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24 Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015

Makale

Gencer KOÇÖzgür Cem CEYLAN

8#ET Me$" $+nel &e i#$a#'nla"nda, a"a) 'angn e#na#nda d%mann $ek '*nde #+!+-

"+lme#i &e d%man#( b*lgenin ka)0 '*n+ la"ak k%llanlma# 'a'gn la"ak ba0-

&%"%lan bi" '*n$emdi". B% '*n$emde e#a# la"ak, d%mann belli #n"la" i)e"i#i-

ne ha!#edilmi0 0ekilde '*nlendi"ilme#i ama)lanmak$a, $ek b'%$l% ak0$an bah-

#edilebilecek '+k#ek %(%nl%k/hid"lik )a! "an lan geme$"ile"de k"i$ik h(

ka&"amna ba0&%"%lmak$ad". K"i$ik h( 'akla0mna g*"e, ha&aland"ma h(nn,

'angn nk$a# i)in he#a!lanan k"i$ik h(dan b+'+k lma# d%"%m%nda, d%mann

$e"# ka$manla0ma 'a!ma'aca &e ha&aland"ma '*n+ne $e"# $a"af$a in#an $ah-

li'e#inin g+&enli laca beli"$ilmek$edi". Ancak b% 'akla0mda, *"nein, 'ang-

nn a"acn "$a nk$a#nda )kma# d%"%m%nda, ha&aland"ma '*n+nde kalan

'lc%la"n g+&enli $ahli'e#ine ili0kin bi" $a#a""%f$an bah#edilmemek$edi". B%

nedenle, k"i$ik h( ka&"amn, d%mann 3 b'%$l% ha"eke$le"ini &e en *nemli#iin#an $ahli'e#ini he#aba ka$an acil d%"%m ha&aland"ma# #$"a$ejile"i geli0$i"il-

mek$edi". Yeni geli0$i"ilen &e geli0$i"ilmek$e lan in#an $ahli'e#i #im+la#'n

!"g"amla"nn k%llanlma# ile, gelenek#el d%man '*nlendi"me#i %'g%lamala-

"ndaki ciddi !"blemle"i en a(a indi"ecek 'akla0mla" "$a'a knmak$ad". B%

)al0mada, Va"0&a Me$"#%nda %'g%lanan &e ba0a"l #n%)la" elde edilen bi"

)al0ma 0nda, *ne"ilen 'eni 'akla0mla" i"delenmek$edi".

A#ah'a% Ke!i"e!e%: Acil D%"%m Ha&aland"ma#, CFD Sim+la#'nla", n#an

Tahli'e#i, Me$" Yangnla".

1. G>R>?A @=@ P= >>?=, ?=: ? >?>:=P

= PP =TP P = TP ?=.

$=O ?PT : PP ?=: >>?-

= :Q@@Q@, @=@ P= >>?=

?>=PP, = >>:= >?= P?, @

:@ @@>==>P >?=?= = P>

>= ?=. A @=@ P=

>>?= ?>=PP = ? @>@== T@ T -

= *1.

Abs ract

S%eeping "he !moke in a !ingle diec"ion

and cea"ing a !afe e$ac#a"ion pa"h in

"he o"he diec"ion i! a common

appoach d#ing $ehicle fie! in me"o"#nnel! and !"a"ion!. Wi"h "hi! me"hod,

!moke i! in"ended "o be !%ep" in a !pec-

ified diec"ion confined in "ha" diec"ion

%i"h "he aid of )ci"ical $eloci"' concep"*

%hich i! applicable fo high leng"h "o

diame"e a"io !'!"em!. I" i! kno%n "ha",

a! long a! "he ci"ical $eloci"' i! !a"i!fied

%i"h mean! of $en"ila"ion, !moke %ill no"

!ho% an' back la'eing "h#! %ill be kep"

in "he de!ied egion enabling "he e$ac-

#a"ion "ho#gh "he !afe diec"ion.

