf] gx'Gh]n lbgx'F ;kmf ub}{ ;kmf

sk8fn] 9fs]/ /fVg] ug'{ k5{ .

lr;f] tftf] yfxf gkfpg] efusf] a9L ;'/Iff ug]{ ug'{

k5{ . s'g} tftf] ;fdfg ;dfTbf sk8f jf ;g];f]sf] k|of]u

ug'{ k5{ . s7\ofª\lu|g] :yfgdf a:g] JolQmx¿n] k~hf / afSnf] df]hf tyf h'Qf nufpg] ubf{ xft

v'§fsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

kfOtfnfdf P]gf b]vfP/ To;df s]xL ;d:of 5 ls b]Vg ;lsG5 . jf s;}nfO{ ;f]w]/ klg

;d:of yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ lgDg ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ ls hfgsf/L lng] ug'{ k5{ M–

• /ftf]kg, ;'lGgPsf], tftf] jf ;+qmd0fsf cGo lrXgx¿,

• k'm6]sf], 3fp ePsf], lrl/Psf]

• kLk, /Qm;|fj, jf b'u{Gw

• v'§fsf] gª leq wl;Psf] .

v'§fx¿ b'Vg], 3f]Rg], kf]Ng] u5{g\ jf nfl§Psf 5g\ eg]

:jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng' k5{ . o:tf] ;+qmd0f ePsf]

cj:yf xf], o;nfO{ lgsf] kfg{ cf}iflw cfjZos k5{ .

;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfd ug{ x/]s lbg ;fa'g / tftf]

kfgLn] v'§f w'g] ug'{ k5{ . kfgL dgtftf] x'g' k5{ . o;sf/0f

kfgL slt tftf] 5 egL yfxf klxn] s'lxgf] of gnfl§Psf]

efun] 5fDg' k5{ jf ;xof]uLsf] ;xof]u lng] ug'{ k5{ . v'§f

vf; u/L cf}Fnfsf] sfk /fd|/L w'g' k5{ .

olb v'§f ;'Vvf ePdf jf km'6\g yfn]df x/]s lbg @) ldg]6 v'§f kfgLdf 8'afpg] ug'{ k5{ .

To;kl5 v'§fx¿df tf]/Lsf] t]n jf Eof;lng nufpg'k5{ .

v'§fsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ cGo tl/sf M–• vfnL v'§f glxF8\g] .

• gª sf6\bf uf]nf] xf]Og l;wf kf/]/ sf6\g] ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ePdf gª df;'df u8\b}g .

• uf]8fdf ldNg] h'Qf nufpg' k5{ . ;fgf] of 7"nf] ePdf uf]8f /ul8P/ kmf]sf p7\g] kf kflR5g]

x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f 3fp x'G5 .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

87

• h'Qf nufpg] ubf{ ;w}+ afn'jf, sfF8f, ls/f jf kmf]xf]/ eP gePsf] x]g'{k5{ .

• kn]6L df/]/ a:g] ug{' x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ /Qm;+rf/df afwf x'G5 .

• v'§fsf vLn, 7]nf of s8f df;' s]xL klg sf6\g] ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ;+qmd0f x'g ;S5 .

• df]hf nufpg] ug'{ k5{ . t/, df]hf g/d x'g' k5{ / o;n] kfOtfnf /u8\g' x'Fb}g .

• udL{sf] lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf vfnL v'§f a:g] ug'{ kmfObfhgs 5 . o;f] u/]df /Qm ;+rf/

;xh x'G5 .

s'i7/f]u ePsf dlxnfn ] v'§fnfO{ rf]6 nfUg glbg tyf ;+qmd0f x'g glbg ltgLx¿sf

v'§fx¿sf] ljz]if x]/rfx ug'{ k5{ . lsgeg] s'i7/f]u ePsf] v'§fn] s]xL klg yfxf kfpg ;Sb}g of]

/f]u ePkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .

s'i7/f]uLsf nflu la“8 agfpg] tl/sfof] la+8 xftn] ;dfTg ;lhnf] u/L

agfpg' k5{ . ufp3/df ljleGg k|sf/sf

laF8 jf tftf] ;fdfg ;dfTg] ;gf;f] jf

k|of]u ul/G5g\ . cfk\mgf] ufFp3/df s:tf]

k|of]u ul/G5g\, tL tl/sf k|of]u ul/g'

/fd|f ] x'G5 . s'i7/f]uLsf nflu laF8

o:tf] agfOg' k5{ h;n] p;sf] xft /

cf}+nfx¿ gkf]nf];\ .

s'i7/f]u ePsf JolQmn] s'g} j:t'

;dfTg] slx+n]sfxL+ ;d:of kg]{ u5{ . o;sf/0f j:t' ;dfTg ;lhnf] agfpg / rf]6 nfUgaf6

hf]lug km/flsnf], g/d xft]laF8 jf afSnf] sk8fn] a]/]sf] xft]laF8 agfP/ k|of]udf Nofpg' k5{ .

d'v / bf“tsf] :ofxf/d'v, lha|f] / xftv'§fsf df+;k]zLx¿ rnfpg /

lgoGq0f ug{ d''l:sn x'g] h:t}Ù dl:tis kIff3ft ePsf

dlxnfx¿sf nflu bfFt / luhfsf] :ofxf/ ug{ sl7gfO

x'g] u5{ . t/, bfFt ;kmf gul/Pdf bfFtdf c8\lsg] vfgfsf]

6'qmfn] bfFt / luhfsf] /f]u nfUg ;S5 . cfjZos k/]df

;kmf ug{ ljZjfl;nf] JolQmsf] ;xof]u lng' k5{ .

;a}n] bfFtsf] /fd|f];Fu x]/larf/ ug'{k5{

5f/] ePsL dlxnfn] d'vsf] :ofxf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{s'/f

5f/] /f]u jf d[uLsf] cf}ifwL (Phenytoin) n]

luhf ;'lGgg] jf a9\g] h:tf] c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . o;sf/0f of] cf}iflw vfO/x]sf JolQmn] d'vsf]

/fd|f] :ofxf/ ug'{ k5{, .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

88

x/]s k6s s]xL vfO;s]kl5 bfFt ;kmf ug]{ ug'{ k5{ / ;kmf kfgLn] s'Nnf ug]{ ug'{ k5{ .

bfFtx¿sf] sfk sfk klg ;kmf /fVg' Hofb} cfjZos 5 . ;kmf cf}Fnfn] luhfsf] xn'sf dfln; ubf{

klg kmfObf x'G5 .

