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CHAPTER – 5
RESEARCH DATA & INFERENCES
FROM VILLAGE RAMESHWAR
“In primary school, creativity is the focus, in the secondary school, preparing
the students for selecting their future courses is the aim and in college and
university education generating researchers and professional entrepreneurs is
important. … and ….. our education system should re-align itself at the earliest
to meet the needs of present day challenges and be fully geared to participate in
societal transformation – leading to economic growth.”
- Dr. Abdul Kalam, Former President of India
SYNOPSIS:
This chapter is on Data Analysis of questionnaire. It consists of Introduction,
objectives, definition of data analysis and Mean, Median Mode, Variation,
Standard Deviation with their formulas. Further it consists of various charts
such as Pie, Bar, Column, Area, Doughnut, Radar and line graphs along with
the tables of the Rameshwar village. At the end it consists of summary,
conclusion, way forward & bibliography.
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and
modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting
conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets
and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in
different business, science, and social science domains.1
Analysis - major objectives
1. Evaluate and enhance data quality
2. Describe the study population and its relationship to some presumed
source (accounts for all in-scope potential subjects; compare the
available study population with the target population)
3. Assess potential for bias (e.g., no response, refusal, and attrition,
comparison groups)
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4. Estimate measures of frequency and extent (prevalence, incidence,
means, and medians)
5. Estimate measures of strength of association or effect
6. Assess the degree of uncertainty from random noise (“chance”)
7. Control and examine effects of other relevant factors
8. Seek further insight into the relationships observed or not observed
9. Evaluate impact or importance
5.2 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
After understanding the techniques of collecting and representing data we
found that our sample data have the following requisites of Good Measure of
Central Tendency:
1. The variable id rigidly defined.
2. It is easy to understand and simple to compute.
3. It is based on our observation.
4. It is suitable for further mathematical treatment.
5. It is stable as regards the fluctuations of sampling and is less affected by the
extreme observations.
Photo – P. 5.1: Transforming educational system from traditional
learning to m- learning will change the lives of the children of
Rameshwar village, Latur District
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The measures are:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. Variance
5. Standard Deviation
1. Mean
The arithmetic mean is the "standard" average, often simply called the
"mean". 13
Where ΣX is the sum of all the population observations, N is the number
of population observations, Σx is the sum of all the sample observations,
and n is the number of sample observations[b].
The mean may often be confused with the median, mode or range. The
mean is the arithmetic average of a set of values, or distribution; however,
for skewed distributions, the mean is not necessarily the same as the middle
value (median), or the most likely (mode). For example, mean income is
skewed upwards by a small number of people with very large incomes, so
that the majority have an income lower than the mean. By contrast, the
median income is the level at which half the population is below and half is
above. The mode income is the most likely income, and favors the larger
number of people with lower incomes.2 The median or mode is often more
intuitive measures of such data[b].
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2. Median
In probability theory and statistics, a median is described as the numeric
value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability
distribution, from the lower half. The median of a finite list of numbers can be
found by arranging all the observations from lowest value to highest value and
picking the middle one.13
If there is an even number of observations, then there
is no single middle value, so one often takes the mean of the two middle
values.
In a sample of data, or a finite population, there may be no member of
the sample whose value is identical to the median (in the case of an even
sample size) and, if there is such a member, there may be more than one
so that the median may not uniquely identify a sample member.
Nonetheless the value of the median is uniquely determined with the
usual definition[b].
3. Mode
In statistics, the mode is the value that occurs the most frequently in a
data set or a probability distribution. In some fields, notably education,
sample data are often called scores, and the sample mode is known as
the modal score. 3
Like the statistical mean and the median, the mode is a way of capturing
important information about a random variable or a population in a
single quantity. The mode is in general different from the mean and
median, and may be very different for strongly skewed distributions.
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The mode is not necessarily unique, since the same maximum frequency
may be attained at different values. The most ambiguous case occurs in
uniform distributions, wherein all values are equally likely.
4. Variance
Where σ2 is the population variance, μ is the population mean, Xi is the
ith element from the population, and N is the number of elements in the
population.
In probability theory and statistics, the variance of a random variable or
distribution is the expected, or mean, value of the square of the deviation
of that variable from its expected value or mean.4
Thus the variance is a
measure of the amount of variation within the values of that variable,
taking account of all possible values and their probabilities or
weightings (not just the extremes which give the range).
