BASIL JOHN
III-YEAR B.Tech E.C.E
Bharathiyar College Of Engineering and
Technology,Karaikal,Pondicherry.
1
• YEAR ENROLLED: 2011
• LOCATION: KERALA
• AREAS OF INTEREST: Electronic Devices, wireless communication, Basic Electronics, Digital Electronics.
• OTHER INTERESTS: Sports (badminton, fitness exercises), watch TV series and movie.
• E-mail: [email protected]
• SOCIAL:
• www.facebook.com/Basilubasu
• www.plus.google.com/u/0/+BASILJOHN
• http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=330009212
04/11/23 2
Introduction Communication Devices Wireless System Evolution
1G - 5G Wireless Systems Types of networks
Wireless PAN Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless WAN
Communication in India Conclusion
Telecommunications - is the key enabler of economic and social
development of a nation - increase the efficiency of commercial and
administrative activities - improve the effectiveness of social and
emergency services - distribute the social, cultural and economic
benefits of the process of development more equitably throughout the country
- provides universal service for rural and remote communities
Tablet PC
Watch mobile PhoneKindle- e book reader
Cell Phone
Handheld device
1)Fixed and Wired (e.g.) desktop uses fixed networks
2)Mobile and Wired (e.g.) Laptop connected using telephone and
modem
3)Fixed and Wireless (e.g.)a network in historical buildings
4)Mobile and Wireless (e.g.) Cellular network
Communication without wires Wires are replaced by electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves carry a signal through
atmospheric space use radio frequency RF waves, which ranges
from 3 kHz to 300 GHz or infrared IR, which ranges from 3 THz to 430
THz
Electromagnetic SpectrumShowing Radio Frequency
Two types of mobility: i)Device portability
ii)User Mobility
no mobility high mobility
mobile wireless user, using same access point
mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections
mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network
Mobility Spectrum
Walking UsersLow speedSmall roaming areaUsually uses high-bandwidth
Vehicles High speedsLarge roaming areaUsually uses low-bandwidthUses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell
phones)
Wireless Icon
Wireless Router
Semi Parabolic AntennaData card
1.Regulatory Authorities2.The operator or the Service Provider3.The user or the subscriber4.Equipment Vendors (network equipment
and user device)5.Research Organizations
Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s
All based on analog techniquesAll used FDMA Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency bandSystem capacity is low Data rate is <10 kbps
The geographical area divided into cellsEach with own antennaEach with own range of frequenciesServed by base station - Transmitter, receiver,
control unit to carry out actual radio communications with the device
Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk
Mobile Switching Center Controls all calls attached to this device, Maintains billing information &Switches calls
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
Base station
Mobile Switching Centre
PSTN
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System - by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983 -the number of users that can be supported was
limited. -used all over the world & popular in South
America, China and Australia.
ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems. - channel bandwidth is scaled to 25 kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.
Deployed in mid 1990s Fully Digital network elementsTDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit
switchingOperates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band3-times increase in overall system capacity. supported voice-centric services and limited
data-service, like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc.<9.6 kbps data rates
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - TDMA system, serves as the pan-European
cellular service, provides a wide range of network service, including phone service, FAX, short message service. Support 24.7 kbps data rate.
USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular) -a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports
more users (6 times) with improved performance. Provides access to VPN, supports short messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.
IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard ) -a CDMA standard also designed to be compatible
with AMPS through using of CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base stations. Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS. Support 14.4 kbps data rate.
BSCBTS
Base transceiver station (BTS)
Base station controller (BSC)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile subscribers
Base station system (BSS)
Legend
2G (voice) network architecture
MSC
Public telephonenetwork
GatewayMSC
G
2G is developed for voice communicationsWe can send data over 2G channels by
using modemIncreased data rates are required for
internet application
Compared to 2G systems 2.5G provide high speed data communications and continuous connection to internet
Fully Digital<115kbps data rates GSM to GPRS; Analog AMPS to CDPDServices:1.WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) access2.MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)3.Internet communication service like web,email
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), a data service for 1st and 2nd generation US cellular systems without additional bandwidth requirement, packet channels are dynamically assigned to idle voice channels. Support 48.6kbps data rate as in IS-136.
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), based on GSM by allowing multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual user, promises data rate from 56 kbps to 114kbps---continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users, easy access to VPN (Virtual Private Network).
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), providing 384kbps rate by using improved modulation and relaxed error control. Also referred to as EGPRS.
CDMA one (IS-95B): Providing high speed data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels for specific users or specific purposes. Support 115.2kbps.
2.5G (voice+data) network architecture
BSC
MSC
SGSN
Public telephonenetwork
GatewayMSC
G
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Public Internet
GGSN
G
The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel
Simultanous voice and data transmissionFaster Internet access -Interactive web sessionsVideo callingMultimedia Content - voice, data & videoUniversal global roaming384kbps while moving 2Mbps when stationary3G phones
Apple I phone 3G,LG KF 750, Nokia 5800 express music, Blackberry bold 9000
IS-95BCDMA
2G 3G
cdma2000
GSMFDD
TDD
W-CDMA
GPRS
IS-136TDMA
UWC-136
EDGE & 136HS outdoor
136 HSindoor
2.5G
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) - 3GPP
-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is designed to provide backward compatibility with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support 2Mbps data rate. New RF equipment needed.
CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95 or 3 adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3-times bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps or 2Mbps. No additional RF equipment needed, changes are all made in software or baseband hardware.
TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A standard proposed by CATT (China Academy and Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens Corporation. Relies on the existing GSM infrastructure and allows 3G data access by adding high data rate equipment (smart antennas) at each GSM station. Support up to 384kbps of packet data
Highly integrated High bandwidth / high-speed wireless Highly compatible with wired network
infrastructuresprovides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access Integration of multi-networks using IP technology applications include mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.
commercially deployed:i) the Mobile WiMAX standard & ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard
In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G network (LTE) in September 2011 claiming 2–40 Mbps speeds
In India, Bharti Airtel has launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.
4G Modem
4G smart phone
4G LTE Tablet
Indian Telephony
Telephone Subscribers (Total) (2012)
960.9 million (May 2012)
Fixed lines (May 2012) 31.53 million
Mobile phones (2012) 929.37 million
Monthly telephone additions (Net) (May 2012)
8.35 million
Teledensity (2012) 79.28 %
Rural Teledensity 33%
Projected teledensity by 2012
84 %
Courtesy: wikipedia.org
Internet access
Percent household access (total), 2012
10.2% of households (137 million))
Percent broadband household access 1.18% of households
(14.31 million)
Broadband internet users 14.31 million (May 2012)
Internet Service Providers (2012)
155
country code top-level domain
.in
Courtesy: wikipedia.org
Revenue
Revenue (Total) USD 33,350 million
Courtesy: wikipedia.org