Ho%e$e, po$iding a $en"ila"ion $eloci"'

%hich i! eq#al "o o lage "han ci"ical $eloci"' doe! no" popo!e an' pac"ical

!ol#"ion fo ca!e! in %hich "he !o#ce of

!moke di$ide! "he occ#pied egion in"o

"%o. In !#ch ca!e!, pa" of "he pop#la"ion

%o#ld be e&po!ed "o ho" and "o&ic com-

b#!"ion pod#c"! and !moke, %hile "he

o"he pa" %o#ld be e!c#ed !afel'. Fo

"he $e' ea!on of !#ch ca!e!, emegenc'

$en"ila"ion !"a"egie! "ha" con!ide "he

"hee dimen!ional mo$emen" of !moke

"oge"he %i"h h#man e$ac#a"ion !im#la-

"ion! ae #nde de$elopmen". Wi"h incl#-

!ion of h#man e$ac#a"ion !im#la"ion!,

emegenc' $en"ila"ion eq#iemen"! canbe op"imi(ed. In "hi! !"#d', popo!ed

!"a"egie! ae elaboa"ed %i"h "he aid of

finding! ob"ained fom !#cce!!f#ll'

de!igned Wa!a% Me"o Line.

Key Words

Emegenc' Ven"ila"ion; CFD Sim#la"ion!,

H#man E$ac#a"ion, Me"o Fie!.

Metro İstasyon ve TünellerininAcil Durum HavalandırmasındaYeni Yaklaşımlar ve UygulamaEsasları

3Gencer Koc:Sablon 05.03.2015 15:45 Page 24

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Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015 25

1. P P, @P :?=: ?P P>P

> ?> = = :@T-

?@=@>P

2. $ P=P, P >, K=?

HPOP >Q ? = ? P >Q->P

3. $ >? PT :?>P 180 >

=> @T

4. P >>P, P= =P =>P

@@ =P >P

5. G= P= ?=PP,

=> P> : P 1

>? >Q>.

A @=@ P= >>?= >?>, @=P > @>@==

=? =? P =P = ?>?

?=. K=? HP, ?P :=, @P -

P= =? ?> >Q

P= ?=> ?>

: T P= PP :=

= *2, 3. M?=: ?= = P-

P >=:=P, > @@@/=: :=-

=P >> ? :@?@ PT PP= @-

P? P= PPP =? P

P>>P :?P= *4. K=? HP=PP = :PQP, @ =?=

:@?@ :@Q@ >?>: P=P >,

:@?@ H>P APT= DQ (CFD)

>>:=P *5, 6 @ =?= ?>?

PTP?P=.

$ > >=PP >=

>? PT=PP P, ?=: >>?-

= P Q P>P ?>=>P

Q==> T>P, @@> @@>==>P

>?=? := P?P=. NF!A130, ?=: >>?= @=@ P=>P

P Q P>P Q==>,

= : =: =:=

=> ?P PP, >?=? :-

= = ?> := @P?P=.

NF!A 130, P > >Q>P =

:=? :T@=P, P= >>? >?-

>, P P>P Q== PT

:=PP ?=P P

=>= T :Q=@ :P -

= == @@? >?=?=P

=?=. B@ P, ?=: >>?= ?>-

=PP = @=@@ :>P- =Q, :Q=@ :=@PQP ?=, =:

? P>P ? ?== :@>@

TP>P =:= > :?P=. B@ =:-

= TP=P;

L : > T? ?= :@T>

L ?= T? >>PP @@PQP @=@=

=: T>P

L : > P :=@ >>? =>-

L : > @=@ P= >>? >-

?> :@T>P

T >?=. B@ =:=

NF!A 130 => ?= Q >,

NF!A 130O T P>PP >Q-

?=. M> >=P =

P>P, NF!A 130O @@@ =:=

? =: T ?= ?

=> P?P=.

B@ , NF!A 130O@ >?=? := @

Q &=T: M?=:>@ ?>=P PT>P

@@ > ?> P >>:-

=PP =? @PP TPP P P-

=P ?=: >>? ?>=P=P NF!A

130O @@@ ? T=

@@=P >:@=P Q?=.

M ?=: >?>:=P

@=@ P=>P @@

>>=P Q?=. B= >:= , NF!A 130O@ ?=: >?>:=PP P @=@-

@ Q ==> = =

?P @ = :=@>P P-

?P=. D= , NF!A 130 =-

: PP= ?>= &=T: M?=: H??P

>?>:=P = ?>, > ?>

P= P>P , =: ?>=P-

P @@ TP, ?=P ?P-

?P=.


