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24 Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015
Makale
Gencer KOÇÖzgür Cem CEYLAN
8#ET Me$" $+nel &e i#$a#'nla"nda, a"a) 'angn e#na#nda d%mann $ek '*nde #+!+-
"+lme#i &e d%man#( b*lgenin ka)0 '*n+ la"ak k%llanlma# 'a'gn la"ak ba0-
&%"%lan bi" '*n$emdi". B% '*n$emde e#a# la"ak, d%mann belli #n"la" i)e"i#i-
ne ha!#edilmi0 0ekilde '*nlendi"ilme#i ama)lanmak$a, $ek b'%$l% ak0$an bah-
#edilebilecek '+k#ek %(%nl%k/hid"lik )a! "an lan geme$"ile"de k"i$ik h(
ka&"amna ba0&%"%lmak$ad". K"i$ik h( 'akla0mna g*"e, ha&aland"ma h(nn,
'angn nk$a# i)in he#a!lanan k"i$ik h(dan b+'+k lma# d%"%m%nda, d%mann
$e"# ka$manla0ma 'a!ma'aca &e ha&aland"ma '*n+ne $e"# $a"af$a in#an $ah-
li'e#inin g+&enli laca beli"$ilmek$edi". Ancak b% 'akla0mda, *"nein, 'ang-
nn a"acn "$a nk$a#nda )kma# d%"%m%nda, ha&aland"ma '*n+nde kalan
'lc%la"n g+&enli $ahli'e#ine ili0kin bi" $a#a""%f$an bah#edilmemek$edi". B%
nedenle, k"i$ik h( ka&"amn, d%mann 3 b'%$l% ha"eke$le"ini &e en *nemli#iin#an $ahli'e#ini he#aba ka$an acil d%"%m ha&aland"ma# #$"a$ejile"i geli0$i"il-
mek$edi". Yeni geli0$i"ilen &e geli0$i"ilmek$e lan in#an $ahli'e#i #im+la#'n
!"g"amla"nn k%llanlma# ile, gelenek#el d%man '*nlendi"me#i %'g%lamala-
"ndaki ciddi !"blemle"i en a(a indi"ecek 'akla0mla" "$a'a knmak$ad". B%
)al0mada, Va"0&a Me$"#%nda %'g%lanan &e ba0a"l #n%)la" elde edilen bi"
)al0ma 0nda, *ne"ilen 'eni 'akla0mla" i"delenmek$edi".
A#ah'a% Ke!i"e!e%: Acil D%"%m Ha&aland"ma#, CFD Sim+la#'nla", n#an
Tahli'e#i, Me$" Yangnla".
1. G>R>?A @=@ P= >>?=, ?=: ? >?>:=P
= PP =TP P = TP ?=.
$=O ?PT : PP ?=: >>?-
= :Q@@Q@, @=@ P= >>?=
?>=PP, = >>:= >?= P?, @
:@ @@>==>P >?=?= = P>
>= ?=. A @=@ P=
>>?= ?>=PP = ? @>@== T@ T -
= *1.
Abs ract
S%eeping "he !moke in a !ingle diec"ion
and cea"ing a !afe e$ac#a"ion pa"h in
"he o"he diec"ion i! a common
appoach d#ing $ehicle fie! in me"o"#nnel! and !"a"ion!. Wi"h "hi! me"hod,
!moke i! in"ended "o be !%ep" in a !pec-
ified diec"ion confined in "ha" diec"ion
%i"h "he aid of )ci"ical $eloci"' concep"*
%hich i! applicable fo high leng"h "o
diame"e a"io !'!"em!. I" i! kno%n "ha",
a! long a! "he ci"ical $eloci"' i! !a"i!fied
%i"h mean! of $en"ila"ion, !moke %ill no"
!ho% an' back la'eing "h#! %ill be kep"
in "he de!ied egion enabling "he e$ac-
#a"ion "ho#gh "he !afe diec"ion.
