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16 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 262020210 0'
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10 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 PA
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10 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 S pmoc 'S
10 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
4
Yes/No questions 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 02
Is john sick? 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 02
Wh questions:22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 02
What did john eat? 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 02
'1 S 612120262 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 01
CP ( ) C IP 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 01
Who has Mary ___ seen ___ 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 01
: 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 01
S? 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
? 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
THAT 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 10
'1 Wh movements 612120262 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
wh-movements 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
How did you come? = You came in ?x way. 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Who did you give my article to ___? 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Modern Irish 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
I asked [CP[compwhether] [IPwe can record your speech] / 2222222222222222222222 11
Relative clauses 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
The report [CP [C' [Cthat] [the snow will begin tomorrow night]]] complement 2222222222222222222222222222222222 11
'121 WH-Movements 0622120262 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
WH Movements 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
wh-movement Island constraints 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 16
Topicalization 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Coordinate structure constraint: 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Sentential subject constraint: 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
'2 Subjacency 0122120262 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Island Constraints 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
5
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11 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 tniartsnoC dnalsI-hW 20
11 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 noitazilacipoT 21
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21 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 tniartsnoc erutcurts etanidrooC 21
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21 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ycnecajbuS
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11 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2 6
11 222222222222222222222222222222222222222 262021260 : 66'
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11 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 :
21 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 6 ] 62 *[6
21 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 6 62 0
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21 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2 6 62 66
61 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2 6 62 *06
01 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2620212210 06'
01 22222222222222222222222 nocixel latnem ni derots eb tsum gninaem dna dnuos fo gniriap yrartibra :sdroW
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11 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ?
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whitin words 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Morpheme: the smallest MEANINGFUL unit of language 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Cat = word, morpheme 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
I saw her = = 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
you really cannot always pretend that you do not hear 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Hierarchical structure in words 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Productivity 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
'61 0222120262 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
morphemes and allomorphs 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
, , 22222 !
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Blocking 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 22
compounds 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 26
Sabertooth Saber= 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 20
'61 2022120262 2222222222222222222222 21
Why No Mere Mortal Has Ever Flown Out to Center Field 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 21
Hypothesis (that we have been working with): 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 21
ILLLUSTRATION: 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 21
to [Vstand] a stand a place for things or people to stand2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 21
All started out as regulars and assimilated to irregular verbs (based on phonological similarity) 2222 22
'61 2122120262 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
Cranberry, blackberry, blueberry 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 12
[mit] (transmit) mitten ( , "mit"( 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 16
George Lakoff 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 10
'6 : MIT 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Novel Denominal: - 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Metaphorical Deverbal: - , 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
Novel Denominal Compound: - 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
'0 :Non college educated adults 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 11
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11 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 22
11 22222222222222222222222222222222222222 2620212212 " " 16'
11 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 skoob ralupop rekniP nevetS
11 2222222222222222222222222222222 ecruos lausunu na morf ecnedive :stpecnoc namuh fo erutan ehT
11 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222?
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11 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ecnelbmeser ylimaf
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2 = )reknip( ytinifni etercsid 2 ,
" 2 2 ,
2 , "2 ""
"2 " , ,
2 , " "" " "2 "
)REKNIP( ? " "
2 , "" 2
2 , :
2 2
2 2
2 , ,
60
, = ytinifni etercsid
2 ( " ,
)2
?
? ,
2
2 2
2
, 2
2
2 = /
2
) (
2 ssendemrof-llew /
PV PN S
2 -
, 2
2 2
?
2
)2 ( ,
2
! , )(
2 , ) ( A) ( teD2
1 , 2
2
2 :
:
2 , , ,
2++/+/+/:
)2(
:
.eta nhoJ
.deruoved nhoJ*
2 ,
2)A( N )TED( PN ,
70
:
)PP( )PN( V PN S
2 2
/
2
2 ?
2 ,
2
2 2 - , 2
2 ,
.esuom eht eta srekcarc dlO
2
2 , ?
2 :
2 , 2 ,
ylsuoiruf peels saedi neerg sselroloC
peels saedi sselroloc ylsuoiruf neerG*
, ,
!
2
, ,
2
2
S V PNS
PN PN N
2 :
?
2 -
2
, ), (
2 ,
80
2 ,
, 2
2 ,
! "
"yob eht sevol lrig eht" "lrig eht sevol yob ehT"
! ,
)( 2 lanoitisopmoc :
2
, ,
2
, ) ( 2 , ,
2 ) ( ,
2 !
?
2 , ) ( -
2 ,
2
2 , -
2 ,
, ,
2
2 ? ,
90
2'
26
20
21
21
2 ,
, ,
2
? ,
)2 ( 2
2 "
2tnedneped erutcurtS2 - 2
:
/ 26
2 20
/
, ,
: 2 , 2
: ! 2
2 , : /
!, :
2 2
?
2 ,
SELUR ERUTCURTS ESARHP
A PA 2
)2PV-V ,PA-A2 ( :
2 ,
2
?
2 :
2 ,
2 , " ,
12
)2 ( tfihs PN yvaeH 2
2 , : ) ( -
2 -
02
0203.2.0 1'
2/ 2 :
2 ,
2 ,
2 ?
?
-
) ( -
-
2
2 ,
)2'/ / : 2 (mroforP .oot did lliB dna nar nhoJ
:2 " ,
..dias ehs dna klat ot nageb rerutcel dlo ehT
2 EHS
2 :
:
kcolc'o thgie ta tsafkaerb tae I
*tsafkaerb kcolc'o thgie ta tae I
2 , : ,
tfihS PN yvaeh
tfelC : :
.ot levart ot ekil dluow I siraP ot si tI siraP ot levart ot ekil dluow I
2 , ,
2
.hceeps reh raeh ot tnaw lliw ]yraM wenk reve ohw nosrep yreve[ dna ]reteP[
!N PN reteP
.ytrap eht dnetta ot gniog si ]puorg ym morf etelhta[ dna ]puorg ruoy morf recnad[ yrevE
! puorg ruoy morf recnad yreve !
,
!
22
:snoitseuq HW "
2 efink a htiw gnik eht dellik nam ehT:
! ?efink a htiw dellik nam eht did ohW
)2( " ,
.azzip eht deruoved esoR .a
.deruoved esoR* .b
.despale shtnom ruoF .a
.ylwols shtnom eht despale moderob* .b
.delims ynneJ .a
.ybab eht delims ynneJ* .b
2 ) (
, , .