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2. METRO >STAS"ONLARININ ARA"ANGINI DURUMUNDAHAALANDIRILMASI

M?=: >>?= = PP ? @=@

Q===. R @=@ ?=: ?= PP-P, = ? => = > =P

= >:= >?>: = @T?P=P>P @=@@@=.

PP ? = Q @=@=, =

=? = ?? >, >?>: = @T?P-

=P>P >QP=. B@ > > ?>

P T

P> P=. DQ= ?=?, ?

: =P, =? ? =>

?=> @=@@, = ? =

=. B@ @=@ > ?> P ? => P>P

=?=. B@ PT, =P P =Q

>?>: ?=Q @=@ Q==

@ @=@ >?>: = PP := >-

=?=.

R>?>: = P=P, @=@ -

P= >>? @P :?=: ?P >P -

=. B@ >, =: == :@=P,

= T ? > P=. -

?=: >>?= ?>=P=P T>P, @=@ P= >>?= >?>:

PT :=PP ?==, NF!A 130O@ -

P P =: :@=P 4 =:@

:T? T ?>=>P =?Q =?

> = >:=@?P=. A, NF!A

130O PT :@ @=@ >>?= -

>?= T =, ? := :Q=@

T Q==>, ? =?P= =:-

= @@= =: =? =:

:=? P=P>P =PP :-

?=.

NF!A 130O P P =:@ 4

:T?P> =Q =? @

= >?>: ?>=PP;

L > ? P P=PP = -

= :@T?@=,

L P PP P=, =: ?PP Q?P

?= P=,

L KPT :@ :=PP =?P= P =

?>=P= QTQ >,

@>@== >? @=@@P=. A

NF!A 130O@ >?>: P=P = Q=

= T@=@@Q@, NF!A 130O ?

@@@ = ?>=P , @=P >

QT= = :Q@ = PQP

=?=.

&=T: M?=: H??PO, > ?> >>:-

=P, CFD P >>:=P NF!A 130O@ -

= = = @PPT, @ > >?>:-=P = T NF!A 130O ?

@@ := ?>=> T=PPT?P=.

3. NFPA 130<DA >NSAN TAHL>"ES> E AC>LDURUM HAALANDIRMA S>STEMLER>

PPT PP

?? : ?=: >>?= =>

?P = == ?=P P=PT T=?-

=, NF!A >?=?=P @@@@Q@ :=@@

P?P=. M?=: >>?= , P

Q =, P PT :=P @=@ P= >>?= =: :@

NF!A 130 =PP ?, ?>=P= @

>?= @@ T P?P=.

NF!A :=PP :=@>P

@>@>= =, @ := :=@@@

?> ?Q = === ?

=P>PP=. B@@ P, NF!A >?=?=P,

> = >=P >?-

Q >=, >P P>PP

=Q, ?> ??Q :=@@ PPQP @@-=P QTQ Q==>

== > @ ?T =.

B@ , ?=: >>?= @=@ -

P=>P > ?> :=PP

NF!A 130 = ?P @ -

= P= :=@PTP Q?=.


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3.1. NFPA 130<&$ K$=@ " O$/$$=NFPA 130-5.5.1.1: B= >?>: PPT :=P

?>=PP, ?=/?== >?>: @@ >-

=P = ? > =-

?= @=@ :T@=P ? P= P-PP=.

NFPA 130-5.5.1.3 A'/$+( ==@ "$=: H=

>?>: ?:=@ = = @

? PPT :@ :QP >QPP=.

$ := @=P , NF!A 130O

PT :@ :=PP ?P= Q= =

, = >?>: PT :@ :=P >?-

@>@== PT :@ :QP := Q=-= P= P ?= ?=. $=

PT :@ :=PP, @=@ >?>-

:@ ?> P>P ?=Q >, @ :=

>?>:=P = PPT ?=

?== = >:=@?P=.

