bao cao linux

1. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLI GII THIUTrong nhng nm gn y HDH Linux ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong trng hc v mi trng cng nghip. h Unix ny, vi chc nng v tnh n nh cho php n tn ti song song vi cc h iu hnh thng mi khc. Hn na, s ph bin ca m ngun Linux trn Internet ng gp rt nhiu cho s ph cp ca linux. iu ny l l do cho nhm chn ti nghin cu v pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux.Trn ht nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Nguyn Huy Phng tn tnh ch bo, hng dn chng em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny.Chng em xin gi n qy thy c khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin lng bit n su sc v ghi nhn s ch dn, ging dy, h tr v gip , cung cp nhng kin thc qy bu, to mi iu kin thun li v gp trong sut qu trnh hc tp cho sinh vin chng em thc hin ti tt nghip c thun li.Xin chn thnh t lng bit n n cc bn b thn hu ng vin gip chng ti trong sut thi gian hc tp cng nh lm ti tt nghip. Bo co gm 2 phn: Phn 1: Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux Phn 2: Cc dch v mng TPHCM, Ngy 13 thng 06 nm 2008Nhm sinh vin thc hinKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 1

2. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Li nhn xt ca GVHD........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 2

3. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLi nhn xt ca GVPB .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................Ty chn...............................................................................................................................123Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 3

4. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxTI LIU THAM KHO.............................................320CC T VIT TT. Client: my khch. IP: Internet Address. RPM: Redhat Package Manager.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 4

5. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux FQDN: Fully Qualifield Domain Name. NFS: Network File System. Server: my ch. SMB= Samba chng trnh dng chia s ti nguyn gia cc Windows PC vLinux PC. MTA: Mail Transport Agent. PC= Personal computer: my tnh c nhn. Point, mount_point: im truy cp, thng l th mc, ni mount cc h thngtp tin. Mount: gn kt cc tp tin vo 1 point no . Umount: g b cc tp tin c mount vo 1 point no . Username: tn ti khon ngi dng. Password: mt khu tng ng vi username. SMB: Samba. SWAT: Samba Web Administration Tool. Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 5

6. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux I. Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux.1...............................................................................Tm hiu LINUXPhn ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:- Linux l g?- Ti sao Linux pht trin?- Cc bn pht hnh Linux- Li ch ca Linux- Ai pht trin Linux?- Linux cng sinh vi Windows- Thng mi ha Linux- UNIX v Linux- Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux 1.1.Linux l g?Linux xut hin nh mt sn phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990 c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBM-PC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp.Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xutKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 6

7. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX.V c bn, Linux bt chc UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game v.v.Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim thiu chi ph u t vo my mc.Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng 10).C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip Sun SPARC.Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh khn.Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 7

8. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLinux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm tnh ton cao cp. 1.2.Ti sao Linux pht trin?Trc ht, Linux pht trin v l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng ca chng theo nhu cu ring.Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun tr h thng.Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp m ngun m cho mi ngi.Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc MicrosoftKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 8

9. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip Intel.Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2).Gn y, cc cng ty ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng cc phn mm ng dng cho n. 1.3.Cc bn pht hnh LinuxNhiu ngi bit n cc nh sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4.Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th. 1.4.Li th ca LinuxTi sao c th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ?Linux cung cp cho bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi tit l m ngun.Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn l sn chiKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 9

10. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng tin.Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn (1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin, nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai).Ngy nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin.Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dng rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t. Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows.Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh mini DEC PDP-7.Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu hiu. NhngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 10

11. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh khc.Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng, cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in.n vi Linux, gii lp trnh s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy dng ngn ng ring cho mnh.Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m (open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m. 1.5.Ai pht trin Linux ?Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker. Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h thng y b hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 11

12. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxThc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny m Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng an ton hnNgoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s khng tr thnh cracker. 1.6.Linux cng sinh vi WindowsV nguyn tc, tt c cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux, nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l "VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh.Ngi ta cn xy dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux. Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt phin bn DR DOS sang Linux.Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung, Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 12

13. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNgc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi nht trn cc Web site v Linux.Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn. cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i. Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn .Khi phn vng li cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c cc chng trnh v d liu m bn mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt.Bn cn phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm: thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha LinuxKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 13

14. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux 1.7. Thng mi ho LinuxCng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera.C hai cng ty ny u tr gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph.V tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn (routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng Linux lm h iu hnh chnh.Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v.Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu. OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng vi mt b ng dng vn phng hngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 14

15. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux. 1.8.UNIX v LINUXLch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix. Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting do Tannebaum vit t gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng.Nm 1978, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng.Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobbs. Hin nay bn thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh Linux.UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu dng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 15

16. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng (single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n 19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m ngun h iu hnh ca mnh.T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm 1981, trong thi k cao im ca cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386.Sun Microsystems c ng gp ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t v tng thch vi nhau.IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c mt th phn ng k.Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh, trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca Linux?Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 16

17. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux 1.9.Tc quyn v bn quyn LinuxNi chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux v.v.Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNUs Not UNIX) v FSF (Free Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h.GPL cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m. 1.10.Cc ng dng trn Linux1.10.1. Cc ng dng vn phngCng vi thi gian, h iu hnh Linux ngy cng c hon thin, nhiu hng sn xut cng vi cc lp trnh vin xy dng c mt kho th vin phn mm khng l p ng phn ln nhu cu ca ngi dng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 17

18. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu nh trong Windows c b Microsoft Office th trong Linux c nhng b Office khc nh KOffice, b Start Office hoc OpenOffice.org ca hng Sun Microsystem c phn phi min ph .1.10.2. Cc ng dng gii trNgoi cc ng dng vn phng ra, Linux cng c kh nhiu games phc v nhu cu th gin v gii tr ca ngi dng1.10.3. H iu hnh mng v cc ng dng mngC th ni cc ng dng mng l tp hp nhng ng dng ni bt nht ca h iu hnh Linux. Nhng kh nng m cc ng dng mng trn Linux c th thc hin c lm cho h iu hnh ny tr nn vt tri hn so vi Windows.Linux cho php ngi dng c th cu hnh 1 server vi y cc ng dng c bn nht ca Internet- Domain Name Service (DNS)- Web Server- Mail Server- FPT Server- SMTP Server- Pop3 Server- Firewall1.10.4. Cc ng dng webVi s bng n cc ng dng trn Internet, h iu hnh Linux h tr mt mi trng l tng cho cc server ng dng.Cc hng phn mm ni ting u nghin cu lm sao c th ci cc ng dng ca h ln Linux1.10.5. Cc ngn ng lp trnhKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 18

19. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux H iu hnh Linux c vit li hon ton t u bng ngn ng C nhm trnh vn bn quyn ca Unix. Do ngn ng lp trnh C c h tr mnh m v kh y cho vic pht trin cc ng dng mng. Tuy nhin ngn ng C khng phi l s la chn duy nht cho vic lp trnh trn Linux. C nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc cng c h tr bi Linux c lit k di y: Ada, C, C++, Forth, Fortran, Icon, Java, Lisp, Modular 2, Modular 3, Oberon,Objective C, Pascal, Perl , Prolog, Python, Smalltalk, SQL, Tck/Tl, Shell 1.11. Linux Kernel 1.11.1. Gii thiu Linux kernel cung cp mt giao din gia cc ng dng ngi dng, h thng phn cng v ti nguyn. Mt vi chc nng ca Linux l: Qun l b nh Qun l h thng file X l cc li v ngt Thc hin cc dch v I/O Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng 1.11.2. Kernel Modules Trong nhng nm u ca Linux, kernel Linux l mt monolithic kernel. Monolithic kernel l tt c cc dch v ca Kernel c bin dch ht vo trong n v khng c drivers ngoi no c gi. Vi monolithic kernel, kernel phi c bin dch li mi khi c mt thit b mi c gn vo h thng. Khi s h tr phn cng ca Linux tng ln th kch thc ca Kernel tng ln v cho thy s bt tin ca n. th l modular Linux kernel ra i.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 19

20. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxModular Linux kernel bao gm mt kernel ti tiu v mt tp cc modules c th c thm vo khi kernel ang chy h tr cc thit b v dch v mi1.11.3. Cc chc nng ca KernelQun l b nh.Qun l h thng file.X l cc li v ngt.Thc hin cc dch v I/O.Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng1.11.4. GNU-GPL project (GNU General Public License) 1.11.4.1. GNU-GPL l g ?GNU General Public License l mt hnh thc bn quyn cho php m bo vic trao i t do cc phn mm, m bo cc phn mm l min ph i vi tt c cc ngi s dng.General Public License p dng cho hu ht cc sn phm ca Free Software Foundations. Bn c th p dng GNU GPL cho phn mm ca bn.Giy php phn mm m ngun m (Open Source OS) cho php ngi dng c, truy cp, thay i v lm li m ngun ca mt sn phm phn mm (theo t chc OSI Open Source Initiative). Cc giy php phn mm c OSI ph chun v qun l ti http://www.opensource.org. Xem thm chi tit trong http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd-vietnamese.php/Open Source mang ngha t do nhiu hn l min ph.Mi loi giy php c nhng iu khon quy nh ring. V d: BSD Licensing ch di 1 trang vi 3 iu khon cn phi tun th nhng trong khi th Mozilla Public License 1.1 di n 12 trang cp mi th t vic nh ngha thut ng n cch thc p dng giy php cho chnh ph.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 20

21. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxMt trong nhng khon quan trng trong OS Licensing l: Nu ta thay i m ngun th phi lp li ti liu v cc thay i v nh km m ngun theo phn mm.Khng c thng bo bn quyn ca mnh (copyright) mc d thay i m ngun ca chng trnh.Xem thm thng tin ti http://www.linux.org/info/gnu.htmlNgi ta cn ni GNU GPL l Copyleft thay cho khi nim Copyright. 1.11.4.2. Ni dung chnh ca GNU Tc gi vn gi bn quyn phn mm ca mnh bn c th copy v phn phi chng trnh di bt c hnh thc no v gi ty Bn c th thay i mt phn ca chng trnh v phn phi thay i ca mnhcng ton b chng trnh ccho ngi khc vi iu kin ni r phn mnh thayi. Nu phn bn thay i khng th tch ri tan b chng trnh th GNU GPL sm rng sang ton b chng trnh, k c phn bn vit. Bn khng c thng bo bn quyn ca bn (copyright) mc d bn thay im ngun ca chng trnh. Bn phi m bo cung cp m ngun khi bn bn mt sn phm theo GNU GPL cho ngi khc c th s dng v/hoc bn tip sn phm (ngi bn phn phisn phm phi c c cc quyn li ging ca bn c hng khi bn nhn mtphn mm di GNU GPL).Open Source: Mt sn phm l Open Source phi tha mn cc iu kin: Free Redistribution: c th phn phi ti bt c i tng no. Source Code: Lun km theo source code.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 21

22. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Integrity of The Authors Source Code: C th c hn ch ch cho php thay im ngunt hng qua cc patch (ch khng c t thay i), hoc nu thay iphi i qua tn khc. y l im khc vi GNU GPL. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: Khng c phn bit i x vic nhn hay nhm ngi no trong qu trnh phn phi phn mm m ngun m. Distribution of License: quyn i vi phn mm c tip tc chuyn n nhngngi nhn phn mm. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: Cc quyn i vi phn mm ctip tc thc hin khng ph thuc vo cc phn phi (distribution) cha phnmm. License Must Not Restrict Other Software: Cc sn phm khc i cng OpenSource khng nht thit phi tun theo yu cu ca Open Source. License Must Be Technology-Neutral: License khng c bt buc gn kt vibt k cng ngh hay kiu kt ni no. Ch : Bruce Perens vit cc quy nh trn cho "The Debian Free Software Guidelines".Sau ng b i cc phn c trng cho Debian-specific v xy dng thnh "Open Source Definition.Open Source v GNU GPL thng kt hp vi nhau:Ethereal is Open Source software released under the GNU General Public License2................................................................Ci t v cu hnh Linux 2.1.Thao tc chun bBn s tm thy sau y cc thng tin cn thit trc khi ci t bt c bn pht hnh Linux no trn PC. Xin nh rng Linux khng phi l mt thng phm, do cn phi chun b i ph cc trc trc nu c.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 22

23. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxLu : Ci t h iu hnh c ngha l thay i c h thng qun l my tnh, v vy hy cn thn v chun b sn giy bt ghi chp cc thng tin cn thit.iu kin ci t Linux thnh cng l c cc phn cng ph hp. Mun chn cu hnh cho tng xng, bn phi bit trc bao nhiu ngi s s dng h thng v s chy nhng ng dng no. T bn tnh ra cc yu cu v b nh, dung lng a cng, chng loi thit b u cui, v.v.Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh c ci t Linux u l PC v thng cng ch ci t phin bn cho mt ngi s dng, mc d cc my y c th lin kt vi nhiu h thng Linux v UNIX ln hn.Nu bn ci t phin bn Linux cho mt ngi dng (trng hp hay gp nht) th bn cng l qun tr vin ca h thng. Bn c trch nhim hiu r h thng thc hin chc nng qun tr, sao cho h thng chy ti u. Bn phi bo m dung lng ti thiu trn a cng, sao lu u n, cc thit b kt ni vi h u c trnh iu khin (driver) v cc phn mm ci t thch hp, v.v..Bn nn chn la cc loi phn cng m chnh a s nhng ngi to ra Linux s dng. Cc cng ty pht trin phn mm thng phm thng chy th sn phm ca h trn nhiu phn cng khc nhau, cn cng ng tnh nguyn trin khai Linux ch c my tnh ca chnh mnh.Cng may l cng ng Linux kh ng o cho nn hu ht nhng phn cng tiu chun ca PC u c Linux chp nhn. Lu : Linux l mt h thng tin ho v thnh thong li c thng tin cp nht. Bn pht hnh RedHat s dng trong ti liu ny chy kh n nh, tuy nhin thc t c nhng phn cng thay i m cha c Linux bit n. Mc d nhiu phn cng c th thay i bng cc linh kin nhi hoc tng thch Intel, song khng phi tt c nhng phn cng y u chy c vi Linux.Mc tiu: Nm c mt s yu cu cn thit nhm phc v tt trong qu trnh ci t.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 23

24. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxYu cu phn cng: (Ti thiu) - CPU 386 hoc mi hn. - Dung lng b nh: 16MB - Dung lng cng: ~ 100MB nu ch s dng Console Mode (~1000MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) ~ 500MB nu s dng Graphic Mode (~1500MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) - CD-ROM - a mm 1.44MBYu cu phn mm:B ci t RED HAT Linux 9.0 (6 disks: CD1-CD6) a mm khi ng Linux 2.2.To a mm khi ngMc tiu: To a mm khi ng Linux trong trng hp khng th khi ng t a CD-ROM hoc ROM-BIOS khng h tr khi ng t CD-ROM.Cc bc tin hnh: Kim tra c tp tin boot.img trong th mc Images ca CD1 khng? Thc thi rawrite.exe ghi boot.img ny ra a mm. Tin hnh khi ng t a mm va to. c nhng thng tin hng dn chi tit hn tham kho Readme trong CD1 hoc vo trang ch ca RedHat ti a ch: http://www.redhat.com/ c nhng ch dn c th hn trong qu trnh ti nh a (Disk Image 2.3.Cc bc ci t2.3.1. Cc cch ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 24

25. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxC n 4 cch ci t Linux, l t CD, NFS, FTP, hoc t a cng. Cch ph bin nht l ci t Linux t a CD. Mun ci t trc tip t CD, bn phi khi u bng DOS. du nhc DOS, bn g lnh:[ CD]:dosutilsautobootTrong [ CD] l tn CD trn my ca bn.C th bt u bng vic t li cu hnh cho BIOS c th khi ng bng a CD. a s cc BIOS sn xut sau 1997 u h tr vic ny. Khi , bn ch cn tt ngun in v khi ng li vi a CD Linux t sn trong .Nu a cng c sn mt phn vng trng, bn c th ci t Linux vo bn cnh h thng hin hnh khi xo mt nhng thng tin trc . Nh vy nhng g bn cn l mt CD, mt phn vng trng v mt a mi.Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network hthng tp) yu cu bn trc ht phi lp rp logic (mount) CD vo mt mytnh chp nhn h thng tp ISO-9660 vi phn m rng RockRidge, ri bn cngb h thng tp qua NFS. Bn phi bit ng dn ca h thng tp ny, cng nha ch IP ca my, hoc tn ca my nu c DNS. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn tp qua mng LAN hocWAN. Vic ci t qua FTP yu cu phi c a mi v a ph tr. Ci t Linux t a cng cng cn a mi v cc a ph tr ni trn. Trctin phi to ra th mc mang tn Linux, sau sao chp th mc tng ng tCD cng vi tt c cc th mc th cp (subdirectory) vo th mc Linux.Bn c th s dng cc lnh DOS sau y thi hnh vic ci t:cdLinuxxcopy/s e:LinuxKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 25

26. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Lnh cd chn th mc lm vic l th mc Linux trn a cng; lnh xcopy sao chp th mc tng ng t a CD t E. Cho d bn s dng phng php ci t no, bn lun cn c a mi. Nhng trc ht bn phi tm mt s thng tin cn thit.2.3.2. Cc bc ci t chung 2.3.2.1. Ci t bng dng lnhCng ging nh ci t vi giao din, bc chun b cng ging nh ci t bng giao din.u tin bn b a CD vo a (v tt nhin l phi c cng cn trng).Khi bn cho boot t a CD, bn nhp vo dng linux text.Hnh 2.1 Kim tra a CD Bn c th b qua bc ny bng cch nhn vo Skip. Cn nu bn mun test aCD th bn nhn vo OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 26

27. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.2 Giao din cho mngBm OK tip tc. Hnh 2.3 Chn ngn ng ci t y nhm chn ngn ng l English.Nhn OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 27

28. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.4 Chn ngn ng cho bn phmBm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.5 Chn loi chut ang s dngSau khi chn xong loi chut ca mnh th nhn OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 28

29. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.6 : Chn loi mn hnh ang s dngBm OK chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh monitorNn chn Default cho h thng t cu hnh.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 29

30. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.8 Chn loi cu hnh HDH ci vo mySau khi chn xong th bm OK.Hnh 2.9 : Chn cch phn vng cngDisk Partitioning Setup: Nu chn Autopartition: h thng s t ng chia tm phn vng cn trng v chia phn vng cn thit cho bn.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 30

31. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxDisk Druid: Bn chn ch t chia phn vng bng tay.Back: Tr li bc trc.Hnh 2.10 cnh bo s xa ht d liu Bm Yes chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.11 Phn vng cn trng. y vng cn trng 8192Mb. Bm New to phn vng Root.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 31

32. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.12 To phn vng rootSau khi to xong phn vng Root dng lu tr h iu hnh. Bn tin hnh to phn vng Swap. Hnh 2.13 To phn vng swap Sau khi phn vng xong bn nhn OK.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 32

33. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.14 Sau khi to phn vng xongSau khi phn vng xong. Nhn OK chuyn sang bc k tip. Hnh 2.15 : Chn cu hnh boot loaderChn loi Boot Loader:Use GRUB Boot Loader: C s dng Boot Loader GRUB.No Boot Loader: Khng s dng Boot Loader.Nu bn ci 2 h iu hnh tr ln th nn s dng GRUB Boot loader.Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 33

34. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.16 : Cu hnh boot loaderBm OK qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.16 : t password cho boot loaderNu bn khng cn t Password cho Boot Loader th c th nhn OK tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 34

35. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.17 Hon thnh cu hnh boot loaderQu trnh cu hnh Boot Loader hon thnh. Nu bn mun sa li file Boot Loader th c th nhn Edit. Nu khng th nhn Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.18 Chn ni ci boot loaderBn nn chn ni lu tr Boot loader ti Master Boot Record.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 35

36. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Ok qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh networkSau khi t xong a ch IP v Netmask (Mask Address). Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.20 t a ch DNSKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 36

37. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu bn khng kt ni Internet c th b qua bc ny.Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.21 t tn myBc ny cho php bn t tn cho my hoc c th b qua bng cch chn automatically via DHCP.Bm Ok qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.22 Cu hnh firewallKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 37

38. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBn c th cu hnh cho h thng trnh s xm phm t bn ngoi.Hoc cng c th khng cn firewall nu nh bn khng ni mng internet.Nu chn Enable firewall th bn c th cu hnh cho firewall bng cch nhn vo Customize. Hnh 2.23 Cu hnh firewallSau khi cu hnh xong nhn OK.Cn nu bn chn no firewall th h thng s cnh bo bn.Hnh 2.24 Cnh bo khng firewallKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 38

39. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu chp nhn nhn Proceed.Chuyn qua bc tip theo. Hnh 2.25 Chn ngn ng h thngBc ny cho php bn chn ngn ng cho h diu hnh Linux. Mc nh l English (USA).Nhn Ok tip tc.Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi cho my. Mc nh l America/New_York.Bm Ok chuyn qua k tip.Hnh 2.26 t pass cho rootKhi t password th 2 password phi ging nhau.Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 39

40. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.27 Chn gi phn mm ci t Bn c th chn cc gi phn mm ci t. nu mun s dng gioa din ha gi X Window System.Sau khi chn xong nhn OK chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.28 Bt u ci tNhn Ok chuyn qua bc ci t.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 40

41. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.29 S a ci tBm Continue chuyn qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.30 Qa trnh ci tSau khi qu trnh ci t hon thnh.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 41

42. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.31 To a boot khi ngNu mun to a boot th nhn Yes (dng boot vo h iu hnh bng a ny).Nu khng th nhn No. Hnh 2.32 Khi ng li myNhn Enter Reboot li h thng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 42

43. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.33 Giao din cho mng ca linuxBm Next chuyn qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.34 Licens ca linuxChn Yes v bm Next tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 43

44. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh2.35 Chnh gi h thngSau khi tinh chnh xong li ngy gi h thng. Nhn Next tip tc. Hnh 2.36 To username h thngSau khi t xong user name v password, nhn Next tip tc.Hnh 2.37 Cu hnh card soundKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 44

45. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu nh bn c nghe m thanh pht ra th nhn Next. Hnh 2.38 Ci thm phn mmNu bn mun ci thm bt c mt gi phn mm no t CD th nhn vo Install.Bm Next qua bc k tip.Hnh 2.39 Ci t hon thnhKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 45

46. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBm Next hon thnh. Hnh 2.40 ng nhp vo h thngSau khi nhp xong user name nhn Enter.Hnh 2.41 : Nhp passwordKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 46

47. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxSau khi nhp xong username v password. H thng s c ng nhp vi giao din. Hinh 2.42 ng nhp thnh cng 2.3.2.2. Ci t bng giao din (phin bn Fedora Core 4)u tin khi Boot t CD v bn cho a CD 1 vo .Giao din xut hin. Hnh 2.43 Giao din linux khi bootKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 47

48. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBn s c nhng ty chn sau: Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din ha (graphical mode). Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din s dng dng lnh (text mode).V s c nhng ch sau: F1: vo giao din chnh. ( nh hnh trn) F2: s dng nhng ty chn ca Linux. tt (disable) thit b phn cng: g lnh linux noprobe -> nhnEnter. kim tra cc thit b ang s dng : g lnh linux mediecheck ->Enter. sa li cho linux (rescuse mode) : g lnh linux rescuse -> Enter.(Nhn F5 c thm hng dn v ch rescuse). Nu bn c 1 a driver : g lnh linuxdd ->Enter nhc nh cho phng thc ci t s dng trn CD-ROM : g lnhlinux askmethod -> Enter. Nu bn c a cp nht h iu hnh (update) : g lnh linuxupdates -> Enter. kim tra b nh trong h thng : g lnh memtest86 ->Enter.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 48

49. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.44 Mt vi chc nng khi ci t F3: Hng dn chung. Hnh 2.45 Gii thiu chung F4: Gip chung cho ch Boot.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 49

50. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.46 Ch dn mt s dng lnh F5: Hng dn ch rescuse.Hnh 2.47 Cu cha HDHThng thng ci mi th tt nht l bn s dng giao din ha. mn hnh chnh bn nhn Enter.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 50

51. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.48 Qu trnh kim tra phn cngChng trnh s tin hnh kim tra mt s phn cng ca my tnh.Sau khi kim tra xong th giao din ci t nh sau:Hnh 2.49 Kim tra CDCho php bn nhn Ok kim tra li a CD dng ci t hoc b qua bcny nhn Skip.Nu nhn Ok th chng trnh bt u qu trnh kim tra a.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 51

52. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux y ti chn Skip b qua qu trnh kim tra a.Nhn test kim tra a hin ti ang c trong a hoc ly a ra.Hnh 2.50 : Xc nhn CDNhn test th qu trnh kim tra bt u.Hnh 2.51 Qu trnh kim tra aKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 52

53. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.52 : Qu trnh kim tra a hon ttQu trnh kim tra a 1 hon thnh v nhn ok tin hnh tin hnh kim tra cc a cn li. Hnh 2.53 : Kim tra a k tipSau khi kim tra xong 4 CD th chng trnh bt u ci t.Giao din ci t nh sau.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 53

54. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.54 Giao din cho mng ca linuxBm next qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.55 Chn ngn ng ci tChn ngn ng s dng trong sut qu trinh ci t. y mc nh l English.Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 54

55. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hnh 2.56 : Chn ngn ng bn phmChn ngn ng ca keybroad.Mc nh l U.S, English.Bm NextHnh 2.57 : Chn cu hnh cho h thngCho php bn chn cc ch ci t.Personal : ch ny dng cho cc my tnh cc nhn hoc laptops.Workstation : ch ny ci t thm mi trng pht trin thm cc ng dng v system administrator.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 55

56. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxServer : ch ny cho php bn s dng ci t file sharing, print sharing v dch v web.Custom : cho php bn ty chn cc package hoc cc phn mm i km theo. y ti chn Custom v nhn next. Hnh 2.58 : Chn ch phn vngAutomaticcally partition : chng trnh s t ng d tm phn vng cn trng v chia a theo yu cu ca h thng. Khi chn ch ny, cng ca bn s c hi l c mun xa ht khng nu nh cng khng cn ch trng.Manually partition with Disk Druid : cho php bn t chia a vi cng c Disk Druid c sn trong linux.Ch Manually partition with Disk Druid.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 56

57. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.59 : C mun xa phn vng khng bc ny chng trnh s hi bn c mun xa ht d liu c trong cng khng.Nu c : bm Yes.Nu khng : bm No.Hnh 2.60 : Li thit b khi ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 57

58. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu nh cng ca bn khng c phn vng cn trng th s bo li khng th tm thy thit b no to file h thng.Ngc li nu nh c phn vng trng th s qua bc k tip. Hnh 2.61 : Phn vng trng bc ny, nu nh phn vng ca bn cha nh dng th bm chn phn vng cn trng, bm New . Hnh 2.62 : Chn phn vng swapKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 58

59. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux khung File System Type, bm s xung v chn Swap. khung Size, mc nh l 100Mb, nhng tt nht l bn chn 510 Mb (theo kinhnghim ci t ca c nhm).Ri bm OK. Hnh 2.63 : Chia phn vng ci t phn vng cn li, bn click chut vo v chn Edit.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 59

60. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.64 : Qu trnh chia phn vng khung Mount Point, bm s xung v chn du / lm th mc gc v ci t ln .Bm OK.Hnh 2.65 : Cu hnh boot loaderKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 60

61. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBn c th check vo Configure advance boot loader options boot t 2 hiu hnh tr ln (nu my ca bn ci thm h iu hnh khc).Bm Next. Hnh 2.66 : Cu hnh DHCPCho php bn cu hnh DHCP.Bm Next. Hnh 2.67 : Cu hnh firewallCho php bn bt ch Firewall hay khng. Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 61

62. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu bn khng chn chc nng Firewall th chng trnh s hi bn c chc chn khng. Hoc l mun cu hnh li. Hnh 2.68 : Cnh bo khng firewallNu chc chn, bm Proceed. Hnh 2.69 : Chn vng cho ngy giBc ny cho php bn chn mi gi ca mnh.Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 62

63. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.70 : t pass cho rootBc ny yu cu bn t Password cho Root (tng ng vi Adminitrator trong Windows). V y l bc bt buc.Sau khi t xong, bm Next. Hinh 2.71 : Chn cc gi phn mm ngun ci tBc ny cho php bn chn la cc gi phn mm ci t km theo. Nhng check mt nh th nn gi li.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 63

64. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBn cng c th bm vo Details cui chn la chi tit hn. Hnh 2.72 : Chi tit ci tHoc bn cng c th chn ci Everything hoc Minimal.Hnh 2.73 : Dung lng a sau khi chn gi ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 64

65. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V nh l phi xem dung lng sau khi chn c ph hp vi dung lng cng ca mnh hay khng.Bm Next. Hnh 2.74 : Chun b ciBy gi bn c th click Next thc hin qu trnh ci t. Hnh 2.75: Xc nhn ciH thng s yu cu bn xc nhn mt ln na l c 4CD ci cha (v y l ci Fedora Core 4).Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 65

66. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxNu y th bm Continue.Qu trnh ci t bt u. Hnh 2.76: Qu trnh ci t bt uHnh 2.77: Qu trnh cn 20 phtSau khi a 1 ci xong, chng trnh s yu cu a th 2, 3 v a th 4.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 66

67. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxSau khi ci t thnh cng h thng s yu cu bn reboot li thay i cc cu hnh. Hnh 2.78 Ci t hon thnhH thng yu cu khi ng li.Bm Reboot.Qu trnh khi ng.Hnh 2.79: ng nhp h thngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 67

68. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linuxang khi ng vo h thng.y l ln u tin bn khi ng vo h iu hnh Linux.Giao din cho mng.Hnh 2.80: Giao din cho mngBm Next. Hnh 2.81 License ca chng trnhy l Lisence ca h iu hnh m ngun m Linux.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 68

69. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxChn Yes, I agre to the License Agreement.Bm Next. Hnh 2.82 iu chnh gi h thngBc ny cho php bn iu chnh li ngy gi h thng.Bm Next. Hnh 2.83 iu chnh phn gii ca h thngBc ny cho php bn chn phn gii ca mn hnh. Mc nh l 800x600.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 69

70. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxBm Next.Hnh 2.84: TXo User miBc ny cho php bn to 1 User mi khng c quyn Adminitrative (Root).Nu bn khng mun to thm bt k User no v ch s dng User Root th bm next.H thng s cnh bo bn.Hnh 2.85: Cnh bXo to UserKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 70

71. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxV nu bn ng th bm Cotinue ngc li bm Create account.Hnh 2.86: Kim traX sound cardBc ny kim tra li Sound card ca bn. kim tra bm Play test sound. Hnh 2.87 Xc nhn m thanhNu c nghe m thanh th bm Yes (d nhin l bn phi c gn thit b nghe nh Loa hoc Headphone).Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 71

72. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.88: Ci t thm gi phn mm t CDBc ny cho php bn ci t thm mt s phn mm t CD.Nu khng cn thit bm Next. Hnh 2.89: Qu trnh cu hnh hon thnhH thng ca bn c ci t xong. Bm Next tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 72

73. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.90: Nhp User v pass ng nhpYu cu nhp tn User ang nhp h thng. y user ca ti l Root v password l 123456. Hnh 2.91 ng nhp vo Linuxy l qu trnh nhn cc thit b.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2Trang 73

74. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 2.92 Giao din chnh ca LinuxQu trnh ci t hon thnh. y l giao din chnh ca h iu hnh Linux. 2.4.Phn vng a cng2.4.1. Gii thiuVi s hinh thanh va phat trin cua h iu hanh Linux, gi y chung ta co rt nhiu cach trong vic chon la cac h thng file (file system) cho tng loai ng dung. Trong bai vit nay ti mun gii thiu cac h thng file tin tin c s dung trong Linux nh EXT2, EXT3, VFAT Reiserfs, XFS, va JFS co tinh tin cy cao va co kha nng ghi nh qua trinh thao tac trn d liu (journaling).Chung ta hay tim hiu s lc v cach lam vic ca cac h thng file2.4.2. nh dng file h thng EXT22.4.2.1. Gii thiuGii thiu h thng file ext2 c gii thiu vo u nm 1993 v c thit k ring cho Linux. N c nhiu tnh nng tng cng khc phc cc hn ch ca cc h thng file khc. Tnh nng Minix EXTEXT 2Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 74

75. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Kch thc h thng 64 MB2 GB 4 TB file ln nht Kch thc file ln 64 MB2 GB 2 GB nht Chiu di ti a tn 30 k t255 k 255k file t t Kch thc block tu Khng KhngC bin 2.4.2.2. Qun tr h thng file EXT2Filesystem caching : Nhm tng hiu sut ca ton h thng file ext2, cache c dng lu gi cc d liu c dng thng xuyn. Thng tin ca filesystem c cache trong b nh, i khi c tham kho ti nh l mt b m a, bi v vic truy cp vo b nh th nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc a vt l. C hai qu trnh c v ghi u c cache d liu trn RAM. H thng buffers a cng ln th filesystem p ng cng nhanh cho cc thao tc c ghi. Do RAM l b nh tm thi, buffer s c ghi vo a khi my hot ng, hay khi filesystem c unmount.Lnh sync c th dng p kernel ghi tt c cc buffers vo cc file trn a. Lnh ny c th s dng khng cn tham s.V d: Vi l do ny c th gii thch v sao khi chp file vo a mm ta thy h thng chy rt nhanh tuy nhin lc ny thc s file cha c ghi vo a mm. nu th bn s thy khong 5 giy sau n mm mi bt u sng. Nu trc ta c tng l chp xong file m rt a mm ra th s khng c file no c ghi vo a c. 2.4.2.3. S phn mnh ca h thng fileKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 75

76. ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxH thng ext2 c thit k nhm hn ch ti thiu s phn mnh nn ta khng cn phi defragment h thng file ext2.Nguyn nhn gy ra s phn mnh ca file system l vic ghi file nhiu ln trn a. Trong cc file lm b nh m rng ca h thng trn a l c nguy c bphn mnh nhiu nht.i vi cc h iu hnh v MS Windows, h thng b nh m rng ny nm trn cng mt partition chnh ca h thng thng qua file pagefile.sys cn trong Linux th h thng b nh m rng ny c cho ra mt partition ring nn hn ch rt nhiu s phn mnh.2.4.2.4. nh dng file h thng EXT3c xy dng da trn c s cua h thng file chun ext2 ma Linux ang s dung, ext3 a vao thm chc nng mi v cung quan trong, journaling file system, giup thao tac d liu an toan hn. Ext3 con s dung c ch JBD (Journaling Block Device) bao v thng tin thao tac trn d liu, c anh gia la tin cy hn so vi cac h thng chi thc hin journaling trn chi muc d liu (journaling of meta-data only) nh Reiserfs, XFS hay JFS. Vi cach bao v hai ln nh vy thi hiu sut ghi d liu co phn nao chm hn ext2; nhng trong mt vai trng hp, nh thng tin trong journal log ma u t cng di chuyn hp ly hn, nn tc thao tac d liu nhanh hn.i vi nhng ng dung u tin cho tin cy cua d liu hn la tc ghi n thun thi ext3 la la chon thich hp. Ngoai ra, ext3 con cho phep cai thin tc thao tac trn d liu bng cach thit lp thng s cho h thng chi thc hin journaling i vi thao tac trn d liu (mode: data=writeback va data = ordered).Vi mode data=writeback, qua trinh khi ng nhanh, d liu c ghi vao ia ngay sau khi a ghi xong thng tin trong journal log (write back), vi mode nay i khi cung xay ra tinh trang h d liu nu s c xay ra ngay sau khi ghi journal log maKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 76

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