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VECTOR BORNE DISEASESVECTOR BORNE DISEASESIN PAKISTANIN PAKISTAN
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DISEASE VECTORS IN PAKISTANDISEASE VECTORS IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan being a sub-tropical country has a richfauna of disease vectors including mosquitoes,sandflies, houseflies, biting midges, and other
dipterous flies.
In addition there are soft ticks, hard ticks, lice, mites,fleas, cockroaches, bed bugs which, account for number of vector born diseases includingarboviruses.
Research on vector borne diseases is sketchy acceptfor few. Major vector borne diseases in the countryinclude malaria, leishmaniasis.
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MAJOR VECTOR BORNEMAJOR VECTOR BORNE
DISEASESDISEASES
MALARIA Malaria is by far the major vector borne diseases in the
country.
Malaria in Pakistan is typically unstable.
Both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivaxare
widely distributed in Pakistan.
Major transmission period is post monsoon i.e. from Julythrough November.
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Mosquito Species and MalariaMosquito Species and Malaria
Vectors in PakistanVectors in Pakistan
There are over 22 anopheline species and sub-species so far recorded from Pakistan
Anopheles culicifacies and An. Stephensiare theprimary malaria vectors
Anopheles culicifacies is considered to be the most
important vector in the rural areas and Anophelesstephensi) in the urban areas.
Both species are endophilic and chiefly zoophilic
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LESIHANIASISLESIHANIASIS Leishmaniasis is the second major vector borne
disease
Prevalence of leishmaniasis is diffuse & wide spread
Three types of leishmaniasis are encountered
- ZCL
found in the southwestern region
- ACL is seen in diffused foci in central region
- VL is endemic in the Northeastern Region
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Major epidemics of leishmaniasis inMajor epidemics of leishmaniasis in
PakistanPakistan
Year City Province No. of cases
1935 Quetta Baluchistan Un-known
1971-72 Multan Punjab 2,500
1974 Army Personnel
(ZCL)
Baluchistan 892
1975 Army Personnel
(ZCL)
Baluchistan 502
1977-81 Uthal (ZCL) Baluchistan 700
2001 Kurrum Agency
(ACL)
NWFP (FATA) 1200
2001 Larkana, Dadu
(ZCL)
Sindh 11,700
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SANDFLY FAUNA OF PAKISTANSANDFLY FAUNA OF PAKISTAN
Sub genus
Phlebotomus
Paraphlebotomus
Larroussius
Adlerius
Euphlebotomus
Anaphlebotomus
Species
papatasi
alexandri: nuri: sergenti
kandelakii burneyi, keshishiani;major
salangensis, hindustanicus
argentipes
colabaensis
In addition 10 species of
Sergentomyia reported.
(Munir et al 1987, 1994)
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VECTORS OF LEISHM
ANIASISVECTORS OF LEISHM
ANIASIS
ZCL: P.papatasi, P. salehi
ACL: P.sergenti
VL: P. hindustanicus (AJK)
P. Keshishiani (Northern Areas)
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CCHF IN PAKISTANCCHF IN PAKISTAN
CCHF is and endemic tick-borne viral
disease.
Geographical distribution includes the cold,
arid regions of Pakistan.
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Vectors of CCHFVectors of CCHF Ticks belonging to the Genus Haemaphysalis
and Hyalomma were the dominant species
collected from domestic animals during CCHFout-breaks in Baluchistan, but virus could not be
isolated.
Further studies are required to study tick faunaand isolation of virus from the ticks to identify
vector species.
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Major Outbreaks of CCHF inMajor Outbreaks of CCHF in
Pakistan from 1976Pakistan from 1976--20002000
Rawalpindi-1976
Quetta-1978
Quetta-1987
Sibi-1994
Kohlu-1995
Kohlu-1998
Peshawar-1998
Sibi&Quetta-2000
LakkiM
arwat-2000
Peshawar-2000
Loralai&Quetta-2000
Karachi-2000
Area
0
10
20
30
40No. of Cases No. of Deaths
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DENGUE HAEMORRHAGICDENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC
FEVERFEVER DHF first reported in Pakistan in 1994 from
Karachi
Thousands of adults were affected.
In 1995 another 1800 cases of PUO reported
from, Hub district, Lesbella, Baluchistan, 40
Kilometres from Karachi Dengue type-II Confirmed on serology
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VECTORS OF DENGUEVECTORS OF DENGUE No information is available on the vectors of Dengue
from Pakistan.
The species recorded from NWFP Pakistan listfollowing species of aedes mosquitoes:
Aedes albopictus,Aedes albolateralis,Aedes vittatusandAedes pseudotaeniatus.
Another survey of mosquitoes in Karachi in 1983
showed the abundance ofAedes aegypti
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SCRUB TYPHUSSCRUB TYPHUS First out-break reported in Pakistan in 1961
in Sialkot and then in 1967 from Kaghan
Valley, Gilgit, Multan and Lahore.
The vector species reported was Trombicula
delinese.
No recent studies.
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INSECTICIDES IN USEINSECTICIDES IN USEINDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING
Organochlorines
DDT: 1963-79
BHC: 1972-1983
Organophosphate
Malathion: 1984-97
Pyrethroids
Deltamethrin: 1998 till date
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Larvicides
Following larvicides belonging to
Organophosphates are in use since 1995Temephos 500-E
Fenthion
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ITN Study in Four VillagesITN Study in Four Villages
of Sindof Sind
Odds Ratio (O.R.) - protective effect of bednet useagainst falciparum malaria
- In children below 5 yrs ____ 0.22 (0.05 - 0.9)(significance level 0.016)
- In patients above 5 yrs ____ 0.46 (0.2 - 1.07)
(significance level 0.072) -- not significant
- In all age groups _________ 0.36 (0.17 - 0.73)
(significance level 0.003)
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Prevalence ofPrevalence ofFalciparum MalariaFalciparum Malaria inin
different age groupsdifferent age groups
in ITN Intervention and Control Groupsin ITN Intervention and Control Groups
1.6
2.3 2.1
7.1
4.4
5.6
below 5 years above 5 years TOTAL
0
2
4
6
8
%fa
lciparum
cas
es
intervention control
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RESISTANCE STATUS OFRESISTANCE STATUS OF
MALARIA VECTORS
MALARIA VECTORS
Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles
stephensi are resistant to Organochlorines
(DDT and Dieldrin/BHC)
Anopheles stephensi resistant to
Organophosphate (Malathion)
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU