ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
xatia SevardnaZe
XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobasTan tician tabiZis
SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebisaTvis
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili disertacia
axali qarTuli literaturis istoria
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: lado minaSvili
filologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
Tbilisi
2011
s a r C e v i
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
T a v i I
tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi gza XIX s. qarTul poeziasTan
mimarTebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
T a v i II
XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa poeturi eqo
tician tabiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
T a v i III
XIX saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi tician tabiZis literaturul-
kritikuli werilebisa da eseebis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
T a v i IV
tician tabiZis mokle narkvevi `axali qarTuli literatura” 106
d a s k v n e b i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
gamoyenebeuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3
S e s a v a l i
XX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTul mwerlobas amSvenebs tician
tabiZis saxeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sicocxle udrood Sewyda,
roca qveyanaze `kaenis sulis aRzevebam gadisriala~, man mainc
Seucvleli kvali datova qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. pirvel
yovlisa, igi iyo SesaniSnavi poeti, erTi gamorCeuli lideri
`cisferyanwelTa~ literaturuli dajgufebisa paolo iaSvilTan da
valerian gafrindaSvilTan erTad, misi TvalsaCino Teoretikosi.
tragikuli bedis mqone poetis memkvidreobis Seswavla mxolod
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gaxda SesaZlebeli, Tumca misi
moRvaweobis sakuTriv simbolistur xanaze Tavdapirvelad mobodiSobiT
saubrobdnen, ufro sworad dumiliT uvlidnen gverds. didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi sabWouri literaturismcodneoba aridebda mzeras
qarTuli simbolizmis siRrmiseul fesvebs. qarTuli simbolizmi ar
miiCneoda angariSgasawev skolad, radgan damkvidrebuli iyo mosazreba,
rom `cisferyanwelebma~ verc erTi tipuri, suliT xorcamde aSkara
warmomadgeneli simbolisturi mimarTulebisa ver mogvca da es
SeuZlebelic iyo ( g. gverdwiTeli).
mogviano periodSi literaturis istorikosebis mier adreuli
sabWoTa periodis daskvnebi gadafasebulia. bevri saintereso da
siRrmiseuli mosazrebiT aris gamdidrebuli qarTuli simbolizmis
Seswavla. seriozulma kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, rom rogorc ticianma, ise
sazogadod `cisferyanwelebma~ uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules
10-20-ian wlebSic qarTuli leqsis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
reformistuli xasiaTis ZiebebiT rogorc Tematikuri, ise da
gansakuTrebiT leqsis formis daxvewis, axali sazomebis Semotanis
TvalsazrisiT. maTi moRvaweoba am mxriv usaTuod iyo progresis
Semcveli.
mkvlevarebis m. abulaZis, g. xerxeuliZis, v. ciskariZis, g. asaTianis,
T. maRlaferiZis, g. curikovas, l. avalianis, r.miSvelaZis, a.gomarTelis
da sxvaTa naSromebis mixedviT TandaTanobiT iqna cxadyofili, rom XIX
saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ilias, akakis
4
moZalebuli mimbaZvelebis xelSi qarTulma leqsma TandaTan iwyo
daknineba.
epigonebma leqss daukarges gamomsaxveloba. am droidan qarTuli
leqsi gaxda mauwyebeli gemovnebis daqveiTebisa, CamorCenilobisa,
provincializmisa. TiTo-orola kargi poetis xma ikargeboda ugemovnobis
zRvaSi.
`cisferyanwelTa~ jgufma upirveles miznad daisaxa qarTuli
leqsis reforma, leqsis aJRereba `swored ise, rogorc es gaakeTes
simbolistebma safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, belgiaSi, norvegiaSi... rogorc es
SeZles ruseTSi simbolizmis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebma~ (37; 20).
niWierma, maRali kulturis, daxvewili gemovnebis enTuziastTa
jgufma `cisferyanwelebma~ bevri ram gaakeTes da did galaktionTan
erTad XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis gezi gansazRvres. am
mxriv gansakuTrebulia ticin tabiZis roli.
rogorc miuTiTeben, `ticin tabiZis poezia XX saukunis poeziaa, man
sxva qarTvel poetebTan _ galaktion tabiZesTan, giorgi leoniZesTan,
paolo iaSvilTan erTad Seqmna XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ena da
poeturi azrovneba. igi XX saukunis Semoqmedia Tavisi poeturi
samyaroTi, formiT da SinaarsiT, poeturi saubris maneriT da sityvieri
qsoviliT.
Tu Tanamedrove qarTulma poeturma kulturam garkveul simaRles
miaRwia, zemoaRniSnul qarTvel poetebTan erTad amaSi damsaxureba
tician tabiZesac miuZRvis. misi poeziis arseboba aucilebeli iyo
qarTuli poeziis Rirsebis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis, qarTuli
poeziis mravalferovnebisTvis da eris sulieri saganZuris
gamdidrebisaTvis~ (13; 67).
qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi ukve ganmtkicebuli azris
mixedviT, `cisferyanwelTa~ brZolas qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis,
qarTuli leqsis evropeizaciisaTvis amaod ar Cauvlia. galaktion
tabiZesTan erTad XX s. dasawyisSi isini evropuli poeziis miRwevebsa da
gamocdilebebs eziarnen, ris safuZvelzec simbolisturi iluziebis
msxvrevisa da modernistur-epigonuri Ziebebis damarcxebis miuxedavad
qarTuli leqsis forma da Sinaarsi ganaxlda, gadaxalisda da
5
ganviTarebis axal etapze avida. (a. xinTibiZe, l. avaliani, s. sigua, T.
doiaSvili, T. barbaqaZe da sxva).
bolo dros SedarebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs t. tabiZis
poeturi memkvidreobis ganxilva; ikvleven mis Semoqmedebas rogorc
Tematikuri, aseve gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT.
msjeloben t. tabiZis Rvawlze qarTuli leqsis modernizaciis
TvalsazrisiT, ikvleven t. tabiZis literaturul-kritikul naazrevs; am
bolo dros interesis sagnad iqca t. tabiZis mxatvruli prozac. daculi
iqna sakandidato disertacia s. kapanaZis mier, romelic t. tabiZis
mxatvruli prozis da literaturul-kritikuli memkvidreobis Seswavlas
eZRvneba (21).
literaturis istorikosebi interesdebian t. tabiZis mimarTebiTac
klasikur mwerlobasTan, gakvriT exebian sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogoria zemoqmedeba poet t. tabiZeze XIX saukunis qarTveli poetebisa,
rogor afasebs t. tabiZe XIX s. qarTul mwerlobas saerTod da kerZod
ki mis calkeul warmomadgenels. specialurad ganixilaven vaJa-fSavelas
memkvidreobis tician tabiZiseul Sefasebis sakiTxs.1 miuxedavad
aRniSnulisa, calke, monografiuli saxiT t. tabiZis mimarTebis Seswavla
XIX s. qarTul mwerlobasTan rogorc poetisa da meore mxriv, rogorc
literaturis kritikosisa da itorikosisa, jer aravis uwarmoebia.
miTumetes, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sul axlaxan
2008 wels wignad daistamba qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis aqamde ucnobi
ticin tabiZis naSromi, `axali qarTuli literatura~, romelsac erTvis
l. minaSvilis vrceli narkvevi. es wigni ufro srul warmodgenas
gvaZlevs t. tabiZeze, ukve rogorc axali qarTuli literaturis
istorikosze.
sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zemoqmedeba moaxdina
poet ticin tabiZeze, am TvalsaCino Semoqmedze, XIX s. qarTulma poeziam
___________________________________
1 igulisxmeba i. evgeniZis wigni, `vaJa-fSavela (cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi), 1989w., gv. 137-
147, l. avalianis statia, `vaJa-fSavela 20-iani wlebis mweralTa TvalTaxedviT,~ ix. `vaJas krebuli, II, Tb.
1982, gv. 215-226
6
kerZod da saerTod ki qarTulma literaturam, Tu rogoria misi
mimarTeba rogorc poetisa da literaturis kritikosisa da
istorikosisa me-19 saukunis mwerlobisadmi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
tician tabiZis adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi.
sazogadod imis fiqri, rom esa Tu is xelovani gaTavisuflebulia
yovelgvari literaturuli gavlenisagan, Tu SeuZlebels ar gaxdida,
gaZnelebiT ki erTob gaaZnelebda am xelovanisaTvis kuTvnili adgilis
miCenas literaturis istoriaSi; aseTi msjeloba, gvsurda es Cven Tu ara,
usaTuod migviyvanda im daskvnamde, rom mocemuli mwerali gamoTiSulia
literaturis saerTo procesidan, misi ganviTarebis bunebrivi
istoriidan. mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aseTi azri Seuwynarebelia,
ramdenadac arc SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi xelovani, romelsac araferi
akavSirebdes Tavisi literaturis tradiciebTan, tendeciebTan.
tician tabiZis poeziis siaxlove qarTuli literaturis Tematikur
tradiciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mogviano safexuris t. tabiZis krZalviTi
damokidebuleba winapar poetebTan, pirdapir migviTiTebs im did
kavSirebze, romlebic tician tabiZes, rogorc poets aqvs me-19 saukunis
qarTul mwerlobasTan saerTod da kerZod ki qarTul poeziasTan.
sadisertacio naSromSi miznad aris dasaxuli, warmovadginoT cda
sakiTxis monografiulad Seswavlisa, imis gaTvaliswinebisa metnaklebi
sisruliT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis saxelovan qarTvel poet
tician tabiZeze XIX saukunis qarTulma poeziam, rogor aisaxa am
zemoqmedebis kvali mis poetur qmnilebebSi; es erTi mxriv, xolo meore
mxriv, rogorc iTqva, t. tabiZe iyo aramarto Cinebuli poeti, aramed igi
profesiiTac da mowodebiTac iyo SesaniSnavi literatori, daxvewili
gemovnebis esTeti. mis utyuar poetur intuicias amagrebda didi
erudicia; erTi sityviT tician tabiZe iyo SesaniSnavi eseist-kritikosi
da literaturis istorikosi. erTia sakiTxi, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina
tician tabiZeze axalma qarTulma poeziam, xolo meorea, Tu rogoria
XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis saerTod da kerZod am saukunis
mwerlobis calkeuli warmomadgenlis memkvidreobis t. tabiZiseuli
daxasiaTeba _ analizi.
7
sadisertacio naSromi aris cda orive am mxaris gaTvaliswinebisa
cal-calke da erTmaneTTan kavSirSi, ise rogorc aris es warmodgenili
t. tabiZis poetur Tu Teoriul naazrevSi.
8
T a v i I
tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi gza XIX s.
qarTul poeziasTan mimarTebiT
rTuli SemoqmedebiTi gza ganvlo tician tabiZem. misi
Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa didi nawili poetis formireba-ganviTarebis
gzas pirobiTad sam etapad yofs. misi Semoqmedebis yvela etapi
miuTiTebs poetis uaRresad individualur, magram winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse poetur gzaze. `isini rgolebia erTi mTliani poeturi jaWvisa
da, kidev, mkveTrad usvams xazs misi, rogorc Semoqmedis mxatvrul
mTlianobas~ (3; 4).
t. tabiZe literaturul asparezze adreuli asakidn gamoCnda _
1909-1910 wlidan. gimnaziis meeqvse klasis moswavle ukve aqveynebda
leqsebs gazeT `TemSi~ da JurnalSi `Teatri da cxovreba~. `quTaisis
klasikuri gimnaziis meeqvse klasis moswavle viyavi, pirveli leqsi rom
davbeWdeo,”- gadmogvcems TviTon poeti (44; 7). misi am periodis leqsebia
`serenada~, `mainc is miyvars~, `mkvdari legenda~.... am xanebSi dawera man
novelebic `SurisZieba~, `nawyveti dRiuridan~, `gazafxulis
dResaswauli~, `qali da mgosani~, `Seqmnili legenda~, `martooba~,
`pirveli sevda~, `ai sad budobs siyvaruli~. erTi sityviT, 1910-1915 wlebi
miCneulia, rogorc poetis formirebis wlebi.
Semdegi safexuria simbolistobis, ufro sworad
`cisferyanwelobis~ xana. igi daaxloebiT grZeldeba 20-iani wlebis
pirveli naxevris CaTvliT 1926-28 wlamde. misi Semoqmedebis bolo
safexuria klasikuri poeziis, realisturi poeziis tradiciebTan
dabrunebis xana, rasac, bunebrivia vifiqroT, xels uwyobda da aCqarebda
gare zemoqmedebis, erTgvari iZulebis faqtorebic, magram isic
sagangebod saTqmelia, rom TviT poetis bunebac apirobebda amas, es misi
Sinagani xmac iyo.
t. tabiZis, rogorc poetis Camoyalibebis pirveli safexuri
aRiniSneba, erTi mxriv, rogorc qarTul klasikur poeziasTan ziarebisa
9
da misi didi da keTili zemoqmedebis gamoxtuleba, es gavlena Zalian
cxadad igrZnoba rogorc adreul leqsebSi, ise da gansakuTrebiT
novelebsa da miniaturebSi. t. tabiZis adreuli leqsebi, prozauli
Txzulebebi atareben n. baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelianis, ilia WavWavaZis,
akakis, vaJa-fSavelas gavlenis kvals.
ase magaliTad, 1910 wels t. tabiZe wers usaTauro leqss, romelsac
wamZRvarebuli aqvs taepebi n. baraTaSvilis `Conguridan~ _
`hoi, Conguro, netavi odes
xma mxiaruli Sengan msmenodes~.
am leqsSi gadmocemuli sevda-kaeSani erTgvarad exmianeba oboli
sulis, genialuri n. baraTaSvilis sevda-kaeSans. isic saTqmelia, rom Tu
n. baraTaSvilis SemTxvevaSi Conguris xma mogonebebs aSlis da suls
afiqrebs, im dros Senatris, roca Conguridan mxiaruli xmebi ismoda da
poetis naRvels ukuyrida, axla ki misgan esmis mxolod `mokluli gulis
oden Civili~. yrma ticianis sevda ufro konkretul obieqts miemarTeba,
uimedobac Zalze moWarbebulia, sentimentaluria.
`Camovhkar Cangurs... aTrTolda simi,
samgloviaro gaisma hangi.
oh, turfav! swored Senma cremlebma
moajadoves es Cemi Cangi.
axla sada xar, romelsa mxares,
nugeSs rad ar mcem tanjuls, mwuxares,
da, nuTu marTla sicocxliTve mkvdars,
martod mistumreb Savbnel samares?
vrceli udabno... cremlis xeoba...
vdgevar, mikvnesis oboli suli,
guls kaeSanma daisadgura,
Cangic qviTinebs acremlebuli.
10
hxarobs buneba, galaRebuli,
cis kabadonze mTvare kaSkaSebs,
varskvlavTa xomli nelad cimcimebs,
me ki wyvdiadi miburavs Tvalebs.
martodmarto var, Senze mlocveli,
Cem win ganrTxmula Savi samare,
da moklul gulis mware Civilsa
kvnesiT bans aZlevs samSoblo mxare!~
amave 1910 wliTaa daTariRebuli meore usaTauro leqsi `niavi
dahqris, nazi zefiri...~ es leqsic didad aris davalebuli, aqac yrma
poetis grZnobebi XIX saukunis qarTvel poetTa xmebzea awyobili, aqedan
iRebs saTaves. aq, am leqsSi aSkarad gaarCevT grigol orbelianis,
saerTod romantikosi poetebis zemoqmedebis kvals, vaJaseuli bunebis
suraTebis aRweris gavlenas, mTeli leqsi ilias poeziis zemoqmedebiTaa
dawerili da amas pirdapirac miuTiTebs ticiani ilias striqonebis
citirebiT:
`niavi dahqris, nazi zefiri
danamuls mdelos Tavzed evleba,
nazi sumbuli, eSxiT damTvrali,
mgosans yurs ugdebs da icremleba.
cisa tatnobzed mTvare kaSkaSebs,
gars axvevia varskvlavT laSqari,
Tavs dastrialebs mZinar samyaros
da ciur nanas umRers damtkbari.
mTani maRalni, cad atyorcnilni
janySi xveulni, fiqrs miscemian
da mSobel mxares mcvelad, darajad,
viT gveleSapni, zed Semortymian.
11
yvela netarebs, `dRiT feTqavs raca~,
molxeniT aris `miwac da caca~,
mxolod buCqis Zirs, gulCaTxrobili,
kvnesis mgosani, oblad STenili.~
rogorc vxedavT, aq am leqsSi n. baraTaSvilis sumbulis poeturi
saxec gaielvebs, grigol orbelianis `bumberaz mTanic mdumared
caTamdis ayudebulni~, vaJas xiluli mTebic gagvaxsendeba, romlebic
`fiqrs miscemin mwaresa~ (`mTani maRalni, cad atyorcnilni, janySi
xveulni fiqrs miscemian~), xolo leqsSi warmodgenili mTliani suraTi
`bunebis netarebisa~, molxeniT myofi `miwisa da cisac~ Sepirispirebuli
gulCaTxrobil buCqis Zirs mjdom mkvnesare, oblad STenil mgosanTan
iliaseburi kontrastis gziTaa ganxorcielebuli da amaze pirdapiracaa
miniSnebuli `kako yaCaRidan~ momdinare sriqonebis pirdapiri gadmotaniT
leqsSi:
`yvela netarebs,
MmolxeniT aris
`dRiT feTqavs raca~,
`miwac da caca~.
iliaseburia orive leqsSi gamJRavnebuli patriotuli grZnobac:
pirvel leqsSi poetis mokluli gulis `mware Civilsa kvnesiT bans
aZlevs samSoblo mxare~, xolo meore leqsSi, mTani maRalni cad
atyorcnilni... mSobel mxares
1910 wels dawerili erTi leqsi asea dasaTaurebuli _ `elegia~,
rac imTaviTve unda migvaniSnebdes ilias amave saxelwodebis leqsTan
kavSirze. ticianis leqsis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom es marTla asea,
ticianis leqsis Seqmnas biZgi swored ilias `elegiam~ misca da swored
masTan Sexminebas warmoadgens yrma poetis leqsi. leqsSi aRwerilia
samSoblos peizaJi RamiT. Ramea bneli, cis kabadonze ar moCans arc
mTvare, arc varskvlavebi krTian, `ca, moRrubluli, cremlad iRvreba~.
mcvelad, darajad, `viT gveleSapni, zed
Semortymian~.
`gadmoswolia samyaros nisli,
CasZinebia xevSi nakaduls~.
12
isev sumbuli, bulbulis satrfo, romelsac cremlebi sdis,
xmagakmendili bulbuli glovobs.
neli niavi Cumad sisinebs,
rionic gahyefs, godebs, dudunebs...
Cans, rom naRveli Semoswolia...
leqsis bolo strofSi iliaseburad aris dasmuli ritorikuli
kiTxva _ daedeba Tu ara sazRvari amas yovelives _
`samSoblo mxare, veranad qmnili,
mwared qviTinebs, kvlav icremleba...
ox! RmerTo, RmerTo
netav sazRvari ar daedeba?!~
! amden cremlT frqvevas,
marTalia, yrud, magram mainc tician tabiZis am leqsSi gamoxatuli
wuxilis motivi rom farTo socialuri xasiaTisaa da ara pirovnuli, es
sruliad aSkaraa.
aseTive xasiaTis leqsebia, aseve XIX saukunis klasikur poeziasTan
siaxlove, misi zemoqmedebis kvali atyvia tician tabiZis adreul leqsebs
`nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare~, usaTauro `wynari Ramea, dumili
sufevs~, `melodia~ da a.S.
rogorc iTqva, gavlenis kvali atyvia ara marto adreul leqsebs,
aramed es kavSiri, zemoqmedeba aSkarad Cans tician tabiZis miniaturebSi,
novelebsa da moTxrobebSi. sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT miniatura
`nakadis duduni~. poets uyvars nakadis Cqriali, `misi idumali, sevdiani
duduni, roca daRamdeba, `mwuxris zewarSi gaexveva sofeli da ares
mkvdari mdumareba daepatroneba~. Mxolo nakadulis Cumi qviTini, yru
godeba arRvevs myudroebas. `idayvdayrdnobili yurs vugdeb mas da suli
ocnebis mxarisken mifrinavs. mogonebaTa mkrTalni aCrdilni Tavs
damcimcimeben da TvalTagan lmobierebis mduRare cremli mdis xolme~.
am striqonebSi aSkarad gvecnoba leqsikuri Sexvedra n. baraTaSvilis
13
leqsTan `fiqrni mtkvris piras~. ticianic fiqrobs soflis
ukuRmarTobaze.
`miyvars... miyvars me duduni nakadisa,
aqac baraTaSviliseburi gamoxatva grZnobis, leqsikuri Sexvedra
baraTaSvilTan (`miyvars, miyvars me tiqtiki Cvilis ymis~) cxadad
mowmobs, rom yrma ticiani Tavs ver aRwevs n. baraTaSvilis gavlenas da
arc unda ganTavisufldes misgan, imdenad didia mis sulze baraTaSvilis
mRelvarebiT savse striqonebis zemoqmedebis Zala.
sityviT ar ZalmiZs,
gamovTqva, rasac grZnobs guli, aRgznebuli RvTiuris aliT!~
t. tabiZis moTxroba `sumbuli~ aSkarad iwvevs asociacias vaJas
moTxrobebTan da gansakuTrebiT mainc `mTis wyarosTan~. axalgazrda
ticiani aq gadmogvcems sumbulis gancdebs. movida zamTari da sumbulma,
romelic satrfomac miatova, igrZno sikvdilis moaxloeba. `nu geSinia,
nu, Cemo sicocxlev! _ uCurCulebs ankara wyaro. _ RmerTi mowyalea.
male isev gamobrundebi, male mogiva dro da Jami mSvenierebisa, erT
zafxulSi kinaRam davSri da sasowarkveTili davstirodi Cems
ubedurebas, magram Sevebrale Semoqmeds, wvima movida da mec gadavrCi~.
miniaturaSi `martooba~ lirikuli gmiris martoobis gancdis
saTave isev da isev nikoloz baraTaSvilia, baraTaSvilis uZiro sevda
aZlevs biZgs tician tabiZes mware fiqrebisaTvis. cdilobs, mis fiqrebs
wvdes da Tavisas dauaxloos. miniaturaSi lirikuli gmiri gvamcnobs:
`sadac unda viyo, yvelgan, yovelTvis martooba Cemi Tanamgzavria, mudam
Tan damdevs, rogorc aCrdili, viT SurismaZiebeli landi, garewar kaens
Tan rom dasdevda... aCrdili sastiki da ulmobelia, misi Rimili, Rimilia
mefistofelis da mis xarxarze ki, viT saTaelis qnarze, are-midamo
kvnesis da mosTqvams. albaT am yofas grZnobda mgosani, romelmac
gvamcno _ Zneli aris martooba sulisa, mas eltvian siameni soflisa~.
albaT, es mqirdavi aCrdili iyo, romelmac mas mouwamla da waruwymida
sarwmunoeba da dastova `WkuiT urwmuno, guliT undo, suliT maxvrali~.
gr. orbelianis, vaJa-Savelas zemoqmedebis kvali leqsikuradac ki
cxadad amCnevia t. tabiZis miniaturas `feria bednierebisa~.
deda Svils uyveba bednierebis momtan feriaze da xarb dianaze,
romelsac Surda feriasi, radgan igi xalxs Zalian uyvarda.
14
`_ deda ar mova kidev is feria?~ _ daJinebiT ekiTxeboda
gaWirveulebuli bavSvi dedas.
`_ ra vici, Svilo, xedav im mTebs, caTamde rom ayudebulan? ase
arian sul isini; nisli rom moexvevaT, es maTi locvaa, cas Sehvedrian,
feria dagvibruneo, da elian sul dausrulebliv, guli elevaT
lodinSi... usazRvroa maTi lodini~.
Wabuki ticiani daufiqrebia marad mtkivneul sikvdilis idumalebas,
mis amocnobas lamobs da aqac vaJa gamodis mSvelelad. vaJas
gamaognebeli mxatvruli migneba, mTebi imitom dganan, rom Turme elias,
did zemoqmedebas axdens ticianze, es araerTgan gamoCndeba ticianis
TxzulebebSi da, pirvelyovlisa, Cans miniaturaSi `sikvdili~.
`... is yvelgan aris da yovelTvis.
misi mefoba ganusazRvrelia da msxverpli auricxveli. misi Crdili
yvelas Tan axlavs da ganuwyvetliv misi frTebis frTxiali yvelas
moesmis. is bedia winamZRvarTa ubedurebisa. mTani maRalni, mwuxarebaSi
gaqvavebulni, sdganan da elian. maTi lodini `danaxvaa unaxavisa~ _
ambobs mgosani... usazRvroa maTi lodini, radgan maT ukve moesmiT
ConCxebis qnarze simebis JRera~...
TiTqos vaJas poeturi gansjis _
`RmerTma giSvelos, sikvdilo,
sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa,
da Senc sikvdilo fasi gZe
sicocxlis nawyenobiTa~
erTgvari gamoZaxilia Wabuki ticianis daskvna: sikvdili `mizania
Cveni cxovrebisa~, isic garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom Wabuki ticiani am
SemTxvevaSi erTgvarad sikvdilis esTetizacias axdens.
mxatvrul CanaxatSi `epispsixidini~ vkiTxulobT: `kaco, giyvardes!~ _
ciT CamomZaxes... da mec miyvars, am bnelSiac gzas minaTebs naTeli sxivi
siyvarulisa...~ umal gvecnoba ilis cnobili striqonebi leqsidan
giyvardes.
15
_ kaco, giyvardes! _
ciT CamomZaxes,
ros maT dambades.
yvelgan es sityva
lamprad win mimyva
da qveynad Cems svlas
hscemda wmind naTels.
misTvisc getyvi Zmas:
Senca giyvardes!...
amave poetur CanaxatSi mdinare rioni daxasiaTebulia
baraTaSviliseburad: `talRas talRas scems rioni da mwuxared
dudunebs, albad sevda Semoswolia, vervisTvis undvia da imisTvis aris,
rom gulCaxveuli Cumad mosTqvams; vin icis, iqneb is sul sxvas igonebs,
iqneb esmodes kidec amiranis kvnesa, an medias mwuxare simRera, iqneb
dastirodes qarTlosis Cangs, uRvToT damsxvreuls, maxinj SvilTagan
daviwyebuls. bevri ram icis rionma, `mraval droebis mowmea, magram
utyvia~, utyvi~... amgvari masalis moxmoba kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes.
warmodgenili masala ki cxadyofs, rom yrma ticiani, gimnaziis mowafe
SesaniSnavad icnobs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas da formirebis
gzaze uxvadac eyrdnoba, sakuTari xmis Ziebisas sazrdoobs miT, sakuTar
nagrZnobs, nafiqrs ticiani did winaparTa sityvier samoss acmevs, ufro
sworad didi qarTvel mweralTa gancdilze ametyvelebs sakuTar
grZnobebs.
ticianis am drois nawerebidan isic igrZnoba, rom saqme gvaqvs
gemovnebian Zalze niWier axalgazrdasTan, romelic ukve cdilobs
individualuri daRi daasvas, gaxazos, rom es misia, sakuTriv mis
SemoqmedebiT quraSi gamotarebuli, oRond isic aSkaraa, rom igi
azrovnebs swored klasikurze dayrdnobiT, ase xdeba misi formireba.
misi gansakuTrebuli interesi ki mimarTulia qarTveli romanitikosebis
_ ufro grigol orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, did iliasa da
vaJas poeziaze.
16
marTalia, tician tabiZis pirvel leqsebsa da prozaul nawerebs
aklia mxatvruli srulyofa, maTSi bevri ramaa epigonuri, dasaxvewi,
magram amisda miuxedavad, am nawarmoebebs mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imis gasarkvevad, riT daiwyo ticianis poeturi gza, vin iyvnen misi
pirveli maswavleblebi, ra kavSiri hqonda literaturul tradiciebTan,
rogor yalibdeboda poetis SemoqmedebiTi individualoba da a.S.
mwerlis yrmobisdroindeli Semoqmedebis gacnoba naTlad
gvarwmunebs, rom simbolizmis literaturuli principebis aRiarebamde t.
tabiZem ganvlo mxatvruli daostatebis saintereso etapi, romelsac
literaturuli Segirdobis xana SeiZleba davarqvaT.
garda yovelive Tqmulisa, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, rom,
Cans, tabiZeebis did ojaxSi Rrmaa siyvaruli, krZalva, interesi
erovnuli kulturis, erovnuli mwerlobisadmi, am safuZvelze, am
garemoSi izrdebian rogorc vasil tabiZis ojaxSi, aseve iustine tabiZis
ojaxSi, aseT garemoSi Camoyalibdnen rogorc genialuri galaktioni,
aseve brwyinvale niWis ticiani.
TandaTanobiT da drois mcire monakveTSi gafarTovda ticianis
literaturuli areali, mwerluri horizonti, Tematuri interesebi.
am azriT, Zalzed sainteresoa mweral sergo kldiaSvilis
gadmocema. s. kldiaSvili ase igonebs gimnaziaSi ticianTan erTad
swavlis wlebs: `Zalian xSirad nasadilevs masTan miviCqarodi. sawolis
gverdiT dadgmul patara magidaze wignebis grova awyvia. es wignebi
saocaria. maTi avtorebi aqamde CemTvis ucnobi poetebi da prozaikosebi
arian. maT Sesaxeb jer araferi msmenoda.