2 ,
2 ) (
EMARF NOITAZIROGETAC-BUS
)2 (
)2 ( =
) : (
]_[ :espalE
]PN_[ :taE
.yroslupmoc si PN eht ]PN_[ :ruoveD
."ta" eb tsum PP eht ])taPP(_[:evirrA
2
2 , ,
,
)2ruoved tae: ( 2
tiawa // tiaW
2 tiaW
2 , tiawA
.snoitcurtsni ruoy tiawa llahs I
.snoitcurtsni ruoy rof tiaw llahs I
32
.noitcurtsni ruoy tiaw llahs I*
].peelsa PA[ smees/skool nhoJ
]gnipeels PV[ smees/skool nhoJ*
: ,
2 ,
PN 2 PN :
2
, ? "ROF" ,
2
,
2 2
.rehtom ym decnivnoc evah uoY
.htrib ym decnivnoc evah uoY )!!!(
, ,
2 , , 2 PN
, , ) (
2
2 2 :
STCNUJDA DNA STNEMELPMOC
"2" " " ,
2
) ( ): ( :
2
.tcnujda ]yadnuS no[ tcnujda]kcolc'o eerht ta[ tnemelpmoc]yraM ot[ tnemelpmoc]koob a[ evag nhoJ
2 2
,
!)2 (
raef hguorht ]sehsiw ym yb[ dediba nhoJ
.tnemelpmoc a si "sehsiw ym yb" erofereht dna ,tcerrocni ../rof/htiw dediba naoJ*
: PV PN 2
42
2 2 ,
2 /
N: PN N '
2'N ) N(
2
riah gnol htiw scisyhp fo tneduts ehT
.scisyhp fo riah gnol htiw tneduts eht*
, , ) (
2 " "
, , 2
2
! , ' N
2'N N
: 2 :
2 ,
2N 'N "eno":
?tneduts hcihW
.scisyhp fo eno ehT*
):'N (
'N TED PN .A
)PP( 'N 'N .B
)PP( N 'N .C
)2 (
, ,
:
.]llewkcalB morf[ dna ]smeop fo[ koob eht*
: , 2 ) "(
smeop fo revoc der a htiw koob a ???
2 , -
52
0203.2.02 5'
, 2
2
?
2
2 :
2 ) (
RAB -X
2 ,
) / (
, , PX ,
)2 "(
2 ( ,
2'X , 2 'X )2X
2N , .'N 'eno':
2PC PP N 2
]PN_[ yortseD
noitcurtseD
PN N * 2PN N :
2PC PP N
,
2 , 2
2 ,
2 'V os-oD
.hcrop eht no os did iraK dna moor gnivil eht ni ittehgaps eta taK
"" .ecir os did iraK dna ittehgaps eta taK*
evaworcim eht ni os did dorraJ dna nevo eht ni ecir tup naloN*
, " tup" ,
2 ,
os-od , tup
!
)2lauqe gnieb sgniht lla( :
62
.noon ta nwolc eht ta dehgual eH .a
.nwolc eht ta noon ta dehgual eH ?? .b
2 ) ta ( PP
V 'V sispillE: PV
?yadnuS no amenic eht ot og lliw ohW .a
.yadseuT no )amenic eht ot og( thgim ekiM ,lleW .b
elbat eht no koob eht tup lliw nhoJ .a
.roolf eht no )koob eht tup( thgim yraM dnA* .b
.moor gninid eht ni tae lliw nhoJ .a
!yroslupmoc si level 'V eht taht swohs elpmaxe siht moor gnivil eht ni )tae( lliw yraM dnA .b
2 'v , , "tae"
2 ?
: , PP ,
.sruoh rof scisyhp ta dekrow I
.sruoh rof ta dekrow eb ot sdeen scisyhP
.sruoh rof eciffo eht ta dekrow I
.sruoh rof ta dekrow saw eciffo ehT ??
: ( 2 ,
, , 2
)2
PA
2PC PP
yraM fo dnof si eH .a
kcaJ ta yrgna si ehS .b
slamina ot dnik si eH .c
tnemelpmoc )PC( ecnetnes a htiw .jda emac eh taht yppah si ehS .d
syaw ynam ni nhoJ fo dnof m'I .e
hsiloof ylrettu si ehS .f
2 ,
2 2
2 PA
?PN PV
PP
2PC PP , PN P 2 ? PN P
PC ,PN ,PP PP
72
'X
/ , ,
2
reificepS
:PX , 2
)X PX ( -
2 -
2 , , , -
2 PY , -
2 ? )PX (
/ : 2 /
2 2
2 2 ' V V, 'N N:
, , 2 , , :
2 "
: ?
PV PN S
S pmoc 'S
2 2 , ,
2 rehtehw ,fi ,rof ,taht:
2 )/(
T+ tahT
T-+ fI
T- roF
2//?
-
2 , -
2]derimda nhoj taht[ nam ehT
2
2 ,
28
WANT:
John very much wants for Mary to rent his apartment.
*john very much wants that Mary to rent his apartment.
2
?
Yes/No questions
Is john sick?
Did john eat?
Has John arrived?
Wh questions:
What did john eat?
CP , C2
a. Has he run the marathon?
b. Mary asked if he has run the marathon.
c. *Mary asked if has he run the marathon.
d. Mary wonders whether he has run the marathon.
e. *Mary wonders whether has he run the marathon.
C2
: ,
2
92
0203.2.12 S /'
PI C ) ( PC
, RAB-X
2
2
N ,PN V : ,2
2PN
2'S PC
reificepS)2 [reificepS( , 2 C
]2
?
:on/sey
" " 2 PN ' ' ,
? 2 C
2 C " 2 C
2 , ",
C , , C
: !
?nohtaram eht nur eh saH .a
.nohtaram eht nur sah eh fi deksa yraM .b
.nohtaram eht nur eh sah fi deksa yraM* .c
:HW
PC reificepS tnemevom-hw
2PC
2PX PX, 2 X X
___ nees ___ yraM sah ohW
: HW
___ nees sah yraM ohw wonk I
:
N : rab-x (
2 )2 ,
13
2
) ( 2 " "
2 " ? "
2HW HW
2 :
):, cebeuQ( ,
]__ siaf ut [ euq[ iouq[ ednamed em eJ
?S
2
)2 // ( , "eta I" ,
: ,
)eb( )evah( )ladoM( PN
!
2 ,
2
]sdrawretfa ecneidua eht teem lliw[ dna ]atanos eht mrofrep lliw[ nhoJ
2 PV
.did eh ]atanos eht mrofrepPV[ dna atanos eht mrofrep lliw eh dias nhoJ
2
: , 2 ,
?