6. Standard Deviation
Where σ is the population standard deviation, σ2 is the population
variance, μ is the population mean, Xi is the ith element from the
population, and N is the number of elements in the population.
In probability theory and statistics, the standard deviation of a
statistical population, a data set, or a probability distribution is the
square root of its variance. Standard deviation is a widely used measure
of the variability or dispersion, being algebraically more tractable
though practically less robust than the expected deviation or average
absolute deviation.
σ = sqrt [ σ2 ] = sqrt [ Σ ( Xi - μ )
2 / N ]
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It shows how much variation there is from the "average" (mean). A low
standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to
the mean, whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data are
spread out over a large range of values[b].
Data Analysis is done in:
1. Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)
2. Microsoft Office Excel 2007
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5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF VILLAGERS – RAMESHWAR
VILLAGE, LATUR(Tq), LATUR(Dt), MARATHWADA(R) -
MAHARASHTRA
1. Male/Female(Please Tick)
Chart – C. 5.1 : Shows Male & Female ratio in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Table - T. 5.1 : Shows Male & Female ratio in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The Sample size taken is 50 out of total population 1996.The Pie chart
shows the percentage of male & female ratio in Rameshwar Village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),Marathwada(R).
Gender Percentage
Male 62
Female 38
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34%
12%32%
8%14%
Age in years
Less than 25
Between 25 to 35
between 36 to 45
between 46 to 55
Above 55
2. Present Age(in years)
Chart – C. 5.2 : Shows Age in years of Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Table – T. 5.2 : Shows Age in years of Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Mean 10
Median 7
Variance 29.2
Standard Deviation 5.403702434
Table – T. 5.3 : Shows measues of Age in years of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Range Age in years
Less than 25 17
Between 25 to 35 6
between 36 to 45 16
between 46 to 55 4
Above 55 7
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Married58%
unmarried42%
Marital Status
The above pie chart shows the age of villagers. In a sample size maximum
respondents are less than 25 years and Between 36 to 45 years. From the
Mean and Standard Deviation it can be said that the variation is much more
from the mean value. The standard deviation is 5 years.
3. Marital Status
Chart – C. 5.3 : Shows villagers’ Marital Status of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Marital Status No.
Married 29
unmarried 21
Table – T. 5.4 : Shows villagers’ Marital Status of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The chart shows the marital status of villagers. More than 50% villagers
are married.
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4. Size of family
Chart – C. 5.4: Shows villagers’ Size of family of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Size of Family No
Upto 2 4
2 to 4 11
4 to 6 16
Above 6 19
Table - T. 5.5: Shows villagers’ Size of family of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Mean 12.5
Median 13.5
Variance 32.25
Standard Deviation 5.678908346
Table – T. 5.6: Shows villagers’ measures of Size of family in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The pie chart describes the size of family of villagers. Maximum
number of families has four or more than four members in a family.
From the Mean and Standard Deviation it can be said that the variation
is much more from the mean value.
8%
22%
32%
38%
Size of Family
Upto 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
Above 6
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5. Educational Background
Chart – C. 5.5 : Shows villagers’ Educational background of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
T
a
b
l
e
N
o
Table – T. 5.7 : Shows villagers’ Educational background of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Gender Education background
of Male
Education background
of Female
Graduate 13 5
HSC 2 0
Secondary 2 1
SSC 0 2
Primary 10 10
Illiterate 5 1
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Statistics:
Illtr=Illiterate, SSC=Secondary School Certificate, HSC=Higher
Secondary School Certificate, G=Graduate, P=Primary
Frequency Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid Graduate 18 36.0 36.0 36.0
Higher Secondary
School Certificate 2 04.0 04.0 40.0
Illiterate 5 10.0 10.0 50.0
Primary 20 40.0 40.0 90.0
Secondary 3 06.0 06.0 96.0
Secondary School
Certificate 2 04.0 04.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Table – T. 5.8 : Shows villagers’ Educational background in
frequencies of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The chart above shows the educational qualification of the villagers
residing at Rameshwar village. It can be said from the chart that males
are more graduates than females while females are less illiterates than
males.