TiTqos saswauls hgavda es ambavi, _ Tu rogor aRmoCnda es wignebi
imereTis am patara qalaqSi. aqamde CemTvis literaturuli samyaro
Semofargluli iyo yvelasaTvis cnobili qarTveli, rusi da ucxoeli
klasikosebis saxelebiT da uecrad axali saxelebi mesmis: verleni,
laforgi, klodeli, verharni, meterlinki, uaildi, hamsuni, briusovi,
sologubi, balmonti da sxva da sxva. ara mgonia, rom mTel qalaqSi Cvens
garda, ori pirtitvela gimnazielis garda, kidev vinmes raime warmodgena
hqonoda am mwerlebze~ (28; 182).
17
ticiani ar kmayofildeboda am avtorTa Semoqmedebis mxolod
gacnobiT, Targmnida maT da am droidan moyolebuli sistematurad
aqveynebda kidec qarTul periodikaSi.Aase TandaTan Rrmavdeboda
axalgazrda poetis miswrafebaTa Tvalsawieri, mis sulSi iWreboda is
literaturuli siaxleni, romlebmac didi zegavlena moaxdines mwerlis
literaturul Camoyalibebaze.
ticianis sakuTrivi leqsebis saTaurebSic, TematikaSic igrZnoba
ukve interesTa gafarToeba, rom araferi vTqvaT novelebsa, moTxrobebsa
da miniaturebze. ticianis leqsebis saTaurebi xdeba `madonas simRera~,
`siCumis angelozi~, `soneti~, `Nochturne~ da a.S. misi leqsebis personaJebi
xdebian pani, adonaisi...
SeuZlebelia 1905 wlis Semdgomi reaqciis periodis movlenebs Rrma
kvali ar daetovebina Wabuki t. tabiZis cnobierebaze. rogorc g. asaTiani
aRniSnavs, `reaqciis yru atmosferoSi, romelmac gansakuTrebiT niadagi
moamzada qarTul poeziaSi evropuli dekadansis `Sxamian yvavilTa~
gadmosargavad, yalibdeboda axalgazrda tician tabiZis poeturi
Sexedulebani~ (8; 152). Tu t. tabiZe moswavleobis droindel adreul
leqsebSi, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, didi doziT uxdis xarks erovnul-
demokratiul idealebs, Semdgom ukve misi interesebi TandaTan
neoromantikuli poeziisaken ixreba.
tician tabiZe quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis periodSive ecnoba
simbolisturi mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenil warmomadgenels. igi
Tavis Tanamoazre megobrebTan erTad ocnebobda gadatrialeba moexdina
qarTul poeziaSi. masSi am wyurvils epoqis mRelvare sulic badebda,
erTgvari kulturuli dezorientacia. XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba,
romelsac mkafiod hqonda gamokveTili Tavisi mizani, gamoxatvis
formebi, krizisis piras iyo misuli. amrigad axali Taoba TiTqmis
orientirebis gareSe darCa.
t. tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis am momentis Sesaxeb s. caiSvili
wers: `es iyo marTlac Znelad dasaZlevi gzajvaredini da gabedul
ZiebaTa gareSe warmoudgenelic Canda axali napirebis aRmoCena. arc is
aris dasamali, rom warumatebloba da marcxi Tan axlda ZiebaTa aseT
gzas. magram gulwrfeloba da Tavgameteba mas erTi wuTiTac ki ar
18
mohklebia. aq zogjer intuiciuri swrafva inteleqtze nakleb rols
rodi asrulebda. pirvelmebrZolni, romelTa Soris tician tabiZe
yovelTvis gamoirCeoda TiTqmis sacecebiT miiwevdnen win~ (49; 287).
srulyofisaken dauokebelma swrafvam ticiani da misi megobari
`cisferyanwelebi~ miiyvana klasikuri realisturi poeziisagan mkveTr
gamijvnamde. sagulisxmoa, rom evropuli literaturuli procesi XIX-XX
saukuneebis mijnaze gemovnebis, saazrovno formebis, poeturi
konstruqciebisa da poeturi msoflmxedvelobis klasikisagan gamijvnas
da ukompromiso dapirispirebas gulisxmobda. am periodSi ise mZafri iyo
gadafasebis survili da siaxlis matarebeli xelovnebis Seqmnis
mcdeloba, rom verc qarTvel mweralTa axali Taoba Sexvda gulgrili
am procesebs. `diadi klasikis~ zegavlenisagan Tavis daRwevis
vnebaTaRelva ajanyebas utoldeboda. es movlena didi siswrafid swored
mxatvruli azrovnebis sferoSi vrceldeboda. siaxle TiTqos TviT XX
saukunis moTxovna iyo, romelic Tavis mousvenari bunebis Sesatyvisi
xelovnebis Seqmnas eswrafvoda.
rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, 1915 wels tician tabiZe, jer-
xnobiT moskovis universitetis filologiis fakultetis studenti
Tavis megobrebTan erTad aarsebs literaturul dajgufebas `cisferi
yanwebi~. axali dajgufeba gamovida skolis Seqmnis pretenziiT.
1916 wels gamoica am dajgufebis Jurnalis `cisferi yanwebis~
pirveli nomeri. am JurnalSi daibeWda tician tabiZis Teoriuli xasiaTis
werili `cisferi yanwebiT~, romelic Jurnalis meore nomerSi gagrZelda
da romelic warmoadgenda am dajgufebis arsebobis Teoriul
dasabuTebas da gamarTlebas.
am literaturulma jgufma da, bunebrivia, maT Soris tician
tabiZem Tavisi dadgineba-damkvidreba klasikur poeziasTan erTgvari
dapirispirebis gziT cades, ufro konkretulad, qarTveli 60-ianeლეbis
poeziasTan dapirebis gziT.
tician tabiZis saprogramo statias `cisferi yanwebiT~ ufro
vrclad qvemoT SevexebiT, axla ki mokled Semdegs aRvniSnavT, t. tabiZis
azriT, `cisferi yanwebiT~, iwyeboda axali periodi qarTuli poeziis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi. misi sityvebiT, qarTuli mwerloba,
19
gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, jer saTanadod araa
Seswavlili, kerZod araa cxadi, ra damokidebuleba hqonda am drois
poezias Zvel mwerlobasTan, rusul literaturasTan.
t. tabiZes ki TviTon ase warmoudgenia es gza _ `Zveli qarTuli
poezia iwyeba rusTaveliT da mTavrdeba besikiT~... am or poetSi
`saqarTvelom Sekriba mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli energia~. t. tabiZes
besikisa ganskuTrebiT is xiblavs, rom moqalaqeobriv-politikuri
Tematika ar Seuria poeziaSi. saqarTvelosTvis Znelbedobis Jams icxovra
da iRvawa da erTmaneTSi ar aurevia politika da sakuTriv poezia. amaSi
xedavs t. tabiZe Zveli qarTuli poeziis Taviseburebasac da Rirsebasac.
`besikisagan politikisa da poeziis gayofa miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom
is iyo kancleri imereTis mefis solomonis da daiRupa diplomatiuri
misiis aRsrulebis dros~. XIX saukuneSi qarTvel romantikosebs, erTi
mxriv, etyobaT gavlena evropeli romantikosebisa, meore mxriv, isini
ganicdian gavlenas Zveli qarTuli poeziisas, gansakuTrebiT ki besikisas.
`ase uaxlovdebiT mesamoce wlebs~, sadac kavSiri poeziasTan `samudamod
wydeba da iq iqmneba axali ideologia~. `besikma windawin
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom `krazanebi~ gaagdebdnen qarTuli baRidan da es
male moxda~. 60-iani wlebis polemika, t. tabiZis azriT, ara marto
`TaobaTa brZolaa~, aramed kulturaTa brZola _ Zveli qarTuli da
axali ruseTis ideologiebis, qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvla
ruseTis xorbliT~. gr. orbelianis aRelveba aq yvelaze ufro gasagebia,
`imaSi aimRvra konservatori qarTveli, qarTveli poeti~. marTla am
brZolaSi gaimarjva iliam, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdgomi
xelovnebisa. am dRidan moiSala qarTul poeziaSi Zveli suli, am `cru
rusTvelebma~ da `liberalebma, mwerloba gaxades `samitingo zalad~ da
poezia gazeTad. ilia WavWavaZem samudamod dawyevla `frinveli garegani~
da `tkbili xmebi~... `akaki wereTelma `garemoebis sayviri~ Zalian bevri
ayvira, yvela es leqsebi bankis opoziciaze da advokatebze darCeba
rogorc politikuri satiris ara niWieri nimuSebi... akaki sul
gaqrobidan iman ixsna, rom dauaxlovda xalxis suls da nacionalur
eposSi amonaxa lirikuli temebi. xalxi ki erTaderTi inaxavda da inaxavs
20
gauryvneli poeziis tradiciebs. iq, sadac akaki Ralatobs Tavis
ideologias da mReris Seugneblad, mxolod naxulobs Tavis Tavs~.
erTi sityviT, ticianis azriT, 60-iani wlebidan TandaTan mtkicdeba
gavlena rusuli xelovnebisa, romelsac Soreuli kavSiri Tu aqvs
WeSmarit xelovnebasTan da araferi saerTo ar hqonia kerZod qarTulTan.
TviT gr. orbelianic ki CarTes am turnirSi Tavisi `muSa boqulaZiT~.
mxolod vaJa-fSavelaSi feTqavs eris suli Tavisi kulturuli
atavizmiT. `marTalia misTvis leqsis teqnika ar arsebobda xandaxan
najaxiT daTlil warmodgenas qmnida, magram imaSi iyo Zveli suli. vaJa
didi protestia Zveli saqarTvelosi~.
`mesamocianeleTa~ mwerlebis ioli xeliT Semotanili rusuli
xorbali amodis qerad. ilias da akakis is upiratesoba hqondT, rom
moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandaxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias; Semdeg
ki maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturili saxe da dRes uimedod gahkivis
moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias . yvela uniWo, usaxo, enablu, visac
xeli ar eRleba, stanjavs dRes qarTul poezias~ (42; #2).
rogorc vxedavT, tician tabiZe Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi gzis meore
safexurze sxva `cisferyanwelebTan~ erTad erTgvarad zurgs aqcevs,
upirispirdeba qarTuli realisturi klasikuri poeziis ganviTarebis
gzas da praqtikulad mwvavedac upirispirdeba qarTul, gansakuTrebiT,
misi azriT, 60-ianelTa araerovnul literaturul tradiciebs.
praqtikulad, igi vaJa-fSavelamde arc aravis cnobs.
erTi mainc amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos _ Tu SevadarebT evropul,
kerZod frangul literaturas, frang poetebs, rusi simbolistebis
mosazrebebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom dapirispireba Cvens sinamdvileSi ufro
TavSekavebulia; rogorc ar unda vifiqroT, aq mainc patara qveynis
faqtori TamaSobs did rols. sxva `cisferyanwelebic~ da miT umetes
tician tabiZe, yovelTvis saTanados miageben, saTanadod gaxazaven
qarTvel 60-ianelTa, kerZod iliasa da akakis, Rvawlis ganuzomel
mniSvnelobas. maTTvis miuRebelia mxolod poeturi pozicia 60-
ianelebisa, romelic mkveTrad moqalaqeobrivi, socialuri Sinaarsis
matarebelia; `Cven uars ar vyofT `mesamocianeleTa~ mwerlebis
21
sazogadoebriv damsaxurebas, _ wers ticiani Jurnalis saprogramo
werilSi; _ magram imaT samagieroT ar aqvT esTetikuri damsaxureba~.
isic unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom dapirispireba ,iqneboda igi
mkveTri, Tu SedarebiT TavSekavebuli, mainc azris doneze, Teoriuli
saxiT gamoixata, iTqva da daiwera. ramdenadme gansxvavebulad
warmogvidgeba saqme TviT mxatvruli praqtikis, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi, ticians _ poets mkveTrad, xistad arasodes gamouxatavs es
dapirispireba.
iseT faqizi gemovnebis esTets, rogoric Salva afxaiZea, aseTi
azri aqvs gamoxatuli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `tician tabiZis poezia
aRmocenebuli iyo erovnul fesvebze. misTvis ucxo iyo nacionaluri
nihilizmi~ (10; 74).
tician tabiZe simbolisturi periodis leqsbSic inarCunebda
TavisTavadobas da gamorCeuli iyo imiT, rom sinamdviles arasodes
uaryofda. misi leqsebis lirikuli gmiri miTosuri da literaturuli
gmirebis aCrdili ki ar aris, aramed namdvili cxovrebiseuli adamiani
da Tavsmoxveul ganwyobilebebsa da sizmareul yofaSi, saxelTa
fantasmagoriaSi yovelTvis mZafria irealur samyarodan Tavis daRwevis
survili. TviTironiac poetis Tanamdevia.
tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis simbolisturi xanis XIX saukunios
qarTul poeziasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT metic unda iTqvas. unda
vifiqroT, rom TviT `cisferyanwelobis~ xanaSi Cven usaTuod unda
davadasturoT XIX s. klasikuri realisturi poeziis gavlena poet
tician tabiZeze, Tu SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis WeSmariti Sinaarsidan
amovalT. am gagebis Tanaxmad, gavlenis `aucilebeli piroba aris
mimarTebis damyareba mxatvrul nawarmoebTan da mis avtorTan. WeSmariti
xelovanebis urTierTzemoqmedeba erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebis damyarebaSi
mdgomareobs. am mimarTebis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa is mniSvneloba,
romelsac erTi mwerlis Semoqmedeba meorisaTvis iZens... xelovani
SeiZleba arc misdevdes romelime avtoris azrsa da tendencias...
SeiZleba kidec upirispirdebodes meore xelovans (xazi Cemia – x. S.)
Tavisi mxatvruli saSualebebiT, STabeWdilebaTa da sakuTar
SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT, magram literaturismcodneobis TvalsazrisiT
22
SeiZleba dadgindes literaturuli zemoqmedebis faqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi
erTi mwerali meorisaTvis SeiZleba iyos erTgvari amosavali, romelic
ubiZgebs mas garkveuli mimarTulebisaken, gansxavavebuli maneris, tipis,
kompoziciis... Ziebisaken~ (27; 44-45).
rogorc ukve davinaxeT, da rogorc Semdgom kidev ufro
konkretulad da cxadad warmoCndeba, imdenad didia zemoqmedeba t.
tabiZeze me-19 saukunis qarTuli poeziisa, kerZod 60-ianelTa, ilia
WavWavaZis pirovnebisa da poeziisa (aki cota mogvianebiT ticiani ityvis:
`Tavs dagviara vaJa-fSavelam, Tavze gvawveba zvavad ilia~, leqsi
`kaxeTs~), rom Wabuk ticians uCndeba swored ilias kerZod da saerTod
XIX s. qarTuli poeziis gavlenisagan Tavis daRwevis moTxovnileba,
erTis mxriv, XIX saukinis qarTuli poeziac aris amosavali, romelic
ubiZgebs t. tabiZes `garkveuli mimarTulebisaken, gansxvavebuli maneris,
tipis kompoziciis Ziebisaken~. esecaa erTi piroba, rom t. tabiZe
aRmoCnda `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis aqtiuri TavkacTagani.
qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi `cisferyanwelTa ordenis~
damsaxureba gansazRvrulia, rogorc swrafva siaxlisaken, rogorc 60-
ianelTa epigonebTan, moZvelebul, yavlgasul meleqseebTan, inerciasTan
`brZolis gamocxadeba~, swrafva `qarTuli poeziis, evropuli radiusiT~
gamarTvisaken. rogorc amboben, tician tabiZe gansakuTrebuli simZafriT
ganicdida, rom saqarTvelo CamorCa msoflio poeturi azrovnebis
sivrces da es CamorCeniloba tragediad miaCnda: `roca iwereboda Sarl
bodleris `borotebis yvavilebi~, maSin saqarTveloSi arc iyo
dawyebuli dava ilia WavWavaZesa da kneina barbare jorjaZes Soris~, _
werda igi. simbolistebis gamoCeniT xalxur da relistur poezias
daupirispirda rTuli da artistuli xelovneba, wminda xelovneba,
romelic ar iqmneboda masisaTvis, aramed rCeulTaTvis:
`da Cemi Cangi sircxvilisgan daimsxvreoda,
Tu misi leqsi gitaraze mogesmeboda~.
aRniSnulis miuxedavad t. tabiZe simbolisturi periodis
leqsebSic inarCunebs TavisTavobas da gamorCeulia imiT, rom
23
sinamdviles arasodes uaryofs, Tavsmoxveul ganwyobilebasa da
sizmareul yofaSi, saxelTa fantasmagoriaSi yovelTvis mZafria idealur
samyarodan Tavis daRwevis survili. TviTironiac poetis Tanmdevia.
warsulis Sefasebas, `siymawvilis sens~ _ arabunebriv poetur
ganwyobilebebs Tavad afasebs poeti 1922 wels daweril leqsSi `sezonis
falavani~:
`da vmadlob ufals, Cemi suli mas abaria,
man erTma icis, rom ar iyo igi samiwe,
ase atirebda poets malaria,
ase gaugebrad werda tician tabiZe~
ltolva naTel azrovnebisaken, qarTuli klasikuri poeziisaken
TandaTan ufro gamZafrda. sinamdvile, romelSic TiTqos moulodnelad
aRmoCnda simbolistTa poeturi ordeni 1921 wels Semdgom, erTob
mtkivneuli iyo da tragikul gancdad iqca. TandaTan realoba axali
gamosaxvis saSualebebs eZebs tician tabiZis poeziaSi da es cvlileba
ioli da umtkivneulo rodia.
tician tabiZis poeziis ideologiur burjad, erTgvar xidad,
romelic aris gadebuli or gansxvavebul da urTierTdapirispirebul
realobas Soris, SesaZloa miviCnioT mamis xateba mwuxris locvaSi,
mamis Savi anaforis friali, brma Tvalebi, fsalmuni da mewamulisferi
Savi anaforis daferva, Zveli orpiris RamurebSemovlebuli saydari _
Zveli tradiciuli dro da memkvidreoba, romelsac axal epoqaSi aRar
aqvs arsebobis ufleba da Tvalsa da xels Sua qreba. es Tema tician
tabiZis poeziaSi, albaT, SesaZloa mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis mwerlobaSi
`mamismkvlelobis~ `mamis Zlevis~ tragikul asaxvas.
tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi pozicia ufro mkveTrad gamomJRavnda
leqsSi `nu gaikvirveb~ (1926), sadac poeti acxadebs, rom sxva ocnebebis
tyvea da Slis Zvel leqsebs dafaze, romelTac sisxliT werda da ara
carciT.
daaxloebiT am droidan, 20-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba
`miwasTan dabruneba~ (valerian gafrindaSvili). rogorc iTqva, es
24
maincdamainc ar gasWirvebia tician tabiZes da imitomac, rom misi
poeturi bunebac iTxovda amas. bohemur cxovrebaSi, simbolistobaSi,
faqtia, rom didi iyo pozis xvedriTi wilic da, bunebrivia, arc amaSi
iyo rame cudi da miuRebeli.
20-iani wlebis bolodan sacnauri xdeba t. tabiZis rogorc poetis,
qarTuli tradiciuli azrovnebisaken mibruneba, erovnuli msoflxati.
`ticianis winaSe TandaTan realisturi leqsis gza daisaxa da
dacemulobis poeziasTan kavSiri gawyvita. Tu winaT misi SemoqmedebiTi
mizani iyo `besikis baRSi bodleris borotebis yvavilebi daergo,
amieridan misi poezia daiwminda, burusi warsulma brZolebma gafantes
da mis leqss mze daadga gvirgvinad~ (10; 102).
is, rac ticianisaTvis siWabukis adreuli xanidan erTgvarad
uariyo poetis mier, garkveuli droisa da erovnul-politikur viTarebis
cvlilebaTa gamo kvlav tradiciul wiaRs daubrunda. msoflgancda da
gamokiTxvis formebi mTlianad gamsWvalulia am uaryofa-ukanmibrunebis
niSniT. t. tabiZis poeturi formireba-ganviTarebis gza `zRapris
esTetikis~ enaze SeiZleba gamovsaxoT, rogorc zRapris gmiris `Sinidan~
ucilobeli gasvliT da kvlav ukan `dabrunebis~ poeturi formuliT.
daaxloebiT 1925 wlidan sikvdilamde t. tabiZe wers leqsebs, romlebSic
Tavbrudamxvevi realoba isaxeba. uSualobasa da gulwrfelobasTan
erTad t. tabiZe poetis aucilebel Tvisebad vaJkacobas, pirovnul
gamZleobas miiCnevs: vaJkacis sityvas foladis simtkice unda hqondes,
raTa gulze moxvdes mkiTxvels. vaJkacuri xma leqss eniWeba klasikuri
da xalxuri leqsis inerciiT. heroikul suraTs qmnis amgvari striqonebi:
`xevsuris jaWvis nagleji rgoli _
erTi vacxadeb marto hazavats~.
anda
`vaJa-fSavelas vsunTqav filtvebiT....~
vaJkacuri xmis gasZliereblad tician tabiZe qarTuli xalxuri
leqsis reminiscenciebs mimarTavs:
25
`erTxel esrola berma papama
da jixvi kldeze Camoekeca~
(`kaxeTi~)
`ase megona kameCis uRliT mec poeziis mival aRzevans~
(`aRzevans wasvla~)
`Seibnen erTad SaSvi, kakabi...~
ticiani mimarTavs rusTavelis striqonebis reminiscenciebs
`ra saWiroa melnad giSris tba da kalmad kidev
me na rxeuli~.
am striqonebiT tician tabiZe siRrmiseul kavSirs avlens klasikur
poeziasTan da ase amdidrebs Tavis poetur palitras, amasTan cnobil
striqonebs me-20 saukunis suls STaberavs da ase iTavisebs maT.
`me davibade aprilis TveSi~... ase iwyeba `leqsi mewyeri~, romelSic
poetma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi koncefcia gamoxata. leqsi movardnili
mewyeria, anu stiqiasaviT moulodnelad Tavs atydeba Semoqmeds.
SemoqmedebiTi procesi gulisxmobs cocxlad damarxvas, anu
msxverplSewirvas da aRdgomas ganaxlebuli ZaliT. poeti emorCileba
SemoqmedebiT Zalas. leqss ar wers poeti, Tavad imorCilebs leqsi mas.
swored t. tabiZis weris aseTi Tavisebureba aqvT mxedvelobaSi, roca
mkvlevrebi erTxmad miuTiTeben t. tabiZis rogorc poetis did
uSualobaze, misi leqsis stiqionur xasiaTze. magram isic unda iTqvas,
rom uSualoba, stiqionuroba mxolod erTi mxarea, erTi niSania t.
tabiZis poeziisa, t. tabiZis poeziis erTi Tvisebureba mis
inteleqtualurobaSic iCens Tavs. mis leqsebSi saqme gvaqvs ara marto
grZnobaTa mozRvavebasTan, aramed did literaturul
ganswavlulobasTanac da kerZod qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis
saerTod da kerZod XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis Rrma codnasTan.
26
t. tabiZis leqsebi gansakuTrebiT bolo droisa yuradRebas iqcevs XIX s.
qarTul poetTa reminiscenciebiT, sazogadod didi zemoqmedebiT. am
mxriv tician tabiZe gamorCeuli poetia mTels meoce saukuneSi.
27
T a v i II
XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa poeturi eqo tician tabiZis
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi
tician tabiZe did siaxlesTan erTad qarTuli poeziis saukeTeso
tradiciebis memkvidre da gamgrZelebeli iyo, ramac Tavi iCina rogorc
misi Semoqmedebis TematikaSi, aseve gansaxierebis saSualebebSi.
yoveli WeSmariti niWis msgavsad tician tabiZe didi interesiT
epyroboda winapar poetTa da kerZod XIX saukunis qarTvel SemoqmedTa
memkvidreobas. igi kargad iTvaliswinebda im ideis sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobas, cxovelmyofelobas, romelic qarTuli literaturis did
warmomadgnelTa moRvaweobas ganagebda. mas sisxlxorceulad hqonda
SeTvisebuli, rom WeSmarit poezias eris interesebi asuldgmulebda.
tician tabiZes poetis mTavar movaleobad saqveyno interesebiT
gamsWvalva miaCnda.
tician tabiZis poeziis erTi mTavari Temaa patriotuli grZnobis
gamoxatva da igi am mxrivac memkvidrea winapar qarTvel poetTa
tradiciebisa. magram memkvidreoba, SemoqmedebiTi gavlena ar
Semofarglula mxolod ideur-Tematikuri sferoTi. tician tabiZe
araerTgzis migviTiTebs, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania misTvis XIX saukunis
qarTvel poetTa mier gamoyenebuli gamoxatvis saSualebebi, calkeuli
xatebi, sityvieri samosi. magram rogorc es WeSmariti xelovanis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba, wina poetTa gamocdileba, weris Taviseburebebi
amovardnili ki ar aris saerTo stilidan, aramed Zaldautaneblad aris
Sesuli, daqvemdebarebulia tician tabiZis weris maneras.
rogorc mdidari sulis xelovanisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
tician tabiZe ar cdilobs damalos kvali im gamocdilebisa, rac mas
winapar poetTagan miuRia, es ar sWirdeba mas, radgan poeturi
individualurobaa da sxvaTa CrdilSi darCena ar emuqreba.
Cveni amocanaa gavarkvioT, rogor iCens Tavs tician tabiZis
28
poeziaSi XIX saukunis qarTvel SemoqmedTa saxe da gamocdileba, Tu ra
sixSiriT, ra intensivobiT vlindeba igi.
amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis
SemTxvevaSi kvleva-Zieba, warmoCena zemoqmedebis kvalisa erTob Zneli
saqmea, ramdenadac amgvari kvleva gulisxmobs xelovanis Semoqmedebis
erTob Rrma fenebSi Sesvlis, xSir SemTxvevaSi uxilav sferoebSi
SeRwevis pretenzias, rac windawinve uimedo da ganwiruli Tu araa
marcxisaTvis, Znelze-Zneli saqme kia. aRniSnuli ki gulisxmobs, rom
Zalian xSirad aseTi amocanis dasaxvis dros mkvlevari mxolod
nagrZnobis sferoSi unda darCes da mxolod varaudebiT unda
Semoifarglos, romelTa dasabuTeba ver moxerxdeba azris enaze.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Znelia WeSmariti xelovanis
SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sinagani meqanizmis gaTvaliswineba. mxatvrul
saSualebaTa gamoyenebis gza xSirad TviT xelovanTaTvisac
gaucnobierebelia1. yovelive aRniSnuli winaswar unda miviRoT
mxedvelobaSi, magram bunebrivia Tqmuli arc imas gulisxmobs, rom am
rigis sakiTxebis kvlevaze xeli aviRoT da winaswar uari ganvacxadoT,
radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda TviT literaturuli kvleva-Ziebis
saqmec dagveyenebina eWvs qveS. `literaturaTmcodneoba jer kidev Sorsaa
upasuxos kiTxvas _ ra aris, anu rogori aris SemoqmedebiTi procesi,
magram mas ar SeuZlia xeli aiRos am sakiTxis kvlevaze, radgan es
iqneboda uaris Tqma literaturaTmcodneobis rogorc mecnierebis
arsebobaze~ (16; 30).
yovelive aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven SevecdebiT vaCvenoT rogoria
poet tician tabiZis mimarTeba cal-calke XIX saukunis qarTvel
poetebTan.
aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom ama Tu im poetTan tician tabiZis
mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebisas SedarebiT sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad
_____________________________________ 1. SemoqmedebiTi procesebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, am procesTa kvlevis sirTulis
Sesaxeb qarTul enaze ix. i. evgeniZe, vaJa-fSavela (cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi), Tb; 1989,
gv. 30-47
29
zogjer ver avicdenT wina TavSi warmodgenili faqtobrivi masalis
ramdenadme sxva formiT da sxva aspeqtiT gameorebas.
tician tabiZem evropuli orientaciis qarTvel simbolist
poetebTan
erTad Seqmna XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ena da poeturi azrovneba.
simbolistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli misticizmis, sikvdilisa da
simaxinjis, avadmyofuri ganwyobilebebis apologiisagan gansxvavebiT
rogorc iTqva, tician tabiZis leqsebSi didia swrafva naTeli
azrovnebisa da sinamdvilis gamosaxvisadmi. qarTuli klasikuri poeziis
tradiciebTan dabruneba TandaTan mZafrdeba da mis poeziaSi XIX
saukunis poetTa striqonebi iWrebian reminiscenciebad, gadaZaxilad Tu
monatrebad. sakuTari poeturi warsulisadmi poetis damokidebuleba
ironiuli xdeba da Zveli, epigonuri gza-uaryofili. qarTul niadagTan
poetis mibruneba sakuTari fesvebis, pirvelwiaRis povnas edareba:L
`CvenTvis dResaswaulebi marto rafiel erisTavis leqsebSia~.