: 2
2 , toN 26
)2ylbaborp( 20
03
, snoitseuq gaT 21
2 , on/sey 21
) (
2
: , ;
gnitirw neeb ton sah yrraH
.gnitirw neeb ton dah yrraH
.gnitirw ton si yrraH
.gnitirw ton saw yrraH
.setirw yrraH
.etorw yrraH
2
2 , : 2
2 , :
2
2= noitcelfni I
2
)2 ( :
rof , tahT
2 " "
)2ETA-TAE2 ( /: :
2 2
23
, 2 I
2 , I " "
.daerb gnitae saw nhoJ daerb tae si )tsap( nhoJ
2 , I
esnet ot ,
]]ffo ti dnes[ ot[ dna ]]]kcehc eht ngis[ ot[ lliB[ tnaw I
]]]___[ ot[ lliB[ stnaw osla yraM dna ]atanos eht mrofrep ot lliB[ stnaw nhoJ
TAHT
2 ROF
2 C,
, 2
!PI ESNET: 2
2 I 2 I
2 , + TSAP " OD"
33
0203.2.02 STNEMEVOM HW 0'
")/ (" 2
, ) : ( ,
"2 , 2
2 , ,
STNEMEVOM-HW
:
snoitseuq oN/ seY
2 xua :
2 did/od - yrailixua
snoitseuq -HW
2"lliw" :
.ytrap eht ot tahw gnirb lliw uoY = ?ytrap eht ot gnirb uoy lliw tahW
2noitseuq HW
.ytrap eht ot uoy gnirb lliw x? = ?ytrap eht ot uoy gnirb lliw ohW
,
2
, "?ytrap eht ot TAHW gnirb lliw uoY" :snoitseuq-ohcE
2
.yaw x? ni emac uoY = ?emoc uoy did woH
.emit x? ta noitativni eht deviecer uoY = ?noitativni eht eviecer uoy did nehW
2" "
, "hcihw" , 2 HW
2?ytrap eht ot gnirb uoy did ekac hcihw: 2
?___ ot elcitra ym evig uoy did ohW
"!2? : "* : , )ohw ot=( mohw "ohw"
43
2 2 2
hsirI nredoM
a eCL ?armoes as ihb
?moor eht-ni saw hw-taht ohW
?moor eht ni saw ohW
2 , ,
TNEMEVOM-HW:
ytilibacilppa daorB .2
2
dednuobnu yltnerappA .3
2
!, 2 ,
?
eh taht PC[ skniht xaM taht PC[ dias derF taht PC[ draeh yraM taht PC[ eveileb nhoJ seod iohW
?]]]] it yrram lliw
( ,
)2
: , ) (
:2
.hceeps ruoy drocer nac ew fi deksa I
35
auxiliary , 2
I asked [CP[compwhether] [IPwe can record your speech] /
I asked what you bought WH
, :
*I asked [CP[specwhat]i [[Cthat] [she wants ti]].
:
I realized how interesting that it was.
I wonder [CP whoi John thinks [CP that Mary said [CP that Max reported [CP that Fred believes that [CP
Bill will marry ti]]]]]
, 2
RELATIVE CLAUSES
The report [CP [C' [Cthat] [the snow will begin tomorrow night]]] complement
! !
The bagel [CP[C[Cthat] [you devoured ___ last night]]]. Adjunct
2 , 2
: " WH-MOVEMENTS2
devour: [___ NP]
The bagel which you devoured ___ last night
[NP the bagel [CP whichi [C ] [IP you devoured ti last night]
THAT WHICH , , ( ! 2)
( , comp :)
The report [whichi [0]] [you read ti last night]
The report [[0]that [you read ti last night]
The report [[0] [0] [you read ti last night]
The person [[0] that [ ti read the report last night]
The person [who [0] [ti read the report last night]
*The person [ [0] [0] [ti read the report last night]
:
The report [whichi [CPMary thinks[CP that John said[CP that Fred wants [CP to read ti]]]]]
36
,
2( C SPECIFIER 2) 2
WH-MOVEMENT ISLAND CONSTRAINTS
Complex Noun Phrase Constraint
He made [the claim [ that he has met my brother]].
*[Who ]i did he make [the claim [ that he has met ti ] ]?
WHO 2 , :
[ Who ]i did he claim [ that he has met ti ] ?
- :
*I asked whoi you believe [NP the report [CP that John eloped with ti]]
*This is the girl whoi you wont believe [NP the report [CP that John eloped with ti]]
Wh-Island Constraint
*Whoi do you wonder [whether [I like ti]]
*I asked [whoi you want to know [whether [John likes ti]]
*This is the person whoi John wonders [whether [I should marry ti]]
, Wh-Island2
,
wh-movements / 2
2 ,
, 2
'0.5 WH-MOVEMENTS 32.02.3020
( ) 2
62
02 ()
12
YES/NO Questions
1. Are you coming to the party? = ?[You are coming to the party]
2. Have you seen that picture? = ?[You have seen that picture]
3. Do you go to sleep late at night? = ?[You go to sleep late at night] WH Questions
4. What will you bring to the party? = You will bring ?x to the party.
5. Who will bring you to the party? = ?x will bring you to the party.
6. How did you come? = You came in ?x way.
7. When did you receive the invitation? = You received the invitation at ?x time.
73
2PX , stnemevom-HW
2 HW ,
:
?___ yub uoy did tahW - ?___ koob eht tup uoy did erehW - ?___ ot elcitra ym evig uoy did ohW -
: evig ,tup ,yub
]PN __[ yub
]PP PN __[ tup
]otPP PN __ [ evig : ,
tahw thguob uoY -
erehw koob ym tup uoY -
)m(ohw ot elcitra ym evag uoY - , esarhp , , HW ,
)2 ( PX HW , 2 , esarhp HW ,
2 reificepS HW , b ,a
, " yub uoy did koob hcihw" 2
?___ yub uoy did ]]koob[ ]tahWted[PN[ .a
? ___ si nhoJ kniht uoy od ]]llat[ ]woHtnauq[PA[ .b
?___ot tneserp eht evig uoy did dlihc hcihW .c :
]koob tahwPN[ thguob uoY .a
]llat wohPA[ si nhoJ kniht uoY .b
]dlihc hcihwPN[ ot tneserp eht evag uoY .c
- , stnemevom HW
? 2
?yadretsey nrael uoy did nossel tahW
2 " nossel tahw"
83
") ("
, ) ( 2 ,
2
?HW ? HW 2 ,
2pmoc reificepS HW , PMOC HW , ,
2 , :, , rezitnemelpmoC HW
?armoes as ihb La eC
?moor eht-ni saw hw-taht ohW
?moor eht ni saw ohW , rezitnemelpmoC HW
:pmoc
: " yub uoy did koob tahw"
: , ,
2 , "2 " ,
2rabX , 2 ,
, 2
, 2 (snoitamrofsnart , " " " )2rammarG evitareneG lanoitamrofsnarT
2C- I HW , sesualc niam
lacixel " C , 2 noisrevni xua-tcejbus 2 " , rezitnemelpmoC
93
STNEMEVOM HW
YTILIBACILPPA DAORB 26
2 ,
)tcejbo tcerid( ?tekramrepus eht ta __ yub uoy did tahW
]2 2 [ PN , " tahw"
: 2
2
2 :
DEDNUOBNU YLTNERAPPA 20
2 - - dednuobnu yltnerappA
yrram lliw eh taht PC[ skniht xaM taht PC[ dias derF taht PC[ draeh yraM taht PC[ eveileb nhoJ seod iohW
?]]]] it
2, ecart 2 " t" :
! , yrram ? ohw
2 , 1
2 ,
?EVOM TCEJBUS A SEOD 21
22! " , ,
?gniraew era uoy taht gnir eht thguob___ ohW
: , C I ,
?gniraew era uoy gnir taht yub did ohW*
2 '
:PC 2 C PC , PC
2
:ksa
] ]hw+[ PC __ [ :ksa
2fi/rehtehw: C
:
2 26
14
]hceeps ruoy drocer nac ewPI[ ]fi/rehtehwpmoc[PC[ deksa I
PC , HW 20
): (
.]]it thguob uoy[ itahw[ deksa I
!N PN tahW
2C, , )reificepS( HW
2C reificepS
, , ! reificepS C HW
:
)2 ( -
" " , -
:
].derevocer I ]taht[ ]ylkciuq woh[ PC[ dezama erew seugaelloc ym fo tsoM
)9991 rebmevoN 42 ,ITRW ,latipsoH ytisrevinU elpmeT rof tnemesitrevda(
!) , (
, HW -
)2 ( PC
:
tcnujdA .]]]thgin tsal ___ deruoved uoy[ ]tahtC[C[PC[ legab ehT
! , ruoved PN
: "
thgin tsal ___ deruoved uoy hcihw legab ehT
2 HW hcihw 2
, 2 PN hcihw
:
]thgin tsal it deruoved uoy PI[ ] C[ ihcihw PC[ legab eht PN[
)2 ! (hcihw taht
:
04
2 C/HW: ,
2C HW ,
2 HW ,
2 ,
2PC PC : ""2 "" ,
, )noisrevni xua tcejbus( C I ,
! , C
, pmoc HW ,
)2 HW (
, 2
" (" ,
)2spmoc dellif elbuod
STNIARTSNOC DNALSI TNEMEVOM-HW
, HW "
2
daorb[ )2', , , ( -
]ytilibacilppa
, HW -
]2dednuobnu[ 2', ,
"2 PC "?
2 2 ?
! " ,
24
, ,
( ,stnemevom HW : 2 HW
2 HW " , HW , )
2 rtsnoc dnalsIstnia
2 ,
TNIARTSNOC ESARHP NUON XELPMOC
2PC
.]]rehtorb ym tem sah eh taht [ mialc eht[ edam eH
?] ] it tem sah eh taht [ mialc eht[ ekam eh did i] ohW[*
tniartsnoC esarhP nuoN xelpmoC
2"demialc" " mialc eht ekam"
? ] it tem sah eh taht [ mialc eh did i] ohW [
2tniartsnoC esarhP nuoN xelpmoC ,
2
2HW
:
]] ozoB teem ot ekil dluow eh taht [ aedi eht[ denoitnem eH
?]] it teem ot ekil dluow eh taht [ aedi eht[ noitnem eh did i] nwolc hcihW [*
,
2
: -
) ( ]]it htiw depole nhoJ taht PC[ troper eht PN[ eveileb uoy iohw deksa I*
2 PC HW2
) ( ]]it htiw depole nhoJ taht PC[ troper eht PN[ eveileb tnow uoy iohw lrig eht si sihT*
2 :
TNIARTSNOC DNALSI-HW
:
]]__ C[hw[PC
]]it ekil I[ rehtehw[ rednow uoy od iohW*
]]it sekil nhoJ[ rehtehw[ wonk ot tnaw uoy iohw[ deksa I*
43
*This is the person whoi John wonders [whether [I should marry ti]]
WH
TOPICALIZATION
We heartily detest Julia's parents.
Julia's parents, we heartily detest.
2 ," 2
:
I like many people, but Julia's parents, I heartily detest.
WH , 2
They should solve the more difficult problem with the help of a computer.
With the help of a computer, they should solve the more difficult problem.
, WH:
*With a computer, they have forgotten [which problem [they should solve ti]ti].
They have forgotten [which problem [they should solve with a computer]]. (Source sentence)
Which problem solve.
, ( ?? 2)
*Julia's parentsi, no one believes [the claim [that I hate about ti.]] ti]]
: 2
( )
Coordinate structure constraint:
I like salami with mustard.
What do I like salami with?
I like salami and mustard.
*Whati do I like salami and ti
, 2
Sentential subject constraint:
[That Mary bought the antique chair] surprised me.
*Which chairi did [that Mary bought ti ] surprise me?
44
2 : 2
2stnemevom HW ? ,
2 ,
2
? ?
? ,
54
0203.20.13 YCNECAJBUS 8'
, " 1
: 2
26
20
21
)2noitazilacipot(
ycnedneped dednuobnU
2 HW
2 ecart t 2 HW HW
2 HW
, 2 stniartsnoc dnalsi ycnedneped dednuobnu
2 2 tnemevom hw
STNIARTSNOC DNALSI
2hw " "
2
TNIARTSNOC ESARHP NUON XELPMOC 20
2 esarhP nuoN xelpmoC
2 PC 2
)2 ( PC
.]]rehtorb ym tem sah eh taht PC[ mialc ehtPN[ edam eH
?] ] it tem sah eh taht [ mialc eht[ ekam eh did i] ohW[*
2
? ] it tem sah eh taht [ mialc eh did i] ohW [
2 , " mialc"-" mialc eht ekam",
2 ,
]]ozoB teem ot ekil dluow eh taht[ aedi eht[ denoitnem eH
?]] it teem ot ekil dluow eh taht [ aedi eht[ noitnem eh did i] nwolc hcihW[*
] it ot ekil dluow eh taht [ noitnem eh did i] ytirbelec hcihW [
:
]]it htiw depole nhoJ taht PC[ troper eht PN[ eveileb uoy iohw[ deksa I*
64
]]it htiw depole nhoJ taht PC[ troper eht PN[ eveileb tnow uoy iohw lrig eht si sihT*
2 , ksA
PN lrig ehT
..eveileb uoy " lrig eht"
, 2 " mialc eht"
2 , PC
2
2 ,
2 1 ,
TNIARTSNOC DNALSI-HW 20
2PC PC
]]it ekil I[ rehtehw[ rednow uoy od iohW* : rednoW
2 HW
]]it sekil nhoJ[ rehtehw[ wonk ot tnaw uoy iohw[ deksa I*
2 HW2 HW " " 2 " yrram"
]]it yrram dluohs I[ rehtehwPC[ srednow nhoJ iohw nosrep eht si sihT*
47
:"person" head , CP person 2
"marry" wh2
12 TOPICALIZATION
2
"Unbounded dependency" 2
2
They should solve the more difficult problem with the help of a computer.
[With the help of a computer]i, they should solve the more difficult problem ti.
WH :
We heartily detest Julia's parents.
