1. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLI
GII THIUTrong nhng nm gn y HDH Linux ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong
trng hc v mi trng cng nghip. h Unix ny, vi chc nng v tnh n nh cho
php n tn ti song song vi cc h iu hnh thng mi khc. Hn na, s ph bin
ca m ngun Linux trn Internet ng gp rt nhiu cho s ph cp ca linux. iu
ny l l do cho nhm chn ti nghin cu v pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi
trng Linux.Trn ht nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Nguyn Huy
Phng tn tnh ch bo, hng dn chng em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny.Chng em
xin gi n qy thy c khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin lng bit n su sc v ghi nhn s
ch dn, ging dy, h tr v gip , cung cp nhng kin thc qy bu, to mi iu
kin thun li v gp trong sut qu trnh hc tp cho sinh vin chng em thc
hin ti tt nghip c thun li.Xin chn thnh t lng bit n n cc bn b thn hu
ng vin gip chng ti trong sut thi gian hc tp cng nh lm ti tt nghip.
Bo co gm 2 phn: Phn 1: Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux Phn 2: Cc dch v mng
TPHCM, Ngy 13 thng 06 nm 2008Nhm sinh vin thc hinKhoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 1
2. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Li nhn xt ca
GVHD........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 2
3. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLi
nhn xt ca GVPB
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chn...............................................................................................................................123Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 3
4. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxTI
LIU THAM KHO.............................................320CC T
VIT TT. Client: my khch. IP: Internet Address. RPM: Redhat Package
Manager.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 4
5. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
FQDN: Fully Qualifield Domain Name. NFS: Network File System.
Server: my ch. SMB= Samba chng trnh dng chia s ti nguyn gia cc
Windows PC vLinux PC. MTA: Mail Transport Agent. PC= Personal
computer: my tnh c nhn. Point, mount_point: im truy cp, thng l th
mc, ni mount cc h thngtp tin. Mount: gn kt cc tp tin vo 1 point no
. Umount: g b cc tp tin c mount vo 1 point no . Username: tn ti
khon ngi dng. Password: mt khu tng ng vi username. SMB: Samba.
SWAT: Samba Web Administration Tool. Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 5
6. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
I. Tm hiu v h iu hnh
Linux.1...............................................................................Tm
hiu LINUXPhn ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy
khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng
c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:- Linux l g?- Ti
sao Linux pht trin?- Cc bn pht hnh Linux- Li ch ca Linux- Ai pht
trin Linux?- Linux cng sinh vi Windows- Thng mi ha Linux- UNIX v
Linux- Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux 1.1.Linux l g?Linux xut hin nh mt sn
phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh
MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990
c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b
vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBM-PC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni
ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch
dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp.Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn
nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux
c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht
trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th
s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xutKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 6
7. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn
Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX.V c bn, Linux bt chc
UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho
php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt
s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game
v.v.Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng
lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song
trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim
thiu chi ph u t vo my mc.Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux
vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch
v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng
10).C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD
v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun
mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris
chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh
danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip
Sun SPARC.Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca
Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi
ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h
tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh
khn.Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch
vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v
kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 7
8. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxLinux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng
cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy
tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu
hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm
tnh ton cao cp. 1.2.Ti sao Linux pht trin?Trc ht, Linux pht trin v
l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s
dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng
phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln
cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m
ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng
ca chng theo nhu cu ring.Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc
h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s
dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt
qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun
tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun
tr h thng.Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp
m ngun m cho mi ngi.Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u
t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho
rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng
kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt
t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu
hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc MicrosoftKhoa CNTT
05CDTH2 Trang 8
9. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip
Intel.Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux
thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC
RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2).Gn y, cc cng ty
ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng
cc phn mm ng dng cho n. 1.3.Cc bn pht hnh LinuxNhiu ngi bit n cc nh
sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn
cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux
v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc
nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca
Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat
Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4.Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun
l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c
ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn
OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th. 1.4.Li th ca LinuxTi sao c
th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh
DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ?Linux cung cp cho
bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c
y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi
tit l m ngun.Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca
cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn
l sn chiKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 9
10. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng
i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng
tin.Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn
(1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m
vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin,
nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn
theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng
tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay
x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin
Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai).Ngy
nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c
tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh
t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin.Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu
th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h
iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dng rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng
b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t.
Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng
c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s
thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows.Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn
chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c
tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh
mini DEC PDP-7.Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t
my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v
Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu
hiu. NhngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 10
11. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t
tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh
khc.Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s
d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng,
cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr
chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng
c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic
ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in.n vi Linux, gii lp trnh
s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho
nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th
dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch
s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy
dng ngn ng ring cho mnh.Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m
(open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca
nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn
tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p
ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m. 1.5.Ai pht trin Linux
?Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker.
Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo
ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn
trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h thng y b
hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau
ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin
tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh
l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 11
12. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxThc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng
trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn
mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny m
Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng
an ton hnNgoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng
khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu
lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php
qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc
sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s
khng tr thnh cracker. 1.6.Linux cng sinh vi WindowsV nguyn tc, tt c
cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux,
nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch
chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l
"VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng
mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh.Ngi ta cn xy
dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng
ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca
Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux.
Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng
phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt
phin bn DR DOS sang Linux.Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng
phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung,
Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 12
13. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNgc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to
Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm
Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi
nht trn cc Web site v Linux.Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my
mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn
cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m
khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh
ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn. cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c
Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i.
Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho
DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc
tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn .Khi phn vng li
cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng
chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao
nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a
cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c cc chng trnh v d liu m bn
mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt.Bn cn
phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system
administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm:
thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn
mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy
cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht
hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng
thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha LinuxKhoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 13
14. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
1.7. Thng mi ho LinuxCng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay
nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t
cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu
tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera.C hai cng ty ny u tr
gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn
Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph.V
tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca
nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn
(routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng
Linux lm h iu hnh chnh.Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh
nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng
Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn
mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v
giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring
Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng
cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v.Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng
Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt
h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh
nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu.
OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh
duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring
OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng
cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng
vi mt b ng dng vn phng hngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 14
15. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI
ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux.
1.8.UNIX v LINUXLch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix.
Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting
do Tannebaum vit t gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my
tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu
hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua
nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin
UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii
lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c
sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip
cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng.Nm 1978, Berkeley Software
Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin
bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho
UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi
UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh
nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng.Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin
bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc
CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobbs. Hin nay bn
thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh
Linux.UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v
tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua
li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX
System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu
dng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 15
16. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y
l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL
khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn
SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm
ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell
li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO
pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng (single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n
19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m
ngun h iu hnh ca mnh.T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin
phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm 1981, trong thi k cao im ca
cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt
ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh
mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php
XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo
thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot
ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386.Sun Microsystems c ng gp
ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm
chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t
v tng thch vi nhau.IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu
hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng
pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v
A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c
mt th phn ng k.Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh,
trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca
Linux?Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 16
17. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
1.9.Tc quyn v bn quyn LinuxNi chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng
cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus
Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn
RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux
v.v.Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General
Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t
cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn
Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn
quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho
phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNUs Not UNIX) v FSF (Free
Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T
do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo
nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m
phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h.GPL
cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi
khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt
khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung
cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m.
1.10.Cc ng dng trn Linux1.10.1. Cc ng dng vn phngCng vi thi gian, h
iu hnh Linux ngy cng c hon thin, nhiu hng sn xut cng vi cc lp trnh
vin xy dng c mt kho th vin phn mm khng l p ng phn ln nhu cu ca ngi
dng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 17
18. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu nh trong Windows c b Microsoft Office th trong Linux c nhng
b Office khc nh KOffice, b Start Office hoc OpenOffice.org ca hng
Sun Microsystem c phn phi min ph .1.10.2. Cc ng dng gii trNgoi cc
ng dng vn phng ra, Linux cng c kh nhiu games phc v nhu cu th gin v
gii tr ca ngi dng1.10.3. H iu hnh mng v cc ng dng mngC th ni cc ng
dng mng l tp hp nhng ng dng ni bt nht ca h iu hnh Linux. Nhng kh
nng m cc ng dng mng trn Linux c th thc hin c lm cho h iu hnh ny tr
nn vt tri hn so vi Windows.Linux cho php ngi dng c th cu hnh 1
server vi y cc ng dng c bn nht ca Internet- Domain Name Service
(DNS)- Web Server- Mail Server- FPT Server- SMTP Server- Pop3
Server- Firewall1.10.4. Cc ng dng webVi s bng n cc ng dng trn
Internet, h iu hnh Linux h tr mt mi trng l tng cho cc server ng
dng.Cc hng phn mm ni ting u nghin cu lm sao c th ci cc ng dng ca h
ln Linux1.10.5. Cc ngn ng lp trnhKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 18
19. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
H iu hnh Linux c vit li hon ton t u bng ngn ng C nhm trnh vn bn
quyn ca Unix. Do ngn ng lp trnh C c h tr mnh m v kh y cho vic pht
trin cc ng dng mng. Tuy nhin ngn ng C khng phi l s la chn duy nht
cho vic lp trnh trn Linux. C nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc cng c h tr bi
Linux c lit k di y: Ada, C, C++, Forth, Fortran, Icon, Java, Lisp,
Modular 2, Modular 3, Oberon,Objective C, Pascal, Perl , Prolog,
Python, Smalltalk, SQL, Tck/Tl, Shell 1.11. Linux Kernel 1.11.1.