5f/] /f]usf] cf}ifwLn] bf“t} 9fSg] u/L luhfnfO{ ;'Ggfp“5 / 3fp agfpg ;S5 . o;f] x'g glbgbf“t ;kmf /fVg] ug'{ k5{ .

bfFt ;kmf ug{ d~hg g} rflxFb}g . o;sf] ;§f s;}n] a];f/ jf g'g klg k|of]u u5{g\ . a|';

5 eg] o;}n] dfq ubf{ x'G5 o;nfO{ kfgL eP k'U5 . a|'; g/d x'g' k5{ gq bfFt sf]tg{ ;S5 /

luhfdf rf]6 kf5{ . ufpF3/df l;dfnLsf ;fy} ljleGg k|sf/sf 8fF7sf] a'?; agfpg] rng 5 .

ltgLx¿n] klg bfFt t ;kmf ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, s8f 8fF7n] 3fp kfg{ ;S5 . gLdsf] 8fF7 g/d x'G5

/ bfFt ;kmf ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

cf“vfsf] :ofxf/x/]s lbg xn'sf ;fj'g / ;kmf kfgLn] d'v

w'g' k5{ . o;f]u/] cfFvfsf] ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfd

x'G5 . o:tf] ;+qmd0fdf Pp6f jf b'j} cfFvf /ftf]

x'g], lrk|f cfpg] / xn'sf;Fu kf]Ng] u5{ . s'g}

s'g} cj:yfdf ;'t]kl5 b'j} k6n 6fFl:;g] klg

u5{ . of] l5§} Psaf6 csf]{nfO{ ;5{ . of] ;+qmd0f

Pp6faf6 csf]{ cfFvfdf jf Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{df

;lhn} ;b{5 .

cfFvfsf] ;+qmd0f ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf

uD5f / cGo n'uf csf]{ JolQmn] k|of]u gug'{xf];\ . cfFvf 5'g' cufl8 ;w}F xft w'g] ug'{ k5{\, .

cfFvfdf lem+uf a:g lbg' x'Fb}g . lem+ufn] klg ;+qmd0f ;fg{ ;S5g\ .

pkrf/;a}eGbf klxn] pdfn]/ lr;f] ePsf] kfgLn] cfFvf

kvfNg 'x f ]; \ . o;kl5 cf F V f fdf /fVg ] s 'g }

Oxytetracyclin jf erythromycin gfds dnd

cf}iflw cfFvfdf /fVg'xf];\ . tNnf] k6nnfO{ tnlt/ tfg]/

dnd cfFvfleq k'Ug] u/L xfNgf];\ . cfFvf aflx/ dnd

nufP/ s]xL kmfObf x'Fb}g .

;fjwfgL M– dndsf] 6'Kkf]nfO{ cfFvfdf g5'jfpg'xf];\ .

s'i7/f]uLn] cf“vfsf] :ofxf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿s'i7/f]un] s'g} s'g} JolQmsf] b[li6 sdhf]/ x'g]

cj:yfx¿ jf cfFvfsf] ;+qmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 .

s'i7/f]u 5 eg] cfFvf j/k/sf df+;k]zLx¿ sdhf]/

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

89

ePsf x'G5g\ of nf6f x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf] dtnj cfFvf lemDsfpg ;lsFb}g . cfFvf glemDsfpFbf

cfFVff a9L ;'Vvf x'g] / cfFvfsf] ;+qmd0f x'g] u5{ .

cfFvf lemDSofpg g;Sg] jf /ftf] 5 eg], lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{ kmfObfhgs x'G5 M–

• cfFvf k"/} 9fSg] vfnsf] zLtnL r:df / cfFvfdf 5fof kfg]{ vfn] Sofk 6f]kL nufpg] .

• lbgdf w]/}k6s cfFvf lrDd ug]{ / cfFvfnfO{ tndfly k6sk6s 3'dfO/xg] .

• cfFvf jl/kl/sf 5fnf w]/}k6s w'g] .

lrk|f, sr]/f cfO/x]df o;sf] :jfYosdL{åf/f pkrf/ u/fpg'k5{ .cf“vfdf bjfj lbg' x'“b}g .

olb cfFvf lrDd ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg eg], ;kmf sk8fsf] w/f]n] cfFvf 5f]Kg] ug'{ k5{ . o;f] u/]df

cfFvf ;'Vvf x'g / ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 .

cfFvfnfO{ ;'Svf x'g glbg] ubf{ ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfddf ;xof]u k'U5 . o;sf/0f cfFvfnfO{

/l;nf] agfO/xg lbgx'F ;kmf g'gLnf] kfgLsf] @–$ yf]kf xfNg] ug'{ k5{ . g'lgnf] kfgL agfpg l;;f

Unf;sf] Ps sk ;kmf kfgLdf Ps lrD6L g"g 3f]Ng'k5{ .

lk;fahGo ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfd / pkrf/d"qfzosf] ;+qmd0f

w]/} dlxnfn] lk;fa ubf{ b'Vg] jf kf]Ng] u/]df jf lk;fa ul/;Sg] lalQs} sf]vfdf b'Vg] u/]df

d"qfzodf ;+qmd0f ePsf] s'/f atfpg ;S5g\ . olb o:tf] cg'ejx¿ePg eg] klg tnsf s'/fdf rflxF Vofn ugf]{;\ .

• af/Daf/ lk;fa cfpg'

• wldnf] lk;fa cfpg'

• lk;fa uGxfpg'

• lk;fadf /ut jf kLk b]vfkg'{

• z/L/ tfTg' / kl;gf cfpg'

d"qfzo ;+qmd0fsf] pkrfpkrfpkrfpkrfpkrf/ M–s'g} lrXg of ;+s]t b]Vg] lalQs} pkrf/ yfNg' k5{ .

k|z:t dfqfdf kfgL lkpg] M k|To]s cfwf 3G6fdf Ps lunf; kfgL

lkpg' k5{ . o;n] ubf{ lk;fa w]/} nfU5 . o;f] ugf{n] sltko

cj:yfdf lk;fa;Fu} ls6f0f'x¿ klg aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / ;+qmd0fnfO{

a9\g /f]S5g\ .

of}glqmof gug]{ M s]xL lbg;Ddsf nflu jf nIf0fx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf

gx/fpGh]n;Dd of}g ;Dks{ gug]{ .

dflysf pkfoåf/f !–@ lbgdf lk;fa kf]Ng 7Ls ePg eg]

3/]n' pkrf/ aGb u/]/ tn elgPsf cf}ifwLx¿ lng'k5{ . :jfYosdL{;Fu

;Nnfx lng'k5{ . slxn]sxLF o:tf] cj:yf of}g /f]u klg x'g ;S5 .

d"qfzosf] ;+s|d0f k|foM lrof jf

c¿ hl8a'6Laf6 pkrf/ ul/G5 .

a[¢f dlxnfnfO{ o;af/] yfxf x'G5,

pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

90

d[uf}nf ;+qmd0fM–sxLn]sfxLF d"qfzo ;+qmd0f d"qgnL x'Fb} d[uf}nfdf klg ;+qmd0f lj:tf/ x'G5 . d[uf}nf

;+qmd0f d"qfzo ;+qmd0feGbf a9L lrGtfhgs x'G5 .

nIf0fx¿M–• 9f8sf] tNnf] jf dWo efu b'Vg' . of] a]nfdf ;f] b'vfO{ ;f]nf xfg]h:t} cufl8af6 k5fl8 jf

5]pdf ;g]{ u5{ .