Ho%e$e, po$iding a $en"ila"ion $eloci"'
%hich i! eq#al "o o lage "han ci"ical $eloci"' doe! no" popo!e an' pac"ical
!ol#"ion fo ca!e! in %hich "he !o#ce of
!moke di$ide! "he occ#pied egion in"o
"%o. In !#ch ca!e!, pa" of "he pop#la"ion
%o#ld be e&po!ed "o ho" and "o&ic com-
b#!"ion pod#c"! and !moke, %hile "he
o"he pa" %o#ld be e!c#ed !afel'. Fo
"he $e' ea!on of !#ch ca!e!, emegenc'
$en"ila"ion !"a"egie! "ha" con!ide "he
"hee dimen!ional mo$emen" of !moke
"oge"he %i"h h#man e$ac#a"ion !im#la-
"ion! ae #nde de$elopmen". Wi"h incl#-
!ion of h#man e$ac#a"ion !im#la"ion!,
emegenc' $en"ila"ion eq#iemen"! canbe op"imi(ed. In "hi! !"#d', popo!ed
!"a"egie! ae elaboa"ed %i"h "he aid of
finding! ob"ained fom !#cce!!f#ll'
de!igned Wa!a% Me"o Line.
Key Words
Emegenc' Ven"ila"ion; CFD Sim#la"ion!,
H#man E$ac#a"ion, Me"o Fie!.
Metro İstasyon ve TünellerininAcil Durum HavalandırmasındaYeni Yaklaşımlar ve UygulamaEsasları
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Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015 25
1. P P, @P :?=: ?P P>P
> ?> = = :@T-
?@=@>P
2. $ P=P, P >, K=?
HPOP >Q ? = ? P >Q->P
3. $ >? PT :?>P 180 >
=> @T
4. P >>P, P= =P =>P
@@ =P >P
5. G= P= ?=PP,
=> P> : P 1
>? >Q>.
A @=@ P= >>?= >?>, @=P > @>@==
=? =? P =P = ?>?
?=. K=? HP, ?P :=, @P -
P= =? ?> >Q
P= ?=> ?>
: T P= PP :=
= *2, 3. M?=: ?= = P-
P >=:=P, > @@@/=: :=-
=P >> ? :@?@ PT PP= @-
P? P= PPP =? P
P>>P :?P= *4. K=? HP=PP = :PQP, @ =?=
:@?@ :@Q@ >?>: P=P >,
:@?@ H>P APT= DQ (CFD)
>>:=P *5, 6 @ =?= ?>?
PTP?P=.
$ > >=PP >=
>? PT=PP P, ?=: >>?-
= P Q P>P ?>=>P
Q==> T>P, @@> @@>==>P
>?=? := P?P=. NF!A130, ?=: >>?= @=@ P=>P
P Q P>P Q==>,
= : =: =:=
=> ?P PP, >?=? :-
= = ?> := @P?P=.
NF!A 130, P > >Q>P =
:=? :T@=P, P= >>? >?-
>, P P>P Q== PT
:=PP ?=P P
=>= T :Q=@ :P -
= == @@? >?=?=P
=?=. B@ P, ?=: >>?= ?>-
=PP = @=@@ :>P- =Q, :Q=@ :=@PQP ?=, =:
? P>P ? ?== :@>@
TP>P =:= > :?P=. B@ =:-
= TP=P;
L : > T? ?= :@T>
L ?= T? >>PP @@PQP @=@=
=: T>P
L : > P :=@ >>? =>-
L : > @=@ P= >>? >-
?> :@T>P
T >?=. B@ =:=
NF!A 130 => ?= Q >,
NF!A 130O T P>PP >Q-
?=. M> >=P =
P>P, NF!A 130O @@@ =:=
? =: T ?= ?
=> P?P=.
B@ , NF!A 130O@ >?=? := @
Q &=T: M?=:>@ ?>=P PT>P
@@ > ?> P >>:-
=PP =? @PP TPP P P-
=P ?=: >>? ?>=P=P NF!A
130O @@@ ? T=
@@=P >:@=P Q?=.