Gii thiu Linux kernel cung cp mt giao din gia cc ng dng ngi dng, h
thng phn cng v ti nguyn. Mt vi chc nng ca Linux l: Qun l b nh Qun l
h thng file X l cc li v ngt Thc hin cc dch v I/O Cp pht ti nguyn h
thng cho cc ngi dng 1.11.2. Kernel Modules Trong nhng nm u ca
Linux, kernel Linux l mt monolithic kernel. Monolithic kernel l tt
c cc dch v ca Kernel c bin dch ht vo trong n v khng c drivers ngoi
no c gi. Vi monolithic kernel, kernel phi c bin dch li mi khi c mt
thit b mi c gn vo h thng. Khi s h tr phn cng ca Linux tng ln th kch
thc ca Kernel tng ln v cho thy s bt tin ca n. th l modular Linux
kernel ra i.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 19
20. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxModular Linux kernel bao gm mt kernel ti tiu v mt tp cc
modules c th c thm vo khi kernel ang chy h tr cc thit b v dch v
mi1.11.3. Cc chc nng ca KernelQun l b nh.Qun l h thng file.X l cc
li v ngt.Thc hin cc dch v I/O.Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi
dng1.11.4. GNU-GPL project (GNU General Public License) 1.11.4.1.
GNU-GPL l g ?GNU General Public License l mt hnh thc bn quyn cho
php m bo vic trao i t do cc phn mm, m bo cc phn mm l min ph i vi tt
c cc ngi s dng.General Public License p dng cho hu ht cc sn phm ca
Free Software Foundations. Bn c th p dng GNU GPL cho phn mm ca
bn.Giy php phn mm m ngun m (Open Source OS) cho php ngi dng c, truy
cp, thay i v lm li m ngun ca mt sn phm phn mm (theo t chc OSI Open
Source Initiative). Cc giy php phn mm c OSI ph chun v qun l ti
http://www.opensource.org. Xem thm chi tit trong
http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd-vietnamese.php/Open Source mang
ngha t do nhiu hn l min ph.Mi loi giy php c nhng iu khon quy nh
ring. V d: BSD Licensing ch di 1 trang vi 3 iu khon cn phi tun th
nhng trong khi th Mozilla Public License 1.1 di n 12 trang cp mi th
t vic nh ngha thut ng n cch thc p dng giy php cho chnh ph.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2 Trang 20
21. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxMt trong nhng khon quan trng trong OS Licensing l: Nu ta thay
i m ngun th phi lp li ti liu v cc thay i v nh km m ngun theo phn
mm.Khng c thng bo bn quyn ca mnh (copyright) mc d thay i m ngun ca
chng trnh.Xem thm thng tin ti http://www.linux.org/info/gnu.htmlNgi
ta cn ni GNU GPL l Copyleft thay cho khi nim Copyright. 1.11.4.2.
Ni dung chnh ca GNU Tc gi vn gi bn quyn phn mm ca mnh bn c th copy
v phn phi chng trnh di bt c hnh thc no v gi ty Bn c th thay i mt
phn ca chng trnh v phn phi thay i ca mnhcng ton b chng trnh ccho
ngi khc vi iu kin ni r phn mnh thayi. Nu phn bn thay i khng th tch
ri tan b chng trnh th GNU GPL sm rng sang ton b chng trnh, k c phn
bn vit. Bn khng c thng bo bn quyn ca bn (copyright) mc d bn thay im
ngun ca chng trnh. Bn phi m bo cung cp m ngun khi bn bn mt sn phm
theo GNU GPL cho ngi khc c th s dng v/hoc bn tip sn phm (ngi bn phn
phisn phm phi c c cc quyn li ging ca bn c hng khi bn nhn mtphn mm
di GNU GPL).Open Source: Mt sn phm l Open Source phi tha mn cc iu
kin: Free Redistribution: c th phn phi ti bt c i tng no. Source
Code: Lun km theo source code.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 21
22. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Integrity of The Authors Source Code: C th c hn ch ch cho php thay
im ngunt hng qua cc patch (ch khng c t thay i), hoc nu thay iphi i
qua tn khc. y l im khc vi GNU GPL. No Discrimination Against Fields
of Endeavor: Khng c phn bit i x vic nhn hay nhm ngi no trong qu
trnh phn phi phn mm m ngun m. Distribution of License: quyn i vi
phn mm c tip tc chuyn n nhngngi nhn phn mm. License Must Not Be
Specific to a Product: Cc quyn i vi phn mm ctip tc thc hin khng ph
thuc vo cc phn phi (distribution) cha phnmm. License Must Not
Restrict Other Software: Cc sn phm khc i cng OpenSource khng nht
thit phi tun theo yu cu ca Open Source. License Must Be
Technology-Neutral: License khng c bt buc gn kt vibt k cng ngh hay
kiu kt ni no. Ch : Bruce Perens vit cc quy nh trn cho "The Debian
Free Software Guidelines".Sau ng b i cc phn c trng cho
Debian-specific v xy dng thnh "Open Source Definition.Open Source v
GNU GPL thng kt hp vi nhau:Ethereal is Open Source software
released under the GNU General Public
License2................................................................Ci
t v cu hnh Linux 2.1.Thao tc chun bBn s tm thy sau y cc thng tin cn
thit trc khi ci t bt c bn pht hnh Linux no trn PC. Xin nh rng Linux
khng phi l mt thng phm, do cn phi chun b i ph cc trc trc nu c.Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 22
23. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxLu : Ci t h iu hnh c ngha l thay i c h thng qun l my tnh, v vy
hy cn thn v chun b sn giy bt ghi chp cc thng tin cn thit.iu kin ci
t Linux thnh cng l c cc phn cng ph hp. Mun chn cu hnh cho tng xng,
bn phi bit trc bao nhiu ngi s s dng h thng v s chy nhng ng dng no.