• jfsjfsL jf pN6L x'g' .

• w]/} sdhf]/ / la/fdL ePsf] h:tf] dx;'; x'g' .

• sfd 5'6\g' tyf Hj/f] cfpg' .

• lk;fa ubf{ kf]Ng' .

d"qfzo / d[uf}nf b'j}df ;+qmd0fsf lrXg b]lvPdf d[uf}nf ;+qmd0f ePsf] x'g ;S5 . s'g}

dlxnfnfO{ d[uf}nfdf ;+qmd0f ePdf pgL ynf g} kl5{g\ of] cj:yfdf t'?Gt :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx

lng'k5{ .

lk;fahGo ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfd ug]{ s;/L <cfkmgf] hgg]lGb|o ;kmf /fVg] ug{'k5{ . hgg]lGb|odf vf; u/L dnåf/af6 ;"IdhLjx¿

d"qåf/df k'U5g\ / o;sf] sf/0f ;+qmd0f x'G5 . hgg]lGb|o lbgx'F ;kmf ug]{ afgL ug'{ k5{ / o;}

u/L lb;f u/]/ dnåf/ w'g] ubf{ kfgL / cfk\mgf] xft hgg]lGb|o lt/ gkg]{ u/L w'g' k5{ . gq

kfgL / xftaf6 hgg]lGb|odf ;"IdhLjx¿ k'Ug ;S5g\ . To:t} of}g;Dks{ ug'{ cl3 / kl5

hgg]lGb|o ;kmf ug]{ ug'{ k5{ . dfl;s ;|fjsf] ;dodf k|of]u ul/g] Kof8 / sk8fnfO{ Hofb}

;kmf / /fd|/L ;'sfpg] ug'{ k5{ .

sAhLotsf] /f]syfd ug]{ pkfo• b}lgs ¿kdf sDtLdf * lunf; t/n kbfy{ kfgL lkpg] ug'{ k5{ .

• kmnkm"n, ;fu;AhL / /];fbf/ vfg]s'/fx¿ k|;:t vfg] ug'{ k5{ . RofFVnf, cfF6f, u]8fu'8Lx¿

/];fbf/ x'G5g\ .

• z/L/nfO{ ;s];Dd a9L ;lqmo agfO/fVg' k5{ / Jofofd ug]{ ug'{ k5{ .

• x/]s lbg Ps} ;dodf lb;f ug]{ ug'{ k5{ .

• a9L lrNnf] kbfy{ vfg] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

• df};d cg';f/sf kmnkm"n vfg] ug'{ k5{ . h:t} cfFk, d]jf, gf:kftL, ;'Gtnf, df};d, s]/f

cflb .

• dfly pNn]lvt s'/fx¿af6 sJhLot gx6] Ps Ps lunf; O;juf]nsf] 9"6f] lbgdf @ k6s

vfg] ug{' k5{

$ lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;do;Dd lb;f ug{ ;lsPg eg] :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .

t/ lb;f nufpg] cf}iflwsf] k|of]u af/Daf/ ul//xg' x'Fb}g .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

91

xiff{xiff{ eg]sf] dnåf/ jl/kl/sf g;fx¿ ;'lGgPsf]

cj:yf xf] .o;sf] sf/0f dnåf/ lrnfpg], kf]Ng] jf

/ut cfpg] ;d]t x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ sAhLotn]

emg\ v/fa kf5{. XjnLr]o/ k|of]u ug]{ jf k|fo a;L/xg]

jf dl:tis kIff3ft ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ pd]/ hlt

a9\b} hfG5 Tolt g} xiff{sf ;fy} o:tf ;d:ofx¿ x'g]

;Defjgf a9L x'g] u5{ . xftn] lb;f lgsfNg] u/]sf

JolQmn] /ut cfpg] u5{ ub}{g Wofg lbg] ug'{ k5{ .

lb;fdf /ut cfpg' xif{fsf] lrXg xf] .

xiff{ ePdf s] ug]{ <• b'vfO sd ug{ nflu rfs c6\g] cf/L jf af6fdf

rL;f] kfgL e/]/ ;f]dfly a:g]

• sAhLotsf] /f]syfdsf dfly pNn]lvt pkfo ckgfpg] .

• t/, ;d:of a9\of] eg] :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;Nnfx lng' cfjZos 5 .

dfl;s /Qm;|fjdfl;s /Qm;|fjsf] ;dodf, w]/}h;f] dlxnfn] /ut cGoq aUg glbg tyf ;f]:g ;"tL

sk8fsf] 6fnf] jf Kof8 hgg]lGb|odf /fVg] u5{g\ . ;f] sk8f jf Kof8nfO{ k]G6L jf nuf}F6L h:tf]

6fnf]n] c8\ofpg] ul/G5 . ahf/df lslgPsf …Kof8Ú /utn]

leh]kl5 sfuhdf nk]6]/ kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpFdf kmfNg] jf hnfpg]

ug'{k5{ . ;"tLsf] sk8fn]] agfOPsf] …3/]n' Kof8Ú eg] k|of]ukl5

;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|/L wf]P/ 3fddf ;'sfO{ jf O:qL nufO{ k'gM

k|of]u ug]{ ug'{ k5{ . o:tf] u/]df To;df x'g] ;+qmd0f u/fpg]

ls6f0f' d5{g\ . ahf? Kof8 jf 3/]n' Kof8 /utn] lbgdf @–#

rf]l6 km]g'{k5{ . PslbgeGbf a9L k|of]u u/L /fv]df ;+qmd0f

x'g] vt/f Hofbf x'G5 .

o;} u/L k|of]u gu/]sf cj:yfdf 3/]n' Kof8nfO{ ;'Vvf,

;kmf / w"nf] gnfUg], :yfgdf /fVg' k5{ . / csf]{ dlxgfdf

k|of]u ug'{ kbf{ 3fddf ;'sfP/ jf O:qL nufP/ k'gM k|of]u ug'{

/fd|f] x'G5 .

hgg]lGb|o ;kmf ubf{ To; j/k/ /x]sf] /utsf] 6f6f klg

/fd|/L ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd xn'sf ;fa'gn] w'g] ug'{

k5{ . lk;fa lg:sf;g ug{ Sofy]6/ /flvPsf] 5 eg] lk;fa

rL;f] kfgLdf a:bf xiff{sf]

b'vfO sd x'G5 .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

92

lg:sg] Kjfndf /ut nfu]sf] 5 ls Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . To; /utn] slxn]sflxF lk;fa

lg:sf;g ug]{ sfddf afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . o;sf/0f Sofy]6/df /ut nfu]sf] b]lvPdf t'?Gt}

kvfNg' k5{ .