Photo – P. 5.2: Researcher is interacting with the
Villagers of Shiral Village, Latur District.
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6. Occupation
Chart – C. 5.6 : Shows occupation of villagers in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Occupation Percentage
Farmer 40
Farmer, MilkMan 10
Teacher 20
Postman 2
Student 20
Others(Doctor) 8
Table – T. 5.9 : Shows occupation of villagers in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
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Statistics
Fr=Farmer,Mm=Milkmam
Table – T. 5.10 : Shows occupation of villagers in frequency of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),Marathwada(R).
The percentage of farmers is more as compared to the other occupations.
More than 40% of the villagers are involved in agriculture.
7. What is the main source of income for your household?
Chart – C. 5.7 : Shows villagers’ source of income of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Frequency Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid Farmer 20 40.0 40.0 40.0
Fr,Mm 5 10.0 10.0 50.0
Others 4 08.0 08.0 58.0
Postman 1 02.0 02.0 60.0
STh 10 20.0 20.0 80.0
Teacher 10 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
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Source of Income for household Percentage
Agriculture 58
Agriculture, Service 16
Others 6
Service 10
Agriculture, Milk production 8
Agriculture, Milk production, Service 2
Table – T. 5.11 : Shows villagers’ source of income of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Statistics
SoI= Source of Income for household
A= Agriculture, Mp= Milk Production, S= Service
Frequency Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid Agriculture 29 58.0 58.0 58.0
A,Mp 4 08.0 08.0 66.0
A,S 8 16.0 16.0 82.0
A,S,Mp 1 02.0 02.0 84.0
Others 3 06.0 06.0 90.0
Service 5 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Table – T. 5.12: Shows villagers’ source of income in frequency of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows that major source of income for their livelihood
is agriculture. This shows that people are highly dependent on
agriculture.
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8. What is the combined monthly household income?
Chart – C. 5.8 : Shows villagers’ combined monthly household income
of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Income in Rs. No.
Below 3000 14
Between 3000 to 5000 6
Between 5000 to 7000 9
Between 7000 to 10000 8
Above 10000 13
Table – T. 5.13 : Shows villagers’ combined monthly household income
of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Mean 10
Median 9
Variance 9.2
Standard Deviation 3.03315
Table-T. 5.14 : Shows villagers’ measures of combined monthly household
income of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
This Chart indicates the combined monthly income of the sample size.
People having income more than Rs 10,000 are very less.
28%
12%
18%
16%
26%Below 3000
Between 3,000-5,000
Between 5,000-7,000
Between 7,000-10,000
Above 10,000
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9. Number of earners in a family
Chart – C. 5.9 : Shows number of earners in a family of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Size of Family No. of earners in a family
Upto 2 8
2 to 4 13
4 to 6 11
Above 6 18
Table – T.5.15 : Shows number of earners in a family of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Mean 12.5
Median 12
Variance 13.25
Standard Deviation 3.640054945
Table – T. 5.16 : Shows measures of number of earners in a family in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The chart shows that almost in each and every family there are more
than two earning members to run their livelihood.
16%
26%
22%
36%
No. of earners in a family
Upto 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
Above 6
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5.4 VILLAGER’S PERCEPTION REGARDING MOBILE
SERVICES
1. Are you aware of following communication channels?
Chart – C.5.10: Shows villagers awareness of communication
channels of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The above Bar chart shows that most of the villagers are aware of the
communication channels to a large extent. Villagers are less aware of
internet as compared to other communication channels.
To large Extent
To Some Extent
Undecided
A Little Extent
Very Little extent
Radio 28 12 2 6 2
Tv 35 7 1 4 3
Newspaper 38 7 0 3 2
Computer(Internet) 8 22 3 7 10
Mobile 32 6 2 7 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Co
un
t
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Electricity Road Water Supply
Schools Hospital Kirana Stores
Transports
To large Extent
To Some Extent
Undecided
A Little Extent
Very Little extent
2. To what extent the following basic necessities are available in
your village?
Chart – C. 5.11: Shows basic necessities available to villagers of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
To large
Extent
To Some
Extent Undecided
A Little
Extent
Very Little
extent
Electricity 12 9 1 16 12
Road 9 11 2 20 8
Water Supply 23 10 0 9 8
Schools 8 9 5 16 12
Hospital 11 7 4 10 18
Kirana Stores 15 12 1 20 2
Transports 12 13 6 8 11
Table – T. 5.17: Shows basic necessities available to villagers of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The chart shows the extent to which they have basic necessities
available in a village. Villagers are still facing more problems of
Electricity, road, hospitals, schools.