T bn tnh ra cc yu cu v b nh, dung lng a cng, chng loi thit b u cui,
v.v.Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh c ci t Linux u l PC v thng cng ch ci t
phin bn cho mt ngi s dng, mc d cc my y c th lin kt vi nhiu h thng
Linux v UNIX ln hn.Nu bn ci t phin bn Linux cho mt ngi dng (trng hp
hay gp nht) th bn cng l qun tr vin ca h thng. Bn c trch nhim hiu r
h thng thc hin chc nng qun tr, sao cho h thng chy ti u. Bn phi bo m
dung lng ti thiu trn a cng, sao lu u n, cc thit b kt ni vi h u c
trnh iu khin (driver) v cc phn mm ci t thch hp, v.v..Bn nn chn la
cc loi phn cng m chnh a s nhng ngi to ra Linux s dng. Cc cng ty pht
trin phn mm thng phm thng chy th sn phm ca h trn nhiu phn cng khc
nhau, cn cng ng tnh nguyn trin khai Linux ch c my tnh ca chnh
mnh.Cng may l cng ng Linux kh ng o cho nn hu ht nhng phn cng tiu
chun ca PC u c Linux chp nhn. Lu : Linux l mt h thng tin ho v thnh
thong li c thng tin cp nht. Bn pht hnh RedHat s dng trong ti liu ny
chy kh n nh, tuy nhin thc t c nhng phn cng thay i m cha c Linux bit
n. Mc d nhiu phn cng c th thay i bng cc linh kin nhi hoc tng thch
Intel, song khng phi tt c nhng phn cng y u chy c vi Linux.Mc tiu:
Nm c mt s yu cu cn thit nhm phc v tt trong qu trnh ci t.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2 Trang 23
24. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxYu cu phn cng: (Ti thiu) - CPU 386 hoc mi hn. - Dung lng b nh:
16MB - Dung lng cng: ~ 100MB nu ch s dng Console Mode (~1000MB nu
ci RedHat 9.0) ~ 500MB nu s dng Graphic Mode (~1500MB nu ci RedHat
9.0) - CD-ROM - a mm 1.44MBYu cu phn mm:B ci t RED HAT Linux 9.0 (6
disks: CD1-CD6) a mm khi ng Linux 2.2.To a mm khi ngMc tiu: To a mm
khi ng Linux trong trng hp khng th khi ng t a CD-ROM hoc ROM-BIOS
khng h tr khi ng t CD-ROM.Cc bc tin hnh: Kim tra c tp tin boot.img
trong th mc Images ca CD1 khng? Thc thi rawrite.exe ghi boot.img ny
ra a mm. Tin hnh khi ng t a mm va to. c nhng thng tin hng dn chi
tit hn tham kho Readme trong CD1 hoc vo trang ch ca RedHat ti a ch:
http://www.redhat.com/ c nhng ch dn c th hn trong qu trnh ti nh a
(Disk Image 2.3.Cc bc ci t2.3.1. Cc cch ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang
24
25. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxC
n 4 cch ci t Linux, l t CD, NFS, FTP, hoc t a cng. Cch ph bin nht l
ci t Linux t a CD. Mun ci t trc tip t CD, bn phi khi u bng DOS. du
nhc DOS, bn g lnh:[ CD]:dosutilsautobootTrong [ CD] l tn CD trn my
ca bn.C th bt u bng vic t li cu hnh cho BIOS c th khi ng bng a CD.