s'g} s'g} ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfnfO{ dfl;s /Qm;|fjsf] ;dodf c¿sf] ;xof]usf] ;d]t

cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 . slxn]sflxF sk8f jf la:t/fdf /ut b]lvPdf vf;} lrGtf lng' cfjZos5}g lsg eg] slxn]sfxL+ o:tf] ;a} dlxnfsf] x'g]u5{ . lb;f jf lk;fa u/fpg ;xof]u lng]

JolQmx¿n] ;f] ;dodf g} Kof8 ;d]t km]g]{ ug'{ k5{ . o:tf dlxnfnfO{ /ftL Kof8 km]g{ cK7\of/f] x'g]

u5{ o;sf/0f la5\of}gfdfly s'g} ;kmf yfª\gf jf sk8f cf]5\ofpg] u¥of] eg] To;df g} /ut

;f]l;g] u5{ / w'g ;lhnf] x'G5 .

b[li6ljxLgn] cfk"m dfl;s /Qm;|fj x'“bf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿b]Vg g;Sg] sf/0fn] dfl;s /Qm;|fj x'g yfn]sf] ;'? ;'?df ca slxn] x'g] xf] eGg] yfxf

x'Fb}g . t/ s]xL dlxgfkl5 hLjgsf] Pp6f k|lqmof x'g] ePsf sf/0f z/L/df x'g] s]xL cg'ej tyf

;+s]tsf cfwf/df dfl;s /Qm;|fj x'g nfu]sf] s'/f cfkm} dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5. /Qm;|fa ePsf

;dodf lbgsf] @–# rf]l6 Kof8 km]g]{ ug'{ k5{ . o;/L x/]s k6s Kof8 leh]sf] 5 5}g jf dfl;s

/Qm;|fj ePsf] xf] xf]Og eg]/ 5fdL ;s]kl5 xft w'g] ug'{ k5{ . sk8fsf] c¿ efudf klg /ut 5

ls 5}g egL ;xof]uL jf kl/jf/sf ljZjf;Lnf JolQmnfO{ ;f]Wg] ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ul/Pdf sk8fdf

nfu]sf] 6f6f] c? sk8f w'g] a]nfdf w'g ;lsG5 .

olb s;}n] dfl;s /Qm;|fjsf] a]nfdf cGo s'g} dlxnfn] nufPsf] sk8f w'g] ug'{ ePsf]

5 eg] /a/sf] k~hf jf Knfl:6ssf] y}nL xftdf nufP/ w'g] ug{'k5{ . oBlk c?sf] dfl;s

/Qm;|faaf6 ;+qmd0f x'g] vt/f t yf]/} g} x'G5 t/ x]kf6fOl6; / PrcfOeL ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfdsf

nflu o;f] ug'{k5{ .

a'e\mg / l;sfO ;DaGwL ;d:of ePsf s]6Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿• a'e\mg / l;sfO ;DaGwL ;d:of ePsf s]6Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ug]{ b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿af/]

;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;}u/L lbbL, sfsL jf cfdfn] tL s]6LnfO{ dfl;s /Qm;|fj

x'bfF ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿ b]vfP/ /fd|/L a'emfpg' k5{ . pgLx¿n] lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{ cfjZos

5 M

• gfgLn] /ut ;f]:g] 3/]n' Kof8 jf ahf? Kof8 cfk"mn] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] h:tf] k|of]u

ul//x]sL 5g\ 5}gg\ kSsf ug'{ k5{ .

• 3/]n' Kof8 jf ahf? Kof8 /flvPsf] s'/f atfpg' k5{ .

• ahf? Kof8 eP k|of]u u/]kl5 kmfNg] :yfg b]vfpg' k5{ . / 3/]n' Kof8 eP k'gM k|of]u

ug{sf nflu w'g] / ;'sfpg] tl/sf b]vfpg' / a'emfpg' k5{ .

• Ps b'O{ k6s tL s]6Lsf] s6\6'leq tL Kof8x¿ /fv]/ cEof; ug{ nufpg' k5{ . o;f]

ePdf pgLn] k|of]u ug{ yfxf kfpFl5g\ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

93

dfl;s /Qm;|fjsf ;dodf x'g] ;d:ofx¿dfl;s /Qm;|fjsf] ;dodf uef{zo v'lDrg] u5{ . of] v'lDrg'sf sf/0f To;df ag]sf] afSnf]

kq kmfNg xf] . o:tf] v'DrfOx¿n] tNnf] k]6 jf sf]v / sDd/ b'Vg ;S5 . h;nfO{ tNnf] k]6

a6fl/Psf] eGg] ul/G5 .

sf]vdf tftf] ;]s k6] b'Vg s]xL sd x'G5 .

tftf] ;]s ufpF3/df ljleGg tl/sfn] lng] ul/G5 .

OF6 jf 9'ª\uf ttfP/, /a/ y}nLdf pdfn]sf] kfgL

/fv]/, cflb . tftf] kfgLdf afSnf] sk8f lehfP/

klg tftf] ;]s lng ;lsG5 . tftf] ;]sn] klg

b'vfO sd u/]g eg] b'vfO sd x'g] cf}ifwL k|of]u

ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfl;s /Qm;|fjn] s]xL dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/ u/fpF5 / ckfËutf ;DaGwL b]lvg] lrXgx¿nfO{

emg\ v/fa kf5{ . s]xL dlxnfsf] :tg ;'lGgg] u5{ jf b'V5 .

cTolws dfl;s /Qm;|fjsf] kl/0ffd / pkrf/cTolws dfl;s /Qm;|fj x'g' eg]sf] Ps b'O{ 306fleqdf cfk"mn] nufPsf] Kof8 w]/} leh]sf]

cj:yf xf] . s]xL dlxnfnfO{ x/]s k6ssf] dfl;s /Qm;|fjdf cTolws /Qm;|fj x'g u5{ . s]xL

dlxnfsf nflu of] ;d:ofn] vf; c;/ gu/] klg s]xLnfO{ o;sf] sf/0f /QmcNktf x'g ;S5 .

cTolws /Qm;|fj ePsf] cj:yfdf Oa'k|f]km]g gfds cf}iflw lng' ePdf o;n] /Qm;|fj x'g sd u5{

/ /QmcNktfsf] /f]syfddf ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 . o;n] klg kmfObf u/]g jf dfl;s /Qm;|fj x/]s

# – $ xKtf gk'Ub} x'g yfNof] eg] :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;Nnfx lng' cfjZos k5{ .

of]gLaf6 cfpg] j:t'sf] /Ë

/ uGw km]l/Pdf ;+qmd0f

ePsf] x'g;S5 .

9';L ;+qmd0f9';L ;+qmd0f eg]sf] ;fdfGo ;+qmd0f xf] . of] ;+qmd0f

hgg]lGb|o jf 5fnfdf hxfF lk;fa jf kl;gfn] leh]/ cf]l;nf]

ag]sf] z/L/sf tftf] efudf x'g] u5{ . of] of}g /f]u xf]Og .

of]lgaf6 ;]tf] kfgL aUg'of]lgdf s]xL lr;f] x'g' jf ;|fj aUg' ;fdfGo g} xf] . of] g}

of]lgn] cfk"mnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ jf ;'/Iff ug]{ k|fs[lts tl/sf xf] . t/

of]lgsf] ;|fjsf] dfqf, uGw / /Ëdf kl/jt{g cfpg' rflxF slxn]sflxF

;+qmd0fsf] ;+s]t xf] .