`akakis da ilias leqsebs patarZlebi mRerian TavianTTvis saSinel
Rames~ _ aRniSnavs tician tabiZe leqsSi `orpiris oqropiri~.
marto pirquSi atmosferos zemoqmedebiT ki ara, aramed Sinagani
mzaobiTac siWabukis cdunebad, saxadad aris aRqmuli poetis mier
dadaizmiT, ucxouri gavleniT aRbeWdili Tavisi poezia, xolo
tradiciul klasikur poeziasTan mibruneba ki CaTvlilia bunebriv
movlenad:
leqsSi `nu gaikvirveb~, poeti acxadebs:
`ra saWiroa aq pirferoba,
marTla mxiblavda me erTdros `dada~,
mtanjavi iyo es gaoreba,
monanieba ki aris sada~.
gacnobierebuli arCevani poetisaTvis _ mSobliuri, klasikuri
poeziis wiaRSi mobruneba _ samSoblos gancdiT, tragikuli grZnobiT
aris STagonebuli. patriotizmi, `qarTlis bedis~ sakiTxi tician tabiZis
poeziis umTavres RerZad iqca da gamosaxvis forma, poeturi azrovneba
30
uneburad mSobliur niadags mieswrafa. XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis
mTavari saTqmelic xom samSoblos bedis gansazRvraa. amdenad grigol
orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis da vaJas poeturi
azrovneba tician tabiZis samyarod, Zveli da axali azrovnebis
gamTlianebis cdad iqca.
aleqsandre WavWavaZe
pirveli qarTveli romantikosis aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeziis Rrma
codna, misdami Zalian seriozuli, faqizi damokidebuleba yvelgan Cans
tician tabiZis nawerebSi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo ki aris narkvevi
`qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi~. aleqsandre WavWavaZis aCrdili Tan
axlavs poets somxeTSi, igi miuZRvis TiTqos tician tabiZes gogCis tbis
sanapiroebisaken. igive amaRlebuli ganwyobilebebi eufleba mas am
pirquSi sanaxaobis cqerisas, Tavad poeti uZluria sxvagvarad gadmosces
Tavisi ganwyobilebebi, Tu ar didi winapris sityvebiT. `aqamde sevans
darCenili aqvs Zveli kolizeis elferi, TiTqos misi midamo ar
gamocvlila mas Semdeg, rac oTxmocda rva wlis winaT didebulad
aRwera poetma aleqsandre WavWavaZem _ marTlac `gogCis tba~ mis
leqsebSi saukeTesoa. rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandre WavWavaZe 30-ian
wlebSi mTeli sasomxeTis ufrosi iyo da es leqsic aq dauweria. Cvens
Tvalwin idga es Zveli gogCa _ `tba vrceli, xmovanebiT zRvisa mbaZavi~,
`viT broli gulubryvilo, wmida, uZravi~, romelic `Tvis Soris hxatavs
cisa laJvars da mTaTa mwvaneT~.
`sad hyvavebulan didebulad qalaqni vrcelni
da sad dRes vxedavT oden buTa da natamalTa.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aha, palatTa didebulTa ngreuli naSTi,
aha, qalaqTa CinebulTa xvedri ucilo!~
31
Semdeg iwyeba mogoneba, Tu rogori iyo CoganTa taceba Wabuk
mxedarTa gamosacdelad, SubTa triali, jiriTiT tyorcna da isarT
srola; Tu rogor mjdara aq gancxromiT ganmSvenebuli Zali maRals
taxtsa amayad, wyalobiTa da risxvis frqveviT mmarTveli erTa. aq
mocemulia Seudarebeli romantiuli sevda gadasuli siyvarulisa:
`trfialni aqac SemsWvalvian kvlav erTmaneTTa,
ravdenT banovanT Svenebani, axlad mSlilobni,
Wavlis siwmindes miuzidavs napirs am tbisas,
vardni, zambaxni da mixakni da giSris mwyobrni,
ramdengzis turfad garduRia sarkesa wylisas ... ~
da yvelafers amas mainc bolo erTi aqvs, yvelafers warwymeds dro
,,Tvisi msvreli celiTo~ (43; 202-203). msjeloba aleqsandre WavWavaZis
leqsis momarjvebiT kidev grZeldeba... aq ki SedarebiT vrclad imitom
warmovadgineT amonaweri, rom vnaxoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebas axdens
tician tabiZeze aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeturi azri da saleqso fraza,
rom mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebis, Tavisi fiqrebis gadmocemas igi
aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqsiT axdens da ar uCndeba araviTari
ukmarisobis grZnoba, an sxvagvarad Tqmis moTxovnileba.
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki sazogadod unda iTqvas, rom naklebia poet
tician tabiZeze aleqsandre WavWavaZis frazis zemoqmedebis Zala.
32
grogol orbeliani
grigol orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri, amaRlebuli poezia did
zemoqmedebas axdens poet tician tabiZeze.
samSoblos gancdiT XIX s-is poetur azrovnebas mibrunebuli
tician tabiZisaTvis leqsebi iwereba erTgvar anderZad, epitafiad.
grigol orbelianis striqonebi axleburad cocxldeba leqsSi `maS,
gamarjveba~: saqarTveloSi sikvdili SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivad,
ubralod da TiTqos winaswar gansazRvrulia uCveulo, araCveulebrivi
myofoba:
`sxva rom mokvdeba, misTvis ra ari,
wava, gaqreba, rogorc sizmari,
me ki ra vuyo am goliaT mTebs,
rom qondris kacsac devad aganTebs~.
metaforuli azrovneba TandaTan aforistulad gardaisaxa da am
leqsSi bediswerad gacxadda:
`sjobs aRar gqondes sulac samSoblo,
anda ar iyos ase lamazi!~
anda
`davbadebulvar rom viyo mona,
da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~.
es striqonebi sruliqmna grigol orbelianis poeturi azrovnebis
ZaliT:
`sxva saqarTvelo mainc sad ari?
romeli kuTxe romel qveynisa?
vis TuTqavs ase cecxlis Radari
qveynad samoTxe sxvas vis eRirsa?~
33
grigol orbelianis poema `sadRegrZelo~ poeturad axleburad
gacocxlda tician tabiZis poemaSi `somxeTSi~. t. tabiZe XIX s-is
poetebTan erTgvar gadaZaxils mimarTavs da ilias, grigol orbelianis,
xalxuri poeziis poetur azrovnebas uRrmavdeba. `qvaTa RaRadi~ hqvia
poemis pirvel Tavs, sadac `socialistur qvaTa RaRads~ wers drois
moTxovnaTa mopasuxed mzadmyofi poeti, xolo mexuTe Tavi poemisa,
faqtobrivad, `sadRegrZelos~ poeturi gardaTqmaa:
`grigol orbeliani ase iwyebs
Tavis `sadRegrZelos~
anu
_ omis Semdgom Rame lxins
erevnis siaxloves~...
_ `Sewyda bindisas omi sazari
dadumda are, sad hquxda brZola.
gamarjvebuli moilxens jari,
urdo cecxlebiT ganaTebula...~
poets warmoudgeba dangreuli erevnis cixe da `afTarTa jari~,
faSa da qurTi, TaTari, somexi da qarTveli erTurTs ebrZodnen mudam.
dRes `erovnuli SuRli~ aRar arsebobs, `klasTa brZolam~ istoria
sizmrad aqcia...
tician tabiZe or droSi xatavs am adgils:
`es is adgilia, sadac grigol orbeliani
werda Tavis `sadRegrZelos~
anu
_ omis Semdgom Rame lxins.
erevnis siaxloves.
Cvenc erevanis varT siaxloves,
vzivarT aq erTad sardaris baRSi.
axali ismis aq sadRegrZelo,
34
ufro axali vaSa da taSi~.
rogorc iliaseul `qvaTa RaRads~ `socialisturi qvaTa RaRadi~
upirispirdeba, ise grigol orbelianiseul `sadRegrZelos~ axali drois
lxini da sadRegrZelo. romantiulia tician tabiZiseuli `axali Taobis~
sadidebeli, SesaZloa survilad ufro iTqvas, magram poeti Seecada,
warsulis idealizacia daeZlia, momavali da awmyo erwmuna.
siWabukeSi bohemur cxovrebas dawafebuli tician tabiZe sxva
SemTxvevaSiac xSirad grZnobs erTgvar siaxloves lxinis mefe,
orTaWalis baRebis xSir stumar grigol orbelianTan da es tician
tabiZis leqsebis mkiTxvelisTvisac xdeba cxadi.
nikoloz baraTaSvili
nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi tician tabiZis mimarTebas SeuZlebelia
ewodos poeturi mimarTeba, sulieri zegavlena da a.S. poeti adreuli
bavSvobidan ganmsWvalulia baraTaSvilis suliskveTebiT da misi poezia
hkvebavs yovelJam. nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi ticianis damokidebulebas
arasodes Sexebia eWvi, fiqri uamuri, radgan Tavisi tkiviliT, gancdiT,
aRmafreniTa Tu sevdiT romantikosi poeti mudam axlobeli da
Tanamlmobelia misi. tician tabiZes baraTaSviliseuli evropeizmi
ganacvifrebs, xolo poeturi saxeebiT mudam sazrdoobs da axleburad
acocxlebs Tavis leqsSi `demons~, `yorans~, `wylis dudunsa~ Tu
`rwmenis taZars~. amasTan, ticiani am poetur saxeebs goeTes, baironis da
simbolistTa kohortis gansxvavebul xelweras matebs:
`oh, Semibrale cxovrebis geri, nu Seexebi Cems sulis simebs, Torem
sabralod aqviTindeba. samaris xmazed mudam mosTqvams is da Tavis
oblobas zecas SesCivis, magram he, vin Seibralebs? oboli mudam oblad
valalebs.....
35
... Znelia, Znelia obloba, siglaxake sulisa, Tumca saxareba ki
mogviTxrobs _ `netar iyvnen glaxakni suliTa~. am martoobas da siobles
sulisas dastiris menave. roca Tavis navs lurj-kamkama tbaze miacurebs.
mas ar anugeSebs varskvlavebiT moqarguli ca, arc mTvare, romelic viT
qandakeba simwuxarisa da siyvarulis ciuri simbolo _ mgosanma locviT
moqanculs ucodvels suls rom Seadara _ Tavs dahqaTqaTebs, magram ar
aris mTqmeli, ise viT wminda kandeli~. (,,boroti genia’’)
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, tician tabiZis poeturi proza, romelsac
ymawvili mowafeobidan wers, nikoloz baraTaSviliseuli ganwyobile-
bebisa da poeturi suliskveTebis gacocxlebaa: ymawvils, poetis azriT,
aucileblad esxmis Tavs boroti demoni, romelic cdilobs daakargvinos
`rwmenis taZari~, sulSi eWvi da gaoreba CauTesos. igi mefistofelis
aCrdilad esaxeba da mwuxare Rameebis gamamwareblad:
`bavSvobisas vamCnevdi, rom raRac idumali xma Tan damsdevda,
yurSi miCurCulebda, magram xma mkafio misgan arasdros msmenia.
is dRea da is dRe, aRar mSordeba. yovel Cems zraxvas, idumal
ltolvas igi winamZRvrobs da masTan ise vgrZnob Tavs, viT mezRvauri
uialqno naviT aboboqrebul zRvaze, suli mWmunvarebs mis klanWebSi man
momiwamla sarwmunoeba, pirvelad man CaTesa uwvrTnel gulSi iWvi da
axla ki mis umweo qviTinze dacinvis Rimi ukrTis pirs~ (`boroti genia~).
warmodgenil striqonebSi axleburad cocxldeba baraTaSvilis
`sulo boroto~ da `xma idumali~, amasTan poeti aRwevs romantiul
suliskveTebas is liriuli tonaloba SesZinos, rac ganmsWvalavs poetis
baraTebs.
tician tabiZis poeturi proza saxismetyvelurad nikoloz
baraTaSviliseuli `xedvis~ gacocxlebaa. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom es ar
aris ymawviluri zegavlena, poetis Tvali, pirvelive ganwyobilebebi
TanadamTxvevaa saukunis win ganmcdeli ymawvili poetisa.
baraTaSviliseuli poeturi samyaro, romantikuli suliskveTeba, sevda-
kaeSani Tu `qarTlis bediT~ mWmunvareba aRviZebs Wabuki ticianis poetur
bunebas. amrigad, misi adreuli asakis prozauli nawarmoebebi da leqsebi
baraTaSvilis striqonebiTaa STagonebuli:
36
`sofliT devnili, bediT mwared anatirebi, misken miveCqarebi, iq
wamiT mainc Tu ipovis suli simSvides. ros daRamdeba, mwuxris zewarSi
gaexveva sofeli da ares mkvdari mdumareba daepatroneba, maSin mxolod
imav nakadis Cumi qviTini, yru godeba Tu arRvevs am myudroebas,
romelic, viT glovis ride, kidiT kidemde awevs qveyanas.
idayvdayrdnobili yurs vugdeb mas da suli ocnebis mxarisken mifrinavs,
mignebaTa mkrTalni aCrdilni Tavs damcimcimeben da TvalTagan
lmobierebis mduRare cremli mdis xolme. es sevdiani duduni ar aris
gulCaTxrobili, sasowarkveTili moTqma, _ masSi gamosWvivis imedi~
(`nakadis duduni~).
ritmiTac cocxldeba baraTaSviliseuli gancda:
`miyvars... miyvars me gamourkvevi nakadis Cqriali, misi idumali,
sevdiani RuRuni...~
`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ t. tabiZis poeturi STagonebaa mTeli misi
cxovrebis manZilze. yovelgvari nakadi Tu mdinare, masSi acocxlebs
baraTaSviliseul `fiqrebs~ da poeturi pozac meordeba kvlav _
`idayvdayrdnobili~...
romantizmis TeoretikosTa azriT, kacobriobis metyveleba
iwyeboda poeziiT da es iyo xalxuri poezia, miTologia, zRaprebi da
legendebi. romantizmis pirveli warmomadgenlebi evropasa Tu ruseTSi
uaryofen literaturaSi damkvidrebul da dakanonebul normebs da
sulier tkivilTa Svebas hpoveben egzotikur, xelSeuvleb bunebrivobaSi.
qarTvel simbolistTa pirveli poeturi striqonebi, quTaisis gimnaziis
garemo franguli simbolizmis gavlenamde mTlianad baraTaSvilis
zemoqmedebiTaa aRbeWdili. baraTaSvili batonobs Wabukur
suliskveTebaze. mxolod mogvianebiT cvlis am suliskveTebas
simaxinjisa da sikvdilis, avadmyofobisa da SiSis apologia. es
ganwyobilebebi ki bunebrivad mohyva romantikosTa Taobis Semdgom
poezias.
`sulo borotos~ erTgvari variaciaa leqsi `is ki mzakvrulad
iRimeboda~. tician tabiZisaTvis demoni, boroti suli Sesacnobi da
aRqmadia:
`martod viyavi, mwared movsTqvamdi
37
Cems martoobas, sulis oblobas,
vswyevlidi soflis ukuRma trials,
mis siduxWires, daundoblobas.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Savs sarecelzed, sikvdilismlode,
vegde beSdavi, suli mxdeboda,
da maSvral TvalTgan cremlebi rbodnen,
`is ki mzakvrulad iRimeboda~.
baraTaSvilis fenomenze saubrisas, misi poeturi STagonebis
gansazRvrisas arCil jorjaZe warsulisa da awmyos dapirispirebis,
romantiuli sulis xasiaTis raobaze msjelobisas aRniSnavda: `warsulSi
iyo Tavisufleba da dideba, awmyoSi monoba da gaxrwnileba. warsuli
baraTaSvilisTvis aRvivebs romantiul grZnobas maradisobisas, awmyoSi
saSinels fiqrs cxovrebis amaoebisas. baraTaSvilis droindeli
saqarTvelo poets swored am grZnobebs uRvivebda gulSi~.
sainteresoa, rom 1909 wels gazeT `droebaSi~ gaimarTa saintereso
paeqroba arCil jorjaZes, grigol robaqiZesa da dimitri uznaZes Sors.
paeqrobis sagani gaxda grigol robaqiZis sajaro leqcia nikoloz
baraTaSvilze _ `sulieri drama nikoloz baraTaSvilis~. Tavdapirvelad
mas leqcia TbilisSi waukiTxavs 1909 wels qarTul TeatrSi, imave wlis
noemberSi ki _ quTaisSi (4; 29).
arCil jorjaZis `poeziis samflobeloSi g. robaqiZis leqciis
gamo~ gamoqveynda gazeT `droebaSi~, g. robaqiZe gamoexmaura werils. amas
mohyva dimitri uznaZisa `mcire ganmarteba~, kvlav g. robaqiZis pasuxi...
sazogadoeba didi interesiT Sexeda leqcias da am paeqrobasac. SeiZleba
vigulisxmoT, rom interesiT adevnebda am literaturul paeqrobas Tval-
yurs yrma tician tabiZe. misi leqsebi baraTaSviliseuli striqonebiT da
misi poeturi xedviT gacocxlebulia swored 1909 wlidan.
zemomoxmobili striqonebi 1909-1910 wlebiT TariRdeba. grigol robaqiZe,
tician tabiZisTvis esoden axlobeli pirovneba uTuod baraTaSviliseul
fenomens Rrmad Seacnobinebda poets. amrigad, sruliad bunebrivia
tician tabiZis poeziaSi `baraTaSviliseuli cikli~ vigulisxmoT.
38
1919 wels daiwera t. tabiZis leqsi `yvavili~ baraTaSvilis
motivebze: boroti qari usisinebs naz yvavils da gaqrobiT emuqreba.
`esmis yvela es obol yvavilsa
da cremlebi sdis umwed STenilsa~.
martoobis, bedisgan ganwirulebis gancda iSleba leqsSi `meliton
CogovaZis xsovnas~ (1910w). ritmi da leqsika kvlav baraTaSviliseulia:
`gadmoswolia samyaros nisli,
xevSi nakadi mwared qviTinebs:
`sofliT ganiltvo, gamoitireT!~
avi demoni uRvTod xiTxiTebs~.
suliT oblobis gancda, amsofliuri amaoebiT tanjvaa
gadmocemuli amave ciklis leqsSi (`...wynari Ramea~), romelic dawerilia
1910 wels:
`ox! rom SemeZlos, bedkruls amJamad,
SemouerTde Tqvens RvTiur krebas,
movwyde qveyanas, codvis savanes
sasizmro mxares gavye ocnebas~.
martooba da obloba sulisa, `mudam tirili~ da `Savi naRveli~,
`mgloviare bulbuli~ da `sevda kruli~ kvlav baraTaSviliseuli hangiT
aris gacocxlebuli leqsSi `melodia~:
`miyvars me Rame gulCaxveuli,
ros RrubelT gundi daCrdilavs mTvares,
odes niavi Cumad qviTinebs,
idumaloba moicavs ares...
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
`naZvi maRali, CayviTlebuli,
39
cad atyorcnili, ros Cumad stiris
da martoobas, mudam oblobas
gulCaTxrobili zecas SesCivis~
1910 wels `baraTaSviliseul ciklSi~ moulodneli saxea mxolod
`CayviTlebuli~ naZvi. es saxe-xati ucxoa baraTaSviliseuli
saxismetvelebisaTvis da vfiqrobT, ukve momavali simbolisturi
xatmetyvelebis gaCenis mauwyebelia ticianis poeziaSi.
baraTaSviliseuli `Conguri da simTa kvnesa, `turfas~
momajadovebeli Cangi da suliT oblobis mZafri gancdaa gadmocemuli
leqsSi... `Camovhkar Congurs~, romelsac baraTaSvilis striqonebi
waumZRvara poetma:
`hoi, Conguro, netavi odes
xma mxiaruli SengniT msmenodes~.
am leqsSi pirvelad Cndeba samSoblos saxe da poetis sevdas
pirovnul kaeSanTan erTad `samSoblo mxarec~ `bans aZlevs~. bunebis
gancda baraTaSviliseulia, leqsi 1910 wels aris Seqmnili:
`vrceli udabno... cremlis xeoba...
vdgevar, mikvnesis oboli suli
guls kaeSanma daisadgura
Cangic qviTinebs acremlebuli.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
martodmarto var, Senze mlocveli,
Cem win ganrTxmula Savi samare,
da moklul gulis mware Civilsa
kvnesiT bans aZlevs samSoblo mxare!~
`samSoblos xatis~ poeziaSi SemoWra tician tabiZis gancdaSi
imavdroulad iliaseul poetur tradicias Tanxvdeba. am bolo
40
striqonebSi `samSoblos gancda gasakvirveli~ ukve ilias sulier
siaxlovesac gvagrZnobinebs. niSandoblivia, rom 1911 wlidan leqsebSi
baraTaSviliseul hangs erTvis iliaseuli saxe-simboloebis gacocxleba
_ `myinvari~, `Tergi~... nel-nela sevdis hangs iliaseuli `ZarRvi~ mosdevs,
magram didxans gasdevs poets suliT oblobis gancdis
baraTaSviliseulad gadmocemis survili. leqsSi `sevdis simRera~
`satanas qnars~ upirispirdeba `mwuxare~ simRera:
`maSin simRera me momesmis sadRac mwuxare!
simRera Cumi, sevdiani da mgloviare,
gulis wiaRSi swvdeba es xma sulT qviTinebas,
mudam oboli oblobasve moTqvams, valalebs,
ox! rarig miyvars es simRera naRvlian xmaze~.
merani da misi daucxromeli ltolva t. tabiZis poeziaSi
baraTaSviliseuli sazrisiT Cndeba 1910-iani wlebidan. leqsSi `ocnebis
frTebze~ poeti eswrafvis `uxilavs~ miswvdes. Tu baraTaSvilis swrafva
miwier `sazRvarTa~ gadalaxvaa, t. tabiZe acxadebs, rom `ltolvas ara
aqvs sazRvari, ride~, swrafvas frTebi aqvs _ `ocnebis frTebs~
mindobilia.
`salams miZRvnian Soreul qveynis
maRali mTebi, miwa da cani,
ram SeaCeros ocnebis raSi,
ram SeaCeros ltolvis merani?~
sinamdvilisgan gaqceuli `ltolvis merani~ saswauls eZebs da Jams
erkineba. bunebrivi asociacia leqsis kiTxvisas acocxlebs baraTaSvilis
merans. poeti grZnobs baraTaSviliseuli poeturi swrafvis
Zalmosilebas da axleburad acocxlebs meranis swrafvas poetur
warmosaxvaSi.
merani tician tabiZis poetur samyaroSi baraTaSviliseuli
swrafvis simbolod iqca. `muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsis~ poetur
41
galereaSi guramiSvilis, rusTavelisa da ilias gverdiT, n. baraTaSvili
Tavis meranTan erTad cxaddeba:
`uyeles, yeli gamoRadres
da aubnies leqsis gza-kvali,
magram gaTelavs am kldesa da Rres
baraTaSvilis meranis nali~.
poemaSi `guldagul~ tician tabiZe `bedi qarTlisas~ motivebze
Tavisi drois samSoblos beds iZiebs:
`es iyo maSin,
es iyo winaT,
im iverias
mwuxri efina~.
rusis mefeebi poets svavebad hyavs warmosaxuli, dapyrobil mxares
rom SiSs hgvrian:
`daawva SiSi
qveyanas verans,
baraTaSvilic eZaxda merans~.
1929 wels daweril poemaSi poeti baraTaSvilis `merans~ uwodebs
morevs, romelic gulze awevT poetebs, xolo `bedi qarTlisa~ mis droSi
Sromisa da oflis lelod gadaSlila:
`bedi qarTlisa
mis erTgul rainds
aseT leqsiT gadaeSala:
`s a d a c a q a m d e
x m l i T d a Z a l i T
f l o b d a q a r T v e l i,
42
m u n s a m S v i d o b o
m o q a l a q i s
m a r T a v s a w x e l i...~
Cvenc xelmeored
davibadeniT, _
vsTqviT poetebma
gulis dadebiT:
_ idos qarqaSSi
xmali mRelvare,
ayvavdes SromiT
samSoblo mxare.
mizani aqvs es dRes saqarTvelos,
SromiT da ofliT
gavitanT lelos~.
`bedisweris~ frena `aryofnisaken~ kvlav meranis swrafvad
cxaddeba leqsSi `mkvdari legenda~:
`guSin~ ar maxsovs... `xvale~ hgavs ufskruls...
raa cxovreba?.. mkvdari legenda!
stirodeT Cems suls, cocxlad damarxuls
gauxarebels... dedilo, deda!~
ocnebis, bedisweris, swrafvisa da ltolvis gancdas poeti
baraTaSvilis meranis gacocxlebiT aRwevs. meraniseburi swrafva misTvis
bunebrivia da mSobliuri. sainteresoa Tavad romantikosTa poetur
azrovnebasTan t. tabiZis mimarTeba Semoqmedebis adreul etapze (1910-iani
wlebidan 1922-23 wlebamde), vidre simbolizmi mTlianad moicavs mis
mxatvrul aRqmas. raRa Tqma unda, didia baraTaSvilis gavlena,
romantiuli sulis zemoqmedeba, Wabukuri zeSTagonebis pirvel etapze,
magram aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi
samarTlianad aris Sefasebuli baraTaSvilis erT-erTi umTavresi wyaro
_ xalxuri poeturi azrovneba.
43
e. virsalaZe baraTaSvilis merans Zvel qarTul xalxur leqsTan
mimarTebaSi ganixilavda:
`sikvdilo sicocxlisada, Tavs ara mogcem mudarad,
waval, mindorSi movkvdebi, Saman meyofis sudarad,
damitireben kaWkaWni, yornebi movlen mudama~ (20; 34).
Suasaukuneebis saraindo poemebSi, evropul romanebsa da
`vefxistyaosanSi~ meranis, taiWis Rrma saxismetyveluri sazrisi kargad
aris Seswavlili (12).
qarTul cnobierebaSi raindis mxedruli suliskveTeba wmida
giorgis kults ukavSirdeba da miwier-sulier sazRvris daRlevas
gulisxmobs. am klasikur gardasaxvas aRwevs srbolis, zeswrafvis
sazrisi t. tabiZis poeziaSi Semdgom etapze. baraTaSviliseuli meranis
STagonebas poeti aRrmavebs Rrmadsimboluri, apokalipturi sazrisiT.
leqsi `cxeni angelosiT~ msoflmxedvelobrivad srulqmnilia da
baraTaSviliseuli meranisgan ukve daSorebuli.
meraniT STagonebis poetur asakSi t. tabiZe satrfos
baraTaSviliseulad moiazrebs. siyvarulis grZnobis sityvieri xatwera
RvTaebrivs, mSveniers gulisxmobs da sevdis, miuwvdomlobis aCrdili
axlavs. moucilebelia sikvdilze fiqri da satrfosgan ver-datirebis
gancda:
`udabnod cremli tyvilad iRvreba,
sTvlems ca mdumare... qveyanas sZinavs,
satrfo Sors aris, satrfo naRveli,
ufro is mtanjavs, rom misi cremli
ar daefrqveva mis mgosnis saflavs~.
oblobis gancdas, satrfos dakargvas, samSoblos pyrobilobasa da
sulier tkivils, baraTaSvilis hangiT gadmocems t. tabiZe 1910 wels
daweril leqsSi `nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare~, romlis striqonebi
da ritmic ki gulisxmobs `satrfos cremlis wil...~
44
`mec myavda satrfo! vuJRerdi simebs,
exla sadRaa... faravs samare,
magram am soflad ara var oblad,
nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare...~
sruliad gansxvavebulia Semoqmedebis momdevno etapze tician
tabiZiseuli siyvarulis poeturi gancda. 20-ian wlebSi satrfialo
motivze dawerili leqsebSi `karmensita~, `santimentaluri mogzauroba~,
`Tamunia wereTels~, `ananurTan~... gancda dramatul xasiaTs iRebs da
poeturi aRqma kdemamosili an Warbad vnebiania. es leqsebi ukve tician
tabiZiseuli mxatvruli azrovnebis nimuSebia, xolo adreul etapze
baraTaSviliT iyo STagonebuli.
satrfosadmi swrafva sruliad gansxvavdeba adreuli
ganwyobilebisgan, romelsac pirobiTad `satrfos cremlis wil~
vuwodeT:
`da vxvdebi axla, rom silamazes
aRar hqonia qveynad sazRvari.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
zRva ise iyo mSvidi da wynari,
rom aRarc maxsovs, iyo Tu ara!~
aseTi gradaciulia poeturi STagonebis gza t. tabiZis
SemoqmedebaSi, vidre Tavis poetur saxes hpovebs, Semoqmedebis
saTaveebTan nikoloz
baraTaSvilis gavlena masze ganuzomelia.
samarTlianad aRniSnavs l. avaliani `cisferyanwelTa~
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb winaprebisadmi:
`Tvali rom mivadevnoT cisferyanwelTa adrindel Sexedulebebs,
isic aRmoCndeba, rom zogi maTi Sexeduleba imTaviTve gasaziarebeli iyo.
vaJas fenomenis jerovani dafaseba, rusTavelis, guramiSvilisa da
baraTaSvilis WeSmariti rolis moniSvna, ilias, rogorc Zalumi nebis
pirovnebis aRiareba, zogierTma Tvalsazrisma warmoSva winaaRmdegoba
cisferyanwelTa banakis SigniT, zogi ki uTuod artistuli pozis Sedegi
45
iyo. aqac Tavi iCina cisferyanwelTa adreuli periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelma Segnebulma wregadasulma siTamamem, efeqturi frazebiT
Jongliorobam, midrekilebam paradoqsebisadmi.
XIX s-is qarTuli mwerlobis uaryofiT cisferyanwelebi
xelovnurad gaemijnen mis uwyvet dinebas. es ki waagavda im totis
moWras, romelzec isini isxdnen. amitom iyo, rom `erovnuli poziciis~
gamagrebis mosurne cisferyanwelebi qarTvel winamorbedebs eZiebdnen. es
arc ise ioli saqme iyo da arcTu erTsulovneba sufevda maT Soris am
sakiTxSi.
sxvadasxva dros maT winaprad daisaxes besiki, guramiSvili,
baraTaSvili~ (6; 105). tician tabiZis damokidebuleba n. baraTaSvilis
poeziisadmi gamokveTilad mravalsaxovania, gradaciuli da idealuri.
l. minaSvili Tavis narkvevSi tician tabiZeze wers:
`t. tabiZes uyuradRebod ar rCeba n. baraTaSvilis erT-erTi
adreuli leqsi `napoleon~. misi azriT, es leqsi niSandoblivia misi
individualisturi ganwyobilebebisaTvis~ (34; 186). Semdgom mecnieri
ganixilavs literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebul da Semdgom
uaryofil am azrs da `Zlieri pirovnebisadmi~ baraTaSvilis
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb i. evgeniZis naazrevs iSveliebs:
`sakuTari Zalebis TviTgancda Zlieri pirovnebis niSania da
Zlierebis gamomxatveli es Tviseba n. baraTaSvilis poeziis dedaZarRvia~
(19; 71).
t. tabiZem n. baraTaSvilis leqsis `napoleon~ gancda erTgvarad
gardasaxa leqsSi `Cemi simRera~, romelic 1911 wels dauweria.
`bedis karebis~ gadalaxva da sikvdilis damarcxeba, bednierebis
savanis damkvidreba mxolod Zlier, mefur bunebas ZaluZs. igi mihqris
ukvdavebisken, sZlevs wyvdiads, Tavad aris Tavisi `bedis mWedeli~ da
`arwivis frTebiT~ gadalaxavs `miwier samZRvars~, meraniseburad misi
qrolva gamarjvebulia:
`aRar maSinebs CurCuli Ramis,
aw TviT meve var, meufe Jamis
aw TviT mefe var, bedis mWedeli:
46
wyvdiadSi gahqra sevda-naRveli.
moswyinda sulsa moTqma, godeba
ukvdavebisken mihqris, miiltvis,
zecas uambobs, gadafrindeba,
Tu soflad xalxi rogor itanjvis~.
baraTaSviliseuli `Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi~ saxierad aris
gacocxlebuli. Zlieri pirovnebis xvedria mxolod, rom `daSTos aq
amaoeba~ da `zecas uambos~ xalxis tanjva amsoflad. amgvari zeswrafviT,
droc Zleulia da miwieri dro-Jami farTovdeba maradiulobis gancdiT,
gamarjvebiT.
baraTaSviliseul hangzea agebuli t. tabiZis 1910 wels dawerili
leqsi `medeas simRera~. boboqari zRva, klde, mTa _ bunebis suraTebSi
adamianis guliswuxilis xilva _ sikvdilis gancda, amaoeba, saflavi,
obloba da gangebis samduravi baraTaSviliseul ganwyobas srulqmnis.
ritmic baraTaSviliseulia:
`Sua Ramea, Zrwis qariSxali~ (t. tabiZe – 10 marc.)
`visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ (n. baraTaSvili – 10 marc.)
sikvdilis siaxlovis gancdasa da aCrdilis devnas aRwers poeti:
`vici, axloa CemTan sikvdili,
Tavs damcimcimebs misi aCrdili.
mec imas veZeb... ox! modi talRav!
gulSi Camikar, oblad STenili~.
ar menaneba, minda davtovo
mcdari, amao sawuTroeba.
sikvdili iyo CemTvis cxovreba
sxeulSesxmuli amaoeba~.
konkretulad erTi leqsis ganwyobilebas rodi iTavisebs poeti. am
47
striqonebSi `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ gancdas umal erTvis `meranis~
ganwyobileba:
`zRvisa wiaRSi moveli saflavs,
mxolod iq vpoveb Tavdaviwyebas.
ase sabralo Tu viqnebodi,
gavuCenivar risTvis gangebas!~
`cru sofelis~ gancda TiToeul striqons gasdevs, bolo akordi
leqsisa `napoleonis~ striqonebis gardasaxvaa:
`Tavad saflavic meviwrovos Tu toli myvandes~ (`napoleon~)
`Cemi ltolvani ver daitia
meviwroeba cru es sofeli
sikvdils veZaxi, nu igvianeb,
Cemi Txovnaa ukanaskneli~.
`cru soflis~ amaoebis gancda iSleba 1910 wels daweril leqsSi
`mwuxareba~. baraTaSviliseuli xatsaxovnebaa _ mTvare, varskvlavni,
Cangi, ride, mtkvris duduni, `xma idumalis~ _ metri yvelaze axlobelia
tician tabiZisTvis da imave ritmiT agebs striqonebs:
`visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ (`xma idumali~)
`Cavida mTvare, Cahyvnen varskvlavni~ (t. tabiZe)
`Cavida mTvare... Cahyvnen varskvlavni,
ZaZa moesxaT mTisa mwvervalebs,
bnela garSemo... suli mWmunvarebs
daswyda simebi, Cangic mdumarebs~.
bunebis suraTis sevdian ganwyobilebas mtkvris duduni asdevs,
Semdgom mgosnis moTqma:
`mtkvari duduniT talRebs agorebs
48
gulCaTxrobili hgodebs, valalebs~...
soflis samduravis gamotirebas Tavad baraTaSvilis xateba
axlavs:
`es Jami aris _ Jami glovisa,
mdelos cremliT rwyavs, mosTqvams mgosani,
hsurs, mduRar cremliT gamoitiros
soflis vaeba da kaeSani~.
`18 wlis axalgazrda pirvelad miuaxlovda gamoucnobi cxovrebis
zRurbls, xolo wlebis Semdeg baraTaSvili, poetur simwifeSi Sesuli,
gamoixibla cxovrebis efemeruli amaoebisgan da am dros amoicno man es
Tavisi ganuyreli demoni, idumali xmiT mosaubre `suli boroti~ _ wers
pavle ingoroyva (22).
`sulo boroto, vin mogixmo Cemad winamZRvrad?..~
`ganvedi Cemgan, hoi macTuro, sulo boroto~.
amisda kvalad, 1910 wels daweril leqsSi tician tabiZe mimarTavs
demons:
`nu daisveneb, gaswi demono!
elvis siswrafiT daSordi sofels,
iq jojoxeTSi moelis suli
TavSesafarsa da navTsayudels!~
leqsSi iWreba `meranis~, `fiqrni mtkvris piras~, `xma idumalis~,
`ar ukiJino satrfos~ _ reminiscenciebi:
`dee movtyuvde, viT vtyuvdebodi~ _
`satrfo mRalatobs, satrfo macduri...~
`avi demoni pirze RimiliT...~
`gaswi, demono~ baraTaSvilis `gaswi meranos~ gardasaxvaa:
49
`gaswi, demono, gaSale frTebi,
sadac Sen waxval, mec iq mogyvebi,
neta sad aris aryofnis kuTxe,
Cemi edemi, Cemi samoTxe~.
vfiqrobT, baraTaSvilis werili maiko orbelianisadmi aris tician
tabiZis 1911 wels dawerili leqsis `godeba~ STagoneba:
`didi xania oboli var, _ ar daijereb, maiko! sicocxle
mamZulebia amdenis martoobiT... vinc maRalis grZnobis meqone megona, igi
vnaxe ugulo, visic suli ganviTarebuli megona, mas suli ara hqonia.
visic goneba mwamda zegardmo niWad, mas arc Tu gansja hqonia, visica
cremlnic megonebodnen cremlad sibralulisa, gamometyvelad mSvenieris
sulisa, Turme yofilan niSanni cbierebisa, wveTni saSinelis
sawamlavisa? sad ganisvenos sulma, sad miidrikos Tavi!~
`sulo, stirode satrfos gvelobas,
pirvel siwmindes, ucodvilobas...
sulo, stirode Tass, jer dauclels,
nektarisa wil rom xedav Sig gvels...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kuboTa Soris satana cekvavs
SurisZiebiT saxe uelavs...
dReTa darajad dadga demoni...
tanjva-wuxilSi mihqrian droni~.
demonis baraTaSviliseulad warmosaxvas tician tabiZe adreuli
asakis poetur prozaSic cdilobs. 1910 wels dawerilia `martooba~,
sadac demoni, sastiki aCrdili, mefistofelad gardasaxula:
`saRamos, ros dabinddeba da aremares mkvdari mdumareba
daepatroneba, maSin is mesaubreba, sxvebs ki hgoniaT, rom dumili
CurCulebs! rogorc mfarveli angelozi, aRar mSordeba da namdvilad ki
demonia, iWvneuli suli, radgan ar maqvs misgan mosveneba... magram
50
aCrdili sastiki da ulmobelia. misi Rimili Rimilia mefistofelis da
mis xarxarze ki, viT saTaelis qnarze, are-midamo kvnesis da mosTqvams.
albaT, am yofas grZnobda mgosani, romelmac gvamcno _ `Zneli aris
martooba sulisa, mas eltvian siameni soflisa~. albaT es mqirdavi
aCrdili iyo, romelmac mas mouwamla da waruwymida sarwmunoeba da
dastova `WkuiT urwmuno, guliT undo, suliT maxvrali~. miTxar,
aCrdilo, gaficeb, Tanac gemudarebi, didxans darCebi kvlav CemTan?
marqvi; ox! miTxar, ar momSordebi?~ (44; 291).
ase bunebrivad acocxlebs demonis xilva baraTaSvilis saxebas.
poeti Semoqmedebis am etapze Tavis Wabukur gancdebs mTlianad
baraTaSvilis poetur samyaroSi aqcevs. sulis sxvadasxva ganwyobilebas
aigivebs baraTaSvilis poetur warmosaxvasTan. es sruliad naTeli xdeba
`siluetebi~-s striqonebidan:
`angelosis saxiT me demoni meCurCuleboda. mec yurs vugdebdi,
radgan ar SemeZlo ar mesmina: raRac idumali, raRac momxiblavi ismoda
im xmaSi... sevdis avgarozSi gaexvia suli, mwuxared godebs, mowyeniT
aris midamo, sad ganvicade pirveli grZnoba. da sulis demoni, avi satana,
romelic erTxel aRTqmis qveyanas mpirdeboda, yornis frTebiT aryofnis
mxarisaken miaqrolebs suls...~ (44; 330).
baraTaSviliseuli mxatvruli saxeebis, metaforebis, simbolizacias
axdens t. tabiZe. amgvari saxe-simboloebis nimuSebia demoni, yorani,
mwiri, udabno... sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT m. abulaZis mosazreba:
`tician tabiZe Semoqmedebis adrindel periodSi mzamzareuli
mxatvruli saxeebis simbolizacias aRwevs, e.i. xelaxali mxatvruli
procesis gzas mimarTavs, romlis Sedegadac mxatvruli saxe iqceva saxe-
simbolod... aseTi gziT miRebuli saxe-simboloebi maTi warmoSobis,
periodSi gancdili simbolizaciis procesis raodenobis mixedviT
SeiZleba iyos: erTjeradi, orjeradi, da zogjer metic~ (2; 150).
ganvixiloT TiToeuli aseTi saxe-simbolo tician tabiZis poetur
samyaroSi da gavarkvioT, unarCunebs Tu axal datvirTvas sZens poeti
baraTaSviliseul mxatvrul saxeebs: demonis analizisas davrwmundiT,
rom baraTaSviliseuli datvirTva mTlianad ucvlelia t. tabiZis poetur
naazrevSi.
51
n. baraTaSvilis `sumbuli da mwiri~, amasTan metafora _ mwiri,
lermontoviseuli `mwiri~ t. tabiZis adreuli periodis leqsebSi saxe-
simbolod aris qceuli.
1910 wels daweril leqsSi `mgzavris simRera~ poeti Tavs mwirad
warmoadgens:
`oh, zenaaro! miTxar rodemdis
vidode mwiri, me usafari,
daviRalevi cxovrebis gzazed,
ar ZalmiZs vzido wamebis jvari~.
cru da muxTali wuTisofeli, udabnod gardaqmnili samSoblo,
mwirad qceuli poeti _ aseTia baraTaSviliseuli mxatvruli azrovneba.
swored am saxe-simboloebs mimarTavs t. tabiZe 1911 w. daweril sonetSi
`mgzavris simRera~.
`magram vis esmis mwiris godeba,
udabnod cremli tyvilad iRvreba,
sTvlems ca mdumare... qveyanas sZinavs,
satrfo Sors aris, satrfo naRveli~.
baraTaSviliseulia bavSvuri gulubryvilobis, siwrfelis
gamotireba. udabnod qceuli wuTisofeli da usasood darCenili bavSvis
saxeba `sulo borotos~ poetur azrovnebas axleburad acocxlebs:
`vin momiyvana, vin gamiSva
am baRSi, bavSvi?
damwvar qalaqis vin auSva
Cems sulSi boli?
rad isvris grZel Crdils mimfrinavi
am mxedris raSi,
udabnoSi var, magram raa
es mwvane moli?~
52
es leqsi _ `uabjaroni~ erTi saukeTeso leqsia t. tabiZis poeziaSi.
igi 1916 wels aris dawerili da igrZnoba, rom poetma ukve Tavi daixsna
baraTaSvilis poeturi zegavlenisgan da Tumca saxe _ simboloebi
mxedris, demonis, udabnosi, imave datvirTvas inarCunebs, mainc ukve t.
tabiZis poetur striqonebSi mZlavrobs simbolisturi nakadi _ rembo,
eredia, emil verharnis poeturi Crdilebi. am periodSi, gansxvavebiT 1910-
1911 wlebisgan, t. tabiZe ukve simbolistur mimarTulebas da mis poetur
kanonebs emorCileba.
Savi yoranis saxe-simbolo t. tabiZis adreuli xanis poetur
naazrevSi n. baraTaSvilis poeziidan Cndeba, magram mas Tan erTvis edgar
pos `yoranisa~ da vaJaseuli yoranis datvirTva. yorani martoobis
Tanmdevia, igi Savi aCrdiliviT sdevs martosul adamianebs da eWvebs, av
fiqrebs STaagonebs. yorani yovelTvis Savia da sikvdilis ziari:
`bnela sulSiac Sav ZaZebSi gamoxveuli sasoebis xeze Semsxdaran
yornebi _ sulsa acivebs maT frTxial-bartyuni da aspitiviT Sxamavs
gul-RviZls maTi Cxavili. yornebi arian sulis mesaidumle, yornebi
arian sulis meWirisufle~ (44; 326).
`mas TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda edgar poe. mis mets aravis
kiTxulobda, ganuSoreblad xelSi eWira misi poema `yorani~... poes
`yorani~ es himnia martoobisa _ ambobda is. albaT poets yoranis saxiT
evlineboda martooba. is Sav ZaZebSi gamoxveuli aCrdili~ (44; 309).
leqsi `ori aragvi~ ukve mTlianad t. tabiZis poeturi
originalobis simbolisturi xatweris nimuSia. igi 1936 wels aris
dawerili, roca poeti ukve baraTaSvilis zegavlenisgan Tavisufalia.
lermontovis, baraTaSvilisa da vaJas erTgvar poetur sinTezs
gvTavazobs poeti:
`TiTqo mSobliurs ismendes nanas
anda daRupva iyos nugeSi _
ase aparebs demoni danas
akankalebul Tamars ubeSi.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
ase farTxalebs mwiri guladi,
dabdRvnili vefxis sisxlis gubeSi
yorani Savi yornis sulamde
aragvis velze iTroba leSiT~.
demonisa da yornis mxatvruli saxeebis saxe-simbolod gaazrebas,
maT simbolizacias srulqmnis poeti. kargad nacnobi yornis saxis
gacocxleba leqsis bolo striqonSi simbolisturi azrovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli alogikurobiT, simbolos ganusazRvrelobiT cxaddeba
da amasTan, konkretul-vizualuri realoba warmodgeba:
`ori aragvi, rogorc ori da
viT dRe da Rame _ TeTri da Savi
bavSvur tiriliT tolad modian
rom erTad mtkvarSi daixrCon Tavi~.
simbolisturi azrovnebis Sesaxeb sainteresod wers T. doiaSvili:
`simbolistTa azriT, sityva Tavisi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
ukavSirdeba garesinamdviles, moCvenebiT realobas. amitom isini
cdiloben sityvis gaTavisuflebas am kavSirisgan, sityvis gardaqmnas
niuansad, miniSnebad. aqedan iRebs saTaves simbolisturi poetikis
arsebiTi niSani _ sityvaTa alogikuri SeerTeba, ris Sedegadac
leqsikuri erTeulebi kargaven ZiriTad mniSvnelobas~ (15; 86).
`ticiani, rogorc poeti da esseisti, simbolizmis qadagi iyo. amitom
ganixilavda pirvelsave sityvaSi am mimarTulebis specifikas, magram
aCvenebda simbolizmis erovnul sawyisebs, niRbur mravalsaxianobas,
radgan Tvlida, rom Cveni Tanamdevia niRabi, cxovrebis Teatraluri
aRqma.
...simbolizmi ticianma qalaqis kulturad miiCnia, xolo mis
aucilebel niSnad dasaxa bohema, radgan `mxatvris saxeli gadabmulia
bohemasTan~, _ wers s. sigua (40; 61).
Teoriulad es mosazreba sworia, magram bohemad miCneuli yvela
leqsi rodia am sityvis gamomxatveli Sinaarsis damtevi. garegnulad
54
sadRegrZelod Tqmuli striqonebi xSirad tkivilisa da tragizmis
dafarvaa. leqsi `dasabamidan~ Rvinosa da zedaSes, rainduli
suliskveTebis qebaa, magram poeti mZafrad SeigrZnobs, rom Zveli
saukuneebis mxedruli suliskveTeba veRar ixsnis saqarTvelos da Tumc
Rvino da yanwi uadvilebs saTqmels, bohemuri rodia poetis gancda.
leqsi 1927 wels aris dawerili, roca ticiani ukve baraTaSvilis
poeturi tyveobis asakidan gamosulia, magram masTan poetur mimarTebas,
erTgvar Sedarebas srulqmnis:
`baraTaSvili aragvze svamda,
me ki dRes maxrCobs `qimerioni~
mtredic gadiqca axla svavada,
sxva qariSxlebis modian droni.
ra saWiroa satrfos cremlebi,
arc qars vawuxeb saflavis TxrisTvis,
moisveneben isedac Zvlebi,
Tu krematori aRirses Tbiliss~.
927 wels aris aseve dawerili leqsi `soRanluRidan~, sadac aseve
baraTaSvilis poeturi zegavlenaa daZleuli da mtkvari gansxvavebulad
aris aRqmuli:
`isedac mSvidi ufro dacxra amaRam mtkvari,
mxolod metexTan ufro ari mainc mSfoTvare;
angelosebma metiveebs mopares jvari,
Rrublis tivebze gawolila qaliviT mTvare~.
sruliad gansxvavebulia bunebis suraTis aRqma, igi sruliad aRar
hgavs baraTaSviliseuls da mTlianad simbolisturi, ferwerulad
srulqmnili saxeebia, Tumca leqss mtkvris simSvidis gadmosacemad
`meranis~ ritmi gasdevs:
55
Sedareba: `ise-dac mSvi-di uf-ro dacx-ra ama-Ram
mtkva-ri (ticiani)
`mir-bis mimaf-rens ugzo ukv-lod Cemi me-ra-ni~.
baraTaSviliseuli ritmi didxans rCeba ticianis musikalur
tonalobas. cnobilia, raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen simbolistebi
leqsis musikas. ticianisTvis musika umTavresi iyo leqsSi, xolo
baraTaSviliseuli intimuroba da sevdiani striqonebis lirizmi tician
tabiZis STagonebad bolomde darCa:
mag.: `nu gaiRviZeb, isev geZinos...
mgosnis TvalebiT cremlma iwvimos,
miyvars me, miyvars Seni dumili...
es striqonebi baraTaSviliseuli musikalobis, ritmis gamoZaxilia:
`miyvars, miyvars me tiktiki Cvilis yrmis~.
1932 wels daweril leqsSi `rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni~ poets ukve
mTlianad daZleuli aqvs baraTaSviliseuli poeturi azrovnebis
zegavlena, magram `qarTlis bedis~ moziare poeti kvlav uaxlovdeba da
ufro siRrmiseulad esmis baraTaSvilis gancdebi: `Tergis napirebTan
qarTvel poetTa galerea cocxldeba~.
`aq atirebda baraTaSvili
Tavis did sevdas, sevdas msoflios.
vaJkac solomon lioniZisa,
ufro vaJkacur colis sofios~.
amrigad, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom baraTaSvilis poezia ganmsWvalavs
tician tabiZis adreuli siWabukis poetur azrovnebas, igi bunebas,
garesamyaros, `qarTlis bedsa~ Tu satrfos, baraTaSvilis poeturi TvaliT
56
xedavs. simbolizmis esTetikis gabatonebamde mis poezias baraTaSvilis
Cangi warmarTavs.
baraTaSvilis hangi SemdgomSi verlenis, rembos, oskar uaildis da
sxvaTa STagonebam TiTqos mTlianad daCrdila, magram ticians bolomde
gasdevs baraTaSvilis STagoneba.
sainteresoa, rom mkvlevarTagan tician tabiZis poeziis periodebad
dayofas swored es Tvalsazrisi, poeturi STagonebis saxesxvaoba udevs
safuZvlad:
`ticianis leqsebis informaciuli mxare Tavad miuTiTebs misi
poeziis gansxvavebul periodebze, personaJTa saxelebi TviTon aTariReben
poetis Semoqmedebas. 1915 wlamde goeTesa da baraTaSvilis mibaZvani sevdis
motiviTaa daaxloebuli. 1915 wlis Semdeg ticianis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba
rus da frang simbolistTa saxelebi: edgar po, andrei beli, laforgi,
malarme, verleni, rembo, bloki. am droidanve _ sonetis forma. poeturi ena
misi ikazmeba mxatvruli RirsebiT, azris simkveTriT: `daRlili RmerTis
momtydari frTebi~, `naRveli Savad aTovda~, `fsalmuni sulSi Sefrindeba~,
`gadaxdil wirvis daTvla RmerTs daaberebs~ (7; 177)..
57
ilia WavWavaZe
tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi ilia WavWavaZis xati aCrdiliviT
warmomdgara da mudmivad Tanmxlebia misi poeturi azrovnebisa. ilias
tician tabiZe gigants uwodebs, romelsac yoveli ,,mozRvavebuli talRa,
ucxo Tu Sinauri, daetakeboda xolme da iliac igeriebda“. rodesac
simbolistebma klasikuri poeziis tradiciuli gza eWvqveS daayenes, maTi
isrebis pirveli samizne ilia WavWavaZe armoCnda, magram mogvianebiT
ilia iqca maT SemoqmedebiT megzurad. tician tabiZem ganvlo es
uaryofisa da iliasTan mibrunebis Zneli gza. sabolood man amgvarad
gansazRvra ilias kvali qarTul mwerlobasa da erovnul cnobierebaSi:
`me-19 saukuneSi qarTuli proza Seqmna ilia WavWavaZem da dRemdis misi
proza ar aris daZleuli... ilia rom gamoakldes mecxramete saukunes,
maSin iqneboda saqarTvelo samudamod dabnelebuli“ (44; 482).
tician tabiZis adreul poeziaSi, Wabukur warmosaxvaSi
baraTaSvilis qnaris Semdgom ilias poeturi azrovneba batonobs. 1910-
iani wlebidan iliaseuli gza aqvs ganvlili poetur bilikebze. rogorc
wina TavSic aRiniSna, `elegia“, romelic 1910 wliT TariRdeba ilias
`elegiis“ ganwyobilebas misdevs da samSoblo mxaris beds dastrialebs:
`bneli Ramea, cis kabadonzed
ar moCans mTvare, arc varskvlavT kreba.
qveynad aCrdilni aRtkinebulan,
ca, moRrubluli, cremlad iRvreba“.
kavkasioni poets `Sav fiqrTagan“ pryobili warmousaxavs da ZaZebiT
mosils Wvrets. samSoblos gancdac sevdismomgvrelia, poeti iliaseulad
eZebs cvlilebas:
`samSoblo mxare, veranad qmnili,
mwared qviTinebs, kvlav icremleba...
ox! RmerTo, RmerTo! amden cremlT frqvevas,
58
netav sazRvari ar daedeba“.
1910 wels aris dawerili leqsi `dedav bunebav“, romelSic
Wabukuri gancdiT tician tabiZe iliaseulad grZnobs mSobliur
bunebasTan, yvarlis mTebTan siaxloves da miseburad acxadebs:
`miyvars eg Seni mSveniereba,
ukvdavebisa gamomxatveli,
odes SenTan var, raRas damaklebs
gulis damwveli Savi naRveli?“
marTalia, leqsi `mgzavris simRera~ goeTes mibaZvas warmoadgens
magram garkveulad es `mibaZva~ ilias `mgzavris werilebiTac~ Cans
STagonebuli, ramdenadac myinvaric iliaseburi poeturobiT cxaddeba,
romelsac `Savi ZaZebi~ Caucvams da poetis moTqma-kaeSans yurs ar
ugdebs:
`cad kaeSani gamefebula,
sZinavs samyaros, nisliT daburuls,
Savi ZaZebi Caucvams myinvars,
maRla atyorcnils, cad ayudebuls.
Cemi qviTini, moTqma, godeba
aravis esmis, ar eyureba“.
simartovis gancda, unugeSo sevda-wuxili, mwiris miusafroba
mgloviare myinvaris sicives esadageba.
myinvaris saxe tician tabiZis poeziaSi mogvianebiTac Cndeba, magram
mas iliaseuli gancda aRar axlavs, is mTlianad ticianiseulad qceula:
`Soridan vumzer myinvars, ialbuzs,
am orma devma mxolod ician,
poetis guli ra cecxliT moduRs
da rac atirebs sawyal ticians“.
59
sagulisxmoa, rom myinvarisa da Tergis dapirispirebis iliaseuli
gancda ticianis poetur azrovnebaSi gardasaxulia. Tergi TavisTavad
simbolod iWreba mis poeziaSi:
`titvel Rrublebis Canan afrebi
da Cveni guli Tergma gaTela“.
igulisxmeba, rom Tergi Wabuk poetze iseT zegavlenas axdens,
rogorc ilias gancdaSi, mas sicocxlis, ganaxlebis Zala aqvs, xolo
myinvari Savad mgloviarea, ZaZebiT mosili.
sainteresoa myinvarTan aragvis dapirispireba. ticianiseuli
gardasaxva gulisxmobs ilias myinvarisa da baraTaSvilis aragvis
dawyvilebas:
`didxans eZina myinvars titveli
da daubrundnen niaRvarebi...
Sav aragvsa da TeTrsa aragvsa
Cemi cremlebis aragvi erTvis“.
es leqsi 1936 wliT TariRdeba, anu tician tabiZis poeziis bolo
akordebad aRiqmeba, poetur gancdaSi ukve mTlianad Tavisi pirovnuli
gancda Warbobs da Soreul gamoZaxilad ismis iliasa da baraTaSvilis
poeturi eqo. myinvari poeturi azrovnebis olimpod aris warmodgenili
leqsSi `baRdaTis zeca“:
`myinvarze asvla mainc aqvs sityvas,
ukvdavebaSi gasrolil Surduls“.
Tergi da myinvari erTad simbolurad iliaseburi gancdiT
warmodgeba aleqsandre batoniSvilisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi `CaRatar“.
`viRaca dadis xmalamowvdili,
60
viRac dahyefavs cofiT darials
kelaptariviT dgas mTa myinvaris —
Tergi qajebis ismens dairas“.
1926 wels daweril leqsSi tician tabiZe Tavisi poeturi
azrovnebis tragikul suraTs, axal droebasTan Tavisi gancdis
SeuTavseblobas aleqsandre batoniSvilisa da ilias tragikul
aCrdilebs aaxlebs:
`rom ar mesmodes aragvze oxvra
batoniSvilis aleqsandresi,
rom wiwamurze Zvlebis magier
ar iyos qvebi sisxliT nalesi.
vin gaaCerebs am xmebis grigals? —
amdeni Zvlebi rad damigroveT,
me Tu momTxovdiT simReras axals“.
myinvari-Tergi sruliad tician tabiZiseulad aris gardasaxuli
leqsSi `me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze“. `damSrali Tergi“ da `sxva
myinvaris ca“, `cremlebis Tergi“ mTlianad simbolistur realobad aris
qceuli, magram cxadia, rom am simbolod qcevam tician tabiZis poetur
azrovnebaSi didi gza ganvlo da misi fesvebi iliasgan amoizarda:
`CamomrCa ukan me CerqezeTi,
vuaxlovdebi Cvensken darials,
damSrali Tergi erTi wveTia,
magram zRvasaviT gulze gadiars.
wameqca Tavze ca garRveuli,
da caze kidev sxva myinvaris ca,
da darialiT gadareuli
Tvalebs cremlebis Tergi mirecxavs“.
61
1926 wels daweril leqsSi axal poetur xatad aris qceuli
myinvari da vfiqrobT, qarTuli erovnuli droSis, damoukideblobis
dakargvis
tkivils asimboloebs `Svindisfer xaverdiT“ mosili myinvari:
`sanam samSoblos ca bairaRobs
da myinvars afens Svindisfer xaverds“...
