BASIL JOHN

III-YEAR B.Tech E.C.E

Bharathiyar College Of Engineering and

Technology,Karaikal,Pondicherry.

1

• YEAR ENROLLED: 2011

• LOCATION: KERALA

• AREAS OF INTEREST: Electronic Devices, wireless communication, Basic Electronics, Digital Electronics.

• OTHER INTERESTS: Sports (badminton, fitness exercises), watch TV series and movie.

• E-mail: basiljohn008@gmail.com

• SOCIAL:

• www.facebook.com/Basilubasu      

• www.plus.google.com/u/0/+BASILJOHN

• http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=330009212

04/11/23 2

Introduction Communication Devices Wireless System Evolution

1G - 5G Wireless Systems Types of networks

Wireless PAN Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless WAN

Communication in India Conclusion

Telecommunications - is the key enabler of economic and social

development of a nation - increase the efficiency of commercial and

administrative activities - improve the effectiveness of social and

emergency services - distribute the social, cultural and economic

benefits of the process of development more equitably throughout the country

- provides universal service for rural and remote communities

Tablet PC

Watch mobile PhoneKindle- e book reader

Cell Phone

Handheld device

1)Fixed and Wired (e.g.) desktop uses fixed networks

2)Mobile and Wired (e.g.) Laptop connected using telephone and

modem

3)Fixed and Wireless (e.g.)a network in historical buildings

4)Mobile and Wireless (e.g.) Cellular network

Communication without wires Wires are replaced by electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves carry a signal through

atmospheric space use radio frequency RF waves, which ranges

from 3 kHz to 300 GHz or infrared IR, which ranges from 3 THz to 430

THz

Electromagnetic SpectrumShowing Radio Frequency

Two types of mobility: i)Device portability

ii)User Mobility

no mobility high mobility

mobile wireless user, using same access point

mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections

mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network

Mobility Spectrum

Walking UsersLow speedSmall roaming areaUsually uses high-bandwidth

Vehicles High speedsLarge roaming areaUsually uses low-bandwidthUses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell

phones)

Wireless Icon

Wireless Router

Semi Parabolic AntennaData card

1.Regulatory Authorities2.The operator or the Service Provider3.The user or the subscriber4.Equipment Vendors (network equipment

and user device)5.Research Organizations

Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s

All based on analog techniquesAll used FDMA Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency bandSystem capacity is low Data rate is <10 kbps

The geographical area divided into cellsEach with own antennaEach with own range of frequenciesServed by base station - Transmitter, receiver,

control unit to carry out actual radio communications with the device

Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk

Mobile Switching Center Controls all calls attached to this device, Maintains billing information &Switches calls

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

Base station

Mobile Switching Centre

PSTN

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System - by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983 -the number of users that can be supported was

limited. -used all over the world & popular in South

America, China and Australia.

ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems. - channel bandwidth is scaled to 25 kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.

Deployed in mid 1990s Fully Digital network elementsTDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit

switchingOperates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band3-times increase in overall system capacity. supported voice-centric services and limited

data-service, like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc.<9.6 kbps data rates

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - TDMA system, serves as the pan-European

cellular service, provides a wide range of network service, including phone service, FAX, short message service. Support 24.7 kbps data rate.

USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular) -a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports

more users (6 times) with improved performance. Provides access to VPN, supports short messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.

IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard ) -a CDMA standard also designed to be compatible

with AMPS through using of CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base stations. Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS. Support 14.4 kbps data rate.

BSCBTS

Base transceiver station (BTS)

Base station controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile subscribers

Base station system (BSS)

Legend

2G (voice) network architecture

MSC

Public telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G

2G is developed for voice communicationsWe can send data over 2G channels by

using modemIncreased data rates are required for

internet application

Compared to 2G systems 2.5G provide high speed data communications and continuous connection to internet

Fully Digital<115kbps data rates GSM to GPRS; Analog AMPS to CDPDServices:1.WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) access2.MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)3.Internet communication service like web,email

CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), a data service for 1st and 2nd generation US cellular systems without additional bandwidth requirement, packet channels are dynamically assigned to idle voice channels. Support 48.6kbps data rate as in IS-136.

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), based on GSM by allowing multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual user, promises data rate from 56 kbps to 114kbps---continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users, easy access to VPN (Virtual Private Network).

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), providing 384kbps rate by using improved modulation and relaxed error control. Also referred to as EGPRS.

CDMA one (IS-95B): Providing high speed data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels for specific users or specific purposes. Support 115.2kbps.

2.5G (voice+data) network architecture

BSC

MSC

SGSN

Public telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Public Internet

GGSN

G

The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel

Simultanous voice and data transmissionFaster Internet access -Interactive web sessionsVideo callingMultimedia Content - voice, data & videoUniversal global roaming384kbps while moving 2Mbps when stationary3G phones

Apple I phone 3G,LG KF 750, Nokia 5800 express music, Blackberry bold 9000

IS-95BCDMA

2G 3G

cdma2000

GSMFDD

TDD

W-CDMA

GPRS

IS-136TDMA

UWC-136

EDGE & 136HS outdoor

136 HSindoor

2.5G

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) - 3GPP

-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is designed to provide backward compatibility with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support 2Mbps data rate. New RF equipment needed.

CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95 or 3 adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3-times bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps or 2Mbps. No additional RF equipment needed, changes are all made in software or baseband hardware.

TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A standard proposed by CATT (China Academy and Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens Corporation. Relies on the existing GSM infrastructure and allows 3G data access by adding high data rate equipment (smart antennas) at each GSM station. Support up to 384kbps of packet data

Highly integrated High bandwidth / high-speed wireless Highly compatible with wired network

infrastructuresprovides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access  Integration of multi-networks using IP technology applications include mobile web access, IP

telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.

commercially deployed:i) the Mobile WiMAX standard  & ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard

In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G network (LTE) in September 2011 claiming 2–40 Mbps speeds

In India, Bharti Airtel has launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.

4G Modem

4G smart phone

4G LTE Tablet

Indian Telephony

Telephone Subscribers (Total) (2012)

960.9 million (May 2012)

Fixed lines (May 2012) 31.53 million

Mobile phones (2012) 929.37 million

Monthly telephone additions (Net) (May 2012)

8.35 million

Teledensity (2012) 79.28 %

Rural Teledensity 33%

Projected teledensity by 2012

84 %

Courtesy: wikipedia.org

Internet access

Percent household access (total), 2012

10.2% of households (137 million))

Percent broadband household access 1.18% of households

(14.31 million)

Broadband internet users 14.31 million (May 2012)

Internet Service Providers (2012)

155

country code top-level domain

.in

Courtesy: wikipedia.org

Revenue

Revenue (Total) USD 33,350 million

Courtesy: wikipedia.org