9';L ;+qmd0f h'g;'s} dlxnfnfO{ x'g ;S5 . vf;u/L nuftf/

Pp6} cj:yfdf a;L/xg] jf XjLnlrP/df a:g] dlxnfnfO{ x'g]

;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 . dw'd]x ePsf / PlG6AofS6]l/on cf}ifwL

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

94

vfg] dlxnfnfO{ of] ;d:of x'g] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 . ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ o:tf] ;d:of b]lvPdf

aRrf hGdg' cl3 g} pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ lsgeg] of] ;+qmd0f gjhft afnsdf ;/]/ d'vdf sfO

;+qmd0f (thrush) x'g ;S5 .

bfb jf lxnf] nfUg'9';L ;+qmd0f ;w} of]lgdf dfq x'b}Fg, of] 5fnfdf klg x'g] u5{ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ z/L/sf

ljleGg 7fpFsf 5fnfdf ljz]if u/]/ lt3|fsf] sfkdf, :tgsf] 3]/fsf] tNnf] efudf h:tf 5fnfdf

5fnf vlK6Psf efudf o:tf] ;+qmd0f x'g ;S5 . 5fnfsf] 9';L ;+qmd0fsf] ;dodf g} pkrf/ gx'Fbf

To;n] uDeL/ ¿k lnG5 / z/L/sf c? efudf ;5{ . Ps} 7fpFdf pxL cj:yfdf a;L/xg] / w]/}

rndn gug]{ dlxnfsf] a:g] rfssf] xf8df of] ;+qmd0f ;¥of] eg] uDeL/ aGg ;S5 .

9';L ;+qmd0fsf lrx\gx¿• of]lgleq / aflx/ w]/} lrnfpg' .

• of]lgsf] leqL / aflx/L b'j}kl§sf] 5fnf uf9f /ftf] x'g' / To;af6 slxn]sxLF /ut aUg' .

• lk;fa k]mbf{ kf]Ng' .

• of]lgaf6 ;]tf] bfgf–bfgf ePsf] b"w kmf6]sf] jf bxL h:tf] aUg' .

• gdL7f] uGw cfpg' .

of]lg;|fjsf nflu cf}iflwx¿ M;a}h;f] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf kfOg] !Ü h]G;g EjfOn]6 -lgnf] d;L h:tf]_ gfds cf}iflwn]

lehfPsf] Ps 6'qmf skf; of]lgdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s /ftdf /fVg' xf];\ / laxfg x6fpgf];\ . of] # lbg

ug'{xf];\ . o;/L g} of]lgsf] aflx/, hfF3, lkmnfdf /ftf] ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] :yfgdf tn pNn]lvt

cf}iflwx¿sf] dNxd xn'sf;Fu n]k ug'{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

oL afx]s s'g} PlG6kmGun kfp8/ h:t} lg:6fl6g, jf af:gf gcfpg] aRrfnfO{ nufpg]

ul/Psf kfp8/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf kfp8/ bfb cfPsf :yfgdf x'n'sf ;Fu 3:g' k5{ .

of] ;d:of nfdf] ;do;Dd /x]df :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .

9';L ;+qmd0fsf /f]syfd9';L z/L/sf] Gofgf] / cf]l;nf] -cfb|{_

ePsf] efudf /fd|/L a[l4 x'g] u5{ . o;nfO{

/f]Sg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] k|d'v pkfo eg]sf] of]lg,

hfF3, :tgd'lgsf 5fnf z/L/sf cGo sfkx¿sf]

;kmf /fVg' / ;'Svf /fVg' g} xf] . o;sf nflu

tn s]xL ;'emfjx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ M

• lk;fa r'lxG5 eg] s§' hlt;Sbf] rfF8f]

km]g'{ k5{ . lk;fa r'lxPdf lbgs} @ rf]6L

klg ;kmf s6\6' k]mg'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

• w]/}h;f] a:g] of xnrn gug]{ JolQmn]

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

95

!÷! 306f h:tf]df a;fO cf;g jf a:g] t/Lsf km]g]{ ug'{ k5{ . o;sf ;fy} s';L{af6 cf]ln{P/

jf e'FOdf klN6Fbf v'§f kmf/]/ lbgdf @ k6s;Dd !% ldg]6;Dd a:g] ugf{n] hfF3df xfjf k:g]

/ ;f] efusf] j/k/ ;'Vvf x'g kfpF5 .

• z/L/sf] tNnf] efu nfl6Psf] JolQmn] P]gfsf] ;xof]un] of]lgdf 3fp jf a9L /ftf] efu 5 ls

egL hfFr ug]{ ug'{ k5{ .

• kfOG6 of ;'?jfn nfpg] JolQmn] ;"tLsf] ;kmf, ;'Vvf v's'nf] nufpg' k5{ . ;f/L / n'ª\uL

nfpg]n] s6\6' klg ;f] cg';f/ nfpg' k5{ h;af6 ;f] :yfgdf ;'Svf aGg ;sf];\ .

• dfl;s /Qm;|fj ePsf cj:yfdf /ut ;f]:g] Kof8x¿ w]/} k6s k]mg]{ ug'{ k5{ . / k'g k|of]u

ul/g] 3/]n' Kof8 jf 6fnf]x¿ ;fj'gkfgLn] /fd|/L wf]P/ 3fddf ;'sfpg' k5{ .

• ahf? Kof8 lbgdf #–$ j6f k]mg'{ k5{ . Ps lbgdf Ps k6s klg k]ml/Pg eg] ;+qmd0f x'G5 .

k|];/ ;f]/ -9f8df jf lyrLPsf] c+udf 3fp x'g'_k|];/ ;f]/ vf; u/L x\jLn lro/ k|of]u ug]{ jf

la5\of}gfdf /xg] / lgoldt ¿kdf z/L/nfO{ clwsf+z

;do xnrn gug]{ JolQmnfO{ x'g] cfd ;d:of xf] . of]

xf8 d'lgsf] df;' lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lylrP/ 3fp x'g] u5{ .

s'g} efu lylrG5 / To;df ePsf /utsf gnLx¿ klg

lylrP/ aGb x'g ;S5g\ / ;f] efudf /fd|/L /Qm;+rf/

x'g kfpFb}g . o;sf] sf/0f o; efusf] 5fnfdf /ftf] of

lgn8fdx¿ a:g yfN5g\ . o;kl5 klg 5fnf lylrO{ /x\of] eg] 3fp x'G5 / ;f] 3fp lbgk|ltlbg

ulx/f] x'Fb}hfG5 . cyf{t\ 3fpn] xf8 5'g / lhpel/ k}mng yfN5 . o; 3fpsf] pkrf/ gu/], of]

;+qmd0f lhpel/ k}mlnP/ JolQmsf] d[To' ;d]t x'g ;S5 .

xf8x¿ /xg] afSnf] df;' gePsf sf/0f Hofb} b'JnL dlxnfnfO{ o:tf] x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'g]

u5{ . ;fy} o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg k|];/ ;f]/ x'g] a9L ;Defjgf 5 M

• XjnLlro/df nuftf/ a:g], w]/}h;f] ;do cf]5\ofgdf kN6g] jf al;/xg]

• lk;fa r'lx/xg]

• df+;k]zL b'v]sf] sf/0f la5\of}gf jf sk8fdf z/L/ df8\g] .

lrGxx¿lyRbf klg :jfefljs /Ëdf gablng] 5fnf tftf], /ftf] jf uf9f /Ë x'g', h;nfO{ lyRbf

klg /ª xn'sf gb]lvg' .