B= >?>:, =:@ ? >?>:@

@=@ ? > > :>P =

PT :@ :=P, := TQP -

= ?= T?=.

NFPA 130-5.5.6.1: M 5.5.5.6O ?=

?:= :@ , >?>: ?:=@ 4

P> = >= ? -

> = PT :@ >?> >Q-

>P =?=.

B@ > 5.5.5.6 >, ?:=

:@ >>P T ?=P ?=

= ==.

NFPA 130-5.5.6.2: R>?>:@ > , =: @ :? = :? = ?-

6 P> = >= P-

> : ?P T ?>=PP=.

NF!A 130O@ ?:=@ >?>:@ :T?P>P

>== T @ =, ?=: >>?=

=> ?PP ?>=P >= :=

@@@=@ ==. B@ =-

=? >= P>P?=PP >QPQP

@=@= >, =: TP ?>=P=

QT= ? =/T?

P>P ? >PP=P :@Q@ @=@=-

, = ?P > ?-

T? =T>P > :, =: P=PPP=, P P=P, P == >?>-

: P = P?P=.

3.2. NFPA 130<&$ A%+ D H$$$/&=$S+''+

A @=@ P= >>?=, ? >?>-

: P=P @P >? =?-

=> ?=> ?T : @

>=> >QPP=. A @=@

P= >>?= = @ ?=-= ? TQP NF!A 130 >= ?

P= PP >Q>P

= =.

NFPA 130-7.3.1: P @=@@ @P

?>= P= >>? =P, =

P= ?P = , ?

>PP = ?= = >?-

:PP=.

@=P >@@ NF!A 130 > , ? >?>:=, P @=@@ @=@ =P-

P, @@ = >=: TQ = P>P

@P ? =? >Q>P =?Q

:=@= @@ =?=.

B@ :=, @=@ P= >>-

? ? >== T TQP NF!A 130

>, = PP >>P, =P P>

>= = => =?Q @P ?

>=> =?Q :=@-

?P=.

NFPA 130-7.3.1.1: H= = @=@ P=

:?:=@, @= :@@ ? = Q=

30 > @@ : = >=; QT

= :?:== > 60 > @@ :

= >= @T=.

KPT :@ :=P @=@ P=

>>?= T NF!A 130 = ? P-

= ?=: >>?= ? >?>:=PP


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?>=P=P =T?=? P Q

P>P >?=?= @@ =:= ?P-

?=. A, @ :@ : &=T:

M?=:>@ =Q , P> :=

> :@ P=>>?= P>P PTPT PTP, >?-

= P= > : >?>:=, NF!A 130O@

@=P > = >P

? @@?P=. B@ @=@, NF!A 130O@

:Q@ ?= = -

:Q=@ =:= P> :-

?P = ? =?-

=. B@ >, @? > ==PP

T? : >>: : P-

P=PP =PP , NF!A 130O ? @@@ ? T= :=? P= ?>=P= -

:?=.

&=T: M?=:>@ ?>=PP, NF!A 130O@, ?>=P-

PP > >=P = -

= TQP >? > : PPPT, >:

P= PT T > ?>

>>:@ PP= PPT

@ >>:= >:@= :@?@

CFD = >:@=P =? @PPT?P=.

NFPA 130-5.5.6.1.2: P , >?>: :?-

=> @=@ P= >>?= >

?PPQP > = P=P=,

> ? >=> = >> Q==

QT P=.

@=P NF!A 130 > PTPQP, @=@

> ?> 4 P : = P?PQP =

>?>:, ? >?>: :?=> QT?=

> ? = :=@ -

, NF!A 130O ? @@@ = ?>=P P>P :@T?@=.

4. 8RNEK DURUM: AR?OA METROSU,PO!ISLE ISTAS"ONU

4.1. S+' T$/==!:> R>?>:@, &=T: M?=: #>?-2. H?

= PP = >?>:= =

?>=. #QP >:@ ?= :T@ >?>-

:= Q = =?P >?>:@@=.