1932 wels dawera tician tabiZem `muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsi“,
romelic erTgvari poeturi kredoa. guramiSvilis, rusTavelis,
baraTaSvilisa da ilias aCrdilebs gamoixmobs poeti, erTgvarad
epaeqreba maT poetur aRqmas da Tavisi gamomsaxvelobis, formisa da
Sinaarsis srulqmnas aRwevs:
`ca cas adneba, myinvari — myinvars,
bednierebas Tokavs alersi,
da daeweva orbebis Surduls
muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsi“.
leqsSi `rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni“, bunebrivad cocxldeba ilia
WavWavaZis studentobis Jami. cocxldebian baraTaSvilis, orbelianis,
vaJasa da yazbegis saxebebi, romelTa winaSe Tergi cremlebad modis:
`stirodnen maSin aq poetebi,
gza gadarCenis rom arsad Canda,
amaze ityvis cremlis modebiT
i. WavWavaZis studentis CanTa...
rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni,
Tvalebs cremlebad veRar gawvdeba“.
ase gardaisaxa Tergi cremlebis Rvarad tician tabiZis poeziaSi:
`ase rbis Tergi, ase Rrialebs,
62
Tergi cremlebis aris anderZi“.
axali epoqis, axali poeziis moTxovnebTan tician tabiZe Tvalis
gasworebas iliaseuli mrwamsiT ganmtkicebuli cdilobda. es cda
SesaZloa iTqvas, rom cdad darCa, Tavad aRiara poetma, rom misi Cangi
ver SeeTvisa `socialisturi epoqis“ simReras, magram is ilias mrwamsiT
cdilobda ganaxlebas:
`sityva-lozungi,
sityva mWreli
mokveTilia,
jer WavWavaZe
scnobda ilia:
`moviklaT warsul
droebze dardi,
Cven unda vsdioT
exla sxva varskvlavs,
Cven unda Cveni
vSvaT myoobadi,
Cven unda mivceT
momavali xalxs
da goliaTi
daiZra xalxi“.
ufro gulubryvilo cdad moCans Sromis ferxulis, qarxnebis
poeziis fonze iliaseuli `oTaraanT qvrivis“ personaJTa gacocxleba.
leqsSi `radioze saTqmeli TesvisaTvis“ bavSvobis mogonebebi cocxldeba
da poeti Tavisi lirikuli gmiris mojamagireobis xanas `Zvel drod“
aRiqvams, batonebis drod:
`da ufro xSirad
Sen sxvis saxnavSi
iyavi sxvisi
63
mojamagire...
is uJmuri dRe
wavida, gaqra,
roca yoveli
beltis moxeTqva
iyo sakuTar
saflavis gaTxra“.
eleqtroni da weraqvi, Sromis kulti gardaqmnis saqarTvelos;
aprils poeti amgvarad xatavs:
`Siraqis velze
balaxs namians
rasac nayofiT
mze ver icilebs,
oTaraanaT qvrivis
kriala ezos
da firosmanis
kruxs da wiwilebs“.
mojamagire giorgis da oTaraanT qvrivis simboluri saxeebi
cxadyofs, rom axali, Sromis ferxulSi CarTuli saqarTvelo Zvel,
iliaseul memkvidreobaze aris daSenebuli. am azrs itevs es simbolika.
tician tabiZe iliaseuli mxatvruli azrovnebis gavleniT,
aRrmavebs simbolur sazriss, iliaseul sentencias exmianeba
ticianiseuli poeturi avtoportreti — `Tu cxovrebas erTi wuTi Tvali
mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc dedoeli leki nabadsa“. es Sedareba
simbolodqceulia leqsSi `mewyeri mewyers“:
`var gaTelili lekis nabadi,
yvela saxsari maqvs dalewili,
magram vaJkacma mxolod gabede
da mec vaJkacis damide wili“.
64
tician tabiZis poeziaze ilia WavWavaZis zegavlena
literaturaTmcodneobaSi sagangebo kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara. ar aris
Seswavlili dRemde poetur saxeTa sistema da simboluri azrovnebis
mimarTeba XIX s-is klasikos poetTa tradiciasTan. aRsaniSnavia erTi
saintereso literaturuli polemika tician tabiZisa da ilia WavWavaZis
poeturi memkvidreobis Taobaze, romelic 90-ian wlebSi gaimarTa gazeT
`literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze:
`da vici me, saidan movedi,
romeli qveynis cxeli mze mwvavda,
me didi myavda winamorbedi,
winamorbedi macxovars hgavda“.
am leqsis striqonebi `me didi myavda winamorbedi“ saTaurad
daurTo Tavis statias kaxa jamburiam da erTgvarad scada
cisferyanwelTa memkvidreoba XIX s-is poeziidan amozrdilad mieCnia (56).
manamde `literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze daibeWda misi
statia `es ganwiruli suliskveTeba“, romelic kvlav cisferyanwelTa
poetur ordens eZRvneboda, sadac avtori am mosazrebis sruliad
sapirispirod cisferyanwelebs evropuli modernizmiT gadaWarbebulad
gatacebulad acxadebda: `uarhyves mTeli klasikuri memkvidreoba
(qarTuli) da mibaZes ucxoel mwerlebs, romelTagan mkvlevari asaxelebs
`fridrix nicSes da zigmund froids, dostoevskis da osvald
Spenglers, eqsistencializmis da avangardizms, virjinia vulfs“.
`totaluri gaucxoeba“ qarTul poeziaSi SemoiWra. — askvnis mkvlevari
(56).
k. jamburias mosazrebas usafuZvlo uwoda da mkacrad gamoexmaura
`literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze T. mirianaSvili (`pirze
momdgarsa sityvasa“... (35). avtori aRniSnavs: `literaturis Camwyvdevas
erovnul Tu saxelmwifoebriv CarCoebSi, ar SeiZleba ar hqondes
ukiduresad uaryofiTi, tragikuli Sedegebi“ da rom `yvela ucxouri
ideisa da Teoriis winaSe qedismodrekac damRupvelia“... mkvlevari
65
akritikebs ara mxolod kaxa jamburias, Tavad `cisferyanwelebsac“
iliaseuli `sxvisi baZis“ gamo. mogvianebiT am polemikas gamoexmaura
mkvlevari lali avaliani statiiT `gana suyvelas Tqma unda?!“, romelSic
mecnierma sainteresod daasabuTa `cisferyanwelTa“ evropeizaciisadmi
swrafvis aucilebloba da klasikuri poeziisadmi maTi damokidebulebis
araerTgvarovani xasiaTi.
am statiaTa analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT Cveni mosazreba.
ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom cisferyanwelTa mimarTeba
XIX s-is klasikuri poeziisadmi iyo erTmniSvnelovnad sworxazovani,
dasrulebulad uaryofiTi anda, mTlianad daZleuli... `saymawvilo seni“,
rogorc l. avaliani uwodebs maT `Wabukur“ SemarTebas, pirvelad
samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis Jams maTi toni erTob `ampartavnulia“,
magram maTi damokidebuleba dinamiuria da ara statikuri. isini TandaTan
`brundebian“ klasikos poetebTan da maTi damokidebuleba TandaTan
icvleba. es gansakuTrebiT tician tabiZis mimarTebaSi gamovlinda
cxadad da mkveTrad.
am mimarTebis srulyofilad warmoCena ki mTeli poeturi
memkvidreobisa da werilebis, statiebis fonzea SesaZlebeli am
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi mosazreba:
`naxevari saukune imoRvawa ilia WavWavaZem da misma Taobam, magram
erovnuli niadagis gawmenda, qarTuli azrovnebis damkvidreba ise mainc
ver moxerxda, rom axali qartexilebi meoce saukunis pirvel aTeul
wlebs rom mohyva, mis ukumqcev jebirad gamomdgariyo.
amisi mTavari mizezi is aris, rom mesamocianebis momdevno Taobam,
imis magivrad, ilias Taobis memkvidreobis niadagze damdgariyo, am
wamowyebaTa gamagrebisa da gazrdisaTvis ezruna, ucxo Teoriebisa da
doqtrinebis marula gamarTa Cvens erovnul-moqalaqeobriv cxovrebis
asparezze“ (30; 60).
am mosazrebas `cisferyanwelTa“ damokidebulebac adasturebs,
Tumca iliasadmi maTi ukanmobruneba gamocdilebis, sibrZnisa da
simwifis Sedegi iyo.
tician tabiZis mier ilia WavWavaZis Sefaseba am ukanmibrunebis
Semdgom qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi erTob Rirebulia. amgvari
66
striqonebi ilias Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul xedvasa da aRqmas gulisxmobs:
ara mxolod imis gamo, rom xatovani gamonaTqvamebia, upiratesad
simarTlis, Sefasebis kriteriumis SeumcdarobiT:
`me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelos hyavda ori providencialuri
pirovneba: ilia WavWavaZe da ivane maCabeli...
gadaumeteblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me-19 saukune saqarTveloSi
iliam kidec moigona, kidec Sehqmna da Tavisi sisxliT kidec dahkira...
ilias poeziidan marto wiwamuri rom darCeniliyo, mainc samudamod
aatirebda saqarTvelos da samudamodac darCeboda Tema poeziisaTvis“ (43;
13).
akaki wereTeli
tician tabiZis poeziaSi akaki wereTlis gavlenis kvali mciredia.
erTi SexedviT es gasakviria, radgan akakis poeturi STagoneba ipyrobda
yvelas da Semoqmedebis adreul etapze, miT ufro im garemoSi, quTaisisa
da imereTis soflebSi, sadac tician tabiZe moRvaweobda, adreli
siWabukis xanaSi mefobda akakis Cangi.
`akakis landi~ Tan sdevda galaktions. akakis muzam srulqmna
galaktionis poezia, magram tician tabiZis Semoqmedebas gansazRvravs
baraTaSvili da vaJa-fSavela. akakis poeziis kvali TiTqos arc damCnevia
tician tabiZes. amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos is, rom tician tabiZis
poeturi azrovneba `providencialuri pirovnebebis~ gavlenas ganicdida
da aTeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT tyveobaSi eqceoda. amgvari gavlena
man ganicada grigol robaqiZis, niko firosmanis, konstantine balmontis,
vaJa-fSavelasa da frangi simbolistebisagan. sruliad naTelia, rom
tician tabiZeze garkveuli kvali datova daviT guramiSvilis,
rusTvelis, akakis, rusi simbolistebis Semoqmedebam, magram es ufro
inteleqtualuri zegavlena iyo, wrTobis gza, xolo `providencialuri~
Rrmadsulier, mudmiv zeSTagonebas gulisxmobs. sainteresod msjelobs
67
guram asaTiani Tavis statiaSi `tician tabiZe~ amis Taobaze: `poezias
adamiani mTeli arsebiT siyrmeSi an siWabukeSi eziareba, am dros iZens is
Tavis sayvarel poetebs. am dros aRmoaCens samudamod dasamaxsovrebel
Zvirfas striqonebs...
ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semdgom, me-20 saukuneSi
mxolod ramdenime poetma SeZlo sakuTari didi gancdiT, didi
aRtacebiT, gulisa da yelis daRadruli simebis xarjze, axleburad
mietana qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis es grZnoba:
`davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona
da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~.ï
akakis poeturi striqonebi tician tabiZes erTgvar musikalur
hangad aqvs damaxsovrebuli da Wabukobisdroindeli gancdiT acocxlebs
am xmas:
`da sarTiWalis meTare saqo
CvenTvis akakis mReris `sulikos~.
Cvenc xom imisTvis gvyolia satrfo,
rom isic ase dakarguliyo~.
`sulikos~ hangs, rogorc dauviwyar, gauxunar gancdas, cvlis
`cicinaTelas~ cimcimi da gamonaTeba. maradmdevia aseve akakis Conguri,
misi personaJebi baSi-aCuki, abduSahili da naTela:
`yvela buCqebze cicinaTela
akakis leqsiT aqviTindeba,
dilamde ukravs Congurs naTela,
caze ciskari wiTlad inTeba,
da abdul-Sahils baSi-aCuki
vefxvis simardiT daafrindeba~.
am poetur traqtatSi tician tabiZe CamoTvlis qarTuli poeziis
ukvdav saxelebs. acocxlebs kolxeTs, antikur epoqas, guramiSvils,
68
akakis, xalxur poezias... maTi poezia orfeosis simRerad aqvs
warmosaxuli. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom akakis poezia qarTvelTaTvis
maradiulad qmediT Zalad aqvs warmodgenili. akakis personaJTagan
yvelaze Zalumad ticianis poeziaSi baSi-aCukisa da abduSahilis saxeebi
cocxldebian. 1936 wels daweril leqsSi poeti sulier tkivilebs am ori
gmiris gacocxlebiT iSuSebs:
gaRebul WiSkars SemoabRavlebs
abduSahilis daWrili Sveli,
roca Wriloba Wrilobas aRebs,
aTjer daWrili sxvas ras uSveli.
cxens Semoagdebs aqafebuli
satevris wveriT baSi-aCuki,
TiTqos Sen gqonda aTasi guli, _
aTas meerTe iman gaCuqa~.
amgvari gancda TavisTavad auqmebs tician tabiZis mier
cisferyanwelTa JurnalSi, Semoqmedebis adreul etapze, erTgvari
siTamamiT gamoTqmul azrs, tradiciulobis, klasikuri poeziis uaryofis
cdas:
`qarTvelma aRorZinebis meTaurebma samudamod damarxes Zveli
saqarTvelos tradiciebi da ukanasknel dromde Seqmnes ideuri terori
warsulis winaaRmdeg akakis da ilias is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom
moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias, Semdeg
maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe da dRes uimedod gahkivis
moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias~ (42; 68).
tician tabiZis zemoxmobili striqonebi cxadyofs, rom poeti
sakuTari gamocdilebiT, pirovnuli tanjva-vaebiT darwmunda, rom
WeSmariti poetis gza saqarTveloSi aris mowameoba, mis mier Seqmnili
striqonebi da personaJebi ki qarTvelTa cxovrebis sulieri Tanamdevni
arian. amas cxadyofs abduSahilisa da baSi-aCukis saxeTa xSiri
`gamocxadeba~ tician tabiZis bolodroindel striqonebSi.
69
maiakovskisadmi 1937 wels miZRvnil leqsSi t. tabiZe yrmobis
periodis quTaiss acocxlebs da akakis cicinaTelas ymawvilebze
zegavlenis Zalad warmosaxavs.
`akakis leqsiT gamonafreni
buCqebSi bJutavs cicinaTela~.
es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi yrmobaSive iwyebs krTomas akakis
cicinaTela, rac poetur Semoqmedebas bolomde anaTebs.
akakiseuli ritmi ganmsWvalavs qarTvels _ amgvarad cxaddeba
ticianis poeturi kredo. mas Tavad aqvs es gancdili, mis poetur
prozaSi xSirad iWreba akakis striqonebi:
`ra tkbilad da mSvidad vidoda misi cxovreba, saSinel sikvdils
rom ar SeSureboda; magram sikvdili dauZinebeli mteria adamianisa, is
aravis axarebs xangrZliv! ~ (44; 308).
es striqonebi reminiscencia akakis `gamzrdelidan~:
`magram xangrZliv es sofeli
gaaxarebs vinmes gana?~
amgvari poeturi reminiscencebi sruliad bunebrivia da adasturebs
akakis striqonebis mudmivmyofobas qarTvel adamianTan.
tician tabiZis poeziaSi akakis striqonebis amgvar gacocxlebaze
sainteresod msjelobs givi gegeWkori statiaSi `tician tabiZe~:
`ticiani iyenebs qarTuli poeziis klasikosebis striqonebis
reminiscenciebs: `ra saWiroa melnad giSris tba da kalmad kidev me na
rxeuli~ (`vefxistyaosani~), `sxva saqarTvelo mainc sad ari? romeli
kuTxe, romel qveynisa?~ `ase rbis Tergi, ase Rrialebs~ (g. orbeliani),
akakis poemis `naTelas~ reminiscenciebiT aris dawerili tician tabiZis
leqsi `Tamunia wereTels~: `me ar macxia mongolis Tafli da
xelgakruli ar vzivar mzeze~. `ar Segikeravs Sen CemTvis Coxa, magram
vatareb obobas perangs~ (13; 67).
70
akakis istoriuli dramis `patara kaxis~ striqonebis: `magram es
moxda Cems uneburad, gulTamxilavo da ar maqvs brali~-s reminicenciaa
tician tabiZis leqsis striqonebi:
`me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze,
Sen Cems sikvdilSi ar gidevs brali~.
vaJa-fSavelas leqsis reminiscenciaa: `damisxiT, Zmebo, damalevineT,
amivseT yanwi wiTel RvinoTi~. ieTim gurjis leqsis reminiscenciaa:
`dReo, netavi aRar daRamde, Tu daRamdebi ar gagaTena~.
rogorc vxedavT, am poeturi reminicenciebiT tician tabiZe
sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli klasikur poeziasTan da
Semoqmedebas am poeziiT imdidrebs, amave dros axerxebs am striqonebs
xelaxali sicocxle, meoce saukunis suli STaberos da gaiTavisos,
Tavis striqonad aqcios~ (13; 71).
vfiqrobT, rom es aris swori mosazreba da tician tabiZis poeziis
erT mniSvnelovan Tvisebas warmoaCens, magram aucilebelia aRvniSnoT,
isic rom es damokidebuleba didi gardatexis, Sinagani feriscvalebis
Sedegia. Semoqmedebis adreul etapze sul sxvagvari iyo poetis mimarTeba
klasikur poeziasTan. es gardatexa kargad aqvs SemCneuli guram asaTians:
`gasuli saukunis qarTuli poeturi memkvidreobis mimarT t.
tabiZis damokidebulebaSi momxdari gardatexa gamoiwvia xelovnebis
arssa da daniSnulebaze misi saerTo Sexedulebis safuZvlianma
cvlilebam. am gardatexam, sxvaTa Soris, mkafio gamoxatuleba pova t.
tabiZis imdroindel publicistur werilebSic. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom
warsuli drois ostatTa Soris t. tabiZe gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT
gamoarCevda vaJa-fSavelasa da mis `did winamorbeds~ daviT guramiSvils.
amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi aris misaRebi is Rrma yuradReba, romliTac t.
tabiZe im xanebSi ekideboda cnobili qarTveli mxatvris _ niko
firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedebas~ (8; 163).
akaki wereTeli, rogorc tician tabiZis poeziis analizidan
warmoCnda, aris `Tanamdevi suli“ poetis Semoqmedebisa.
galina curikova Tavis wignSi «Тициан Табидзе», wers:
71
«В пору расшатывания авторитетов и низвержения «классиков» с «корабля
современности» Сумбаташвили выступил, по сути дела, в защиту грузинских «Пушкина и
Достоевского» - писателей-шестидесятников Ильи Чавчавадзе и Акакия Церетели, на
которых никто как будто еще не обрушивалься но - шло к тому - должны были вскоре
обрушиться свои «нигилисты». В этой роли в ближайшие годы предстояло выступить
Тициану Табидзе й его кутайсским друзьям. Тогда тициан, вероятно, ещё и сам этого не
предвидел, но, как знать, может быть, предостережение всё же пало на благодатную
почву.
В январе 1915 года, когда умер Акакий Церетели, Табидзе написал о нем статью-
некролог для московского театрального журнала «Рампа и жизнь», где назвал его
«последним из могикан славного поколения шестидесятников, деятельность которых в
ГРузии, как и в России, отмечена терниями и неугасаемым светом подвижничества».
«Чарующие, сверкающие проникновением стихи Акакия воспитали несколько поколений
и закрепили за ним славу учителя поэзий», - писал Табидзе в этой статье (она была
написана по просьбе Сумбаташвили, и он же ее одобрил. «Для меня это была первая моя
русская статья, - вспоминал Тициан, - и легко представить, как подействовало на меня
одобрение Сумбаташвили»).
Об Илье Чавчавадзе Табидзе писал позднее, сравнивая его с бальзаком, - что он
«своим влиянием заполнил XIX век в Грузии»; В прозе «Илья Чавчавадзе главенствовал
полновластно»; «огромное влияние Илья. Чавчавадзе на современников и на последующее
поколение ни с чем не сравнить»; Он «как утес стоял непоколебимо, заполняя собой все
поры общественной жизни. И новые поколения пробовали свои волны, ударяясь об этот
утес».
Тициан Табидзе до конца жизни сохранял почтительное уважение к этим двум
гигантнам грузинской литературы - Акакию и Илье, как без фамилий, по имени только
называют их в Грузии. «Нигилизм» в отношении к заслугам «отцов» для него так же
немыслим, как неуважение к собственному отцу, с его верой в идеалы русского
демократического шестидесятничества. Вместе с тем, литературуные убеждения Табидзе
в чем-то смыкались с «нигилистическими» воззрениями московской поэтической
молодежи, с дерзкими заявлениями Маяковского » (58; 53-54).
72
vaJa-fSavela
sargis caiSvili wignSi ,,maradiuli saxeebi’’ tician tabiZeze
samarTlianad SeniSnavs:
„tician tabiZe gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli vaJa-fSavelas
SemoqmedebiT da es ar iyo SemTxveviT. ticians udavod bevri ram
aaxlovebda qarTuli poeziis am goliaTTan, magram es siaxlove
sruliadac ar unda gavigoT ise, rogorc es erT dros esmoda qarTveli
simbolistebis did umravlesobas (maT Soris t. tabiZesac). cnobilia,
rom magaliTad „cisferyanwelTa“ jgufis Teoretikosebma vaJa-fSavelas
didi midrekileba jansaRi da naTeli simboluri saxeebisaken
gaaTanabres wminda dekadentur simboloebTan, sadac yovelTvis
mistikuri gamodis rogorc dominanti. amaze dayrdnobiT fiqrobdnen, rom
vaJa-fSavela amovardnilia mTeli qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi rgolidan da igi aris qarTveli simbolistebis erT-eriT
WeSmariti mamamTavari. miuxedavad ticianis adre gamoTqmuli aseTive
Sexedulebebisa qarTuli simbolizmis genezisis sakiTxebze, igi Tavisi
poeziis Sinagani bunebiT aSkarad bevr rameSi enaTesaveboda vaJa-
fSavelas da es ufro cxadi Seiqmna mas Semdeg, roca igi daSorda Tavis
jer kidev bolomde gaucnobierebel mrwamss da SemoqmedebiTad midioda
im mdidar tradiciebTan, rasac didi qarTuli mwerlobis magistraluri
xazi gulisxmobs. vaJa-fSavelasTan zogi ram, marTlac aaxlovebs
ticians. aq gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos poeturi gamomsaxvelobis
sisadave da is didi uSualoba, rac orive poetma Tavisi Semoqmedebis
ZiriTad poetur xerxad aqcia.
vaJa-fSavela rom ityvis:
„xars vgevar naialaRars,
rqiT miwasa vCxver, vbubuneb,
RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle,
mZinarec amas vduduneb“.
73
ar SeiZleba am uSualobaSi, saTqmelis yovelgvari zedmeti
samkaulis gareSe gamoxatvaSi, ar igrZno poetis sulSi niaRvariviT
dagubebuli energia. poeturi sityvis am saidumloebas sakmarisad
flobda tician tabiZec. aviRoT Tundac t. tabiZis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili leqsi: „me ar vwer leqsebs... leqsi TviTon mwers“.
aqac iseTive didi uSualobaa da saleqso frazis vaJkacuri moqneva,
rac vaJas mTeli poeziis bunebaSi zis, magram amave dros ticianis leqss
yovelTvis Tan axlavs mxolod da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sulieri TrTolva da Sinagani dramatizmi. swored zemoaRniSnuli
siaxlove vaJa-fSavelasTan, vfiqrob, aZlevda t. tabiZes yvelaze met
SesaZleblobas, rom erT-erT pirvelTagans Cvens axal mwerlobaSi
swored SeegrZno vaJas genia“ (49; 302-303).
vaJa-fSavelasadmi tician tabiZis damokidebulebaSi swored es ori
gansxvavebuli midgoma unda gaviTvaliswinoT. adreul etapze tician
tabiZe vaJa-fSavelas dekadentebTan anaTesavebda da qarTuli
simbolizmis erT fuZemdeblad miiCnevda, magram SemdgomSi gamocdilebam,
Tavis poetur azrovnebaSi gardatexam da Teoriulma codnam tician
tabiZes sxva Sexeduleba Camouyaliba. aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
poeti moskovis universitetSi swavlobda da literaturaTmcodneobas
daeufla. man bevr poetsa da mweralze SeimuSava saintereso mosazrebani
da dRemde mniSvnelovani dakvirvebebi.
simbolisturi gatacebebisa da dekadenturi azrovnebis adreul
etapze, tician tabiZe vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi primitivizmis gamovlinebas
xedavda. cnobilia, rom es iyo im dros gabatonebuli kritikuli azris
didi Secdoma.
primitivizmze saubrobdnen aseve firosmanis Semoqmedebis
Sefasebisas. Tavad t. tabiZe SemdgomSi miiCnevs, rom kritikuli
azrovneba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis CamorCeba mwerlobas, radgan
`kritikosebi sxva qveynebis mwerlebisTvis SemuSavebuli mzamzareuli
formulebiT~ sargebloben, „kritikas hqonda Tavisi gaTvlili yalibi da
windawin SemuSavebuli formulebi, romelTa dakanonebisTvis sxva
qveynebSi sul sxva xalxi ibrZoda. vaJa-fSavela ki iseTi comisagan iyo
mozelili, rom arc erT qveyanaSi amis purs ar sWamen“ (44; 509).
74
tician tabiZem erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa, rom vaJa-fSavelas
genias asazrdoebs ori ZiriTadi wyaro _ erovnuloba da xalxuroba. man
miuTiTa aseve vaJas Rrmad gadgmul fesvebze qarTul sinamdvilesa da
klasikur mwerlobaSi. sagangebod msjelobs guramiSvilisadmi vaJa-
fSavelas damokidebulebaze. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs Tavad amJRavnebs
vaJa Tavis „poetur vinaobas“, roca „did winamorbeds“ uwodebs
guramiSvils da „uZvirfases papas“.
Tavad tician tabiZes aqvs Tavis poeziaSi gamJRavnebuli „poeturi
vinaoba“, romelic vaJa-fSavelasadmi damokidebulebiT mJRavndeba.
leqsSi „ilaiali“ Tavis Tavs vaJas adarebs, poetur STagonebas mas
miawers da acxadebs:
„male TbilisSi, rogorc winaT
vaJa-fSavela
me Camovitan xurjinebiT
daweril leqsebs“.
„guSin Svidni gurjanelni“-s xmaze gawyobil leqsSi Tavis poetur
kredos naTlad gamohkveTs tician tabiZe:
„Svidjer rom giTxraT leqsebi yvelam,
yvela Svidive acdenilia.
Tavs dagviara vaJa-fSavelam,
Tavze gvawveba zvavad ilia“.
am striqonebSi moCans gamWvirvaled raoden didi iyo poetze
xalxuri poeziisa da Semdgom iliasa da vaJas gavlena, rom tician
tabiZis poeziasac srulqmnis xalxurobisa da erovnulobis fesvi.
konstantine balmontisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi vaJa-fSavelas amgvarad
acocxlebs poeti:
„im zafxuls mokvda vaJa-fSavela,
maxsovs, cremlebiT Sen es giTxari,
75
is sikvdilis win iTxovda balaxs
gaxelebuli wyurviliT xari.
mas Semdeg damrCa grZnoba aseTi,
rom erTad or mzes Tvali Sevaswre,
moxibluli var am sinazeTi
da sikvdilamde davrCebi ase“.
tician tabiZes bolomde Zlierad gahyva, marTlac vaJas gavlena.
SesaZloa es ar aris mxolod poeturi STagoneba, aramed sulieri da
pirovnul-religiuri zegavlena. sainteresod msjelobs sulier
zegavlenasa da mis ucvlelobaze RirebulebaTa cvalebadobis drosac r.
siraZe:
„jvarsaxovneba met-naklebad yovel teqstSia, sulierebis
ierarqiulobis da Sesabamisad, radgan suli yvelganaa, garkveuli azriT,
suli „sicocxlea“ da ara marto cocxali organizmisa, aramed nebismieri
sagnis Tu movlenisa. aseTi zogadi azriT, sulia is, riTac xdeba Tavisi
raobis SenarCuneba da Tanac garemocvasTan mimarTebis damyareba, misgan
gamijvnac da masTan Tanaarsebobac.
RirebulebaTa gadafaseba xdeba, mkiTxveli icvleba, magram masSi
raRac mainc ucvleli rCeba, pirovnulic, erovnulic da religiuric.
asevea pirad-individualuri „me“. erTsa da imave mdinareSi ganmeorebiT
ver SevalT, magram amasTanave, swored erTsa da imave mdinareSi
SevdivarT mravalgzis. galaktionic ambobs, rom „yovelive mimdinareobs
da amave dros dgas yoveliveo“ (41; 9).
vfiqrobT, am msjelobis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa visaubroT tician
tabiZis pirovnebaze vaJa-fSavelas sulier gavlenaze. vaJas pirovneba,
misi Semoqmedeba itevs did erovnul-religiur siRrmes, rac qarTuli
mwerlobis fundamentur RirebulebaTa axali gacocxlebaa, Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis memkvidreobis axal droSi, axleburi gaazreba. vaJa-
fSavela Tavad warmodga genialur pirovnebad, romelmac qarTuli
erovnuli suli gamoxata Tavis poetur qmnilebebSi, amrigad tician
tabiZeze vaJa-fSavelas pirovnul-sulier zegavlenaze SesaZloa
visaubroT:
76
„mivCerebivar cas gakvirvebiT
da aRmitacebs sicocxlis feTqva,
vaJa-fSavelas vsunTqav filtvebiT,
ximikauris guli Camedga“.