a s cc BIOS sn xut sau 1997 u h tr vic ny. Khi , bn ch cn tt ngun
in v khi ng li vi a CD Linux t sn trong .Nu a cng c sn mt phn vng
trng, bn c th ci t Linux vo bn cnh h thng hin hnh khi xo mt nhng
thng tin trc . Nh vy nhng g bn cn l mt CD, mt phn vng trng v mt a
mi.Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network hthng tp)
yu cu bn trc ht phi lp rp logic (mount) CD vo mt mytnh chp nhn h
thng tp ISO-9660 vi phn m rng RockRidge, ri bn cngb h thng tp qua
NFS. Bn phi bit ng dn ca h thng tp ny, cng nha ch IP ca my, hoc tn
ca my nu c DNS. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn tp
qua mng LAN hocWAN. Vic ci t qua FTP yu cu phi c a mi v a ph tr. Ci
t Linux t a cng cng cn a mi v cc a ph tr ni trn. Trctin phi to ra
th mc mang tn Linux, sau sao chp th mc tng ng tCD cng vi tt c cc th
mc th cp (subdirectory) vo th mc Linux.Bn c th s dng cc lnh DOS sau
y thi hnh vic ci t:cdLinuxxcopy/s e:LinuxKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
25
26. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Lnh cd chn th mc lm vic l th mc Linux trn a cng; lnh xcopy sao chp
th mc tng ng t a CD t E. Cho d bn s dng phng php ci t no, bn lun cn
c a mi. Nhng trc ht bn phi tm mt s thng tin cn thit.2.3.2. Cc bc ci
t chung 2.3.2.1. Ci t bng dng lnhCng ging nh ci t vi giao din, bc
chun b cng ging nh ci t bng giao din.u tin bn b a CD vo a (v tt
nhin l phi c cng cn trng).Khi bn cho boot t a CD, bn nhp vo dng
linux text.Hnh 2.1 Kim tra a CD Bn c th b qua bc ny bng cch nhn vo
Skip. Cn nu bn mun test aCD th bn nhn vo OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang
26
27. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.2 Giao din cho mngBm OK tip tc. Hnh 2.3 Chn ngn ng ci t
y nhm chn ngn ng l English.Nhn OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 27
28. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.4 Chn ngn ng cho bn phmBm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.5 Chn
loi chut ang s dngSau khi chn xong loi chut ca mnh th nhn OK.Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 28
29. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.6 : Chn loi mn hnh ang s dngBm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh monitorNn chn Default cho h thng t cu hnh.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 29
30. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.8 Chn loi cu hnh HDH ci vo mySau khi chn xong th bm OK.Hnh
2.9 : Chn cch phn vng cngDisk Partitioning Setup: Nu chn
Autopartition: h thng s t ng chia tm phn vng cn trng v chia phn vng
cn thit cho bn.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 30
31. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxDisk Druid: Bn chn ch t chia phn vng bng tay.Back: Tr li bc
trc.Hnh 2.10 cnh bo s xa ht d liu Bm Yes chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh
2.11 Phn vng cn trng. y vng cn trng 8192Mb. Bm New to phn vng
Root.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 31
32. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.12 To phn vng rootSau khi to xong phn vng Root dng lu tr
h iu hnh. Bn tin hnh to phn vng Swap. Hnh 2.13 To phn vng swap Sau
khi phn vng xong bn nhn OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 32
33. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.14 Sau khi to phn vng xongSau khi phn vng xong. Nhn OK
chuyn sang bc k tip. Hnh 2.15 : Chn cu hnh boot loaderChn loi Boot
Loader:Use GRUB Boot Loader: C s dng Boot Loader GRUB.No Boot
Loader: Khng s dng Boot Loader.Nu bn ci 2 h iu hnh tr ln th nn s
dng GRUB Boot loader.Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 33
34. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.16 : Cu hnh boot loaderBm OK qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.16 : t
password cho boot loaderNu bn khng cn t Password cho Boot Loader th
c th nhn OK tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 34
35. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.17 Hon thnh cu hnh boot loaderQu trnh cu hnh Boot Loader hon
thnh. Nu bn mun sa li file Boot Loader th c th nhn Edit. Nu khng th
nhn Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.18 Chn ni ci boot loaderBn nn chn
ni lu tr Boot loader ti Master Boot Record.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
35
36. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Bm Ok qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh networkSau khi t xong a ch IP v
Netmask (Mask Address). Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.20 t a ch
DNSKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 36
37. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu bn khng kt ni Internet c th b qua bc ny.Bm OK chuyn qua bc
k tip.Hnh 2.21 t tn myBc ny cho php bn t tn cho my hoc c th b qua
bng cch chn automatically via DHCP.Bm Ok qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.22 Cu
hnh firewallKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 37
38. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBn c th cu hnh cho h thng trnh s xm phm t bn ngoi.Hoc cng c th
khng cn firewall nu nh bn khng ni mng internet.Nu chn Enable
firewall th bn c th cu hnh cho firewall bng cch nhn vo Customize.