5fnfdf ;'lGgg' jf 3fp x'g' .

k|];/ ;f]/sf o:tf nIf0fx¿ b]Vg] ;fy ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿• sDtLdf !–! 306fdf a;fO jf ;'tfO l:ylt kl/jt{g ug]{ .

• bafa kg]{ efusf] ;'/Iff ug{ yk g/d rs6L jf u2f /fVg] ug]{ .

• lrx\gx¿ x/fpFb} 5g\ ls emg\ v/fa x'Fb} 5g\ Wofg lbO/xg] .

x/]s lbg 5fnf hfFRf ugf]{;\ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

96

k|];/ ;f]/ eOxfn]df ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿• 3fp ePsf efudf bjfj kg{ glbg] . s'g} klg ;dodf 3fp lylrg] u/L ga:g] .

• pdfn]/ lr;f] ePsf] kfgLn] 3fp / To;sf] j/k/sf] efudf lbgdf b'O{ k6s la:tf/} w'g] .

;'?df 3fpsf] jl/kl/ lsgf/fdf w'g] . To;kl5 ;kmf sk8f jf uhn] 3fpsf] dWoefuaf6

w'Fb} lsgf/flt/ w'g] .

• ;kmf u/]kl5, ;kmf sk8fdf jf uhdf s'g} dNxd /fVg] / ;f]n] 3fpnfO{ 9flslbg] . o;df

s'g} PlG6JofS6]l/on dNxd jf Eof;lng /fVg ;lsG5 . o;n] 5fnfnfO{ ;'Vvf x'g lbFb}g /

3fpnfO{ w"nf], kmf]xf]/, lemFuf / cGo ls/fx¿ kg{ /f]S5 .

• 5fnfnfO{ ;'Vvf x'g glbg] .;'Vvf 5fnf ;lhn} k'm6\g] / lr/f kg]{ u5{ . o;sf/0f o;nfO{

;'Vvf x'gglbg lbgdf Psk6s s'g} nf];g yf]/} bNg] ug'{ k5{ .

sGofpg] jf dfln; ug]{ ubf{ 3fp ePsf] j/k/ gug{ xf]l;of/L lng' k5{ . o;f] ePdf

5fnf sdhf]/ jf lr/f k/]/ 3fp emg\ a9\5 .

3fp ulx/f] / w]/} kfs]sf] 5 eg] ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿• 3fpnfO{ lbgdf # k6s ;kmf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

• o:tf] 3fp b]lvPeGbf 7"nf] x'G5 . of] 5fnfsf] leq;Ddsf] ulx/f] x'g ;S5 . 3fp ;kmf ubf{

To;af6 d/]sf] df;' dfq xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy lgsfNg' k5{ . cln cln ub}{, x8\8L jf :j:y

df;' ge]l6P;Dd d/]sf] df;' lgsfNg} k5{ .

• x/]s k6s d/]sf] df;' lgsfn]kl5 3fpnfO{ ;fa'gkfgLn] w'g' k5{ . cGTodf 3fpnfO{ ;kmf

kfgLn] dfq} w'g' k5{ . ;kmf ubf{ ;+ej eP;Dd cf}ifwLo'Qm ;fa'g k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

3fpx¿sf] 3/fo;L pkrf/d]jf M o; kmndf ePsf] Ps lsl;dsf] /;fogn] 3fpx¿sf] k'/fgf] kfk|fnfO{ g/d agfpg'sf

;fy} o;nfO{ ;lhn} pKsfpg d2t u5{ . d]jfsf] af]6sf] rf]k /

sfFrf] d]jfsf] b"w] rf]kn] ;kmf sk8f jf uhnfO{ lehfpg'xf];\ .

o;nfO{ 3fpdf 6Dd;Fu afFw]/ lbgsf] tLg k6s;Dd /fVg] ug{'xf];\ .

dx / lrgL M o;n] ;"IdhLjx¿ df5{, ;+qmd0fnfO{ /f]S5 /

3fp l56f] lgsf] kfg{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 . dx / lrgLnfO{ ld;fP/

n]bf] agfpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 n]bf]nfO{ 3fpdfly /fVg'xf];\ / afSnf]

;kmf sk8f jf k§Ln] 5f]Kg'xf];\ . of] lbgdf b'O{ k6s ug'{ k5{ .

-o;sf nflu lrgL gkfOP ;Vv/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5_ .

k|];/ ;f]/df ;+qmd0f ePdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿3fp uGxfpF5, / ;'lGgPsf] 5, /ftf] tyf tftf] 5 jf

z/L/df Hj/f] cfPsf] jf sfd 5'6\g yfNof] eg] k|];/ ;f]/df

;+qmd0f ePsf] a'em\g' k5{ . o; cj:yfdf :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx

lng' k5{, pgLx¿n] s'g ;"IdhLjn] ;+qmd0f u/]sf] xf] / To;sf

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

97

lj?4 s'g cf}ifwLn] /fd|/L sfd u5{ eGg] atfpg ;S5g\ .

• of] 3fp lgsf] x'Fbf leqaf6 ;'? x'G5 . To;}n] la:tf/} 3fp k'l/g yfN5 . To;sf nflu ;do

nfUg] ePsf]n] w}o{ /fVg' k5{ .