_ acxadebs tician tabiZe leqsSi „amodis, naTdeba“, rac aseve
gadaZaxilia vaJas amave saTauris moTxrobasTan.
vaJaseuli personaJebi bunebrivad cocxldebian ticianis leqsebSi.
leqsSi „alaverdoba“, ticians aCrdilebiviT ecxadebian mindia da
afSina:
„Cardaxiani dganan urmebi,
kameCi kameCs landiT aSinebs.
gamoucliaT Rvinis rumbebi
xatobas mosul vaJas afSinebs...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
meore mxridan alazans uwevs
mTvrali farexi RamenaTevi,
TiTqo mindias sufra gauwyves
gvelismWameli devs awevs devi“.
vaJa-fSavelas deka da Rvia, simbolod aris qceuli tician tabiZis
poeziaSi. simbolos TavisTavadi funqcia aqvs miniWebuli da
simbolodqcevis gza aqvs gavlili. s. sigua kargad axasiaTebs simbolos,
rogorc mxatvrul fenomens tician tabiZis poeziaSi:
„simbolo kondensirebuli metyvelebis xatia, roca mravali niSan-
Tviseba ikribeba erT sagnad, erT saxelad, magram aris sapirispiro
tendenciac, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
erTi sityva, erTi sagani iSleba mravalferad da musikaluri
xmierebiT aaSkaravebs farul niuansebs, naxevartonebs, rogorc
moiTxovda pol verleni.
77
nacnobi iSleba ucnob da idumal erTeulebad, TiTqos sityvas
frTebi gamoesxa, rac iwvevs garTulebas, aramTavar niSanTa aqcentirebas
(40; 291).
TiTqos ucnob da idumal erTeulad iqceva tician tabiZis poeziaSi
da simbolod cxaddeba kargad cnobili deka da Rvia vaJas poeziidan:
„dResac qviTini stirian caSi
vaJa-fSavelas Rvia da deka“.
„damdgara nisli gomboris mTaze,
erTad hyvavian deka da Rvia,
momxiblavia es silamaze
vaJa-fSavelas cremli atyvia“.
„deka da Rvia“ samSoblos simbolod qceula tician tabiZis poeziaSi,
romelsac cvar-nami aqvs dafenili, magram poetisaTvis igi vaJas cremlia.
simbolodqceul xats qmnis vaJasa da firosmanis dawyvilebulad
aRqma tician tabiZis poeziaSi. vaJas da firosmanis iremi, vaJas jixvi da
samSoblos aRqma leqsSi „alaverdoba“:
„dgas oxSivari da orTqli mwvadis,
kaci am bolSi Tvals ver gaaxels,
iremi irems balaxs miawvdis,
savse Rvinis jams _ kaxeli kaxels.
dgas firosmani, xatavs dReobas
da Cardaxian urmebis morevs,
vaJa-fSavela uqebs xelobas,
jixvis SairiT Sescvlis meores“.
vaJaseuli saxeebis samSoblos simbolod qceva t. tabiZis poeziis
maxasiaTebelia. qorisgan motacebuli wiwili da velad mimofantuli
bumbuli, simbolod aris qceuli da saqarTvelos bedukuRmarTobaze
miuTiTebs leqsSi `samSoblo~.
78
„iyo qaldea da babiloni,
iqneba ufro Sori gzac gqonda,
gicvales bevrjer Sublze mironi,
Seni bumbuli niavs gahqonda“.
es simbolo isev cxaddeba leqsSi „dao dolores, Zmebo baskebo“:
„albaT im droSi sxvebic SfoTavdnen,
magram dauwydaT imedi bolos,
ori ki ara, erTic ar hqondaT,
maTi samSoblo niavs gahqonda“.
vaJaseuli „wiwilis TeTri bumbuli, velad gahqonda niavsa“ tician
tabiZis poeziaSi Tvalsa da xels Sua gamqrali samSoblos tkivilis
gancdas gadmoscems. anu ticianma axleburad, Tavisi epoqis Sesabamisad
gaacocxla erovnuli suliskveTeba vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebisa, rogorc
wers gr. kiknaZe:
„Tavidanve yvela grZnobda da axla yvelam icis, rom vaJa-fSavelam
uaRresad konkretuli Sinaarsi misca patriotul grZnobas. samSoblos
siyvaruli man yvelaze naTlad warmogvidgina, rogorc siyvaruli Cveni
qveynisa _ misi mTisa da baris, misi mtkvris, aragvisa, alaznisa da ankara
wyaroebisa, misi tyeebisa da gamxmari fesvebisa, misi iisa, quCisa da
dekasi. konkretuli da mtkice sayrdenebi miawoda vaJam mkiTxvelTa
patriotul grZnobas, roca warmtacad daxata Cvens aremareSi amozrdili
Cxikvi, bulbuli da Svlis nukri, roca cis mpyrobel arwivis gverdiT
amouyena kaci, romelsac aqamde ver vamCnevdiT da Turme Cvens axlos ki
cxovrobda sagnobrivi realurobaa arsebiTi niSani vaJas patriotizmisa“
(25; 197).
tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedic aris „samSoblos gancda
gasakvirveli“, swored amis gamo vaJaseuli patriotizmis gamomsaxveloba
esoden axlobelia tician tabiZisaTvis. vaJaseuli „sagnobrivi
realuroba“ simbolod iqceva da axal sicocxles iwyebs ticianis
poeziaSi.
79
axali epoqis saqarTveloze Seqmnil leqsebSi TiTqos feri icvala
vaJa-fSavelas personaJebisadmi ticianis damokidebulebam. leqsSi „daRes-
tnis gazafxuli“ vkiTxulobT amgvar striqonebs:
„Tqven, xevsurebo, Savi nabdebiT
rom gamostaceT jalaTebs sergo,
dRes erTi wuTiT Cems leqs danebdiT,
mTebis mgosnoba me jeriT mergo.
fSavno, TuSebo da xevsurebo,
qeTelauro, Zmao aluda!
Camodga mTebSi axla mSvidoba
da sisxls aReba dRes aRar unda“.
Zveli adaT-wesebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba xelovnurad
gamoiyureba tician tabiZis mTeli Semoqmedebis fonze da es erTaderTi
magaliTia, sadac vaJaseuli samyaro sxva TvaliT aris danaxuli poetis
mier.
sruliad gamorCeulia tician tabiZis poeziaSi leqsi „vaJa-
fSavelas gadasveneba mTawmindaze“:
„mTawmindis qedi ar ecotava,
fSauri sisxli am mTaSic hRviva
arc uTxovia TavisTan misvla,
TviTon exveva mTas Tavze nislad“.
leqsis fonad aRebulia mTisa da mahmadis dava:
„mTis da mahmadis ar iyo dava...
ara pirveli vin visTan miva?“
pasuxad poeti adasturebs, rom mTawmindasTan misvla vaJa-fSavelas
ar uTxovia, magram Tavad mTa iTxovda vaJas:
80
„da gaumTelda gaxruli Zvlebi...
mTao, gauSvi, fSavamde ivlis,
beri mindias muxli gamZlebi
kvlav dauCoqebs sayvarel Tbiliss,
akvani iyo misi Cargali
gulze Tbilisis eso Cangali“.
mTawmindaze vaJa-fSavelas gadasveneba poets aRqmuli aqvs qarTuli
poeziis sulier ganZTsacavad:
„auxda natvra da gadalaxa
saflavis dvire da erTad naxa
man wereTeli da WavWavaZe.
kidec atirda imaT saflavze.
ar dagvinaxavs Cvengan aravis
mxolod gvesmoda cremli aragvis“.
tician tabiZis literaturuli alRo Zalian Rrmad, erovnul
fesvebSi Wvrets vaJa-fSavelas genialobis umTavres mizezs _ xalxur
wiaRSi myofobas. igi amaze sainteresod msjelobs statiaSi „daviT
guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela“, acxadebs ra vaJas guramiSvilis poetur
memkvidred.
„Tu nikoloz baraTaSvili, aleqsandre WavWavaZe da grigol
orbeliani kidev atareben istoriuli saqarTvelos organiulobas da
maTSi cocxalia saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia, Tu baraTaSvilis „bedi
qarTlisa“ da guramiSvilis „qarTlis Wiri“ erTmaneTis poeturi
gamoZaxebaa, _ ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi
moklebulia am dasayrdens, rac aucilebeli Tavdebia Zlieri eposisa.
ilias da akakis qarTlis bedi „qarTlis cxovrebidan“ amokiTxuli
qronikebia. maT istoriul gmirebs aSkarad amCneviaT romantiuli burusi,
maT gmirebs akliaT uSualoba da mTeli paTosi, gadatanilni arian
warsulSi, amitom aris, rom akakisa da ilias epiuri Semoqmedeba ufro
civia da xSirad ritorika anelebs uSualo gancdas“ (44; 591).
81
amisda sapirispirod, rogorc tician tabiZe aanalizebs, daviT
guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela sul sxva Zirebidan amoizardnen, rogorc
erovnuli tragikuli suliskveTebis gamomxatvelni. ucxoeTSi gaxiznuli
feodaluri aristokratiis wreSi guramiSvili xedavda, rogor Rafavda
suls qarTveli „maRali“ wodeba ruseTis biurokratiuli saxelmwifos
karze, aseve naTlad dainaxa vaJa-fSavelam mefis ruseTis biurokratiis
ukanaskneli ieriSebi da mTis saqarTvelos, fSav-xevsurTa arwivebis
budeTa dangreva“ (44; 592).
am TvalsazrisiT guramiSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas dawyvileba
erTob sagulisxmoa. tician tabiZis azriT vaJas genialoba mSobliur
xalxSi Rrmadgadgmuli fesvebia:
„gogoTur da afSinaze, aluda qeTelaurze, joyolasa da ZaRlika
ximikaurze, zviadaursa da gulTmisan mindiaze, brZensa da
gvelismWamelze, „qarTlis cxovreba“ arafers ambobs. es ufro mxedruli
Sahnamea _ wigni gmirobisa da qedmaRlobis apologia. vaJa-fSavelam
pirvelad aalaparaka poeziaSi saxalxo gmirebi da STabera maT ukvdavi
suli. vaJa-fSavela TviTon am xalxis Svilia“ (44; 592).
tician tabiZis amgvari damokidebuleba vaJa-fSavelas mimarT,
ucvlelia mTeli misi Semoqmedebis ganmavlobaSi. Tu ilias, akakis
mimarT misi mimarTeba cvalebadia, anu Tavidan uarmyofelia klasikuri
memkvidreobisa da SemdgomSi tradiciis mimarT, klasikosTa winaSe
qedismoxraa niSandoblivi, vaJa-fSavelasadmi misi Tayvaniscema arasodes
Secvlila da gafermkrTalebula. tician tabiZisTvis rwmeniseulia vaJas
aRiareba, rac zogadi suraTia simbolistebis damokidebulebisa vaJas
mimarT da bevrwilad grigol robaqiZis damsaxurebaa. grigol robaqiZe
amgvarad moZRvravda „cisfer ordens“:
„vaJa mocemulia rogorc mTa, rogorc mze, rogorc planeta...
poetebi mas grZnoben, rogorc adamiani mzesa da RmerTs“, _ werda gazeTi
„baxtrioni“, romelmac paolo iaSvilis TqmiT, „vaJas didebuli kampania“
wamoiwyo (4; 266).
literaturaTmcodneobaSi samarTlianad aris miCneuli, rom
cisferyanwelebis mier 60-ianelTa poeziis uaryofis mizezi epigonoba
82
iyo. iliasa da akakis epigonebma cisferyanwelebSi didi gaRizianeba
gamoiwvia. l. avaliani aRniSnavs, rom vaJas epigonoba SeuZlebeli iyo:
„amgvar rasme gamoricxavda vaJa-fSavelas poeziis buneba. man ise
uxvad ver daapura 10-iani wlebis epigonuri poezia, rogoric vTqvaT
akakis poeziam. es iyo uTuod erT-erTi, arcTu umniSvnelo faqtori
cisferyanwelTa mier vaJas geniis aRiarebisa“ (6; 105).
amis Taobaze Tavad tician tabiZec msjelobs Tavis werilebSi:
„vaJa-fSavela aravis ar uSlis poeziaSi, is poeziaSi iseTi
strategiuli punqtia, rogorc mamisoni saqarTvelos teritoriisaTvis...
ar unda Tqma imas, rom vaJas leqsis teqnikas ar SeuZlia aravisze
moaxdinos gavlena, ar unda Tqma agreTve imasac, rom masTan SedarebiT
Tundac besiki wminda aleqsandrielia, parnasel herediad gamoCndeba.
amas aravin ar Txoulobs misgan, amitomac iyo, rom vaJa gadaurCa im
autotafes da im giliotinas, romelic am ramdenime wlis winaT gaimarTa
sxva poetebisaTvis.
rogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna, vaJa-fSavelas poeturi prozis didi
gavlena SeiniSneba tician tabiZis prozaze. vaJas prozis xatebi, ritmi
axleburad cocxldeba ticianis prozaSi. mTebis peizaJi vaJaseburad
warmoudgeba poets _ isini moTminebasa da molodins gamoxataven:
`titanebiviT cad ayudebulni mdumared sdganan kolxidis mTebi, isini
isev elian, ukvdavia maTi lodini~. mTebis nisli ticianTanac vaJaseburad
fiqrs gamoxatavs, locvad qceula. ` _ ra vici, Svilo, xedav im mTebs,
caTamde rom ayudebulan? ase arian sul isini, nisli rom moexvevaT, es
maTi locvaa, cas Sehvedrian, feria dagvibruneo da elian sul,
dausrulebliv, guli uelavT lodinSi... usazRvroa maTi lodini: _ neta,
rodemdis gagrZeldeba es lodini?” (44; 292).
SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom sruliad gamorCeulia vaJa-fSavelas
saxeli, misi zemoqmedeba poet tician tabiZeze. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom
vaJa-fSavelam bevrwilad gansazRvra tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis xasiaTi.
saerTod XIX saukunis qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmedeba saTavea
tician tabiZis poeturad damuxtvis. grogol orbelianis, nikoloz
baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJas poezia uSret
wyarod warmodgeba tician tabiZis poeturi azrovnebisaTvis, nikoloz
83
baraTaSvili Wabukur asaks uSinaarsebda, sakuTari sevdis gacnobierebaSi
exmareboda, grogol orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri poezia
aRafrTovanebda, iliasa da akakis poezia jer moqalaqeobrivad wvrTnida,
Semdeg dapirispireba cada da tradiciuli lirikisagan gadaxvevad
gamoacxada, bolos erTgvari monaniebis formiT gulmxurvaled
daubrunda da axali gatacebiT daewafa am masazrdoebel wyaros, rac
Seexeba vaJas igi Seucvlel simaRled darCa misTvis mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze da esec aisaxa mis poeziaSi.
84
T a v i III
XIX saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi tician tabiZis
literaturul-kritikuli werilebisa da eseebis mixedviT
garda poeturi memkvidreobisa, rogorc ukve aRiniSna tician
tabiZe rogorc Rrmad erudirebuli, faqizi gemovnebis literatori,
avtoria SesaniSnavi literaturul-kritikuli werilebisa da eseebisa.
metad farTea tician tabiZis eseist-kritikosis interesebis wre. igi
moicavs rogorc qarTul mwerlobas, ise evropul da rusul
literaturas, musikas, mxatvrobas da xelovnebis sxva dargebsac. tician
tabiZe yvelgan specialistis TavliT Wvrets didi musikosebis,
Teatralebis cxovrebas da Rvawls; miT umetes gamorCeulia misi
werilebi mwerlobaze. tician tabiZis literaturuli werilebi mkafiod
gamoxatuli xatovani stiliT xasiaTdeba. maTi kiTxvisas esTetikuri
siamovnebis gancda gveufleba. literaturul-kritikul werilebSic
msgavsad leqsebisa, Rrma esTetikuri daxvewilobiT vlindeba mwerlis
SemoqmedebiTi energia. `mis werilebSi axleburad fasdeba qarTul
literaturasa da xelovnebaSi tradiciulisa da novatorulis
urTierTmimarTebis problema; maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli StrixebiT
ikveTeba cnobil xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi portretebi; asaxvas poulobs
am saukunis pirveli aTwleulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli, socialuri da politikuri movlenebi;
Suqdeba evropuli literaturisa da kulturis siaxleni da
gansazRvruli tendenciebi~ (38; 387).
ramdenadac tician tabiZis literaturuli werilebi ZiriTadaT
eseisturi xasiaTisaa saWirod migvaCnia ramdenime sityva iTqvas
eseistikis Sesaxebac.
XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna saqarTveloSi esseisturi
xasiaTis literaturuli nawarmoebebi. esseisturi xasiaTis literaturis
gaCena CvenSi ise rogorc safrangeTsa da iaponiaSi, mravalmxrivi rTuli,
gardaqmnebis, gardatexis periodSi ganxorcielda da erTgvarad
85
ganapiroba kidec esseisturi azrovnebis wesis momwifeba. isic
sagulisxmoa, rom eseisturi Janris srulqmna saqarTveloSi
simbolisturi mimdinareobis gaCenas ukavSirdeba da misi, rogorc
literaturuli Janris gaformeba cisferyanwelTa ordenis wevrTa didi
damsaxurebaa.
`qarTuli literaturuli esses“ mkvlevari m. xelaia aRniSnavs:
`esseisturi literatura qveynis kulturuli ganviTarebis
garkveul etapze iCens Tavs, kerZod iq, sadac mecnieruli kvlevis
tradiciac arsebobs da, meores mxriv, mxatvrul-literaturulic.
mxolod am tradiciaTa paralelurad SeiZleba esseisturi Txzulebebi
gaCndes _ esse uTuod gulisxmobs mecnierebisa da literaturis
ganviTarebis gansazRvrul dones“ (54; 333).
a. losevis gansazRvriT, ese renesansis idealebis Semdgom-
droindeli pirmSoa. misi warmoSoba ganapiroba adamianis srulqmnilebis,
harmoniulobis rwmenis msxvrevam. igi realisturi, maZiebeli individua-
lizmiT aris niSandebuli da epoqis Secvlis, gardatexis procesSi
yalibdeba. mas axasiaTebs `artistuli, lamazi individualizmi“ (57; 598).
qarTuli literaturuli esses 20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibeba aseve
socialur-politikuri, istoriuli faqtorebis erTobliobam ganapiroba.
sagulisxmoa, rom am periodSi sruliqmna esse, rogorc literaturuli
Janri, azrovnebis garkveuli forma, xolo esseisturi Canasaxi jer kidev
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi moiZies literaturaTmcodneebma, esseisturi
elementebis Semcvel Txzulebebad m. xelaia miiCnevs Tamaris epoqis
avtors nikoloz gulaberiZes, ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasobas“, daviT
batoniSvilis `estetikebrni gansjanis“, aseve romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi
TviTSemecnebis gamovlenas, ilias, akakisa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSic moCans
esseisturi Janris ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebebi, magram esses srulqmna
swored XX s-is pirvel aTeul wlebSi ganxorcielda. XIX s-idan
qarTvel SemoqmedT gadmoecaT memkvidreobiT WeSmaritebis Ziebisken
mswrafi buneba. 1905 wlis revolucia, 1917 wlis Tebervali, oqtombris
revolucia, 1921 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba saqarTveloSi _
xelovnebaSi emociaTa da azrTa Widili, Ziebis procesi, idealebis
msxvreva, gaoreba gamoiwvia.
86
esseisturi Janris uSualo winamorbedad literaturaTmcodneobaSi
miCneulia arCil jorjaZisa da kita abaSiZis Semoqmedeba. filosofiis,
religiis, zogadkulturul sakiTxebze, xelovnebis daniSnulebasa da
qarTuli mwerlobis satkivarze maTi siRrmiseuli fiqri da gansja. eses
srulqmnaSi aseve didi wvlili miuZRviT pavle ingoroyvas, konstantine
gamsaxurdias, geronti qiqoZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils, konstantine
kapanels.
qarTveli simbolistebis SemoqmedebaSi sabolood gaformda esse,
rogorc literaturuli Janri. valerian gafrindaSvilis, sandro
cirekiZis, giorgi leoniZis, tician tabiZis, Salva afxaiZis, ali
arseniSvilis, paolo iaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi esse iqca TviTgamosaxvis,
TviTanalizis, epoqis sulieri bunebis gamoxatvis formad. maT
sabolood Cauyares safuZveli esses literaturul Janrs da esseisturi
azrovneba qarTul mwerlobaSi bunebriv kanonzomier movlenad
gadaaqcies.
esses literaturuli Janris umTavresi niSania kategoriuli
gansazRvrulobisadmi sruli daumorCilebloba, moulodnelobisadmi
swrafva, TviTSemecneba da TviTgamosaxva aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia
esseisturi azrovnebisaTvis, monteniseuli gansazRvriT: `esseisti ise
xatavs yovelives, rogorc Tavad aRiqvams“ (59; 719).
subieqturoba, Tavisi Sinagani, sulieri samyaros warmoCena
esseisturi azrovnebis aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia. konkretuli sakiTxis
Semecnebis procesi sakuTari Tavis TviTSemecnebis gzaa. sxva Semoqmedis
Sesaxeb saubari esseisti literatorisaTvis Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi kredos
warmoCenas gulisxmobs. xSirad esses ara aqvs erTi azri, romelic
amTlianebs mTel Txzulebas, magram ganmsWvalulia gancdaTa
Tavisufali dinebiT. gulwrfeloba da nonkonformizmi essesTvis
Janruli maxasiaTeblis kategoriad aris qceuli. gansxvavebiT
mecnieruli kvlevisagan, esseisturi Txzuleba aucileblad iTxovs
avtoris alRos, intuiciis, ganwyobilebisa da warmosaxvis unaris
Zalmosilebas. amasTan esses stiluri Taviseburebaa fragmentuloba,
araTanmimdevruloba, arakategoriuloba da paradoqsuloba, albaTuri
xasiaTi, mozaikuroba, gansjis silaRe da sruli Tavisufleba.
87
esseisturi JanrisTvis formulad qceuli es principebi XX s-is 20-iani
wlebis qarTul esseistur TxzulebebSi Taviseburad gamovlinda.
samarTlianad aRniSnavs m. xelaia:
`TviTSemecneba, individualuri `me“-Ti daintereseba qarTul esseSi
ganuyofelia erovnuli xasiaTis Semecnebisagan. imdenad mZlavri iyo
qarTul mwerlobaSi erovnuli da piraduli interesebis erTobis
tradicia, rom man asaxva esseistur JanrSic hpova. igi jer kidev d.
guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba. SeuZlebelia am TvalsazrisiT
sulxan-sabas moRvaweoba ar gavixsenoT. XIX s-Si qarTlis bedi yoveli
qarTveli Semoqmedis pirad bedad aRiqmeboda...” (54; 353).
swored samSoblos yofiT ukmayofileba iyo kidevac erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizezi romantikosebis sevdisa, warsulis idealizaciisa. maTi
piradi gancdebi _ sasowarkveTa Tu optimizmi _ didadaa damokidebuli
sazogadoebriv-erovnul problemebze. erovnuli satkivaris gaTaviseba
mwvervals akakis, iliasa da vaJas moRvaweobaSi aRwevs. mTeli maTi
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba amis naTeli dadasturebaa. swored maTTan iRebs
saTaves erovnuli xasiaTis _ avisa Tu kargis realisturi xedva. eris
mimarT WeSmariti siyvarulis erTaderTi swori gamovlineba misdami
piruTvneli damokidebulebaa. es principi iseT mZlavr stiqiad gacxadda
ilias RvawliT, rom SeuZlebeli iyo mas raime saxiT mainc ar epova
gagrZeleba mis Semdgomdroindel mwerlobaSi.
XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis literaturaSi, sxva
ganwyobilebebTan erTad bevria eWvic, gaoreba, dabneuloba, skepsisi,
gulgatexiloba, Zieba... igi aRar aris winandeburad mizanmimarTuli da
mTliani. es mravalmxriv rTulma epoqam ganapiroba. imdroindeli
mwerali cdilobs aRidginos pirovnuli mTlianoba, gaerkves Tavis
gaorebul arsebaSi. mas surs Rrmad Caixedos sakuTar `me“-Si (intimuroba
zogjer egocentrizmamdec midis _ sxvaTaTvis gaugebari Txzulebebi
iwereba), am procesis pirmSoa esseisturi Janri. magram igi miuxedavad
individualuri, subieqturi, intimuri bunebisa, aSkarad ireklavs XIX s-
is saukeTeso idealebsac. pirovnuli `me“ aq Zalian xSirad ganuyofelia
sazogadoebrivisgan. individualuri TviTSemecneba XX s. 20-iani wlebis
qarTul esseSi sazogadoebriv-erovnuli TviTSemecnebis xasiaTs
88
Rebulobs. esseisti cdilobs qarTvelis buneba, sulieri Tvisebebi
dagvixatos.
tician tabiZis ramdenime werili _ ese miemarTeba XIX saukunis
mwerlebs. garda amisa calkeuli dakvirvebebi da mosazrebebi gabneulia
TiTqmis yvela werilSi, romlebic exeba literaturas.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas XIX saukunis qarTvel mwerlebis
Sesaxeb dawerili statia _ eseebidan imsaxurebs nawyveti `ilia
WavWavaZe~, ori brwyinvale werili vaJa-faSavelas Semoqmedebaze, pirveli
maTgani win uZRvis vaJa-fSavelas TxzulabaTa pirvel toms, romelic 1927
wels gamovida, xolo meore cota ufro mogvianebiT daiwera da eZRvneba
vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli winapris sakiTxs. am werilebs gakvriT
zemoTac SevexeT. erTi werili eZRvneba vaJas umcros Zmas _ baCanas da
warmoadgens misi cxiovrebisa da Semoqmedebis saintereso ganxilvas.
vrceli sayuradRebo werili uZRvna tician tabiZem did realists daviT
kldiaSvils. aseve vrceli werili eZRvneba Sio aragvispirelisa da misi
Semoqmedebis ganxilvas da a.S.
tician tabiZis literaturul-kritikuli werilebis daxasiaTebisas
usaTuod unda aRiniSnos erTi ram: aSkaraa, rom am werilebs wers ara
marto saxelovani poeti da kritikosi, aramed literaturis istorikosi,
yvela es werili gamoirCeva ara marto gansaxilveli avtoris
TxzulebaTa literaturuli Rirebulebis wamoCeniT, Tematikur-
mxatvruli mxaris SefasebiT, aramed, maTi adgilis Cvenebaze farTo
msjelobiT qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, imaze
miTiTebiT, Tu ra mdgomareoba iyo am mwerlamde qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tu
ra imemkvidra man da ra siaxle Semoitana. es midgoma principis doneze
ayvanili poziciaa Cveni mkvlevrisa da rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT es
interesi im mxrivac iqneba realizebuli, rom 1929 wels tician tabiZe
dawers mokle narkvevs axali qarTuli literaturis istoriaze,
romelsac sadisertacio naSromis momdevno TavSi SevexebiT.
erTi didi Rirsebac tician tabiZis literaturul-kritikuli
werilebisa isaa, rom didi erudiciis, farTo literaturuli
horizontis kritikosi-mkvlevari qarTvel mweralTa Sefasebas xSirad
89
axdens msoflio literaturis konteqsSi, miuTiTebs msgavseba-
gansxvavebebze, gavlenebze, evropeli da rusi avtorebisa da a.S.
unda isic garkveviT iTqvas, rom ticin tabiZisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia saTqmelis didi kondensirebuloba, SekumSuloba. mis
narkvevebs Zalze xSirad Tezisuri forma gamoarCevs saTqmelisa. aq
TiTqmis yoveli fraza gaSlisTvisaa mzad.
didi ilia WavWavaZisadmi tician tabiZis mimarTeba TiTqmis yvela
mis werilSi moCans. Tu 1916 wels Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ programul
werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ (#1, 2) Wabuki ticiani eWvis qveS ayenebda
ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis poezias, manamde, erTi wliT adre,
tician tabiZe rogorc erT-erTi Tayvanismcemeli qarTveli 60-ianelebisa,
werda: `grigol orbeliani, akaki weTreTeli, ilia WavWavaZe _ es Cveni
eris mwuxris ki ara, SuadRis momRerlebi arian. maTi simRera Wabukuria
da maTSi mReris `orbiviT damwvari~ ferfliT amdgari saqarTvelo~. es
werili moskovSi swavlisas daiwera, roca axalgazrda ticiani mTlianad
iyo momzadebuli `besikis baRSi bodleris borotebis yvavilebis~
gadmosargavad. rogorc vxedavT, tician tabiZis amdroindeli esTetikuri
xedva winaaRmdegobrivia, rac kargad vlindeba 60-ianelebTan
damokidebulebaSi. rogorc viciT, is da misi megobrebi simbolizmiT
gatacebis wlebSi daupirispirdnen iliasa da akakis esTetikur
Sexedulebebs. magram, sabednierod TviT aseTi dapirispirebis Jamsac
ticiani Tanmimdevruli ar yofila da qarTvel 60-ianelTa poeturi
Rvawlis uarmyofeli werilebis gverdiT igi iseT statiebsac wers,
sadac xotbas asxams ilisa da akakis uzarmazar damsaxurebas.