Hnh 2.23 Cu hnh firewallSau khi cu hnh xong nhn OK.Cn nu bn chn no
firewall th h thng s cnh bo bn.Hnh 2.24 Cnh bo khng firewallKhoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 38
39. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu chp nhn nhn Proceed.Chuyn qua bc tip theo. Hnh 2.25 Chn ngn
ng h thngBc ny cho php bn chn ngn ng cho h diu hnh Linux. Mc nh l
English (USA).Nhn Ok tip tc.Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi cho my. Mc
nh l America/New_York.Bm Ok chuyn qua k tip.Hnh 2.26 t pass cho
rootKhi t password th 2 password phi ging nhau.Bm OK chuyn qua bc k
tip.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 39
40. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.27 Chn gi phn mm ci t Bn c th chn cc gi phn mm ci t. nu
mun s dng gioa din ha gi X Window System.Sau khi chn xong nhn OK
chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.28 Bt u ci tNhn Ok chuyn qua bc ci t.Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 40
41. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.29 S a ci tBm Continue chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.30 Qa
trnh ci tSau khi qu trnh ci t hon thnh.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
41
42. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.31 To a boot khi ngNu mun to a boot th nhn Yes (dng boot
vo h iu hnh bng a ny).Nu khng th nhn No. Hnh 2.32 Khi ng li myNhn
Enter Reboot li h thng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 42
43. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.33 Giao din cho mng ca linuxBm Next chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh
2.34 Licens ca linuxChn Yes v bm Next tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
43
44. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh2.35 Chnh gi h thngSau khi tinh chnh xong li ngy gi h thng. Nhn
Next tip tc. Hnh 2.36 To username h thngSau khi t xong user name v
password, nhn Next tip tc.Hnh 2.37 Cu hnh card soundKhoa CNTT
05CDTH2 Trang 44
45. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu nh bn c nghe m thanh pht ra th nhn Next. Hnh 2.38 Ci thm
phn mmNu bn mun ci thm bt c mt gi phn mm no t CD th nhn vo
Install.Bm Next qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.39 Ci t hon thnhKhoa CNTT
05CDTH2 Trang 45
46. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBm Next hon thnh. Hnh 2.40 ng nhp vo h thngSau khi nhp xong
user name nhn Enter.Hnh 2.41 : Nhp passwordKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
46
47. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxSau khi nhp xong username v password. H thng s c ng nhp vi
giao din. Hinh 2.42 ng nhp thnh cng 2.3.2.2. Ci t bng giao din
(phin bn Fedora Core 4)u tin khi Boot t CD v bn cho a CD 1 vo .Giao
din xut hin. Hnh 2.43 Giao din linux khi bootKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
47
48. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBn s c nhng ty chn sau: Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi
giao din ha (graphical mode). Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi
giao din s dng dng lnh (text mode).V s c nhng ch sau: F1: vo giao
din chnh. ( nh hnh trn) F2: s dng nhng ty chn ca Linux. tt
(disable) thit b phn cng: g lnh linux noprobe -> nhnEnter. kim
tra cc thit b ang s dng : g lnh linux mediecheck ->Enter. sa li
cho linux (rescuse mode) : g lnh linux rescuse -> Enter.(Nhn F5
c thm hng dn v ch rescuse). Nu bn c 1 a driver : g lnh linuxdd
->Enter nhc nh cho phng thc ci t s dng trn CD-ROM : g lnhlinux
askmethod -> Enter. Nu bn c a cp nht h iu hnh (update) : g lnh
linuxupdates -> Enter. kim tra b nh trong h thng : g lnh
memtest86 ->Enter.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 48
49. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.44 Mt vi chc nng khi ci t F3: Hng dn chung. Hnh 2.45 Gii
thiu chung F4: Gip chung cho ch Boot.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 49
50. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.46 Ch dn mt s dng lnh F5: Hng dn ch rescuse.Hnh 2.47 Cu
cha HDHThng thng ci mi th tt nht l bn s dng giao din ha. mn hnh
chnh bn nhn Enter.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 50
51. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.48 Qu trnh kim tra phn cngChng trnh s tin hnh kim tra mt s
phn cng ca my tnh.Sau khi kim tra xong th giao din ci t nh sau:Hnh
2.49 Kim tra CDCho php bn nhn Ok kim tra li a CD dng ci t hoc b qua
bcny nhn Skip.Nu nhn Ok th chng trnh bt u qu trnh kim tra a.Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 51
52. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
y ti chn Skip b qua qu trnh kim tra a.Nhn test kim tra a hin ti ang
c trong a hoc ly a ra.Hnh 2.50 : Xc nhn CDNhn test th qu trnh kim
tra bt u.Hnh 2.51 Qu trnh kim tra aKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 52
53. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.52 : Qu trnh kim tra a hon ttQu trnh kim tra a 1 hon
thnh v nhn ok tin hnh tin hnh kim tra cc a cn li. Hnh 2.53 : Kim
tra a k tipSau khi kim tra xong 4 CD th chng trnh bt u ci t.Giao
din ci t nh sau.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 53
54. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.54 Giao din cho mng ca linuxBm next qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.55
Chn ngn ng ci tChn ngn ng s dng trong sut qu trinh ci t. y mc nh l
English.Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 54
55. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Hnh 2.56 : Chn ngn ng bn phmChn ngn ng ca keybroad.Mc nh l U.S,
English.Bm NextHnh 2.57 : Chn cu hnh cho h thngCho php bn chn cc ch
ci t.Personal : ch ny dng cho cc my tnh cc nhn hoc
laptops.Workstation : ch ny ci t thm mi trng pht trin thm cc ng dng
v system administrator.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 55
56. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxServer : ch ny cho php bn s dng ci t file sharing, print
sharing v dch v web.Custom : cho php bn ty chn cc package hoc cc
phn mm i km theo. y ti chn Custom v nhn next. Hnh 2.58 : Chn ch phn
vngAutomaticcally partition : chng trnh s t ng d tm phn vng cn trng
v chia a theo yu cu ca h thng. Khi chn ch ny, cng ca bn s c hi l c
mun xa ht khng nu nh cng khng cn ch trng.Manually partition with
Disk Druid : cho php bn t chia a vi cng c Disk Druid c sn trong
linux.Ch Manually partition with Disk Druid.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
56
57. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.59 : C mun xa phn vng khng bc ny chng trnh s hi bn c mun
xa ht d liu c trong cng khng.Nu c : bm Yes.Nu khng : bm No.Hnh 2.60
: Li thit b khi ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 57
58. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu nh cng ca bn khng c phn vng cn trng th s bo li khng th tm
thy thit b no to file h thng.Ngc li nu nh c phn vng trng th s qua
bc k tip. Hnh 2.61 : Phn vng trng bc ny, nu nh phn vng ca bn cha nh
dng th bm chn phn vng cn trng, bm New . Hnh 2.62 : Chn phn vng
swapKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 58
59. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
khung File System Type, bm s xung v chn Swap. khung Size, mc nh l
100Mb, nhng tt nht l bn chn 510 Mb (theo kinhnghim ci t ca c
nhm).Ri bm OK. Hnh 2.63 : Chia phn vng ci t phn vng cn li, bn click
chut vo v chn Edit.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 59
60. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.64 : Qu trnh chia phn vng khung Mount Point, bm s xung v
chn du / lm th mc gc v ci t ln .Bm OK.Hnh 2.65 : Cu hnh boot
loaderKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 60
61. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBn c th check vo Configure advance boot loader options boot t
2 hiu hnh tr ln (nu my ca bn ci thm h iu hnh khc).Bm Next. Hnh 2.66
: Cu hnh DHCPCho php bn cu hnh DHCP.Bm Next. Hnh 2.67 : Cu hnh
firewallCho php bn bt ch Firewall hay khng. Bm Next.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 61
62. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu bn khng chn chc nng Firewall th chng trnh s hi bn c chc chn
khng. Hoc l mun cu hnh li. Hnh 2.68 : Cnh bo khng firewallNu chc
chn, bm Proceed. Hnh 2.69 : Chn vng cho ngy giBc ny cho php bn chn
mi gi ca mnh.Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 62
63. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.70 : t pass cho rootBc ny yu cu bn t Password cho Root
(tng ng vi Adminitrator trong Windows). V y l bc bt buc.Sau khi t
xong, bm Next. Hinh 2.71 : Chn cc gi phn mm ngun ci tBc ny cho php
bn chn la cc gi phn mm ci t km theo. Nhng check mt nh th nn gi
li.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 63
64. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBn cng c th bm vo Details cui chn la chi tit hn. Hnh 2.72 :
Chi tit ci tHoc bn cng c th chn ci Everything hoc Minimal.Hnh 2.73
: Dung lng a sau khi chn gi ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 64
65. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
V nh l phi xem dung lng sau khi chn c ph hp vi dung lng cng ca mnh
hay khng.Bm Next. Hnh 2.74 : Chun b ciBy gi bn c th click Next thc
hin qu trnh ci t. Hnh 2.75: Xc nhn ciH thng s yu cu bn xc nhn mt ln
na l c 4CD ci cha (v y l ci Fedora Core 4).Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang
65
66. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxNu y th bm Continue.Qu trnh ci t bt u. Hnh 2.76: Qu trnh ci t
bt uHnh 2.77: Qu trnh cn 20 phtSau khi a 1 ci xong, chng trnh s yu
cu a th 2, 3 v a th 4.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 66
67. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxSau khi ci t thnh cng h thng s yu cu bn reboot li thay i cc cu
hnh. Hnh 2.78 Ci t hon thnhH thng yu cu khi ng li.Bm Reboot.Qu trnh
khi ng.Hnh 2.79: ng nhp h thngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 67
68. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
Linuxang khi ng vo h thng.y l ln u tin bn khi ng vo h iu hnh
Linux.Giao din cho mng.Hnh 2.80: Giao din cho mngBm Next. Hnh 2.81
License ca chng trnhy l Lisence ca h iu hnh m ngun m Linux.Khoa
CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 68
69. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxChn Yes, I agre to the License Agreement.Bm Next. Hnh 2.82 iu
chnh gi h thngBc ny cho php bn iu chnh li ngy gi h thng.Bm Next.