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Extremely comfortab
le
Somewhat comfortab
leNeutral
Somewhat Uncomfor
table
Extremely Uncomfor
table
Mobile 18 11 1 12 8
Computer(Internet) 3 13 4 8 22
Newspaper 35 5 0 5 5
Tv 32 6 2 7 3
Radio 26 11 1 9 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3. Describe your comfortable level while using the following
communication channels?
Chart – C. 5.12: shows comfort level of villagers while using
communication channels of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows that still villagers are less comfortable with new
technologies such as mobile and internet. It is necessary to increase their
comfort level by making them aware and giving them training.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
To large Extent
To Some Extent
Undecided
A Little Extent
Very Little extent
4. What are the motivational factors encouraging villagers to prefer
a particular communication channel?
Chart – C. 5.13: shows motivational factors encouraging villagers
in prefering particular communication channel of Rameshwar
village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
T
a
b
l
e
–
T. 5.18: shows motivational factors encouraging villagers in
prefering particular communication channel of Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
From the above chart it can be easily said that motivational factors
encouraging villagers to prefer a particular communication channel are
cost and ease of availability to a large extent.
Factors
To large
Extent
To Some
Extent Undecided
A Little
Extent
Very Little
extent
Cost Effective 34 9 0 6 1
Communication 27 6 2 12 3
Source of
information 16 8 3 15 8
Education 6 9 3 12 20
Entertainment 13 16 2 14 5
Ease of
Availability 37 5 0 6 2
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0
5
10
15
20
Farmer
Service(Doctor,Teacher,Postman)
Student
5. Occupation wise which class uses more mobile phones?
Chart – C. 5.14: shows use of mobile phones occupation wise of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Farmer
Service(Doctor,
Teacher, Postman) Student
Communication 20 13 6
Entertainment 5 2 8
Education 7 6 3
Health Information 3 4 0
Market Information 14 2 0
News 7 3 2
Games 8 4 8
Table – T. 5.19 : shows use of mobile phones occupation wise of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The chart shows use of mobile phones occupation wise. It is easy to
make out from the chart that occupation plays a major role in deciding
use of mobile phones for different purposes. Famers use more for
communication and for getting market information on prices of seeds
and crops. Students are more interested in games & entertainment
available on the mobile phones.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
To large Extent
To Some Extent
Undecided A Little Extent
Very Little extent
Co
un
t
By Creating awareness among villagers
By making convenient accessibility of mobile
By using effective method of Training/Workshop
6. Rank and rate the following suggestion which can be helpful to
provide efficient services through mobile.
Graph – G. 5.1 : shows various suggestions helpful in providing
efficient services through mobile of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
To
large
Extent
To
Some
Extent
Undeci
ded
A Little
Extent
Very
Little
extent
By Creating awareness
among villagers 40 2 1 5 2
By making convenient
accessibility of mobile 33 5 2 4 6
By using effective
method of
Training/Workshop 41 5 0 3 1
Table – T. 5.20: shows various suggestions helpful in providing
efficient services through mobile of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
From the above chart it is clear that: To provide efficient services
through mobile awareness among villagers and training are utmost
important from villagers point of view.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Undecided
Agree
Strongly Agree
7. Rank and rate the following dimensions regarding”Training on
Mobile”.
Chart – C. 5.15 : shows dimensions regarding training on mobile of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Strongly
Agree Agree
Undecid
ed Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Enhances Knowledge 42 5 0 2 1
Provides updated
information 36 8 1 3 2
Improved Life style 27 10 3 7 3
Provide adequate handling
of services on mobile 23 5 1 11 10
Increases literacy rate 16 4 2 15 13
increases effectiveness in
business due to training 13 15 2 10 10
Table - T. 5.21 : shows dimensions regarding training on mobile of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
From the above chart it is clear that: According to villagers training on
mobile will definitely increase their knowledge, provide updated
information & improve life style.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
To large Extent To Some ExtentUndecided
A Little ExtentVery Little extent
8. Do you get information on
Chart – C. 5.16 : shows status of information on agriculture
available to famers of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
To large
Extent
To Some
Extent Undecided
A Little
Extent
Very
Little
extent
Pesticides 32 9 1 5 3
Crops 38 5 2 2 3
Seeds 29 8 0 9 4
Weather 22 7 1 15 5
Harvesting 18 12 8 5 7
Loans 13 17 3 9 8
Vaccination 12 11 7 6 14
Hygiene 4 5 3 18 20
Table – T. 5.22: shows status of information on agriculture available
to famers of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows that villagers get more information on pesticides,
crops and seeds. They get very less information on hygiene and
vaccination.
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9. From where do you purchase crops for cultivation?
Chart – C. 5.17 : shows status of crops purchased by villagers for
cultivation of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Crop Purchase Percentage
Shops 34
Direct Purchase 16
Others 2
Not Applicable 48
Table – T. 5.23 : shows status of crops purchased by villagers for
cultivation of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
This chart shows that most of the villagers purchase crops from shops.
Around 34% of villagers prefer to purchase crops from shops due to
ease of availability.
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10. How do you get finance for your occupation?
Chart – C. 5.18 : shows source of finance for occupation of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Finance for occupation Percentage
Individual Property 28
Loans from banks 22
Not Applicable 50
Table – T. 5.24 : shows source of finance for occupation of
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The only option available for villagers to get finance for their occupation
is by taking loan from banks.
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11. Do you have exposure of price fixing, inflation?
Chart – C. 5.19 : shows exposure of price fixing.inflation to villagers
of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Table – T. 5.25 : shows exposure of price fixing,inflation to villagers
of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The bar charts show that people are aware of market prices which are
required for selling their finished goods.
Exposure of Price Fixing, Inflation Value
Yes 14
No 12
Not Applicable 24
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12. Which crops do you grow?
Chart – C. 5.20 : shows various Crops grown in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Crops Percentage
Soyabean, Sugarcane, Jowar 02
Wheat, Jowar, Sugarcane 12
Wheat, Suagarcane 12
Wheat, Suagarcane,Soyabean 02
Jowar, Suagarcane 06
Jowar 02
Jowar,Wheat 10
Sugarcane 04
Jowar,Soyabean,Wheat 02
Not Applicable 48
Table – T. 5.26 : shows various Crops grown in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above pie chart shows that the main cultivations in Rameshwar
village are Wheat and Sugarcane.
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13. Do you get updates on diseases? (i.e. flu, malaria, chicken guinea,
dengue etc.)
Chart – C. 5.21: shows status of information on diseases available to
villagers Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Updates on Disease Percentage
Yes 52
No 48
Table – T. 5.27: shows status of information on diseases available to
villagers Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
From the above pie chart, it can be seen that still 40% of people are
suffering from diseases due to lack of information.
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14. Do you go for health check ups to District or Taluka health
centers?
Chart – C. 5.22: shows villagers visit to District or Taluka health
center of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Visit to Health Centres Percentage
Yes 52
No 48
Table – T. 5.28: shows villagers visit to District or Taluka health
center of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The pie chart shows that due in general villagers are reluctant to visit
Primary Health centers.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SA A UD DA SDAEnhance the skills
Increase the confidence level through trainingOrganize training programme
15. Please rank and rate the following dimensions regarding training
and development factors.
Chart – C. 5.23: shows dimensions regarding training and
development factors of villagers in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Dimensions SA A UD DA SDA
Enhance the skills 37 4 3 2 4
Increase the confidence level
through training 29 8 2 5 6
Organize training programme 26 9 5 7 3
Change the behavior 18 17 1 10 4
Table – T. 5.29: shows dimensions regarding training and
development factors of villagers in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
From the above chart it can be clearly said that training and
development factors will certainly help in enhancing the villagers’ skills
and increase their confidence. It will also change their life style.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
HS S UD DS HDS
Decisions making process
Help in solving your problems
Incentives to you for innovation
16. To what extent are you satisfied with the attitude of local bodies
regarding following statement.
Chart - C. 5.24: shows statisfaction of villagers with the attitude of
local bodies in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Statements HS S UD DS HDS
Decisions making process 12 9 1 10 18
Help in solving your
problems 9 7 3 11 20
Incentives to you for
innovation 16 7 2 15 10
Table - T. 5.30: shows statisfaction of villagers with the attitude of
local bodies in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows the villagers’ view on local bodies and their
regulations. It can be clearly said from the chart that they are not very
happy with the local bodies and their regulations.
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0
5
10
15
20
TLE TSE UD ALE VLE
By creating awareness
By convenient accessibility
17. Rank and rate the following suggestions which can be helpful to
provide efficient services through ICT.
Graph – G. 5.2: shows various suggestions helpful to provide
efficient services through ICT in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Suggestions TLE TSE UD ALE VLE
By creating awareness 9 7 3 11 20
By convenient
accessibility 16 7 2 15 10
Table – T. 5.31: shows various suggestions helpful to provide
efficient services through ICT in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
To provide efficient services through ICT awareness among villagers
and training are utmost important from villagers point of view.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SA A UD DA SDA
Mobile services are very necessary
Technology development will increase the standard of living of villagers
Villagers will actively participate in bringing mobile services to the village
Will tele conferencing help in learning process
18. To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Chart – C. 5.25: shows villagers views about technology in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Table – T. 5.32: shows villagers views about technology in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows the views of villagers about technology. It gives
a clear picture of villagers thinking on technology and whether there will
be active participation from their side or not.
SA A UD DA SDA
Mobile services are very necessary 21 12 2 9 6
Technology development will increase
the standard of living of villagers 31 14 0 3 2
Villagers will actively participate in
bringing mobile services to the village 25 16 1 5 3
Will tele conferencing help in learning
process 18 13 4 8 7
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
M Imp Imp UD U Imp M U Imp
Drawbacks in traditional learning
More benefits in m-learning
Various mobile services available
Security & safety
Change in mindset of villagers
19. What importance do the following factors carry to transform the
education system from traditional learning process to m-learning
process?
Chart – C. 5.26: shows importance of various factor in transforming
the education system from traditional learning process to m-
learning process in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
T
a
b
l
e
N
o
T
Table – T. 5.33: shows importance of various factor in transforming
the education system from traditional learning process to m-
learning process in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows the views of villagers on transforming the
traditional education system to m-learning system. To change the
mindset of villagers is most important for m – learning systems, only
then transformation can be possible.
Factors M Imp Imp UD U Imp
M U
Imp
Drawbacks in traditional
learning 32 9 1 5 3
More benefits in m-learning 26 13 1 5 5
Various mobile services
available 23 8 4 10 5
Security & safety 20 17 3 6 4
Change in mindset of villagers 35 6 2 4 3
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74%
10%
2%
8%6%
TLE
TSE
UD
ALE
VLE
20. How much training is required to work more efficiently with
mobile technology?
Chart – C. 5.27: shows the extent to which training is required to
work more efficiently with mobile technology in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
TLE TSE UD ALE VLE
37 5 1 4 3
Table - T. 5.34: shows the extent to which training is required to
work more efficiently with mobile technology in Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
This doughnut chart shows that training is very much required to make
villagers work more efficiently with mobile technology.
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34%
14%6%
26%
20%
TLE
TSE
UD
ALE
VLE
21. To what extent number of villagers accessing mobiles is
Increasing?
Chart - C. 5.28: shows the extent to which villagers accessing
mobiles is increasing in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
TLE TSE UD ALE VLE
17 7 3 13 10
Table – T. 5.35: shows the extent to which villagers accessing
mobiles is increasing in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The doughnut chart shows that number of villagers accessing mobiles is
increasing by very little extent. This is due to lack of awareness, ease of
availability, cost and various other factors.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
M Imp Imp UD U Imp M U Imp
Social Service
Location Preference(native Place)
Rewards
Incentives or Perks
22. What are the motivational factors that can motivate the teachers
to perform better in villages? (Rural Schools)
Graph – G. 5.3: shows the motivational factors that motivate the
teachers to perform better in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
M
Imp Imp UD
U
Imp
M U
Imp
Incentives or Perks 6 2 0 2 0
Rewards 5 3 0 1 1
Location Preference(native
Place) 8 2 0 0 0
Social Service 2 3 1 2 2
Table - T. 5.36: shows the motivational factors that motivate the
teachers to perform better in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),
Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above line chart shows the motivational factors that encourage
teachers to perform better in villages. According to teachers’ views,
location preference and incentives are utmost important.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6
Understanding the level of students
Lack of co-operation and co-ordination from family’s side
Lack of proper co-operation between teacher and student
23. Which type of problems do you face while teaching?
Graph – G. 5.4: shows problems faced by teachers while teaching in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
Table – T. 5.37: shows problems faced by teachers while teaching in
Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).