• b'vfO vKg g;s] b'vfO sd x'g] rSsL vfg ;lsG5 .

z/L/sf] s'g} efu nfl6Psf] JolQmn], pgsf ;xof]uL / kl/jf/n] k|];/ ;f]/af/], o;sf] pkrf/

/ /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] oyf;Dea l;Sg' h?/L 5 . b'3{6gfsf sf/0f c:ktfndf

a;]sf la/fdLx¿df t'?Gt} of] ;d:of x'g ;S5 lsgls pgLx¿ a;fO l:ylt kl/jt{g ug{ g;Sg]

sf/0f bjfjaf6 hf]lug ;Sb}gg\ . t/ plrt Wofg lbOPdf of] ;d:of x'g kfpFb}g .

k|];/ ;f]/sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿

olb lbg e/ a:g' x'G5 eg] ====

w]/} rNg jf lxF8\g ;lsb}g eg] klg x/]s @÷@ 306fdf ef/ kg]{

cËsf] :yfg rnfpg] jf kl/jt{g ug]{ ug'{ k5{ . a:g] cf;g / 9lNsg]

t/Lsfsf] kl/jt{g ug'{ k5{ . o:tf] cfk}m ug{ ;lsb}g eg] c?sf] ;xfotf

lng] ug'{ k5{ .

b'O{ j6f 5fnf 3if{0f x'g] :yfgdf l;/fgL jf g/d sk8fsf] u2f

/fVg] ug'{ k5{, h:tf] 3'F8fx¿aLr jf kfv'/f / 6fpsf]aLr . g/d sk8f

jf j:t' cf]5\ofP/ a:g] jf klN6g] ug'{ k5{ . cfkm} klg To:tf] tlsof jf

l;/fgL agfpg ;lsG5 . Knfl:6ssf af]/f jf ;"tLsf sk8fdf u]8fu'8L,

tf]/L cflb /fv]/ xfn]/ klg To:tf ;fdfu|L agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf]

l;/fgLsf] u]8fu'8L, tf]/L cflb x/]s dlxgfdf k'gM eg'{ k5{ . x\jLnlro/df

a:g]n] cfk\mgf] lro/sf] u2f g/d xf]cf];\ eGg] kSsf ug'{ k5{ .

x/]s lbg cfkmgf] k"/} z/L/ ;fjwfgLsf ;fy hfFr ug]{ ug'{xf];\ .

z/L/sf] k5fl8sf] efunfO{ P]gfn] x]g{ ;lsG5 . 5fnfdf uf9f jf /ftf]

wAaf b]lvPdf To; jl/kl/ bafa kg{ lbg' x'Fb}g / o:tf] bjfj 5fnf

cfk\mgf] /ªdf gcfpGh]n;Dd lbg' x'Fb}g .

5fnf x/]s lbg ;kmf kfgL / ;fa'gn] w'g' k5{ . ;'Vvf 5fnfnfO{

/u8\g' xF'b}g . 5fnf a9L ;'Vvf x'Fbf ;lhn} km'6\g / lrl/g ;Sg] ePsfn]

o;sf] /f]syfd ug{ lbgdf Ps k6s nf];g bNg' k5{ . 5fnfdf slxNo}klg /S;Ln] n]Kg' x'"b}g . To;n] 5fnfnfO{ ;'Vvf kf5{ / sdhf]/ agfpF5 .

k|;:t kmnkm"n, ;fu;AhL / k|f]l6g tyf cfO/go'Qm h:t} d';'/L,

l;dL, s]/fp -vf;u/L logLx¿nfO{ pdf/]/_, df;', df5f cflb ef]hgdf

;dfj]z u/]/ vfg] ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ePdf df+;k]zL :j:y / alnof] x'G5

/ k|];/ ;f]/sf] /f]syfd x'g]5 .

slxn] Psflt/ slxn]

csf]{lt/ e'mSg] ug'{xf];\

jf xftx¿ s';L{df

6]sfP/ z/L/sf] a:g]

efunfO{ dflylt/

prfn]/ /fVg] ug'{xf];\ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

98

b'vfOaf6 cf/fd kfpg s] ug]{s'g} s'g} ckfËtfsf] sf/0f -h:t} hf]gL{ ;f]y jf afy_ n] df+;k]zL tyf hf]gL{x¿df kL8f

u5{ . s'g} s'g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ s'g} Pp6f efudf kL8f x'g] u5{ . jf To;n] k"/} z/L/df kL8f lbg

;S5 . kL8faf6 cf/fd kfpg ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg s'/fx¿ 5g\ .

tftf] k|foh;f] 3fp, c/l/Psf hf]gL{x¿ / df+;k]zLx¿sf nflu kmfObfhgs x'G5 . o;f] ug{

sk8fnfO{ tftf] kfgLdf lehfpg' k5{ / kL8f ePsf] efux¿df /fVg' k5{ . tftf] kfgL cfk"mn] vKg

;Sg] x'g' k5{ gq 5fnf v'ONofpg ;S5 .

;f] k|foh;f] ;'lGgPsf] hf]gL{x¿ jf rf]6x¿sf nflu lr;f]sf] ;]s kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

;'lGgPsf] efu 5fDbf tftf] / x]bf{ /ftf] x'G5 . ;j{k|yd a/kmnfO{ sk8f jf tf}lnofdf a]/]/ a/kmsf]

kf]sf agfpg' k5{ / ;f] kf]sfnfO{ ;'lGgPsf] efudf /fVg' k5{ t/ gfËf] 5fnfdf /fVg' x'Fb}g . a/kmsf]

kf]sf !)÷!% ldg6;Dd /fv]kl5 x6fpg' k5{ / lr;f] ePsf] 5fnf jf z/L/sf] efu Gofgf] x'g lbg'

k5{ . Gofgf] ePkl5 ;f] 5fnfdf csf]{ k6s a/kmsf] kf]sf /fVg ;lsG5 .

rf]6 nfu]sf] 7fpFdf xnrn gu/L /fVg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ . df+;k]zLx¿ jf hf]gL{x¿df em6\sf

jf ef/ kfg'{ x'Fb}g / rf]6 nfu]sf] efunfO{ u¥x'ª\uf] x'g] jf em6\sf kg]{ sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .

b'v]sf] efunfO{ xn'sf xnrn ubf{ k|foh;f] kmfObf x'G5 . pko'Qm tl/sfn] df+;k]zLx¿ jf

hf]gL{ rnfpFbf klg kL8fdf cf/fd x'g ;S5 . tn s]xL tl/sfx¿ lbOPsf] 5 M

• kL8f ePsf] efunfO{ xn'sf ;'d;'Dofpg]

• ToxfFsf] df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ xn'sf tGsfpg]÷v'DRofpg]

• s;}nfO{ df+;k]zLx¿df dfln; ug{ nufpg]

• ;kmf dgtftf] kfgLdf kf}l8g] jf rndn ug]{ .

kL8fgfzs h:t} kf/fl;6fdf]nn] b'vfO{ sd u5{ t/ ;"hg sd ub}{g . P:k|Lg jf Oa'k|f]km]gn]

kL8f / hf]gL{–;"hg klg sd u5{ .

ltdLn] klg ;xof]u u5f}{ eGg]

xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5 .

dxTjk"0f{ M sfg s/fpg jf 5fnf ;lhn} bk{m/fpg yfNof] eg]

Pl:k|gsf] dfqf sd ug'{ k5{ .

hf]gL{ ;"hgsf nflu P:k|Lg jf Oa'k|f]km]g lnO/xg] JolQmn] kL8f

x'g5f8]kl5 vfg 5f]8\g' k5{ .