Hnh 2.83 iu chnh phn gii ca h thngBc ny cho php bn chn phn gii ca
mn hnh. Mc nh l 800x600.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 69
70. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxBm Next.Hnh 2.84: TXo User miBc ny cho php bn to 1 User mi
khng c quyn Adminitrative (Root).Nu bn khng mun to thm bt k User no
v ch s dng User Root th bm next.H thng s cnh bo bn.Hnh 2.85: Cnh
bXo to UserKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 70
71. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxV
nu bn ng th bm Cotinue ngc li bm Create account.Hnh 2.86: Kim traX
sound cardBc ny kim tra li Sound card ca bn. kim tra bm Play test
sound. Hnh 2.87 Xc nhn m thanhNu c nghe m thanh th bm Yes (d nhin l
bn phi c gn thit b nghe nh Loa hoc Headphone).Bm Next.Khoa CNTT
05CDTH2Trang 71
72. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.88: Ci t thm gi phn mm t CDBc ny cho php bn ci t thm mt
s phn mm t CD.Nu khng cn thit bm Next. Hnh 2.89: Qu trnh cu hnh hon
thnhH thng ca bn c ci t xong. Bm Next tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang
72
73. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.90: Nhp User v pass ng nhpYu cu nhp tn User ang nhp h
thng. y user ca ti l Root v password l 123456. Hnh 2.91 ng nhp vo
Linuxy l qu trnh nhn cc thit b.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 73
74. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng
LinuxHnh 2.92 Giao din chnh ca LinuxQu trnh ci t hon thnh. y l giao
din chnh ca h iu hnh Linux. 2.4.Phn vng a cng2.4.1. Gii thiuVi s
hinh thanh va phat trin cua h iu hanh Linux, gi y chung ta co rt
nhiu cach trong vic chon la cac h thng file (file system) cho tng
loai ng dung. Trong bai vit nay ti mun gii thiu cac h thng file tin
tin c s dung trong Linux nh EXT2, EXT3, VFAT Reiserfs, XFS, va JFS
co tinh tin cy cao va co kha nng ghi nh qua trinh thao tac trn d
liu (journaling).Chung ta hay tim hiu s lc v cach lam vic ca cac h
thng file2.4.2. nh dng file h thng EXT22.4.2.1. Gii thiuGii thiu h
thng file ext2 c gii thiu vo u nm 1993 v c thit k ring cho Linux. N
c nhiu tnh nng tng cng khc phc cc hn ch ca cc h thng file khc. Tnh
nng Minix EXTEXT 2Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 74
75. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
Kch thc h thng 64 MB2 GB 4 TB file ln nht Kch thc file ln 64 MB2 GB
2 GB nht Chiu di ti a tn 30 k t255 k 255k file t t Kch thc block tu
Khng KhngC bin 2.4.2.2. Qun tr h thng file EXT2Filesystem caching :
Nhm tng hiu sut ca ton h thng file ext2, cache c dng lu gi cc d liu
c dng thng xuyn. Thng tin ca filesystem c cache trong b nh, i khi c
tham kho ti nh l mt b m a, bi v vic truy cp vo b nh th nhanh hn
nhiu so vi cc a vt l. C hai qu trnh c v ghi u c cache d liu trn
RAM. H thng buffers a cng ln th filesystem p ng cng nhanh cho cc
thao tc c ghi. Do RAM l b nh tm thi, buffer s c ghi vo a khi my hot
ng, hay khi filesystem c unmount.Lnh sync c th dng p kernel ghi tt
c cc buffers vo cc file trn a. Lnh ny c th s dng khng cn tham s.V
d: Vi l do ny c th gii thch v sao khi chp file vo a mm ta thy h
thng chy rt nhanh tuy nhin lc ny thc s file cha c ghi vo a mm. nu
th bn s thy khong 5 giy sau n mm mi bt u sng. Nu trc ta c tng l chp
xong file m rt a mm ra th s khng c file no c ghi vo a c. 2.4.2.3. S
phn mnh ca h thng fileKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 75
76. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxH
thng ext2 c thit k nhm hn ch ti thiu s phn mnh nn ta khng cn phi
defragment h thng file ext2.Nguyn nhn gy ra s phn mnh ca file
system l vic ghi file nhiu ln trn a. Trong cc file lm b nh m rng ca
h thng trn a l c nguy c bphn mnh nhiu nht.i vi cc h iu hnh v MS
Windows, h thng b nh m rng ny nm trn cng mt partition chnh ca h
thng thng qua file pagefile.sys cn trong Linux th h thng b nh m rng
ny c cho ra mt partition ring nn hn ch rt nhiu s phn mnh.2.4.2.4.
nh dng file h thng EXT3c xy dng da trn c s cua h thng file chun
ext2 ma Linux ang s dung, ext3 a vao thm chc nng mi v cung quan
trong, journaling file system, giup thao tac d liu an toan hn. Ext3
con s dung c ch JBD (Journaling Block Device) bao v thng tin thao
tac trn d liu, c anh gia la tin cy hn so vi cac h thng chi thc hin
journaling trn chi muc d liu (journaling of meta-data only) nh
Reiserfs, XFS hay JFS. Vi cach bao v hai ln nh vy thi hiu sut ghi d
liu co phn nao chm hn ext2; nhng trong mt vai trng hp, nh thng tin
trong journal log ma u t cng di chuyn hp ly hn, nn tc thao tac d
liu nhanh hn.i vi nhng ng dung u tin cho tin cy cua d liu hn la tc
ghi n thun thi ext3 la la chon thich hp. Ngoai ra, ext3 con cho
phep cai thin tc thao tac trn d liu bng cach thit lp thng s cho h
thng chi thc hin journaling i vi thao tac trn d liu (mode:
data=writeback va data = ordered).Vi mode data=writeback, qua trinh
khi ng nhanh, d liu c ghi vao ia ngay sau khi a ghi xong thng tin
trong journal log (write back), vi mode nay i khi cung xay ra tinh
trang h d liu nu s c xay ra ngay sau khi ghi journal log maKhoa
CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 76