M ?=: >?>:=P
@=@ P=>P @@
>>=P Q?=. B= >:= , NF!A 130O@ ?=: >?>:=PP P @=@-
@ Q ==> = =
?P @ = :=@>P P-
?P=. D= , NF!A 130 =-
: PP= ?>= &=T: M?=: H??P
>?>:=P = ?>, > ?>
P= P>P , =: ?>=P-
P @@ TP, ?=P ?P-
?P=.
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26 Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015
2. METRO >STAS"ONLARININ ARA"ANGINI DURUMUNDAHAALANDIRILMASI
M?=: >>?= = PP ? @=@
Q===. R @=@ ?=: ?= PP-P, = ? => = > =P
= >:= >?>: = @T?P=P>P @=@@@=.
PP ? = Q @=@=, =
=? = ?? >, >?>: = @T?P-
=P>P >QP=. B@ > > ?>
P T
P> P=. DQ= ?=?, ?
: =P, =? ? =>
?=> @=@@, = ? =
=. B@ @=@ > ?> P ? => P>P
=?=. B@ PT, =P P =Q
>?>: ?=Q @=@ Q==
@ @=@ >?>: = PP := >-
=?=.
R>?>: = P=P, @=@ -
P= >>? @P :?=: ?P >P -
=. B@ >, =: == :@=P,
= T ? > P=. -
?=: >>?= ?>=P=P T>P, @=@ P= >>?= >?>:
PT :=PP ?==, NF!A 130O@ -
P P =: :@=P 4 =:@
:T? T ?>=>P =?Q =?
> = >:=@?P=. A, NF!A
130O PT :@ @=@ >>?= -
>?= T =, ? := :Q=@
T Q==>, ? =?P= =:-
= @@= =: =? =:
:=? P=P>P =PP :-
?=.
NF!A 130O P P =:@ 4
:T?P> =Q =? @
= >?>: ?>=PP;
L > ? P P=PP = -
= :@T?@=,
L P PP P=, =: ?PP Q?P
?= P=,
L KPT :@ :=PP =?P= P =
?>=P= QTQ >,
@>@== >? @=@@P=. A
NF!A 130O@ >?>: P=P = Q=
= T@=@@Q@, NF!A 130O ?
@@@ = ?>=P , @=P >
QT= = :Q@ = PQP
=?=.
&=T: M?=: H??PO, > ?> >>:-
=P, CFD P >>:=P NF!A 130O@ -
= = = @PPT, @ > >?>:-=P = T NF!A 130O ?
@@ := ?>=> T=PPT?P=.
3. NFPA 130<DA >NSAN TAHL>"ES> E AC>LDURUM HAALANDIRMA S>STEMLER>
PPT PP
?? : ?=: >>?= =>
?P = == ?=P P=PT T=?-
=, NF!A >?=?=P @@@@Q@ :=@@
P?P=. M?=: >>?= , P
Q =, P PT :=P @=@ P= >>?= =: :@
NF!A 130 =PP ?, ?>=P= @
>?= @@ T P?P=.
NF!A :=PP :=@>P
@>@>= =, @ := :=@@@
?> ?Q = === ?
=P>PP=. B@@ P, NF!A >?=?=P,
> = >=P >?-
Q >=, >P P>PP
=Q, ?> ??Q :=@@ PPQP @@-=P QTQ Q==>
== > @ ?T =.
B@ , ?=: >>?= @=@ -
P=>P > ?> :=PP
NF!A 130 = ?P @ -
= P= :=@PTP Q?=.
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Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015 27
3.1. NFPA 130<&$ K$=@ " O$/$$=NFPA 130-5.5.1.1: B= >?>: PPT :=P
?>=PP, ?=/?== >?>: @@ >-
=P = ? > =-
?= @=@ :T@=P ? P= P-PP=.
NFPA 130-5.5.1.3 A'/$+( ==@ "$=: H=
>?>: ?:=@ = = @
? PPT :@ :QP >QPP=.