[Julia's parents]i, we heartily detest ti.
A single lion can devour a little wildebeest like that in under an hour.
A little wildebeest like that, a single lion can devour in under an hour.
I recognize this kind of situation from my previous job.
This kind of situation, I recognize from my previous job.
2
2
*With a computer, they have forgotten [which problem [they should solve ti]. (= wh-island)
*Julia's parentsi, no one believes [the claim [that I hate ti] (= complex NP)
48
*This kind of situationj, I met the person [whoi[ti] told me about [ti]] ( = Wh-island AND complex NP)
C "that " , that who2
[NP[det the][n [N [N woman]][cp that I met]]]
[ 2]
( )
12 COORDINATE STRUCTURE CONSTRAINT
I like salami with mustard.
What do I like salami with?
I like salami and mustard.
*Whati do I like salami and ti
1 2SENTENTIAL SUBJECT CONSTRAINT
[That Mary bought the antique chair] surprised me.
*Which chairi did [that Mary bought ti ] surprise me?
SUBJACENCY
94
?it daer eh taht yas eh did itahW
2 ycnedneped dednuobnU
,) (
2
.ycnecajbus 2
dednuobnu( ,
2 , )ycnedneped
2 ,
"tahw" 2 HW
2
2 2 , :
2sedon gnidnuob, " 2 sedon gnidnuoB?
)noitinifed( ycnecajbuS
.edon gnidnuob eno naht erom ssorc ton yam tneutitsnoc devom eht ,tnemevom fo sdnik niatrec roF
.edon gnidnuob a osla si PN .edon gnidnuob a si PI
2 PI/PN: /
xelpmoc dnalsI HW 2 PN PI
2 snuon
,
HW ,
2
15
HW 2 , PC reificepS HW
HW 2 HW
, 2 CEPS , 2
?
ycnedneped dednuob-nu
, 2
2
2 PC CEPS
.]woh ]melborp hcihw evlos dluohs yeht[[ PC[ nettogrof evah yehT[
]jt ]jt evlos dluohs yeht j]melborp hcihwPN[ nettogrofPV[ yeht evah jwoH*
?evlos ot woh nettogrof yeht evah melborp hcihW*
2HW " evlos dluohs yeht melborp hcihW"
: 2 ycnecajbus , PI " woh"
2 ycnecajbus 2 " hcihw" , " woh"
2 2
05
, "woh" " melborp hcihw" CEPS 2 " togrof"
2
, PI " woh" ,
2ycnecajbus
hcihw woh ?
, , 2 melborp
, 2 ,
2 I ecart , 2 ycnecajbus
EDON GNIDNUOB A OSLA SI PN
PI - edon gnidnuob PN
2 PN
?]]it deirram yraM taht[ mialc eht[ eveileb nhoJ seod i]ohW[* .1
?]]it htiwPP[ sserd ehtPN[ yub yraM did i]srewolf hcihW[* .2
?]koob it[ yub ehs did i]esohW[* .3
? ] ] ] ] it deirram yraM PI[ taht it PC[ mialc eht PN[ eveileb nhoJ PI[ seod iohW* .4
? ] ] koob it PN[ yub ehs PI[ did iesohW .5
.yroeht noitamrofni tuoba koob a deppord eH .6
] ] it tuoba koob a PN[ pord eh PI[ did itahW* .7
, PN PI
, PI edon gnidnuob PN )2 esarhp nuon xelpmoc(
2PN 2 PC CEPS
: ,
? -
? * -
"2 " ycnecajbus
2 ?tuoba koob a etirw eh did tahW :PN
"2 : "
2 ? 2 , )2 (
? 2 ,, 2
2 ,
, , ycnecajbus
, 2
, ,
2
, :
2 ,
25
, 2
2 2
2 ycnecajbus
, 2
2 ,
, ! ycnecajbuS ,
2 2
2
2
2 , ,
2 ,
, 2
, , , 2
2 ycnecajbus
2 ,
2 ,
2 , ,
2 ) (
?
,
2
35
0203.10.22 9'
, 2
', '
( 2 ,
: )2
, , -" "
! , ,
2 ? , " "
" " ,
2
: , " "
sulumitS eht fo ytrevoP eht morf tnemugra ehT
",
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, , , )2
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,
!
nrammarg ecneirepxe 2rammarg ecneirepxe 1rammarg = egdelwonk ecneirepxE
)egaugnal fo egdelwonk tluda( rammarg lanif ecneirepxe
, "de" ", ,
: , ,
] [ )ekil-T( de-yalp ,de-pmuJ
)ekil DI( de-tratS
45
, , ,
2 ) ( ,
", ) ( , "
, , )de (
" " detae ,degnirb ,democ" srorre noitazilareneg revo
, , ( 2 , ,
)2 /
, ,
2 , 2
2 ,
? + ,
+ , ) (
, 21-21 2
2
SULUMITS EHT FO YTREVOP EHT
+ , ) (
: 1 , /
2 , .2
- , , -
2
, )( ; .3
2 2
) ( , , -
!"2 " ,
) ( .2
2
! , -
2 ,
:
.moor gninid eht ni os did I dna ,hcrop eht no tsafkaerb eta nhoJ .1
, 'V " os od" 2 ,
od" 22 ', ,
22 " os
"2 os od" , ) (
, 'V , , 2
22', 'V
.yenom rof os did norahS dna erusaelp rof werd yraM .2
.esuoh eht ni os did I dna hcrop eht no tpels nhoJ .3
roolf eht no os did yraM dna elbat eht no koob eht tup nhoJ* .4
55
, ) (, ! )1(
2
.sub eht no os did I dna taob eht no dediced nhoJ .5
, ) 1( ! ) (
2/
, , ?
2 ,
: " "
.imeht ees ot tcepxe isyob ehT*
syob eht ot refer tonnac 'mehT'
?imeht ees ot tcepxe isyob eht od ohW
.syob eht ot refer nac 'mehT'
.azzip eta nhoJ
)gnihtemos( eta nhoJ
)2 ( PN " tae"
.lliB ot klat ot nrobbuts oot si nhoJ
)enoemos*( ot klat ot nrobbuts oot si nhoJ
22 '( ! ,
2 22) ,
, 50-50
.
0203.10.12 5.9'
, :
, 2
2 ,
" , , ) (
2 -
, " ",
2 " " 2
2 ,
,
2
,
2
2
65
, ,
2" " "
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2 ,
rammarG cificepS )(ecneirepxE )DAL( rammarG lasrevinU
etats latnem lanif etats latnem laitini
eciveD noitisiuqcA egaugnaL = DAL
2 DAL GU
, , ycnecajbus
2ycnedneped-erutcurts
, tnedneped erutcurts ) (' '
2
: 2
) , ( "
) ( ,
"2 , 2
2 ,
?seigetarts gninrael lareneg
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2
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, ,
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22) ,
:
75
2 2
: 2 ' ,
2N 26
2'N 20
2N 'N "eno" 21
.nodnoL morf eno eht naht erom siraP morf tneduts eht ekil I .a
.erutaretil fo eno eht naht erom yrtsimehc fo tneduts eht ekil I* .b
) (
2
:
;
;
2 -
22 - , -
, :
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;
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eno taht htiw yalp nac uoy dna llab der siht htiw yalp llI
:
:
;llab der taht htiw yalp nac uoy dna llab der siht htiw yalp lliw I
;N N eno) smroforp ( llab der eno
? llab llab der eno - :
?
