EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
IIEARLY
MODERNISM
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Before modern architecture came in to being the
styles that were popular in the 19th century were the
traditional neoclassical architecture in Italy and Beaux-
Arts styles in Paris.
Modern architecture is a term applied to a group of
styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of
the 20th century and became dominant after World War
II.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
It was based upon new technologies of construction,
particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced
concrete.
It was dominant architectural style for institutional and
corporate buildings until 1980s, when it was challenged
by Postmodernism, and then by Neo-modernism and other
schools which gradually supplanted it.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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It was manifested as a series of innovative cultural
movements in the following fields :
Applied arts ,literature, arts, architecture etc.
It was suddenly realized that way to future was not
through past.
Architecture was expressing a command to adapt to the
machine age
MODERNISM CHAMPION HAD THE FOLLOWING IDEAS IN
THEIR MIND :
Mechanization
Adulation of the machine
Standardization
Mass production
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Notable architects important to the history and
development of the modernist movement
included Frank Lloyd Wright,
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,
Le Corbusier,
Walter Gropius,
Konstantin Melnikov,
Erich Mendelsohn,
Joseph Eichler,
Richard Neutra,
Louis Sullivan,
Gerrit Rietveld,
Bruno Taut,
Gunnar Asplund,
Arne Jacobsen,
Oscar Niemeyer
Alvar Aalto.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Evolution of Modern Architecture
• Radical shift in art, literature and philosophy.
• It rejected and challenged anything traditional.
• Searched for new ways to communicate about the
modern world.
• History came to an end.
• Many modernists believed art had replaced
religion as the guiding force to make sense of the
world & others felt that artists must reject the past
and create one’s own sense of logics.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
INFLUENCES
One can apply the label “early modern” to the
following avant-garde movements: Bauhaus,
Constructivism, Dada, De Stijl, Expressionism, Futurism
etc
Members of these groups traveled throughout Europe
and influenced each other.
Many taught at the Bauhaus.
The common thread between all of these movements
was experimentation, dissatisfaction with the past, a
need for radical change in society.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
AVANT-GARDE
The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or
"vanguard", literally "fore-guard")are people or
works that are experimental, radical, or
unorthodox, with respect to art, culture,
and society.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic
innovation and initial unacceptability, and it may
offer a critique of the relationship between
producer and consumer.
The avant-garde is considered by some to be a
hallmark of modernism, as distinct
from postmodernism.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
AVANT GARDE MOVEMENT
CUBISM
PURISM
DADA
EXPRESSIONISM
FUTURISM
DE- STIJLE
FRANCE
HOLLANDSignificant and strong effect on architecture
Inspired the architects to explore the domain of abstract
Evolution of architecture of early 20th century
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
CUBISM (1908-1914)
first abstract art style
multiple view points
angular planes and facets
overlapping and interpenetrating surfaces
CHARACTERISTICS
The style emphasized
the flat surfaces
rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective
foreshortening and modeling
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Pioneers
PICASSO and BRAQUE invented cubism.
Picasso (1881-1973)was a Spanish painter and
sculptor.
He took sculpture approach which lead to creation of
cubism.
Braque (1882-1963) was a French painter.
He saw solid reality of objects.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II Girl with a Mandolin, oil oncanvas, 100.3 x 73.6 cm,Museum of Modern Art NewYork
Le Grand Nu, oil on canvas,140 × 100 cm, Musée Nationald'Art Moderne, CentrePompidou, Paris
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
FUTURISM (1909-1914)
• Began in Italy in 1909.
• INSPIRED BY :- the speed, technology, cities and
latent violence of the world around them.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Futurist artwork used TYPOGRAPHY AND WRITING as
its own expressive means.
• Futurist use different styles, sizes, weights and
colors around the page.
• They gloried in the beauty of letterforms as a work
of visual art.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Dynamic Hieroglyphicof the Bal Tabarin,Museum of Modern Art,New York
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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PURISM(1918-1925)
• Purism was another movement interested in a kind
of utopian vision of art and the modern world Purism
was comprised of only two artists:
•AMÉDÊE OZENFANT and
• LE CORBUSIER.
•Moreover, they believed that fantasy and
individuality had no place in modern art .
• The machine became the artist’s reference, the
exemplary symbol of their age Architectonic form
most defines their paintings.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Le Corbusier ,1920, Nature morte (StillLife), oil on canvas, 80.9 cm × 99.7 cm(31.9 in × 39.3 in), Museum of ModernArt, New York
Portrait by Le Corbusier
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
DADA (1916-1920)
Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the
European avant-garde in the early 20th century.
Its activities included public gatherings,
demonstrations, and publication of art/literary
journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and
culture were topics often discussed in a variety of
media.
It was an informal international movement, with
participants in Europe and North America. The
beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World
War I.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
CHARACTERISTICS
Dada had only one rule: Never follow any known rule.
It was intended to provoke an emotional reaction from
the viewer (typically shock or outrage).
Abstraction and Expressionism had main influence on
Dada.