kl/jt{gsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] sfdx¿w]/} JolQmx¿ ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] :ofxf/ u5{g\

t/ ckfËtf ePsf w]/} dlxnfx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ :j:y /xg tyf

;lqmo hLjg JotLt ug{ kof{Kt ;]jf / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

kl/jf/ tyf :ofxf/stf{x¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\kl/jf/ tyf ;xof]uLx¿sf] ;]jfaf6 ckfËtf ePsf

dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg ;lhnf] aGg ;S5 . pgLx¿n] ckfËtf

ePsfx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] sfdx¿ ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbP/ pgLx¿nfO{

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

99

cfTdlge{/ x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf nflu yk

;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{ M

• :j:ys/ c;n vfgf tyf ;kmf kfgL kof{Kt k|fKt ug{

• z/L/nfO{ dha"t / nrsbf/ /fVgsf nflu Jofofd

• g'xfpg tyf bfFt ;kmf /fVg

• lb;f lk;fa ug{ tyf dfl;s /Qm;|fj x'Fbf leh]sf Kof8x¿ k]m/abn ug{

• k|];/ ;f]/sf] hfFr, ;kmf tyf pkrf/ ug{ . k|];/ ;f]/sf] /f]syfd ug{ dlxnfsf] a;fOl:ylt

kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu b'O{ b'O{ 306fdf z/L/ rnfOlbg' jf ;fl/lbg' k5{ . bjfj kg]{ xf8x¿

ePsf efunfO{ g/d :yfgdf a;fpg / /fVg ;xof]u ug{' k5{ .

• 3/df jf glhs} s]xL cf}iflwx¿ tyf ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg, -vf; u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf 6f9f 5 eg]_ .

o:tf cf}iflwx¿ tyf ;fdu|Lx¿df kL8fgfzs, lk;fj ;DaGwL tyf 5fnfsf] ;+qmd0f lgsf]

kfg]{ PlG6JofS6]l/on, ;kmf uh jf ;"tL sk8f, ckfËtfsf] pkrf/ ug{ lgoldt k|of]u

ul//x]sf cf}iflwx¿ ;+nUg ul/g' k5{ .

ckfËtf ePsf dWo] zf/Ll/s sf/0fn] clwsf+z b[li6ljxLg / alx/fx¿n] cfkmgf] :ofxf/ ug{

;S5g\ . t/, pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{ c?sf]

;xof]u rflxG5 . h:t}, b[li6ljxLgnfO{ :jf:Yo lzIff ;DaGwL hfgsf/L tL dWo] s]xL ;"rgfx¿

eGg ufx|f] ePklg c? s;}n] k9]/ ;'gfOlbg' k5{ . alx/fx¿nfO{ /]l8of]af6 jf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿af6

;'g]sf dxTjk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;"rgfx¿ c? s;}n] atfOlbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

;d'bfon] s] ug{ ;S5 <;d'bfon] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ :j:y /xgsf nflu

w]/} d2t ug{ ;S5 . ckfËtf ePsf w]/} dlxnfx¿ u/Lj 5g\

/ s]xL PSnf] hLjg JotLt u5{g\ . hf];'s} xf];\ c?nfO{ h:t},

ckfËtf ePsfnfO{ ;]jf, kf]if0fo'Qm ef]hg, ;kmf kfgL /

;/;kmfOdf kx'Fr x'g' cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ klg 5/l5d]ssf]

;fy / ;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf 5 . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]

:jf:Yo x]/ljrf/ ug{ ;d'bfon] s] ug{ ;S5 ;f]af/] pgLx¿

tyf pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/g' k5{ . ;d'bfon]

lgDg sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5 M

• ckfËtf ePsf dWo] s]xLnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;xof]uLaf6

b}lgs :ofxf/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;d'bfosf cu'jf tyf

l5d]sL ;d"xx¿n] pgLx¿sf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ tyf

kl/jf/ tyf ;xof]uLnfO{ s]xL cf/fd ug]{ 5'§L lbg] Joj:yf

ldnfP/ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

xfd|f] :jf:Yoaf/] k|lta4

/x]sf :jf:YosdL{åf/f

xfd|f] lgoldt :jf:Yo

hfFr ul/g' k5{ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx

100

• ckfËtf ePsf w]/}h;f] a[4 dlxnfx¿ w]/} u/Lj x'G5g\, PSn} a:5g\ jf ;xof]usf] cfjZostf

k/]sf a]nf ;xof]uL kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ;xof]uL jf ;fyLsf] Joj:yf ul/lbP/ jf c? tl/sfn]

Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u u/]/ ;d'bfon] ckfËtf ePsfsf] hLjgdf Jofks ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5 .

• v]tL ug{ jf ahf/ hfg ;xof]u u/]/ tfls pgLx¿n] kof{Kt c;n ef]hg h'6fpg ;s'g\ .

• ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] ;kmf kfgLdf kx''Fr xf]cf];\ eg]/ lglZrt ug{ sfd ug{ ;S5 .

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] ;'/lIft ;fy kfOvfgf k|of]u ug{ ;s'g\ eg]/ kfOvfgf agfpg

;d'bfon] d2t ug{ ;S5 .

k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L kfOvfgf agfpg] tl/sfaRrf tyf joisnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L kfOvfgf agfpg] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ 5g\ .

;f] tl/sf ckfËtf ePsfsf] cfjZostf cg's"n x'g] vfnsf] x'g' k5{ .

olb s'g} JolQmnfO{ 6'q'mSs a:g sl7g 5 eg] xft /fVg] ;fwf/0f af/ jf cUnf] cf;g

agfpg' k5{ . olb zf}rfnosf] Kjfn hdLgsf] ;txdf 5 eg] ;f] Kjfndf lb;f v:g] u/L s'g} 6'n

jf s';L{df Kjfn kf/]/ /flvlbg' k5{ .

s'g} JolQmnfO{ pgsf] z/L/ lgoGq0f ug{ sl7g 5 eg] pgsf] k5fl8, 5]p / v'§fx¿nfO{

cf8 lbg] u/L agfpg' k5{ / l;6 a]N6 jf af/sf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

b[li6ljxLgnfO{ 3/af6 kfOvfgf hfg] af6f] klxNofpgsf nflu 8f]/L 6fFuL lbg' k5{ jf af/

nufOlbg' k5{ .

s'g} JolQmnfO{ n'uf vf]Ng / nufpg sl7g 5 eg] , pgsf n'ufx¿ v's'nf / Onfl:6s

ePsf agfOlbg' k5{ . kfOvfgfdf a:g] / n'uf nqg] :yfg ;kmf ;'Vvf x'g] agfOg' k5{ .

;d'bfosf afl;Gbfn] s] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 eg] c? JolQmnfO{ h:tf] vfnsf] uf]kgLotfsf]

cfjZostf 5 ckfËtf ePsf ;j} JolQmnfO{ p:t} vfnsf] uf]kgLotfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

z/L/sf] x]/rfx