85
22) 22( , "llab der" ENO
2
! , llab der ENO,
:
llab der = eno X
llab = eno
:
llab der = eno
llab = eno
llab eno taht ,
2llab der
2 llab taht ekat uoy , llab der taht ekat uoY - ?
) - (
:N N eno
)llab eulb a sah xaM :dnuorgkcaB(
.eno evah tnseod xaM tub llab der a sah sirhC
"llab der"; !) (llab llab der eno,
2 ,
:
, llab der eno
, ?
?
95
:
N N eno
2
2 'N eno eno %022 ,
2
, ) , ( , "eno"
, 'llab der' 'llab' ) ( tnedecetna
2)%022(
" " ,
2
, / , :
2
: , ,
elttob wolley A !kooL
2
2 , , ,
:
)lortnoC( ?ees uoy od tahw ,woN .I
)cirohpanA( ??eno rehtona ees uoy od ,kool ,woN .II
) ( arohpanA
)2kcab srefer(
2 2
2 , 2
, II I , elttob " ENO" ,
2 ,
, elttob wolley ENO , ,
, , ) II(
2
16
, :
, , "?eno rehtona ees uoy od" :
2
2ELTTOB " ENO" 2 ,
?elttob rehtona ees uoy od ,woN .I
?elttob wolley rehtona ees uoy od ,woN .II
) I( , ELTTOB ENO
2
2 , ,
) (
, ,
?
06
:
2 26
2 , 20
2 ) 0' (
2 ) (
2 ,
0203.1.82 : 02'
? 2 " ,
2 ecnerefer 2
" ", )2 ( ecnerefer ) (
, 2 ) ( , "
2 , ecnerefer N )refer ot( PN
, 2 N N,
' ' PN , )setoned ti( ' ' N
2)refer ot(
, " refer ot : N " ,
' ' 2
', '
2)seititne(
2' ', '', '':
2' ' ,'':
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2 ' ' 2
2 ' '
2 ' ' ,'' 2
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26
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2 2
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: 2 ('', '', '', '', '', ''
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2" " ,
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) ( 2 2
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(= oc(-)ecnerefer' -' 2 . ! (-
2 ['' ' -' [)2
, 2 ' -'
2
:
6 6 2 20
) , , ( 0 6 2
! (- . ! (-
2.
2 = ecnedneped laitnerefer:
36
-2 0
0 6 2 21
6 6* 2
6 6 2
2 " " -
)2 ( :
? 620
)2 (
:
6 6 2 1
21 ) 1( ,
"2 " PN , "" sdnammoc-c " " PN
0 6] [ 2 21
6 6] *[ 2
6 ] 6] [ [ 21
2 ,1 1" "
2 020
): (
2A- B- B )setanimod( A 2 21
,B sdnammoc-c A( A fo epocs eht ni si B ro( A B 2
2B A
46
)2 : ( A
2 120
: PN - P : - 2 2
-, PN P 2
2PN- P , PC, 2
2P PC- PN PC PN- P PC2 1
! (-. ! (- -
2.
-2 1
6 6* 2 226
6 6 2
6 6 2
6 6* 2
6 6 2 * 266
6 6[ ]2
- R : - 2 06
: PN
-, PN R 2
2PN- R PC 2
2 - , -
?????????????]: 1[
56
2 1
: .13
2 X Y Y X 2
PC- ( X PC- X 2
)2X PC X
)2X- PC(
2X Y- Y- X 2
2X Y- Y- X 2
216
2R R :
2P P :
2 5
?6 6] [ 2 251
2 ! , ,
2
?6 6] 2 *[
?6 6 2 216
?6 6 2 *
?
:
" ' ' " 2
- , ' '
' ' " 2
2 ,'' "
2 :
66
2 6
] 6[ 62 216
] 0[ 62
] 6[ 62 *
2 ', . ! (
2-
:
6 ] 6 2 [ 226
6 ] 6 2 [
6 ] 6 2 [
2 ,
.16
2R R :
2P P :
2 N :
: : '
, PC , ,2 ,
:
]]26 [ [ 6* 220
( , PC sdnammoc-c PN
)2
?????????]: 2[
76
0203.1.23 : 22'
2
, PN
)2 , (
stekcarb lebaL
]]]yob[N['N]eht[ted[PN
:
rats gninrom ehT
rats gnineve ehT
2 ,
:ecnerefer
snuonorp 26
)srohpana( sevixelfer 20
snoisserpxe R 21
: , 2 ,
) ( , : ,
2
?
, ""
2
, 2 ecnerefer N
2PN
2 , PN , N PN ,
2 ( , 2 *
)2,
? ,
2 ,
86
2
snoisserpxe R: , ,
2
2 ecnerefer :
: " "(
")2
2 2
, ecnerefer
2
:
,
, , , 2
2
?
:
2PN P .2
2 PC , , - PC 20
, PC
2PC
2 PC ]2 [
]2 [ *
*
, ecnerefer oc-noN:
2
, 2 PC
:2 PC
2 ]] [N [PN
2PC ,
2 , ,
2 PC , PC ,
B sdnammoc-c A
2 yroeht gnidniB
2 gninoitidnoC gnidniB
96
2 X Y Y X :
A B B sdnib A
2 ) ( :
2
2? "" " "
2
2? "" " "
PC ( X )( PC X :
)2X PC " X
2X Y Y X :
2X Y Y X :
:
2R R 2
2 :
2P P 2
2 PN PC , PC
! R snoisserpxe
]1mih sevol eihtuR taht[PC dias 1eH
:
? 6 t 6] [
: , ,
17
, PN( PN ;
: )
6 ] 62 *[6
" " 2 PN PN , "" " "
2 PN PN
6 62 0
PC , " "
2PC "2 "
2 6 6 2 *1
PC(= 2 " " = ""
, "" " ", "" ")2 "
2 ,
2 6 62 *1
2 ,
26 6 2 *1
, "" " ")2 noisserpxe r( 2 PC " "
2 , " 2 "
2 6 6 2 *1
2" " , , " "
2 6 6 2 1
"2" , ecnerefer oc " "" "
2 6 6 2 2
, !) (= " "
"2" " 2 " , PN
?6 6] 2 [1
2 , " " :
0*/6 6]0 [ 226
" " PN 2 "2 " " "
, " 2 "
2 ,
2 6 62 66
2 , " "" "
:
07
2 6 62 *06
2 , " "
27
0203.10.53 32'
2 :
2
2selur dna sdrow:
nocixel latnem ni derots eb tsum gninaem dna dnuos fo gniriap yrartibra :sdroW
2 ,
2 , ,
2 ,
"2 "
:
derots TON era hcihw fo stuptuo eht ,serutcurts evired ylevitcudorp hcihw sessecorp seluR
.selur yb devired era sesarhp dna secnetneS ;elbatciderp era seitreporp rieht esuaceb ,yllatnem
, 2
2 ,
2
): (
k)c(irb ;kigb ;kilb ;sdrow lautca ;tnetsixenon tub ,elbissop ,elbissopmI
2 ,
2 2
, " " 2
2
, 2 /
? 2 /
elbatciderp yletelpmoc evah sdrow emos dna deziromem eb tsum drow eht naht regral stinu emoS
.seitreporp
2, 2 ,
2 " tekcub eht kcik" , :
2 " ", ,
+ :
2) (
, " tekcub eht kcik" ,
"2"
( , "
)2
2 ,
37
?
PV klaW 26
2 PN - klaW 20
:
)..koobecaf ,evaworcim ,tlas ,lio ,elttob( ]V[ ]N[
.em ot llab eht nihs esaelp ;nihS
"uoy koobecaf ll'I" ;koobecaF
2 ,
! "
: ,
gninaem dna dnuos fo sgniriap detsiL
.sV
.selur evitcudorp fo stcudorp detsilnoN
SDROW NITIHW
2 2
2 2
', ' ' ' eugolatac ,taC
''
egaugnal fo tinu LUFGNINAEM tsellams eht :emehproM
: ,
s-tac .a
doof-tac .b
la-evirra .c
elba-hsaw .d
yti-liba-hsaw .e
ssen-ippah-nu .f
s-re-etirw .g
de-hsaw .h
2emehproM " " 2
" la" " la-evirra" , ? ?
47
2 2,
22
2
2
2
-nu ;elba- ;-erp ;la- : )( semehprom dnuoB
..ytterp ;no ;elbat ;tac : )( semehprom eerF
emehprom ,drow = taC
? , ,
/ , 2
2 2
( 2
)2
= = reh was I
,
): ( 2
:omiksE cidnalneerG tseW
titup-piv-ignn-:annis-rann:aut-r:asu-us-tignn-:asut
) ( gs2-yllaer-gen-nac-emit eht lla-dneterp-evitisnartni-gen-raeh
raeh ton od uoy taht dneterp syawla tonnac yllaer uoy
2 ?
2 ,
2 2 /
:) ) semehprom lanoitavireD
2
;yppahnu >- yppah ;retirw >-etirw
lanosaes >- nosaes ;elbahsaw >- hsaw
)( semhprom lanoitcelfnI
2
;stac ,tac ;gniklaw ,deklaw ,klaw
57
klaw :emexeL
gniklaw deklaw klaW
) 2 (
2emexel
2
2 ( , ,
)
2 , )re +etirw( retirw etirW
)s + re + etirw=( sretirW
, resetirw ? 2 ?
"2"
fo EDISTUO dnuof si noitcelfni taht si segaugnal ni dnif ew taht nrettap gnimlehwrevo ehT
hcihw xatnys ot detaler si noitcelfni ecnis ,esnes evitiutni sekam siht dna noitavired
;resetirw ton ,sretirw yas ew oS .ton si noitavired
ezigniretupmoc* ,gniziretupmoc
2 ,
skoob setirw nhoJ
S " " 2 " S"
2nhoj,
, ,
)2 ' ' (?
xiferp a esu ot woh swonk eh/s nehw wonk ,hsilgnE ,yas ,egaugnal a fo rekaeps a seod tahW
?xiffus ro
)laippah*( layppah* ,evirranu* ,ytihsaw*
-, ) xiffus(
:2 / 2
A]elbaV]
2A V
N]reV]
N]ssenA]
[A nu[A
[V nu[V
67
, NU
2 2
elbaveilebnu ,lufhtiafnu ,yppahnU
]daol[nu ,]eit[nu ,]od[nU
2 , ,
sexiffus tub ,ot hcatta yeht drow eht fo yrogetac eht egnahc ton od sexiferp ,egral dna yb
.od netfo
, :
)2 , 2 (
, " 2 " "
":er" , 2
.eiter ,taeher ,etirwer ,revocer ,tniaper ,oder ,daerer .a
taolfer* ,eeser* ,eider* ,pmujer* ,hgualer* .b
, , ,
2 , ?
, ) (
2
?
, ,
2
SDROW NI ERUTCURTS LACIHCRAREIH
2 ,
)? / ( elba nottub nu:
]]elba ]]nottub[N[V [A nU[A
) ( ]]elba ]]]nottub[N[V nU[V[A
2 ,
YTIVITCUDORP
, 2
2
:
2 ER - 26
2 ER , 20
2 , ,
77
-nepo, , )V N : ( :
2dedne
?drow xelpmoc eht eziromem ot evah ew od ,drow devired a fo semehprom eht wonk ew fI
eht fo noitcnuf a yleritne si ti fi lanoitisopmoc si erutcurts devired a fo noitaterpretni ehT
.erutcurts dna strap sti fo noitaterpretni
, ) ( ,
, 2 , 2
2 , ,
( :
2 , )
.dnah ni dnah og ytilanoitisopmoc dna ytivitcudorP
, ) gniliec ,elbat ,god ,tac(
, ) (
: " :
2? 2 ,
:detsil eb ot sah LLITS tuptuo eht ,evitcudorp ton si elur eht ecnis tub ,elur yb devired era sdrow emoS
,noitammus ,muS
noitavacxe ,etavacxE
noitairtaper ,etairtapeR
noitavired ,evireD
N]noitaV]
!