$=O P := ?= >?=

P= P=P =P := !:>

R>?>:@O@ > :Q@ ?=P P=

=P @=@ P= =P @@-

?P=. DQ= ?=?, @@-= =P :=, >?>:=P Q ?=

= P= =P @=@ -

P= >>?= @@?P=. R>?>:@,

@=@ P= >>?= P>P >?=

@=@@, ?=: >>?= >P

@@, =? >=:@ =>

>>? >?> @ = >> TPPP

?=> P?P=.

!:> R>?>:@ , = = ?=P -= :@ 3.600 T=. B@ >P, = P

P =: ?== ? > =-

> ??=. NF!A 130 EK

:=P ?= ? > ?-

= :@=P ?PP, P P ?=

10 P = = >= ? -

Q >PT?P=. B@ @=@ ? TP, ?-

>=> P>? = P>P

(= >P=PP =?P=P>P, = T-

= =?P=P>P, .) =: = -

= :@T?@=@>P P> Q-T= @@>P =. A, &=T:

M?=:>@ ?>=P >= @ :>PP= Q=-

=T ?P > ?> >>:=P

NF!A 130O @@@ >:=@PT?P=.

4.2. >/$/ T$*+'+ S+;$/$=&=T: M?=:>@ >?>:=P @=@ -

P= >>?= >?= =>-

>?>: == P -

Q P>P NF!A 130O @@@=PP ?-

> CFD > ?> >>:=P =-? @PPT?P=. R> ?> >>:=P,

>: P=, PT-=T ==, >?=, >?-

@=, = >?>:= : >P >-

P = = @@@Q@ P P =P

PT :@ :=PP Q==> @-

P TPT?P=. B@ > ?>=PP=, -

=P PT :@ :=PP = P>P-

P, @@> @@>==>P >?=?= @@ T

?>=?=.


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R> ?> >>:=P >P T@=@

PP=, $@= E= ?=P

T?= !?=, G= =>?>

P GQ M>Q G=@@ ?=P

T?= B@ ED%#, P :@ FD# + PP=PP=. &=T: M?=:>@ >?>-

:=PP ?>=P=P B@ ED%# PP-

P @PPT >:@= CFD> 2011 PP-

P @ >PP QPPP

>:@=P =TPT?P=PPT?P=. R>?>: :?=>

S= 1O >?=T?=.

S 1O =Q , !:> R>?>:@O,

=: ?PP ? : ?P Q ? :@

= @@?P=. B@ ==, NF!A130O ?= ? == @

PT :@ => =TP?P=. A,

3.600 T >?>: :@ NF!A 130O

?= > ?= @@PQP,

?: ? >=> 8 P = :@-

Q@ ?>? T?=. B@ >=, ? T= -PP 2. >P TPQP @ Q,

PP 10. >P =: >=P @@-

@Q@@ T=? ??=. B@ >:@, =: ?

>=> 4 P> :>P =?Q-

=? NF!A 130 > @@ >?=-

?=. B@ T, !:> R>?>:@ >

?> >>:=P PPT @=@ PT

P =: > QPPPP >

PT?P=. S 2, 3, 4, 5 6O, =P -

= =: > QPP=P >?=-?=.

ei! 1. P$*i&!e &'a&+$#( - B$+('!( M$de!i

ei! 2. Tah!i+e Ba!a#gc#da Pe%$#, T%e#!e% )e Me%di)e#!e%dei #&a# Da!"

ei! 3. Ya#g# 3. Daia&#da #&a# Da!"


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!=:@ ?> 4 @@ >=>, >?>-

: ?>=PPP NF!A 130O @@@ :PQP

== = ?= Q=. NF!A 130,

5.5.6.1.2O =, =: ? >==, ? >=-

> Q >QQ > =

>=P >?= QT?==. B@

@=@, > QPP=P P >=-

: :@T >P @ QPP=PP =-

TPT?P=P>P, >?>: ?>=PPP :Q=@ TQ==> : ?P?P=.

4.3. 9 B CFD "$/)=/ S+;$/$= :@?@ P >>:=P, P =-

P @=@=P,

@P >P P => QPP-

PP >? = = ? P

:@T?@=? T@=@ ?==. B@ -

, PP :@?@ := :>

> > ?=P =

:@?@ @ >PP QPP=PP, >

?> >>:=P =? @PP

Q?=. # :@>@ PT, >>:

=:=P :=, A@?:> =>PP CFD>

2011 =:=P @PPT?P=.

!:> R>?>:@O@ >?= P= >>-

? P>P, >?>: = =? P >=:>@ :@T?@= TPPP =>

PPT?P=. B@ , >?>: = > =

P= >?=?> QT?= > :@T?@-

=@@T, >?>: PP :@@ = -

P= ? T?=. B@ , @

>PP QPPP >:@=P P>P =?

: ?P > PP >:@=P >@@@T?@=.

S 7, 8, 9, 10 11O, > QPPP >:@=P-





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P =Q = >PP QPP=P =T-

?=. S 12, 13, 14 15 16O > =T >-

> QPP=P >?=?=. G=T >>

>PP QPP=P =: >> 1,8 ?=

>? =T?=.

ei! 7. Ya#g# 2. Daia& Sca! Da!"






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ei! 12. Ya#g# 2. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"






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P := T@=@ ? Q==-

Q, PP 7. 10. =P, =T >-

> >PP Q==, =: :@=

=? >= @T?PQP ? =?Q

T PPQP :=@?P=. B@ @=@, NF!A 130O ?= T, =:@ 4 -

P> >= ? >, >?>: PT

P=PP = QTQ >:@-

?P=. A, > ?> >>:=P

> QPPP >:@=P =T >-

> >PP QPP=P >:@=P =? Q=-

=Q : =P = >:@ :=? P?-

P=. S 17, 18 19O, PP 7. >P

>, >PP =T >> QPP=P =?

=T?=.

S 17, 18 19 =? Q==Q,

>P P ? == CFD PT-

=P >:@=P, P @=@=, >?-

:@ P Q P>P = =:=-

>PP Q==> ?= :PQP =-

?=. E >P ?: ?

>=>, ? :@ =: = >P = >

QPPP :@Q@ P =?=.

D:P>P , =: = = = :?,? ? , @ >PP

Q== ? Q== = P>P, >?>-

:@ =:=> P>P ?=> PQP -

:=@?P=. >, > ?> >>-

:=P, @ >PP P>P ? Q==

TPPQP :?= :@ @@@ @@PQPP ?

= T >?=?=. B@ >=: ,

@ >PP Q== ? Q= T?PQP

= :@ @@PQP >P >?>:@

NF!A 130 P>P = =?== >QPQP =-?=.

SONU&=T: M?=: H??P >?>:=P !:>

R>?>:@ ?>=PP, P =:=>P NF!A 130

ei! 17. Ya#g# 7. Daia& #&a# Da!"




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P>P Q==T?=. PT, =: ?-

>== >>P @=@@ -

>:@=P, >?>:@ =:=>P P

?= =Q >:@@ P=PPT?P=. CFD

> ?> >>:=PP =? @P->PP, >?>:=P P @=@@ =-

:=>=PP :Q=@ := Q==> >Q-

PQP =T?=. B@@= TQP >?T?=.

L $=O @=? PTP = : ?=: =:>-

, = T=?= := @@>= =>P >?-

=?= P?P=. NF!A 130 @ >?-

=?= => : T@=@ :P=.

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KA"NAKLAR *1 NF!A, NF!A 130-#?= := F G@

$=>? #>?, N?: F= !=:??:

A>>:?:, 2010.

*2 K, '. D., G:>, J. A., #, J. G.,

D=?: A?: : ? #E# C=?

&:? E<@?:>, A#H"AE $=>?:>,3983.

*3 A?>:, G. $., '@, ., #: C:?=:

#: $@>, F= #? J:@= 27,

1996, 335-341

*4 #@ E=:? D> H::, &. 1,

!=> A?:>, 2 E., %. #.

D=?? : $=>:=??:, 1976

*5 F:, J. E., MG=??, K.B., H:>?, #.,

B@, H. "., CFD F= #@?: %>

M?@= F=?: C:@>?: F? &:@

"? H? $=>=, J:@= : F=!=:??: E=, 2003.

*6 , #. M., C=?=, D. J., A %?

I?=?: #@= : C:@?= M:> :=

F= #:, J:@= : F= !=:??:

E=, 2003.