$ := @=P , NF!A 130O
PT :@ :=PP ?P= Q= =
, = >?>: PT :@ :=P >?-
@>@== PT :@ :QP := Q=-= P= P ?= ?=. $=
PT :@ :=PP, @=@ >?>-
:@ ?> P>P ?=Q >, @ :=
>?>:=P = PPT ?=
?== = >:=@?P=.
B= >?>:, =:@ ? >?>:@
@=@ ? > > :>P =
PT :@ :=P, := TQP -
= ?= T?=.
NFPA 130-5.5.6.1: M 5.5.5.6O ?=
?:= :@ , >?>: ?:=@ 4
P> = >= ? -
> = PT :@ >?> >Q-
>P =?=.
B@ > 5.5.5.6 >, ?:=
:@ >>P T ?=P ?=
= ==.
NFPA 130-5.5.6.2: R>?>:@ > , =: @ :? = :? = ?-
6 P> = >= P-
> : ?P T ?>=PP=.
NF!A 130O@ ?:=@ >?>:@ :T?P>P
>== T @ =, ?=: >>?=
=> ?PP ?>=P >= :=
@@@=@ ==. B@ =-
=? >= P>P?=PP >QPQP
@=@= >, =: TP ?>=P=
QT= ? =/T?
P>P ? >PP=P :@Q@ @=@=-
, = ?P > ?-
T? =T>P > :, =: P=PPP=, P P=P, P == >?>-
: P = P?P=.
3.2. NFPA 130<&$ A%+ D H$$$/&=$S+''+
A @=@ P= >>?=, ? >?>-
: P=P @P >? =?-
=> ?=> ?T : @
>=> >QPP=. A @=@
P= >>?= = @ ?=-= ? TQP NF!A 130 >= ?
P= PP >Q>P
= =.
NFPA 130-7.3.1: P @=@@ @P
?>= P= >>? =P, =
P= ?P = , ?
>PP = ?= = >?-
:PP=.
@=P >@@ NF!A 130 > , ? >?>:=, P @=@@ @=@ =P-
P, @@ = >=: TQ = P>P
@P ? =? >Q>P =?Q
:=@= @@ =?=.
B@ :=, @=@ P= >>-
? ? >== T TQP NF!A 130
>, = PP >>P, =P P>
>= = => =?Q @P ?
>=> =?Q :=@-
?P=.
NFPA 130-7.3.1.1: H= = @=@ P=
:?:=@, @= :@@ ? = Q=
30 > @@ : = >=; QT
= :?:== > 60 > @@ :
= >= @T=.
KPT :@ :=P @=@ P=
>>?= T NF!A 130 = ? P-
= ?=: >>?= ? >?>:=PP
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28 Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015
?>=P=P =T?=? P Q
P>P >?=?= @@ =:= ?P-
?=. A, @ :@ : &=T:
M?=:>@ =Q , P> :=
> :@ P=>>?= P>P PTPT PTP, >?-
= P= > : >?>:=, NF!A 130O@
@=P > = >P
? @@?P=. B@ @=@, NF!A 130O@
:Q@ ?= = -
:Q=@ =:= P> :-
?P = ? =?-
=. B@ >, @? > ==PP
T? : >>: : P-
P=PP =PP , NF!A 130O ? @@@ ? T= :=? P= ?>=P= -
:?=.
&=T: M?=:>@ ?>=PP, NF!A 130O@, ?>=P-
PP > >=P = -
= TQP >? > : PPPT, >:
P= PT T > ?>
>>:@ PP= PPT
@ >>:= >:@= :@?@
CFD = >:@=P =? @PPT?P=.
NFPA 130-5.5.6.1.2: P , >?>: :?-
=> @=@ P= >>?= >
?PPQP > = P=P=,
> ? >=> = >> Q==
QT P=.
@=P NF!A 130 > PTPQP, @=@
> ?> 4 P : = P?PQP =
>?>:, ? >?>: :?=> QT?=
> ? = :=@ -
, NF!A 130O ? @@@ = ?>=P P>P :@T?@=.