lavivrus ,evivrus
,lavirra ,evirra
,laticer ,eticer
N]laV]
22
2 ,
, " 2
2 , -
lavirra ,evirra ,noitavired ,evired
noitavirra* ,lavired*
"la" 2 , , lavired
2
87
0203.10.83 22'
, ) (
2 ,
" " 2
, 2 ,
2
2 , , tekcub eht kciK
, ,
: ,
,noitammus ,mus
noitavacxe ,etavacxe
noitairtaper ,etairtaper
noitavired ,evired
N]noitaV]
:
lavivrus ,evivrus
,lavirra ,evirra
,laticer ,eticer
N]laV]
.trecnoc a fo gninaem eht osla sah tub ,gniticer fo tca eht laticeR
"2" , "" lavirrA
2 " lavirra"
, ,
", , " " (
22)2
? ) (
2
2 ,
noitca )( ralucitrap a gnitoned brev = timsnart
)gnittimsnart fo tca eht( noissimsnart
, ) noissimsnart(
97
2
2 re :
")r(eid*: " :
-,
" :2 , 2
2 , , 22"
2 're' :
)2sbrev ytivitca( ,
! 2 :
,rennur ,remmiws ,revird ,retroper ,rekniht ,remrofsnart ,rengised ,recnad ,regnis ,retirw ,rekab
.reird ,rehsaw ,repmuj
" repmuj" , 2 , " repmuj"
2" "
?/
retroper, , ,
"2retroper" , ,
)2 renepo-nac ,rednelb ,rekahs ,reird ,rehsaw( -
, -
2 2
, ,
2 ,
:
.]QCI[ reuqci ,retareggaxe
, , , " rexaf"
2dedne-nepo- ,
SHPROMOLLA DNA SEMEHPROM
2shpromolla : ,
: ) ( ,
smraf ,mraf ;sdaor ,daor ;seldnac ,eldnac ;selbat ,elbat ;syob ,yob ;sgod ,god ;stac ,tac
ZEzihw ,ZEhsub ,ZEssub ,ZEhcuhc Zdaor ,Zmraf ,Sepor ,Skoob ,Zyob ,Zgod ,Stac
, 2
)2( ) "(
dettif ,detah ,derednaw ,rednaw ;depmuj ,pmuj ;deyalp ,yalp ;degnoleb ,gnoleb ;denif ,enif
18
2 , "
"?sresopmoc erew shcaB ynam woH"
2 2 " "
2 " " 2
2 , " sehcab" "shcaB"
!
2
2 ,
2 gnikcolB
GNIKCOLB
;sesoog* ,eseeg ,esoog ;snam* ,nem ,nam ;stoof* ,teef ,toof ;sdlihc* ,nerdlihc ,dlihc ,sexo* ,nexo ,xo
shtoot* ,hteet ,htoot
2 2
"2 sdlihc"
"2 sdlihc" " nerdlihc"
"2" sdlihc
2" " , 2
degnirb* ,hguorb ,gnirb ;detirw* ,etorw ,etirw ;deog* ,tnew ,og
, :
2
"2sexo" " nexo"
?
/ 2 ,
:
"2 " " " "
2 = 2
2 :
):'re' (
rediug* ,ediug
)noitaterpretni tnaveler eht rednu( rekooc* ,kooc
2'' " rekooc" " kooc"
reips* ,yps
08
relaets* ,feiht
, 2
2
?
)2 ( ssendetsil -
, " " ,
2
" 2 , ,
!gnikcolb ,
2 ( " "
2 )2
2
"2 " " rekooc" " kooc"
2
RE 2 " rediug" " ediug"
2 rediug ,
"..selbategev fo rekooc a sa tub fehc nairategev a sa hcum os flesmih ees t'nseod ,xoF ymereJ"
, , ,
, 2
2 ,
2 , relaets feiht relaets,
2 2 " nerdlihc" " sdlihc"
, :
, ,
, 2 ,
2
SDNUOPMOC
, ,
2
, , ,
)2( ) (
2 2 ,
2
tneduts wal lanimirC
2 ,
28
!
2
2 ,
, " ", " " " " : , ,
"2 " " "
?
2 ) ( 2
.)etihw a fo dnik a ton( esuoh a fo dnik a esuoh etihW
:, ,
=rebaS htootrebaS
.)rebas a fo dnik a ton ,htoot a fo dnik a ton ,noil a fo dnik a( htootrebaS
2
?
2 ) " (esuohneerg" -
2 , ",
2 2
revird-kcurT
retaeb-ggE
renrub-liO
rettuc erutciP
2 (
)2
gnitae-eikooC
gnikat-erutciP
22
? 2
:
top-aeT
2 "
saet owt* ,aet eno*
38
..stop owt ,top enO
..stopaet owt ,topaet enO
revird-kcurT
]s]revird[ ]kcurt[[ .a
]srevird[]kcurt[ .b
2
"2 snamecilop" , )a( ,
2nemecilop ,
, 2 2
: 2 a
)nemklaw*( snamklaw namklaW
48
12'
DLEIF RETNEC OT TUO NWOLF REVE SAH LATROM EREM ON YHW
0203.50.30
, ) (
" (
)2 , "
:
2 ) tsenoh meht peek(
, ) , ( ,
2 " , ,
, ,
2 ,
2
2
? ,
2
2 2
, :
,
2 2
dleiF retneC ot tuO nwolF revE saH latroM ereM oN yhW
)tuo deilf lla evah yeht(
" dleif retnec ot tuo deilf" 2
"2ylf" , "tuo nwolf"
, " " 2
2
2 " de" , ,
? 2 ,
2 " suo" , " suojbarf" 2
2 ,
, ,
? 2
2 22 ,
:
:)htiw gnikrow neeb evah ew taht( sisehtopyH
ew nehw mrof derots eht eveirter ew dna ,snocixel latnem ruo ni smrof ralugerri erots eW
;brev ralugerri na fo mrof esnet tsap eht esu
85
2 ? ,2
Regular forms are derived by the application of a rule and are not listed.
The appropriate application of the rule requires access to abstract morphological
structures.
What abstract morphological structure must we know in order to apply the appropriate rule?
That the rule applies to VERBS;
That the rule is blocked by an irregular verb stem;
However, denominal verbs, even if the noun is derived from a verb, take regular inflection;
This follows from the notion of the HEAD of a word;
, , 2
?
- 2 ,
2
- " irregular verb stem
- (denominal verb) , ,
, , 2
- ,
: ? (could
there have been a language just like English, called yinglish, that ) ?
, ?
, 2
2
ILLLUSTRATION:
He ringed the city. *rang
He grandstanded the crowd. *grandstood (grandstand = )
She costed that equipment request. *cost
I big-ringed it the rest of the way (i.e., used the big chain ring while bicycling; from a bicycle
magazine).*big-rang
In each of the past two seasons, Cleveland State guard William Stanley has sported a self-styled,
one-of- a-kind hairdo ( 2 ). In 1987 it was a half-foot-high flattop. Last season
he went to a bi-level box cut. This season, as a senior, Stanley has outdoed himself. (
). (Sports Illustrated, 1216189) *outdone
"outdo'ed " "outdone2"
2
2
68
" htoot"
2
2- -
"2teef" " toof" " hteet" " htoot" ,
2 , hteet 2 " hteet"
"2*hteet rebas" , " htoot rebas"
:
.yenom fo tol a V]stsoc[ tnempiuqe ehT
?tnempiuqe eht fo N]tsoc[ eht si tahW
.krow fo eceip ro elcitra na fo noitcudorp fo tsoc eht xif ro etamitse oT =( tnempiuqe eht V]detsoc[ eW
))DEO(
, 2
2 ,
) tsoc( , tsoC , , )v(tsoc
2
dnats ot elpoep ro sgniht rof ecalp a dnats
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