The above chart shows the problems faced by the teachers while
teaching. Problems are due to the understanding level of students and
due to lack of support from their family’s side. The major reasons
behind this are their economic condition and mindsets.
Problems TLE TSE UD ALE VLE
Understanding the level of
students 5 3 0 2 0
Lack of co-operation and co-
ordination from family’s side 4 2 0 3 1
Lack of proper co-operation
between teacher and student 3 2 1 3 2
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0
2
4
6
8
10Radio
Tv
NewspaperMobile
Computer
Teachers views about media
Teachers views about media
24. Teachers views about media through which villagers can be
educated. (Please tick in the appropriate column)
Chart – C. 5.29: shows teachers views about media through which
villagers can be educated Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Teachers views about media
Radio 7
TV 8
Newspaper 5
Mobile 9
Computer 6
Table – T. 5.38: shows teachers views about media through which
villagers can be educated Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
The above Radar chart shows the teachers’ views on communication
channels through which villagers can be educated.
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25. Do you think use of Mobile Phone would be beneficial for
development of your village?
Chart – C. 5.30: shows villagers views about benefit of mobile phone
for development of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
Benefit Percentage
Yes 94
No 06
Table - T. 5.39: shows villagers views about benefit of mobile phone
for development of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),
Marathwada(R).
This pie chart shows the willingness of people in developing their
village technologically by all means possible.
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SUMMARY:
The Researchers analyzed the data of village named Rameshwar village,
Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R) based on the questionnaire.
The first part of the questionnaire analysis gives clear picture of demographic
profile of the villager’s viz. Gender, Age, Size of family, Education
background, Occupation, Income etc.
The second part gives villagers’ views on technology and also some
information related to their occupation, health and education in detail. The
analysis gives clear idea of villagers’ awareness on various communication
channels and the use of the same for different purposes in their day to day life.
Although villagers are aware of various communication channels but they still
required more awareness and training on technologies such as Mobile phones
and various other services available on mobile phones and internet.
Photo 5.3: Villagers of Shiral village, Latur District accessing market
information on mobile phone while working in a farm.
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While analysis it is be clearly said that their reasons behind choosing various
communication channels were cost, ease of availability etc. The analysis also
gives idea of the basic necessities available to them, information on farming
related activities such as crops, seeds, pesticides, vaccination and hygiene etc.,
motivational factors behind teachers working in village, information or updates
on various diseases available.
It also gives idea about the problems faced by the teachers while teaching and
importance of various factors in transforming education system from traditional
to m- learning process.
WAY FORWARD:
The governments need to clearly partner with private agencies, cooperatives,
rural communities, NGOs and other stakeholders to make a tangible difference
through ICT to the lives of rural poor. India needs to exploit ICT to its
maximum rural leveraging potential in agriculture, health and education
through 3G technology. 3G technology is the most awaited technology which
will change the telecom scenario in India by making significant growth in
telecom sector.
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publisher: Nirali Prakashan , Pune.
4. Lloyd R. Jaisingh. Statistics for utterly confused, Mc Graw Hill ebook
5. Arthur Griffith. SPSS for Dummies, Wiley Publishing Inc.
6. Deborah Rumsey. Intermediate Statistics for Dummies, Wiley Publishing
Inc.
7. Edwards, Allen, Statistical Methods, 2nd
ed., New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, 1967
8. Harnett, Donald L., and Merphy, James L., Introductory Statistical
Analysis, Philippines : Addisonwesly Publishing Co. Inc. 1975.
9. Nie, N. H., Bent D. H. and Hull, C. H. Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences, New York., MeGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
10. Ostel, Bernard, and Mensing, Richard W., Statistics in Research, 3rd
Ed.
Ames Iowa : The Iowa State University Press, 1975.
11. www.spss.com
12. www.wikipedia.org/mean
13. www.dummies.com
14. www.itu.int