The movement primarily involved :
- visual arts
- literature—poetry
- art manifestoes
- art theory—theatre, and graphic design
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Cover of the first editionof thepublication Dada by Tristan Tzara; Zürich, 1917
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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De Stijl (1917-1931) - HOLLAND
De Stijl, a Dutch term meaning “the style” Also
known as Neoplasticism
An artistic movement founded in 1917, shortly
before the Bauhaus movement, by a group of
several Dutch artists.
Sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual
harmony and order.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
They advocated pure abstraction and
universality by a reduction to the essentials of
form and color
They simplified visual compositions to the
vertical and horizontal directions, and used only
primary colors along with black and white.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Aubette is a historicalbuilding on PlaceKléber in Strasbourg, France. It was built by Jacques-François Blondel in 1765–1772
The Rietveld SchröderHouse (also known asthe Schröder House)in Utrecht was built in 1924by Dutch architect GerritRietveld for Mrs. TruusSchröder-Schräder and herthree children.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Architectural Philosophies
Desert Modernism
Internationalism
Formalism
Minimalism
Bauhaus Movement
Organic Modernism
Structuralism
Functionalism
Constructivism
Brutalism
Expressionism
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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BAUHAUS MOVEMENT
It started in Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius.
It means house for a building
It rejected elements like cornices, eaves and
decorated details.
Building had cubical shaped flat roofs
The facades were smooth.
Floors were open and furniture was functional.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Aim of teaching at Bauhaus was to bring modern
art and architecture which embraced every aspect
of life.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II Seagram Building, NewYork, Mein Van and PhilipJohnson
Gropius House at Lincoln, Massachusetts
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
It was a modernist movement, initially
in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at
the beginning of the 20th century.
The artists sought to express the meaning of
emotional experience rather than physical reality.
Expressionism
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Characteristics
Distortion of form for an emotional effect.
Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic
expression of inner experience.
An underlying effort at achieving the new,
original, and visionary.
Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as
caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock
formations.
Uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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The Sydney Opera House
Einstein
Tower in Potsdam near
Berlin, 1919-22
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Organic Architecture
Organic architecture is
a philosophy of architecture which promotes
harmony between human habitation and the natural
world.
TWA AIRPORT ,NEW
YORK,EERO
SAARINEN,1962
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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FEATURES -Not linear nor rigid geometric forms.
Natural forms created wavy lines and curve shapes.
Forms play a defining role in expressionist
architecture.
Structures are harmonized with nature.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Functionalism
Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that
architects should design a building based on the
purpose of that building.
German school of design Bauhaus was the primary
force in developing functionalism
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II Villa garches, paris, le corbusier.1959
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II Yale center for British art, new haven, louis kahn,1974
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
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Features –utilitarian and interior program determine
the outer form.
Does not influence from tradition symmetry
decoration.
Purpose of the building function activates materials
are related.
It proposed designs without ornamentation and
attribute to pragmatism.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Internationalism
Approach to functionalism, modern aesthetics and
minimalism brought international style.
Features –steel glass are used in building making
them glazy and flashy.
Space enclosed by thin plane rather than mass and
solidity.
Regularity as opposed to symmetry.
Pure geometrical cube forms.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Glass house ,new
canaan,phlipjohnson,1949
Lever house ,New
York, skidmore,
owingd,merril 1952
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
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Brutalism
Rugged reinforced concrete construction led to
the term brutalism.
It flourished from 1950 to 1970
Features –massive sculptural and repetitive
pattern.
Exposed steel /concrete surface.
Rough unfinished surface.
Precast concrete elements.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Brutalism
Rugged reinforced concrete construction led to
the term brutalism.
It flourished from 1950 to 1970
Features –massive sculptural and repetitive
pattern.
Exposed steel /concrete surface.
Rough unfinished surface.
Precast concrete elements.
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Minimalism
It is a trend in design and architecture toward
simplicity clean surfaces reduction minimizing
elements to line and planes
Term less is more by meis van advocate this style
Features –emphasis on outline frame of the structure
Building contain only the essential elements
Internal walls are eliminated
Use of lighting to effect the line and planes
Space around the structure are part of the design
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Minimalism
It is a trend in design and architecture toward
simplicity clean surfaces reduction minimizing
elements to line and planes
Term less is more by meis van advocate this style
Features –emphasis on outline frame of the structure
Building contain only the essential elements
Internal walls are eliminated
Use of lighting to effect the line and planes
Space around the structure are part of the design
Home and studio of luis barragan,maxico,1947
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
Desert modernism
Mid 20thcentury modernism adopted to warm
climate led to the desert modernism international
style was varied and adopted to the region by
expensive glass and streamlined styling
Features –linear and rectangular forms
Open floor plans
Expensive glass wall roofline and window overhangs
Landscaping with raw desert elements and cactus
plants
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
IIKauffman house in palm spring California 1946,richard neutr
EARLY MODERNISM
Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017
LECTURE
II
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS :
LE CORBUSIER
-MIES VAN DER ROHE
WALTER GROPIUS
BUILDINGS:
VILLA SAVOYE by Le Corbusier
BARCELONA PAVILION at the1929 Barcelona
International Exposition by Mies Van Der Rohe
Bauhaus by Walter Gropius
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