4. 8RNEK DURUM: AR?OA METROSU,PO!ISLE ISTAS"ONU
4.1. S+' T$/==!:> R>?>:@, &=T: M?=: #>?-2. H?
= PP = >?>:= =
?>=. #QP >:@ ?= :T@ >?>-
:= Q = =?P >?>:@@=.
$=O P := ?= >?=
P= P=P =P := !:>
R>?>:@O@ > :Q@ ?=P P=
=P @=@ P= =P @@-
?P=. DQ= ?=?, @@-= =P :=, >?>:=P Q ?=
= P= =P @=@ -
P= >>?= @@?P=. R>?>:@,
@=@ P= >>?= P>P >?=
@=@@, ?=: >>?= >P
@@, =? >=:@ =>
>>? >?> @ = >> TPPP
?=> P?P=.
!:> R>?>:@ , = = ?=P -= :@ 3.600 T=. B@ >P, = P
P =: ?== ? > =-
> ??=. NF!A 130 EK
:=P ?= ? > ?-
= :@=P ?PP, P P ?=
10 P = = >= ? -
Q >PT?P=. B@ @=@ ? TP, ?-
>=> P>? = P>P
(= >P=PP =?P=P>P, = T-
= =?P=P>P, .) =: = -
= :@T?@=@>P P> Q-T= @@>P =. A, &=T:
M?=:>@ ?>=P >= @ :>PP= Q=-
=T ?P > ?> >>:=P
NF!A 130O @@@ >:=@PT?P=.
4.2. >/$/ T$*+'+ S+;$/$=&=T: M?=:>@ >?>:=P @=@ -
P= >>?= >?= =>-
>?>: == P -
Q P>P NF!A 130O @@@=PP ?-
> CFD > ?> >>:=P =-? @PPT?P=. R> ?> >>:=P,
>: P=, PT-=T ==, >?=, >?-
@=, = >?>:= : >P >-
P = = @@@Q@ P P =P
PT :@ :=PP Q==> @-
P TPT?P=. B@ > ?>=PP=, -
=P PT :@ :=PP = P>P-
P, @@> @@>==>P >?=?= @@ T
?>=?=.
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Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015 29
R> ?> >>:=P >P T@=@
PP=, $@= E= ?=P
T?= !?=, G= =>?>
P GQ M>Q G=@@ ?=P
T?= B@ ED%#, P :@ FD# + PP=PP=. &=T: M?=:>@ >?>-
:=PP ?>=P=P B@ ED%# PP-
P @PPT >:@= CFD> 2011 PP-
P @ >PP QPPP
>:@=P =TPT?P=PPT?P=. R>?>: :?=>
S= 1O >?=T?=.
S 1O =Q , !:> R>?>:@O,
=: ?PP ? : ?P Q ? :@
= @@?P=. B@ ==, NF!A130O ?= ? == @
PT :@ => =TP?P=. A,
3.600 T >?>: :@ NF!A 130O
?= > ?= @@PQP,
?: ? >=> 8 P = :@-
Q@ ?>? T?=. B@ >=, ? T= -PP 2. >P TPQP @ Q,
PP 10. >P =: >=P @@-
@Q@@ T=? ??=. B@ >:@, =: ?
>=> 4 P> :>P =?Q-
=? NF!A 130 > @@ >?=-
?=. B@ T, !:> R>?>:@ >
?> >>:=P PPT @=@ PT
P =: > QPPPP >
PT?P=. S 2, 3, 4, 5 6O, =P -
= =: > QPP=P >?=-?=.
ei! 1. P$*i&!e &'a&+$#( - B$+('!( M$de!i
ei! 2. Tah!i+e Ba!a#gc#da Pe%$#, T%e#!e% )e Me%di)e#!e%dei #&a# Da!"
ei! 3. Ya#g# 3. Daia&#da #&a# Da!"
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!=:@ ?> 4 @@ >=>, >?>-
: ?>=PPP NF!A 130O @@@ :PQP
== = ?= Q=. NF!A 130,
5.5.6.1.2O =, =: ? >==, ? >=-
> Q >QQ > =
>=P >?= QT?==. B@
@=@, > QPP=P P >=-
: :@T >P @ QPP=PP =-
TPT?P=P>P, >?>: ?>=PPP :Q=@ TQ==> : ?P?P=.
4.3. 9 B CFD "$/)=/ S+;$/$= :@?@ P >>:=P, P =-
P @=@=P,
@P >P P => QPP-
PP >? = = ? P
:@T?@=? T@=@ ?==. B@ -
, PP :@?@ := :>
> > ?=P =
:@?@ @ >PP QPP=PP, >
?> >>:=P =? @PP
Q?=. # :@>@ PT, >>:
=:=P :=, A@?:> =>PP CFD>
2011 =:=P @PPT?P=.
!:> R>?>:@O@ >?= P= >>-
? P>P, >?>: = =? P >=:>@ :@T?@= TPPP =>
PPT?P=. B@ , >?>: = > =
P= >?=?> QT?= > :@T?@-
=@@T, >?>: PP :@@ = -
P= ? T?=. B@ , @
>PP QPPP >:@=P P>P =?
: ?P > PP >:@=P >@@@T?@=.
S 7, 8, 9, 10 11O, > QPPP >:@=P-
ei! 4. Ya#g# 5. Daia&#da #&a# Da!"
ei! 5. Ya#g# 7. Daia&#da #&a# Da!"
ei! 6. Ya#g# 10. Daia&#da #&a# Da!"
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P =Q = >PP QPP=P =T-
?=. S 12, 13, 14 15 16O > =T >-
> QPP=P >?=?=. G=T >>
>PP QPP=P =: >> 1,8 ?=
>? =T?=.
ei! 7. Ya#g# 2. Daia& Sca! Da!"
ei! 8. Ya#g# 3. Daia& Sca! Da!"
ei! 9. Ya#g# 5. Daia& Sca! Da!"
ei! 10. Ya#g# 7. Daia& Sca! Da!"
ei! 11. Ya#g# 10. Daia& Sca! Da!"
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ei! 12. Ya#g# 2. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
ei! 13. Ya#g# 3. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
ei! 14. Ya#g# 5. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
ei! 15. Ya#g# 7. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
ei! 16. Ya#g# 10. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
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Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015 33
P := T@=@ ? Q==-
Q, PP 7. 10. =P, =T >-
> >PP Q==, =: :@=
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ei! 17. Ya#g# 7. Daia& #&a# Da!"
ei! 18. Ya#g# 7. Daia& Sca! Da!"
ei! 19. Ya#g# 7. Daia& G%/ Me&afe&i Da!"
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34 Tesisat Mühendisliği - Sayı 145 - Ocak/Şubat 2015
P>P Q==T?=. PT, =: ?-
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L , > ?> >>:=PP@PPP PT>P, :: ?>-
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L P P, > ? >?=,
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= => @P :Q =?
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KA"NAKLAR *1 NF!A, NF!A 130-#?= := F G@
$=>? #>?, N?: F= !=:??:
A>>:?:, 2010.
*2 K, '. D., G:>, J. A., #, J. G.,
D=?: A?: : ? #E# C=?
&:? E<@?:>, A#H"AE $=>?:>,3983.
*3 A?>:, G. $., '@, ., #: C:?=:
#: $@>, F= #? J:@= 27,
1996, 335-341
*4 #@ E=:? D> H::, &. 1,
!=> A?:>, 2 E., %. #.
D=?? : $=>:=??:, 1976
*5 F:, J. E., MG=??, K.B., H:>?, #.,
B@, H. "., CFD F= #@?: %>
M?@= F=?: C:@>?: F? &:@
"? H? $=>=, J:@= : F=!=:??: E=, 2003.
*6 , #. M., C=?=, D. J., A %?
I?=?: #@= : C:@?= M:> :=
F= #:, J:@= : F= !=:??:
E=, 2003.
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