`CvenSi rom gaCndnen dadaistebi, isinic ver uaryofen ilia
WavWavaZis did figuras. ilia rom gamoakldes XIX saukunis, maSin
iqneboda saqarTvelo samudamod dabnelebuli~, _ es striqonebi 1922
wels iwereboda _ jer kidev simbolizmiTa da dadaizmiT gatacebis
wlebSi da amdenad igi sakuTar TavTan kamaTisa da dapirispirebis
gamovlenadac SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli.
ilis Rvawlis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs `ilia WavWavaZe~ nawyveti, igi 1922 wliT aris daTariRebuli,
90
roca, rogorc iTqva, tician tabiZe jer kidev `cisferyanwelTa~ erT
Tavkacad moiazreba da roca aranairi niSani ar Cans poziciis Secvlisa.
vicnobT ilia WavWavaZeze bevri mwerlis STambeWdav gamonaTqvamebs;
rad Rirs am mxriv konstantine gamsaxurdias, giorgi leoniZis da sxvaTa
nawerebi, romlebic didi sityvieri energiis Semcveli mWevrmetyveluri
frazebiT Cven gvagrZnobineben ilis didi figuris Zalas, mis udides
damsaxurebas saqarTvelos winaSe.
erTi gamorCeulia am TvalsazrisiT tician tabiZis `ilia WavWavaZe~.
tician tabiZes ganzraxva hqonia vrclad daewera iliaze deklaraciis
saxiT, Tezisurad, `romlebic Semdeg gaixsnebao~. tician tabiZis azriT,
XIX saukune ilias saukunea. es saukune `iliam kidec moigona, kidec
Seqmna da Tavisi sisxliT kidec dahkira~. `me-19 saukunis didi epopeis
mTavari mbrZanebeli iyo ilia WavWavaZe~. erTi sityviT, tician tabiZe
Zalin STambeWdavad miuTiTebs ilias im arsebiT niSan-Tvisebaze, rac
Semdeg sagangebod daxasiaTdeba, rogorc pirovnuli Zalis gancda (23).
ticin tabiZe am nawyvetSi miuTiTebs, rom sami meoTxedi im sityvebisa,
romlebsac dRes xmarobs qarTuli mecniereba, ilis Seqmnilia. Semdegi
Taobebi, amas ukve aRar ukvirdebiano, `rogorc ar ukvirdebian imas, Tu
vin moigona an Seqmna pirvelad ena~ (43; 13). axla enaTmecnierebi
sagangebod ikvleven ilis leqsikologiur damsaxurebas. am sakiTxze
uweriaT a. SaniZes, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofurias, i. qavTaraZes, j.
WumburiZes, b. jorbenaZes, ... monografiuli gamokvleva aqvs g.
SalamberiZes, arn. Ciqobava wers: `axla saliteraturo normebis sakiTxs
Seiswavlis samecniero dawesebuleba, xolo ilias dros saliteraturo
qarTulis normaTa sakiTxebis mogvareba sazogado moRvaweTa Taosnobis
saqme iyo. moTaveobas ilia WavWavaZe kisrulobda. es iTqmis axali
terminebis Sesaxeb, rac saliteraturo enas sWirdeboda qarTuli
leqiskis ASeswavlisa da leqsikonis Sedgenis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb.
amasac ilia WavWavaZe uvlida~ (47; 2-5).
sazogadod mTeli nawyveti `ilia WavWavaZe~ dawerilia ilias
pirovnebis Zalis gancdis niSniT. tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani
gviSinaarsebs ilias moRvaweobis sferoebis SemousazRvrelobas,
mravalmxrivobas; `ilia yvelgan cdida Tavis Tavs. is iyo poeti,
91
beletristi, dramaturgi, publicisti, Jurnalisti, mecnieri, reJisori,
finansisti, oratori, istorikosi da kidev ramdeni sxva...~, Cven ar viciT,
sad veZeboT misi SesaZleblobebis mTavri sazomi, `misi namdvili saxe~
(44; 482). da ai aseTi Tanabari Zalis, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis fonze,
tician tabiZe, iseve rogorc zogi sxva avtori manamde, (mag. kita abaSiZe)
fiqrobs, rom ilia gansakuTrebiT Zlieria prozaSi, rom XIX saukuneSi
praqtikulad iliam Seqmna WeSmariti proza, rom ilia WavWavaZe am mxriv
darCa dauZlevelad da rom mis Semdeg uklebliv yvelam misi gavlena
ganicada, da bevri vinc mas gars exvia, sacodavad gamoiyureba mis
gverdiT. tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirveli amaxvilebs yuradRebas imaze,
rom ara marto mxatvruli prozaa aseTi, aramed es iTqmis mis kritikul-
publicistur prozazec. sagulisxmoa rom tician tabiZe erT-erTi
pirvelTagani acnobierebs ilias publicisturi prozis mxatvrul Zalas;
marTalia, amas sxvebic grZnoben, magram tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirveli
mkiTxvels ucnobierebs ilias publicistikis didi zemoqmedebis Zalas.
araerTgzis iqna miTiTebuli zemoT, rom simbolisti t. tabiZe eWvs
qveS ayenebda ilias lirikis Rirebulebas. isic sayovelTaod cnobilia,
rom TiTqmis yvela kritikosi, vinc ilias da akakis poezias adarebda
erTmaneTs, upiratesobas yovelTvis akakis aniWebda (mag. n. nikolaZe,
sil. xundaZe, r. fancxava (xomleli), g. qiqoZe da sxv.) da ai 1922 wels
simbolisti tician tabiZe, romelic bunebrivia, icnobs gavrcelebul
mosazrebas, aRniSnul werilSi ilia WavWavaZeze saTanados miuwyavs
ilias _ lirikos poets da garkveviT acxadebs, `rom ilis leqsi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi ar CamorCeboda akakis leqss da mxolod TanamedroveTa
ukulturobas unda mieweros is, rom ilias ayenebdnen akakize dabla~ (43;
14).
bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZisaTvis yovelTvis Zvirfasi
iyo akaki wereTlis saxeli. jer kidev maSin, roca tician tabiZe
moskovis universitetis III kursisi studenti iyo, gardaicvala didi
akaki. tician tabiZem es Zalian ganicada da dabeWda `Рампа и жизнь~-Si
akakis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili werili. amis Taobaze TviTon ticiani
gviambobs Tavis SesaniSnav statiaSi `aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili~.
`rodesac akaki wereTeli mokvda, ianvari iyo 1915 wlisa. moskovSi
92
glovis xmad gaisma udidesi poetis sikvdili. ucxoeTSi ufro mwvaved
grZnobs kaci aseT sikvdils. maxsovs, maSin daibeWda Cemi werili akakize
`Рампа и жизнь~-Si (43; 127). es werili waekiTxa aleqsandre sumbaTaSvils,
gamoexmo ticiani da Seeqo .
marTalia, sxva calke werili Cven tician tabiZisa sakuTriv akakize
ar gvaqvs, magram ara erTsa da or werilSi exeba tician tabiZe akakis da
Zalian sayuradRebo mosazrebebs gvTavazobs mis Sesaxeb. Zalze
saintereso werilSi `omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~ tician tabiZe
aviTarebs azrs, rom qarTveli mudam icavda Tavis sanukvar miwa-wyals,
Tavis saTayvano samSoblos. `qarTvelma omi gaixada RvTis msaxurebad~.
qarTvelma mweralma yuri ar aTxova pacifizms da erTxelac ar
uRalatia Zveli tradiciebisaTvis. didi humanisti akaki wereTelic ki
moxucebulobaSi natrobda Tavisi TeTri WaRaris mtris sisxliT
SeRebvas. `amnairma ganwyobilebam akakis sulisa amoaqsova `arabi faSa~,
romelic jer CvenSi saTanadod ar aris dafasebuli~. erTi mxriv swored
amitomac akaki grigol orbelianTan, iliasTan da vaJasTan erTad,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tician tabiZes exateba Cveni eris mwuxris ki
ara, SuadRis momRerlad.
tician tabiZe warmosaxviT gadadis warsulSi da im qarTvel
didostatebze fiqrobs, romlebic jadosnuri feradebiT udgamdnen suls
Tavisi drois RvawliTa da gmirobiT Semosil pirovnebebs. `mxolod
mxatvrul mwerlobaSi ar arian aRdgenili es istoriuli figurebi~. da
ai, tician tabiZis sityvebiT `akaki wereTelma poema `Tornike erisTavis~
meoxebiT erTi TvaliT SeanaTa am samyaroSi, magram erTi poeturi
ieriSiT verc akaki aiRebda am cixe-simagres~ (43; 47). SesaniSnav werilSi
daviT kldiaSvilze tician tabiZe gakvriT axsenebs akakis prozas,
kerZod mis `raWis erisTav rostoms~. ticianis azriT esaa erTi
saukeTeso ambavi feodalebis cxovrebidan da igi ar Camouvardeba
stendalis `italiur qronikebs~. `aq aRwerili rostom erisTavis
daSinaurebuli irmebis jogebis amoxocvis ambavi da TviTon rostomis
dabrmaveba nadirobis dros namdvilad homerosis eposidan aris
amoRebuli~ (43; 84).
93
savsebiT gasagebia, rom gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani tician
tabiZis, rogorc kritikosisaTvis aris vaJa-fSavelas figura. igi bevrs
fiqrobs vaJaze rogorc poeti da rogorc Teoretikosi. ar iyo
SemTxveviTi, rom vaJa fSavelas TxzulebaTa I toms, romelic 1927 wels
aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT gamovida, win uZRvis tician tabiZis
Sesavali werili _ `vaJa-fSavela~. es werili erT-erTi Zalze sayuraRebo
niSansvetia didi vaJas aRiarebis gzaze, rac iliam, upirveles yovlisa,
da grigol robaqiZem 1909 wels daiwyes. meore werili ufro mogvianebiT
_ 1930 wels daiwera da eZRvneba vaJas literaturuli winapris dadgenis
sakiTxs. tician tabiZis am statiaTa Sefaseba-ganxilvas vxvdebiT i.
evgeniZis sayuradRebo naSromSi (16; 137-147).
vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb tician tabiZes adrec aqvs gamoTqmuli
garkveuli friad sayuraRebo mosazrebebi, zogjer sadao. (mag, vaJas
warmarTobis Sesaxeb), magram ufro xSirad angariSgasawevi (vaJas bunebis
grZnobis Sexaxeb da a.S.); axla Cveni uSualo interesis sagani sakuTriv
vaJas Sesaxeb dawerili werilia, romelic vaJas TxzulebaTa pirvel
toms miuZRvis.
tician tabiZe Tavdapirvelad imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom
vaJa-fSavela TandaTan imkvidrebs did saxels qarTul mwerlobaSi da
rom zogierTisaTvis arc sadReisodaa naTeli misi memkvidreoba.
marTlac gaZnelda vaJas gageba da damkvidreba qarTveli mkiTxvelis
cnobierebaSi da rom am gzaze didia damsaxureba did metrTan ilia
WavWavaZesTan erTad grigol robaqiZisa da axalgazrdebis im jgufisa,
romlebic `cisferyanwelTa~ saxelwodebiT gamovidnen literaturul
asparezze, da romelTa Soris am mxriv gansakuTrebuli iyo roli tician
tabiZisa. aRniSnulis miuxedavad aqve tician tabiZe saWirod Tvlis
sagangebod ganacxados, rom vaJas aRiareba araa romelime pirovnebis
anda literaturuli jgufis kaprizi. misi damkvidreba-aRiareba xdeboda
bunebrivad misi Tvisebebis TandaTan warmoCenis gziT literaturis-
mcodneobaSi, rom bunebrivad xdeba im adgilis kanonierad dasakuTreba,
romelic mas ekuTvnis (43; 16). TiTqos ar iyo safuZveli vaJas aRqmis
gaZnelebisa, radgan XIX saukunis qarTvel poetTagan vaJa-fSavela
yvelaze ufro xalxuria da gasagebi. magram mas mainc imdeni specifikuri
94
Tavisebureba aqvs umTavresad fSauri dialeqtis xmarebis gamo, rom misi
erovnuli Rirebuleba `didxans daCrdiluli Canda~.
tician tabiZe sagangebod Cerdeba ilis rolze vaJas geniis
aRiarebis Taobaze. poeti aRniSnavs, rom es azri zepirad vrceldeba da
amis werilobiTi dokumenti ar arsebobso. da ai, ticians gadauwyvetia am
mniSvnelovan azrs werilobiTi dasabuTeba mouZebnos, ramdenadac, misi
sityvebiT, igi ver Sexvda ilias mier daweril iseT dokuments, rac
aRniSnavda `mTeli sisruliT~ vaJa-fSavelas movlinebas. ...da ai,
pirvelad qarTul litaraturul sinamdvileSi t. tabiZe gamoTqvams
dabejiTebiT varauds, rom ilias saxelganTqmul `werilebSi qarTul
literaturaze~ `didad saimedo poeti~, romelic n. baraTaSvilis kvals
Caudga da misi poeturi memkvidrea, da romelsac ilia WavWavaZe
sifrTxiliT ar asaxelebs, `vaJa-fSavela iyo~. t. tabiZe fiqrobs rom es
moridebuli aRiarebaa vaJa-fSavelasi 1892 wlisaTvis, roca ilias
`werilebi...~ daiwera. magram imdenad didi iyo ilias gamoTqmuli
Sexedulebis Zala, rom `es gaubedavi sityvebi vaJas kaninizaciad
miiCnies~. t. tabiZis mier gamoTqmuli es varaudi sazogadod iqna
gaziarebuli qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier (16; 142).
t. tabiZe imis saintereso axsnas iZleva, Tu ratom moxda, rom ilia
da akaki sococxleSive iqnen aRiarebuli, xolo vaJa-fSavela ise mokvda,
rom ar ugrZnia eris sayovelTao siyvaruli. t. tabiZis angariSgasawevi
axsniT, iliasa da akakis literaturul moRvaweobas emateboda
sazogadoebrivi Rvawli, eris winamZRoloba, xolo vaJas poeturi
SesaZleblobebis zenitSi yofnisas politika da poezia imdenad iyo
erTimeorisagan gaTiSuli obieqturi mizezebis gamo, rom mwerali
TavisTavad veRar TamaSobda im did rols, rac Tavis droze ilias da
akakis hqondaT dakisrebuli. 90-iani wlebisaTvis, roca vaJa-fSavelas
moRvaweoba uxdeboda, sakuTriv poezia aRar iyo imdenad did pativSi,
isic datvirTuli iyo `pozitiuri azrovnebiT~. am dros prozas ufro
daekisra ideaTa gamoxatva, vidre poezias, es iyo narodnikebis
moRvaweobis dro. ticiani fiqrobs, rom vaJas nawarmoebTa didi nawilic
`aRbeWdilia xalxosnuri suliskveTebiT~. gasagebia, rom es azri vaJas
narodnikuri suliskveTebiT aRbeWvdis Sesaxeb samarTlianad ar iqna
95
gaziarebuli Semdgomi drois mkvlevarTa mier; magram saqme isaa rom
ticianic male gaemijna am azrs. aRniSnuli werilis Tanaxmad, tician
tabiZe Tvlis rom vaJa-fSavela iyo sruliad `axali samyaro~, `sruliad
Taviseburi pirovnebiT da moraliT~, vaJa iyo `iseTi comisagan
mozelili, rom arc erT qveyanaSi imis purs ar sWamen~. mogvianebiT, 1930
wels daweril statiaSi `daviT guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela~ tician
tabiZem uaryo Sexeduleba vaJa-fSavelas rogorc uCveulo movlenis
Sesaxeb qarTul mwerlobaSi da Zalzed sainteresod vaJas cnobil
leqsze dayrdnobiT, romelic man daviT guramiSvilis xsovnas miuZRvna,
daasabuTa, rom vaJa Cvens poeziaSi ar iyo calke mdgomi xelovani, rom
mas hyavda literaturuli winapari da rom es winapari daviT
guramiSvili iyo. am weriliT tician tabiZem Tavisi didbunebovnebac
daadastura, uCvena, rom igi ganuwyvetlad fiqrobs TavisTvis
mniSvnelovan literaturul problemebze da ar eTakileba azri
Seicvalos, Tavisi pirvandeli Secdoma aRiaros. ticina tabiZis es
Zalzed sayuradRebo, nayofieri daskvna Semdgom ganviTarebas poulobs
grigol kiknaZis fundamentalur naSromSi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb (24; 271-
277).
qarTul sinamdvileSi kvalificiuri msjeloba simbolizmis raobis
Sesaxeb tician tabiZis werilebiTa da eseebiT iwyeba. am mxrivac aris
mniSvnelovani aRniSnuli statia vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb. tician tabiZe
erT-erTi pirveli akritikebs Sexedulebas vaJa-fSavelas simbolistobis
Sesaxeb.
simboloebs rogorc tician tabiZe miuTiTebs, mimarTavdnen yvela
droSi; mimarTavdnen mas antikur epoqaSiac da saSualo saukuneebSic;
bunebrivia vifiqroT rom simboloebs mimarTavdnen romantikosebic,
magram es sruliadac ar gulisxmobs rom saqme simbolizmTan gvqondes...
da rom swored vaJaze msjelobisas aris erTmaneTSi aRreuli
simboloebis gamoiyeneba da simbolizmi, rogorc literaturuli
mimarTuleba (43; 19). `CvenSi, aRmosavleTSi, _ wers tician tabiZe, _
mniSvneloba qonda kidev erT garemoebas, aq alegoria miRebuli iqna
simbolod, rac TavisTavad Secdomaa. vaJa-fSavela imdenad yovlisdamtevi
poetiaa rom advili iyo mis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi elementebis Zebna.
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Semdeg aseTma inerciam simbolistebad gamoacxada iseTi xalxi,
romelTac araviTari kavSiri ar qondaT simbolistebTan da Zalian
naklebi kavSiri – dawmendil mwerlobasTan, magram es albaT
analogiebis inercias miewereboda~ (43; 19). tician tabiZe samarTlianad
wers, `ar arsebobs jer iseTi literaturuli gamokvleva romelSic iyo
axsnili am skolis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~. amdenad simbolizmi
rCeba aqamde erTgvar literaturul ganwyobilebad. umTavresi rac mas
axasiaTebs, aris naturalizmis uaryofa, formalur RirebulebaTa
gadafaseba. `sazogadod misticizmi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa
simbolizmisa~. vaJasaTvis isaa damaxasiaTebeli rac saerTod qarTuli
mwerlobisaTvis, rom misticizmi `ar aris qarTuli mwerlobis
Tandayolili Tviseba~. vaJas azrovneba mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba
misticizms.
rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTeben, `vaJa-fSavelas weris maneris
Sesaxeb ticianis dakvirvebebma gavlena moaxdina Semdgomi Taobis
mkvlevarTa kvleva-ZiebiT praqtikaze. tician tabiZis mier wamoWrilma
aRniSnulma sakiTxebma Rrma mecnieruli dasabuTeba hpova cnobili
mkvlevris grigol kiknaZis wignSi `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba~, sadac
avtori mdidari mecnieruli da mxatvruli masalis safuzvelze wers
friad saintereso nakveTs wignisa _ `vaJa-fSavelas weris manera~ (16; 143).
Zalzed sayuradReboa is mosazrebebi, romlebic tician tabiZem
vaJa-fSavelas leqsTwyobis Sesaxeb gamoTqva. tician tabiZis TqmiT, vaJa-
fSavelas ar hqonia Tavisi individualuri leqsTwyoba. is umTavresad
eyrdnoba xalxur Sairs da asea Tavidan bolomde. es vaJasTan
gacnobierebulad xdeboda. es iyo misi poeturi misia, es iyo misi
damsaxureba. tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT, vaJas leqsika ar gamoirCeva
riTmis simdidriT. `vaJas riTma... Raribia. vaJas aqvs gamudmebuli `a~ da
`e~-Ti daboloebuli leqsis striqonebi, magram vaJa-fSavela ise awyobs
leqss da sityvebs, mas iseTi saidumalo aqvs qarTuli sityvisa, romelic
gamoucnoblad imaleba xalxSi da rac vaJam intuiciid igrZno da
SeiTvisa. mxolod es aZlevda vaJas leqss `naWedis simtkices~. es azri _
vaJas riTmis siRaribis kompensirebisa leqsikis amouwuravi simdidris
xarjze Semdeg saTanado ilustrirebiT Rrma mecnierul safuZvelze
97
dayrdnobiT ganviTarebulia grigol kiknaZis naSromSi _ `riTma vaJa-
fSavelas poema `baxtrionSi~ (27; 129-143). swored am konteqstSi _ vaJas
riTmis siRaribis konteqstSi ganixilavs tician tabiZe grigol
orbelianis TeTri leqsiT Sesrulebul `muSa boqulaZes~ da iSveliebs
ilia WavWavaZis mosazrebasac am leqsis Sesaxeb. aqve imowmebs tician
tabiZe ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa redaqtoris p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas:
`aq winaswar mocemulia saidumlo Seqspiris ivane maCabliseuli
Targmanisa. bevrs egona, rom es ritmi pirvelad ivane maCabelma moigona.
ueWvelia pirveli saTave grigol orbelianTan unda veZioT~ (43; 24).
tician tabiZis es msjeloba, TavisTavad mniSvnelovani erT koreqtivs
usaTuod saWiroebs. rogorc marTebulad miuTiTeben, pirvelad Seqspiri
erTad Targmnes ilia WavWavaZem da ivane maCabelma da is saleqso forma,
is TeTri, uriTmo leqsi swored maT gamoiyenes pirvelad `mefe liris~
Targmnis dros, ra sazomiTac Semdeg ivane maCabelma gaagrZela
SesaniSnavad Seqspiris Targmna, amdenad marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom
grigol orbelianis mier pirvelad qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoyenebuli
forma TeTri leqsisa Semdeg Seqspiris Targmnis dros daamkvidres ilia
WavWavaZem da ivane maCabelma (33; 156-157; 54; 182).
tician tabiZe exeba akaki wereTlisa da vaJa-fSavelas polemikas
vaJas poeziis enis Sesaxeb. misi Zalze sagulisxmo dakvirevebiT, akakis
araa aqvs safuZveli am sakiTxze vaJasTan davisa da igi mxolod `Saris
modebaa~, ramdenadac TviTon akaki Zlieria imdenad, ramdenadac eyrdnoba
xalxur sityvierebas, mis leqsSi yvelaze gamZle da lirikuli swored
isaa, `rac xalxur Semoqmedebazea dayrdnobili~ (44; 513). erTi sityviT,
rogorc miuTiTeben, sazogadod `akaki da vaJa, iseve rogorc ilia
WavWavaZe erT poziciaze dganan~ (16; 104-118).
zogjer sakamaTo, magram yovelTvis sagulisxmo angariSgasawev
mosazrebebs gvTavazobs tician tabiZe vaJas epikuri poeziis Sesaxeb. am
nawilSi avtori vaJas poemebs udarebs n. baraTaSvilis, iliasa da akakis
poemebs. misi azriT, maT Soris is udidesi gansxvavebaa, rom n.
baraTaSvili, ilia da akaki istoriul masalas imarjveben da istorias,
warsuls acocxleben, aq `paTosi gadatanilia warsulSi~, ara gvaqs saqme
98
pirdapir xilvasTan.1 vaJa mTaSi cxovrobda, `sadac jer kidev cocxali
iyo Zveli istoriuli yofa, SeiZleboda misi SemoqmedebiTi masalis
uSualo gancda, masTan uSualo ziareba, rac t. tabiZis azriT,
aucilebeli pirobaa WeSmariti eposis Sesaqmnelad, rom vaJa Semoqmedi
Zalian axlosaa xalxur warmodgenebTan, `xalxis koleqtiur sulTan~.
tician tabiZe sagangebod msjelobs vaJaseuli bunebis aRqma-
gansaxierebis Taviseburebebze. igi im azrs aviTarebs, rac, artur
laistis gadmocemiT, Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZes gamouTqvams (29; 50) da
rac Semdeg 1909 wels gaxda mTavari xazi grigol robaqiZis leqciisa
vaJas `gvelismWamelis” Sesaxeb (46; 184-192) da romlis Tanaxmadac, tician
tabiZis sityvebiT, `buneba misTvis ar aris usulo arseba. vaJas bunebaSi
yoveli arseba cocxlobs. nisli misTvis `mTebis fiqria~, `aragvs piri
ucinis, tani uSvenis xmliani~. misTvis ar arsebobs sicocxle gareSe
bunebisa da panTeisturi poezia ver daasaxelebda ukeTes poets,
romelsac gadmoucia es Sinagani grZnoba bunebisa da adamianis
Tanayofisa~. azri vaJas panTeistobis Sesaxeb, rogorc cnobilia
sabolood ar aris gaziarebuli (24; 131-140; 18; 37-51).
Zalzed sayuradReboa vaJas prozis tician tabiZiseuli
daxasiaTeba. rogorc miuTiTeben, `vaJas poeziis originalurobam da
saxeTa daZabulobam misi prozis `Cveulebrivi~ da dinjad mimdinare
metyveleba daCrdila. albad amiTac aixsneba, rom vaJa-fSavelas dideba
da saxeli jer kidev ar aris dakavSirebuli mis prozaul TxzulebebTan:
vaJas proza sagangebo yuradRebis sagnad aqamde ar gamxdara;
yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis `gamoyenebas~ Tu cdiloben vaJas
msoflmxedvelobis cxadsayofad, Torem Tavis Tavad vaJas prozas
namdvili literaturul-kritikuli analizi ar Rirsebia~ (24; 207).
Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom aseT viTarebaSi didi esTeti, faqizi
literaturuli gemovnebis tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani
aRtacebas gamoxatavs jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi vaJas proziT
mogvrils da mouwodebs literaturismcodneebs vaJas prozis seriozul
____________________________________ 1 Tumca aseTi gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi t. tabiZe ramdenadme ewinaaRmdegeba Tavis Tavs, roca akakis `raWis
erisTav rostoms~ homerosis eposidan amoRebulad miiCnevs (44; 84).
99
kvlevisaken. igi wers: `vaJa-fSavelas proza kidev moelis mkvlevars da
es mkvlevari iolad daamtkicebs, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis Semdeg
prozis aseTi ostati ar hyolia saqarTvelos~. swored vaJas proza
aZlevs tician tabiZes utyuar arguments imisTvis, rom ganacxados: `aq
ukve aSkaraa, rom vaJa weris maneriT realistia~ (43; 26).
rogorc samarTlianad aris miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi,
`vaJa-fSavelas weris maneris Sesaxeb t. tabiZis dakvirvebebma gavlena
moaxdina Semdgomi Taobis mkvlevarTa kvleva-ZiebiT praqtikaze... tician
tabiZis mier wamoWrilma aRniSnulma sakiTxma Rrma mecnieruli
daxasiaTeba pova grigol kiknaZis wignSi `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba~,
sadac avtori mdidar mecnierul da mxatvrul masalis safuZvelze wers
friad saintereso nakveTs wignisa _ `vaJa-fSavelas weris manera~ (16; 143).
tician tabiZis yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti rom gansxvavebiT vaJa-
fSavelas poeziis enisagan vaJas proza daxvewili salitreraturo eniTaa
dawerili. tician tabiZis TqmiT, mwerals aq ara aqvs naxmari `arc erTi
provionciuli gamoTqma~ (43; 26). praqtikulad tician tabiZis es dakvirveba
imas gulisxmobs, rom dialeqtis gamoyeneba poeziaSi mxatvrul-
esTetikuri miznebiTaa nakarnaxevi da amave TvalsazrisiT saWiroebs
daxasiaTebas. vaJas saxelganTqmul moTxrobebs tician tabiZe moixseniebs
rogorc leqsebs prozad. am moTxrobebis mizandasaxuloba, tician
tabiZis azriT, bunebis gacocxleba da mis sulSi Caxedvaa~ (43; 27).
amgvari moTxrobebis gverdiT avtors yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba
fSavis Tanamedrove soflis Tema. am narkvevis mixedviT, tician tabiZes
vaJa-fSavela aSkarad xalxosnebis tipis mwerlad esaxeba. igi wers: `aq
naTlad Cans misi sazogadoebrivi ideali, rac ayenebs mas sxva qarTveli
mwerlebis gverdiT, romelTa cxovreba da mwerlobis mizani iyo
mSromeli xalxis siyvaruli da gamoqomageba... vaJa-fSavela sxva mis
Tanamedrove `xalxosnuri~ mimarTulebis mwerlebis idealebiT
cxovrobs~ (16; 28). cota mogvianebiT tician tabiZe Tavis Tavad am
usafuZvlo mosazrebas Tavidanve uaryofs. aqve, amave werilSi, tician
tabiZeE miuTiTebs qarTul mwerlobaSi `mTis skolis~ arsebobaze,
romlis erT meTaurTaganac exateba vaJa. rogorc saTanadod aris
100
miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi, qarTul mwerlobaSi araviTari
`mTis skolis~ arseboba ar dasturdeba (16; 145).
`tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT vaJa-fSavela Tavis TavSi aerTebs
Zveli da axali xelovnebis niSnebs. Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi masaliT is
eyrdnoiba Zvels, magram mxatvruli xedviT uaRresad Tanamedrove poetia~
(16; 144). swored amas mowmobs da sxvas arafers tician tabiZis sityvebi:
`vaJam dakarga Tavisi fesvebi da xalxis fesvebSi gaibna, man dakarga
Tavisi xma, rom xalxis xmiT amRerebuliyo. sxva xalxTa cxovrebaSi da
literaturis istoriaSi aseTi mwerlebi ibadebian mwerlobis
dawyebisTanave. es aris xalxis kosmogonia misi miTebiT da TqmulebebiT
STagonebuli poetebi - rogorc homerosia da virgiliusi. maT swamdaT
yvelaferi, rac Cven dRes legendurad gveCveneba. Tu es pirveli rwmena
ar yofiliyo, isini ase uSualod verc imRerebdnen, magram maSin isini ar
iyvnen Cveni skepsisiT datvirTulni. vaJa-fSavelam ki gaiara Tanamedrove
poeziis Sxamiani gza; man icoda me-19 saukunis yvela sawamlavi, magram
masSi mainc sZlia uSualo poeturma intuiciam da gadna xalxSi, gaixsna
mis gulSi, rom Semdeg amdgariyo gamarjvebuli siyvarulis Zlevamosili
simReriT~ (43; 30).
rogrc zemoT iyo miTiTebuli tician tabiZem samiod wlis Semdeg
dawera kidev erTi Zalzed sayuradRebo statia _ `daviT guramiSvili da
vaJa-fSavela~, romelic man `am ori didi mgosnis leqsis am ori didi
poetis Semoqmedebis motivTa, leqsis mxatvruli struqturis
SepirispirebiT daxasiaTebas miuZRvna, riTac `saTave daudo adreul
literaturul tradiciebTan vaJa-fSavelas mimarTebis rkvevas. amiTac
misca poetma erTgvari gezi Semdgomi Taobis mkvlevarebs, raTa maT
warmatebiT ekvliaT es saintereso problema~ (16; 146).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tician tabiZem erT-erTma pirvelTaganma ara
marto daaCqara vaJa-fSavelas popularoba, aramed miuTiTa im uaRresad
mniSvnelovan problemebze, rac vaJas Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa winaSe
imTaviTve dgeba. tician tabiZe aris erTi didi saxeli vaJa-fSavelas
rTuli da Rrma Semoqmedebis kvlevis gzaze, romelic axal impulsebs
aZlevs Semdgom kvleva-Ziebas.
101
baCana
tician tabiZes ekuTvnis werili baCanaze, romelic 1928 wels aris
dawerili, magram am werils arc sadReisod daukargavs mniSvneloba.
mokle biografiuli cnobebis STambeWdavad gadmocemis Semdeg
tician tabiZe axasiaTebs baCanas poezias. baCanas, ticianis TqmiT,
marTalia hqonda interesebi epikuri poeziisadmi, magram faqtia, rom igi
aq nakleb Zlieria. baCana ufro darCa rogorc lirikosi poeti. ticianis
TqmiT `muxa~, `tyvis simRera~, `kesane~, `vina sTqva saqarTveloze~
lirikuli Sedevrebia.
baCanas bevr leqsSi mSromelTa duxWiri cxovrebaa asaxuli. baCana
xalxis wiaRidan iyo gamosuli da xalxis saTqmels advilad
gamoTqvamda. baCanas aqvs interesi bunebis grZnobis gansaxierebisadmi,
mgram igi Tavis Zmas CamorCeba, sayuarReboa misi sagmiro leqsebi,
romlebis mxatvruli Zala imiTia gapirobebuli, rom aq igi xalxurs
eyrdnoba. tician tabiZe sagangebod gamoyofs leqss, romelic baCanam Zmis
sikvdilis gamo dawera. `Cven ar ggvonia, rom qarTul poeziaSi intimuri
grZnobiT am leqss sxva romelime Seedrebodes~, _ wers ticiani (43; 45).
miuxedavd drois moTxovniT gamowveuli garkveuli gadaxvevebisa,
uaRresad sayuradReboa is werili tician tabiZisa, romelic eZRvneba
daviT kldiaSvils. tician tabiZe saTanados miuzRvavs did klasikoss.
misi azriT, daviT kldiaSvilma uCveulo mxatvruli ZaliT gadmogviSala
imereTis wvril aznaurTa agonia (43; 79) TiTqos anegdoturi siuJetebiTa
da umniSvnelo detalebiT gadagviSlis mwerali aznaurTa wodebis
dacema- gadagvarebas, `qalaqis SemoWras sofelSi~.
tician tabiZis azriT, daviT kldiaSvilma Sehqmna iumori, qarTul
mwerlobaSi. tician tabiZe yuaradRebas amaxvilebs mogzaurobis
kompoziciuri RerZis gamoyenebaze qarTul mwerlobaSi. saubaria
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalze~. erTob sayuradReboa rom tician tabiZe
sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas mwerlis mier detalebis mowodebis
did ostatobaze, detalebis mniSvnelobaze realisturi qmnilebisaTvis.
sailustraciod ticians moaqvs bolo scena `samaniSvilis
102
dedinacvlidan~ da wers: `es mosamarTle, dawerili arza, bavSvis
tanisamosi, `kazirokiani~, qudi, Robis dangreva da yovelive davidaraba,
rasac samaniSvili ayenebs Tavis dedinacvals da patara Zmas, mowmobs, Tu
rogor qmnis daviT kldiaSvili wvrilmanebisagan Sedevrebs, es aris
mozaika, raRac bizantiuri ostatoba, rom kenWebisagan koSki aigos~. (43;
82). tician tabiZe agrZelebs: `ruseTSi n. gogolma imave xerxiT, rogorc
daviT kldiaSvilma `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~, poema `mkvdar sulebSi~
daxata memamuleTa ruseTis epopea~ (43; 82). mogvianebiT gr. kiknaZe Tavis
SesaniSnav gamokvklevaSi `gogolisebuli qarTul literaturaSi~
saTanado argumentaciiT aCvenebs, Tu rogor daamkvidres qarTul
mwerlobaSi gogoliseburi xedva ilia WavWavaZem, daviT kldiaSvilma. ra
didi, dauZleveli ostatebi arian isini detalizaciis TvalsazrisiT. am
SemTxveveSi tician tabiZis kvleva aris erTgvari winapiroba amgvari
mecnieruli narkvevis dawerisaTvis (26; 185-201).
tician tabiZis azriT, daviT kldiaSvilisagan `SeuZlia axal
Taobas iswavlos sada metyveleba, xalxuri enis gamoyeneba, lakonuri
frazis mokveTa, viTom umniSvnelo detalebiT monumentaluri suraTis
gaSla da anegdotiT _ eposis Seqmna~ (43; 87).
SesaZloa d. kldiaSvuilis relizmis maRal Rirsebas gaxazavdes
tician tabiZis Sefaseba, romelic bevrs usamarTloTac SeiZleba
moeCvenos: `d. kldiaSvili aris meistorie ulmobeli, gulqva,
ganukiTxavi~ (43; 84).
d. kldiaSvilisadmi miZRvnil werilSi tician tabiZe gakvriT g.
wereTlisa da e. ninoSvilis Rvawlsac exeba mwerlobaSi. k. abaSiZis
kvalobaze t. tabiZec g. wereTels saxavs naturalist mwerlad. t.
tabiZis sityvebiT, `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axal etapze SesamCnevi
xdeba giorgi wereTlis figura. pirvelad man Cauyara saZirkveli
saqarTveloSi naturalizms; pirvelad man igrZno axali sazogadoebriv
ZalTa dajgufeba da misca signali. es aris savaWro kapitalis SemoWra
saqarTveloSi da misgan gamowveuli cxovrebis aforiaqeba.
,,pirvel nabijSi” baxva fulavas saxiT Semodis qarTul mwerlobaSi
axali tipi, romelic mohyveba foTis navsadgurs, `mamida asmaTSi~ ki
mocemulia wvril aznaurTa budeebis dangreva.~ rogorc tician tabiZis
103
msjelobidan TvalnaTliv Cans, kritikosi kargad grZnobs g. wereTlis
rogorc pirovnebisa da mwerlis erT Taviseburebas _ imas, rom Cvens
mwerals aRmoaCnda uCveulo grZnoba Tanamedroveobisa, rom misi
Semoqmedebis Tematikac farTod gagebuli Tanamedroveobaa. gasagebia, rom
azri giorgi wereTlis naturalistobaze Semdgom ar iqna gaziarebuli
samecniero literaturaSi. rac Seexeba egnate ninoSvils, tician tabizis
azriT, mwerals aqvs ara marto alRo, aramed klasTa brZolis Teoriis
Segnebac. guriis magaliTze mwerali Seexo kapitalizmis gamanadgurebel
gavlenas sofelze.
tician tabiZe Tavis saxelganTqmul werilSi `martoobis ordenis
kavaleri~ aRniSnavs, rom n. baraTaSvilTan erTad mamia gurieli aris
martoobis ordenis pirveli kavaleri. (43; 94) TiTqos galaktionamde mamia
gurieli cdilobda eTqva, `rom daviRale me am kuboSi~. masSi iyo raRac,
rac mas ganawyobda am sityvebis saTqmelad, magaram mainc aumRerebeli
darCa balaxvani. `mamia ufro meti vizioneri iyo, vinem mqmneli... mis
nerviulobasa da yvirilSi ar iyo proporacia... es dawyevlaa poetisa.
ramden daumTavrebel simReras vmReriT Cven da ramdens vgrZnobT kidev
dauwyebels... mamiam Tavisi kaxaberic ver gamoitira saSineli tiriliT~
(43; 97). Cven aSkarad vgrZnobT, rom aq winapari poetis sulSi intuiturad
SeWrasTan gvaqvs saqme da imis danaxvasTan, grZnobasTan, rac kvlevis
gziT ar miiRweva. mkvlevarisTvisac poetis amgvari nagrZnobi da
gancdili fasdaudebelia.
104
Sio aragvispireli
aqve unda SevexoT ticianis kidev erT werils, romelic eZRvneba
Sio aragvispirels. saqme isaa, rom Sio aragvispirels tician tabiZe
miiCnevs axali qarTuli mwerlobis bolo warmomadgenlad.
tician tabiZis azriT, Sio aragvispirels etyoba gavlena mopasanisa
da meterlingisa. man literaturaSi Semoitana axali fsiqologiuri
novelis Janri (43; 53). Tumca t. tabiZe aqve dasZens, rom adreul S.
aragvispirels aklia siuJetis mkveTroba da sityvis ekonomia. am
SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria Sio aragvispirelze mopasanis gavlenis gulveba.
ticiani bevrad ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs im novelebs, romlebSic
uSualod qarTveli glexobis cxovrebaa aRwerili, romlesac mwerali
kargad icnobs. kritikosi sagangebod gamoyofs novelebs: `miwaa~, `yvelai
davkarge~, moTxrobas `giuli~.
mTavari Tema S. aragvispirelis novelebisa aris siyvaruli,
romelic mxolod xorcieli vnebaa da sxva araferi. mwerali xSirad
mimarTavs gamanadgurebel ironias. zogierT moTxrobaze, mag. `anton
zurabiCze~ poeti xedavs stanislav pSibiSevskis gavlenas.
qarTuli soflisa da glexobis didi codniTaa dawerili moTxroba
`deda mariami da xataura~. ufro ukeTesia `Cemo Svindav~.
Sio aragvispirelma scada erTxel dramatuli Txzulebis dawera,
magram am SemTxvevaSi man marcxi ganicada, saubaria `Sio Tavadze~.
`siuJetiTac da maneriTac es drama dawerilia moris meterlinkis `mona
vannas~ gavleniT. t. tabiZe fiqrobs, rom Sio aragvispireli Cans ar
icnobs scenas. `gaWianurebuli dialogebi kidev ufro amZimebs
STabeWdilebas~ (43; 59) .
t. tabiZes didad moswons Sio aragvispirelis sul bolodros dawerili
romani `gabzaruli guli~. gansakuTrebiT ticians is xiblavs, rom
aq mweralma daZlia skepticizmi siyvarulis grZnobis mimarT. `rac
avtorma manamde siyvarulis utkbiles grZnobas Seuracxyofa miyena,
erTad gamoisyida namdvili solomon mefiseuli qebaTa qebiT~ (43; 60). es
romani tician tabiZes Sio aragvispirelis Sedevrad miaCnia.
105
amrigad, erTob farToa tician tabiZis literatorisa da
kritikosis interesebis wre. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs misi
liteaturul-kritikuli werilebi da eseebi axali qarTuli mwerlobis
iseT did warmomadgenlebze, rogorebic arian ilia WavWavaZe, akaki
wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, baCana, daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli da
a.S.
aq am werilebSi `maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli StrixebiT ikveTeba~
did xelovanTa, me-19 saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebiTi portretebi. t. tabiZis bevri dakvirveba,
migneba aSkarad cildeba kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebs da saTaves iRebs
saxelovani poetis nagrZnobsa da gancdilSi, rasac uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis sayrdenad.
marTalia, zogi ram SeiZleba moZvelebuli iyos, zogic sakamaToa
t. tabiZis nafiqr-naazrevSi, magaram ZiriTadaT misi mosazrebebi
sadReisodac ar kargaven Tavis did mniSvnelobas, aqtualobas da
gamodian safuZvlad Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis gzaze.
106
T a v i IV
tician tabiZis mokle narkvevi
`axali qarTuli literatura~
tician tabiZis kritikul-literaturuli narkvevebi, rogorc iTqva,
imiT ipyrobdnen yuradRebas, rom maTSi igrZnoboda ara mxolod
literaturis kritikosi, aramed da, upirveles yovlisa, literaturis
istorikosi, romelic romelime mwerlis an calkeuli nawarmoebis
Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxolod misi SefasebiT ki ar ifargleboda, aramed
am mwerals ganixilavda qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis WrilSi, Tu ra
imemkvidra man wina drois mweralTagan da ra siaxle Semoitana, rasac
Cveni mwerlobis Semdgomi ganviTareba unda ganesazRvra. rogorc gairkva,
tician tabiZes amgvari xedva ara marto calkeul mweralze daweril
statiaSi da werilSi aRmoaCnda, aramed mas Seuqmnia XIX saukunis
qarTuli literaturis istoriis mokle kursi.
tician tabiZes aRniSnuli narkvevi dauweria 1929 wels, dauweria
igi mas rusul enaze. tician tabiZes, rogorc Cans, am narkvevis dawerisas
is azri amoZravebda, rom mometebulad rusulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis,
konkretulad sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebisaTvis, waredgina
aRniSnuli saukunis mdidari qarTuli literatura.
rogorc Cans, es Canafiqri srulad ver ganxorcielebula
TandaTanobiT literaturuli atmosferos damZimebis gamoc 30-ian
wlebSi, magram moxerxebula am narkvevis dastambva erevanSi somxur
enaze. kerZod tician tabiZis megobars saxelovan somex poets eRiSe
Carencs, romelic xSirad stumrobda Tbiliss da tabiZeebis ojaxs,
tician tabiZis narkvevi somxurad uTargmninebia a. RurbanianisTvis da
1931 wels erevanSi dastamba kidec wignakis saxiT. saqme isaa, rom eRiSe
Carenci am dros iyo somxeTis saxelgamis direqtori. TbilisSi g.
leoniZis saxelobis literaturis muzeumSi aRmoCnda tician tabiZis am
naSromis rusuli Savi avtografi. moxda avtografisa da somxuri
Targmanis Sejereba da narkvevis rusuli teqstis da misi qarTuli
107
Targmanis wignad gamocema 2008 wels lado minaSvilis redaqtorobiT da
misi vrceli narkveviT. amdenad, 2008 wels qarTvel sazogadoebas
saSualeba mieca narkvevis daweridan 90 wlis Semdgom pirvelad gaecno
igi da Tavisi warmodgenebi tician tabiZis kritikul-eseistur
memkvidreobaze kidev ufro gaemdidrebina da gaefarToebina.
sadisertacio naSromis am TavSi miznad visaxavT lado minaSvilis
gamokvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT mokled davaxasiaTod tician tabiZis
aRniSnuli narkvevi da ZiriTadad vaCvenoT misi mimarTeba tician tabiZis
danarCen literaturul-kritikul memkvidreobasTan.
tician tabiZe jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, 20 wlisa
simbolizmiT gatacebis pirvelsave wlebSi Seecada warmoedgina qarTuli
poeziis ganviTarebis erTgvari suraTi. am dros Tavisi nafiqri tician
tabiZem gaamJRavna cisferyanwelTa saprogramo werilSi `cisferi
yanwebiT~, romelic daistamba `cisferi yanwebis~ pirvel da meore
nomerSi 1916 wels.
mainc rogoria tician tabiZis koncefcia am droisaTvis, rogor
esaxeboda mas am dros qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis gza. tician
tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad fiqrobs, rom jer ar aris Seswavlili
ukanaskneli saukunec ki qarTuli mwerlobisa, rogori iyo misi
ganviTareba, rogori damokidebuleba hqonda rusul mwerlobasTan, anda
Zvel qarTul xelovnebasTan, romelsac hqonda rogorc Tavisi saxe,
stili, agreTve Tavisi filosofia. es is droa, rodesac arsebobs
mxolod da mxolod k. abaSiZis `etiudebis~ ori tomi da aleqsandre
xaxanaSvilis qarTuli sityvierebis istori, romlis meore tomi (qarTul
enaze) XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas exeba.
arsebuli viTareba tician tabiZes aZlevs imis safuZvels, rom
ganacxados `amitom Znelia xelmZRvaneloba kritikulad srulad
Seuswavleli masaliT~ (42; 63).
am winamZRvris gaTvaliswinebiT tician tabiZe sqematurad ase
warmoadgens qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas: Zveli qarTuli mwerloba
iwyeba rusTaveliT da mTavrdeba besikiT. SeiZleba es istoriulad
marTali ar iyos, SesaZloa rusTavels winamorbedebic hyavdes da besikis
Semdegac ar momkvdariyos Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis suli magram
108
ticianisaTvis es ar aris mniSvnelovani (42; 63-64). `aq mxedvelobaSi
misaRebia maTi Semoqmedebis intensivoba. am or poetSi saqarTvelom
Sekriba mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli energia. rusTvelma uaryo bizantiuri
esTeTika... rusTavelis leqsi, rogorc aduRebuli foladi, rogorc
pirveli simRera Tavaweuli eris beber bizantias ver daenaTesaveba.
rusTavels piri aRmosavleTisaken aqvs~ (42; 63-64). marto prologi rom
darCeniliyo, ticianis azriT, Semoqmedi kritikosi iqidanac igrZnobda
geniis sunTqvas. rusTvelis Semdeg ticiani udides poetad miiCnevs
besiks. besikis poezia liturgiaa Seyvarebuli gulis. `aRmosavluri
orgeazi da avxorcoba besikSi Seyenebulia qarTuli keTilSobilebiT...
misi leqsis kultura, misi riTmis simdidre, mWreli epiTeti, naCdilTa,
niuansebis gamoxmoba, enis musikaluri energiis jadoqroba imas aiyvans
qarTuli simvolizmis mamamTavrad (mamamTavrad, rogorc frangma
simbolistebma aiyvanes ronsari da rusebma T. tiutCevi~, tician tabiZis
gansakuTrebul mowonebas is imsaxurebs, rom `marTalia besiki
cxovrobda saqarTvelos agoniis dros~, igi iyo `kancleri imereTis
mefis solomonis da daiRupa diplomatiuri misiis asrulebis dros~,
magram mas gayofili hqondao politikisa da poeziis sferoebi (42; 64-65).
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda `ukanaskneli texili qarTuli
politikuri cxovrebis, romelmac gansazRvra mTeli Semdegi yofna~.
saqarTvelom dakarga saxelmwifoebrioba, TandaTan ganmtkicda ruseTis
gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. `Zveli qarTuli suli jer
mZlavrobs, magram aRdgomis magier iferfleba. saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
gamodis poetebi, romlebic evropuli klasifikaciiT romantikosebi
arian, safuZveli, ticianis daxasiaTebiT, maT qarTuli aqvT, xolo
meores mxriv, qarTvel romantikosebs etyobaT gavlena evropeli da rusi
mwerlebis. baironis, Satobrianis, puSkinis, meore mxriv, qarTveli
poetebis, yvelaze ufro ki besikis. qarTulma gavlenam maT SemoqmedebaSi
mainc sZlia ucxo gavlenas.
`mxolod Soreuli elviT gaiars aq melanqolia. rom warmoidgenT
baironis amboxebas, mis usazRvro sevdas da demonizms, leopardisa da
mickeviCis pesimizms da misticizms, mixvdebiT rom T-di gr. orbeliani,
al. WavWavaZe da n. baraTaSvili sxvadasxva polusis xalxia... al.
109
WavWavaZeSi tiris Zveli aSuRi, misTvis mgrZnobeloba sjobs `yovlT
TvisebaT ciT movlenilTa~, `loTebSi~ is iZleva Sedevrs, romelic rCeba
qarTuli nadimis ritualis aucilebel sagnaT
visac Tan gqondeT neba gulisa,
eZebeT sitkbo siyvarulisa.
es gamoZaxilia saukuneebSi qarTuli sulisa. gr. orbeliani
samudamod darCa datyvevebuli saiaTnovas guldamwvari sityvebiT. mis
poezias ise araferi ar axasiaTebs, rogorc `lopianas muxambazi~. `n.
baraTaSvolSi gamokrTis besiki... mTeli wyeba misi pirveli leqsebis am
niSnis qveS midis. misi pesimizmi ganelebulia qarTuli suliT, cisken
iswrafvis, miwas mainc ar Sordeba~ (42; 65). tician tabiZe erTgvarad eWvs
qveS ayenebs nikoloz baraTaSvilis romantikosad aRiarebas. aq tician
tabiZe gaxazavs garkveul mimarTulebis artaxebSi did SemoqmedTa
moqcevis SeuZleblobas, iseve rogorc arc romantizmis gansazRvreba ar
aris srulyofili. Tavi da Tavi tician tabiZisaTvis mainc isaa, rom n.
baraTaSvilsac kavSiri aqvs Zvel poeziasTan (42; 66).
tician tabiZis azriT, arsebiTad icvleba viTareba 60-iani
wlebidan. 60-ian wlebSi gamarTuli e.w. TaobaTa brZola, mas ufro
kulturaTa brZolad esaxeba, brZola Zvel qarTul da axal rusul
ideologiebs Soris. `qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvla rusuli
xorbliT~... marTalia, am brZolaSi `iyo gamarjveba sruli
`TergdaleulTa~, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdegi xelovnebisa.
am dRidan amoiSala qarTul poeziaSi Zveli suli. am `cru rusTavelebma
da liberalebma~ mwerloba gaixades samitingo zalad da poezia gazeTad.
rusTavelisa da besikis poeziis TviT miznobas imaT upasuxes cnobili
formulebiT. ilia WavWavaZem samudamoT dawyevla `frinveli garegani~ da
`tkbili xmebi~. akaki wereTeli aTas xvrels itovebda poetis
daniSnulebaze. poeti misTvis xan `uzrunveli pepela~ iyo, xan
`garemoebis sayviri~. akaki wereTelma garemoebis sayviriT Zalian bevri
iyvira. yvela es leqsebi bankis opoziciaze da advokatebze darCeba
rogorc politikuri satiris araniWieri nimuSebi (42; 66) am droidano,
110
wers tician tabiZe, TandaTan `magrdeba CvenSi gavlena rusuli
xelovnebisa, romelsac Soreuli kavSiri qonda namdvil xelovnebasTan
da araferi saerTo ar qonia kerZod qarTulTan. Cven uars ar vyofT
`mesamocianelTa~ mwerlebis sazogadoebriv damsaxurebas, magram imaT
samagierod ara aqvT esTetikuri damsaxureba~ (42; 67). tician tabiZes am
Cveni bunebisaTvis ucxo tendenciebidan qarTuli poeziis Semobrunebad
esaxeba mxolod da mxolod `vaJa-fSavelas genialuri buneba. vaJam
gaiara mTeli rigi rusul SkolaTa gavlenisa, magram misma genialurma
bunebam sZlia es Sxami... imaSi iyo Zveli suli da is magiurad iRviZebda,
roca Seexeboda qarTul eposs. vaJa didi protestia Zveli saqarTvelosi
da mTawminda ise aravis ergeboda, rogorc am wminda mTas~ (42; 67). tician
tabiZe vaJas gamonaklisad Tvlis. sazogadod ki `mesamocianelTa ioli
xeliT Semotanili rusuli xorbali amodis rusul qerad. yoveli
rusuli ara Tu Skola, seqciac ki iwvevs Tavis saxes: monaniebuli
aznaurebi, xalxosnebi, nihilistebi... qarTvelma aRorZinebis meTaurebma
samudamod damarxes Zveli saqarTvelos tradiciebi da ukanasknel
dromde Seqmnes ideuri terori warsulis winaaRmdeg. akakis da ilias is
upiratesoba qondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandaxan naxulobdnen
namdvil poezias. Semdeg maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe da dRes
uimedod gahkivis moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias. yvela uniWo, usaxo,
enablu, visac xeli ar eRleba stanjavs dRes qarTul poezias~ (42, 68).
daaxloebiT ase warmoudgeba Wabuk ticians 1916 wlisaTvis qarTuli
poeziis ganviTarebis magistraluri xazi da am gzidan gadaxvevisa da
erTgvari dacemis momenti. erTaderTi gamonaTebiT _ vaJas geniiT. ai, am
fonze warmoaCenda tician tabiZe simbolistebis mosvlis kanonzomierebas
da `evropis radiusiT~ qarTuli leqsis gamarTvis aucileblobas.
axla ar SeudgebiT tician tabiZis mosazrebaTa kritikas, amis
Sesaxeb bevric iTqva da daiwera qarTul sinamdvileSi. Cven yuradRebas
axla im garemoebas mivapyrobT, rom 1929 wels, e.i. daaxloebiT Tormeti
wlis Semdeg iwereba `axali qarTuli literatura~ _ mokle istoriuli
narkvevi; aq tician tabiZe mTlianad icvlis Tavis Tvalsazriss da ukve
savsebiT marTebulad warmogvidgens XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis
ganviTarebis uwyvet gzas, saTanadodaa gaxazuli mTeli XIX saukunis
111
qarTuli mwerlobis erovnuli Sinaarsi, saTanadod aris aRniSnuli
qarTvel romantikosTa aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol da vaxtang
orbelianebis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis damsaxureba, naCvenebia qarTuli
romantizmis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. Rirseulad arian Sefasebuli
saxelovani samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. sagangebod
aris xazgasmuli maTi poeziis Rrma moqalaqeobrivi da socialuri
Sinaarsi, is rac ase miuRebeli iyo adreuli ticianisaTvis, saTanado
aqvs miwyuli maTi skolis warmomadgenlebs didi Tu naklebi talantis
SemoqmedT. genialuri vaJa aqac saTanadodaa Sefasebuli da rac mTavaria
ara mowyvetiT, gancalkavebiT mdgomad qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi,
aramed rogorc misi ganviTarebis kanonzomieri mwvervali; xolo erTi
wlis Semdeg daiwereba sayovelTaod cnobili statia `daviT
guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela~, romelSiac tician tabiZe ukve
konkretulad Seudgeba imis cxadyofas da dasabuTebas, rom vaJa-fSavela
martodmyofi ki ar aris qarTul poeziaSi, aramed Rrmada aqvs fesvebi
CaSvebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi, rom mas hyavs literaturuli winapari
daviT guramiSvilis saxiT da momavalSiac gamouCndebian gamgrZelebelni.
am narkvevSi Cven veraviTar winaaRmdegobas ver vxedavT ticianis
nafiqrsa da nafiqris gamoxatvas Soris. tician tabiZe ara marto
gulwrfelia aseTi mTliani suraTis warmoCenisasa, aramed Sinaganad
dajerebuli Tavis simarTleSi. yovelive aRniSnuli ki imaze metyvelebs,
rom tician tabiZe didi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT savse kritikosi da
mkvlevaria, romelic, rogorc Sehferis didbunebovan adamins, yovelTvis
fiqrobs, erTxel rwmenils amowmebs da roca xedavs adreul Secdomas,
zogjer ymawviluri poziT dapirobebuls, zogjer zogi garemoebis
gauTvaliswineblobiT gamowveuls, ar eSinia da pirdapir aRiarebs da
asworebs mas. maSinac gulwrfelia, roca uSvebs Secdomas da maSinac,
roca mas asworebs.
narkvevis qvesaTaurad tician tabiZe irCevs aseT definicias:
`literaturuli ideebis evolucia saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunidan Cvens
dromde~. erTi sityviT, tician tabiZem XIX sayukunis literatura
warmoisaxa, rogorc ideaTe bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesi.
XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis dasabamad kritikosi 1795 wels
112
acxadebs. misi azriT, esaa `dasasruli feodaluri saqarTvelosi~, roca
saqarTveloSi Seicvala `kulturul-istoriuli orientacia~.
romantikuli poeziis preludiad warmodgenilia aleqsandre WavWavaZis
poezia. xolo 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas tician tabiZe uwodebs `baironuli
erovnuli ajanyebisa da dekabrizmis gamoZaxils~ qarTul yofasa da
literaturaSi. XVIII saukunis dasasrulad tician tabiZes ioane
batoniSvilis epopea `kalmasoba~ esaxeba.
marTebulad aRniSnavs l. minaSvili, rom `tician tabiZe 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis Sefasebisas Tavis droisTvis did gabedulebas iCens~ (45; 148).
marTlac tician tabiZemde aravis uTqvams adre xmamaRla, rom
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad ajanyebis ideas mxars yvelaze daumorCilebeli
aleqsandre batoniSvili uWerda, romelsac bevri momxre hyavda
saqarTveloSi. igi xan lekTa jarebiT gamoCndeboda, xan sparsTa“. da rom
„wesdeba qarTuli faruli sazogadoebisaTvis dekabristebis masonuri
loJebis yaidaze, ber filadelfos kiknaZis mier iyo Sedgenili“ (45; 20)..
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi didxans gverds uvlidnen SeTqmulebis
WeSmarit saxes, ZiriTadad miiCneoda „fermkrTal SeTqmulebad“
(galaktioni), ukanasknel xans ukve gadafasebulia mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba Sedarebul iqnas dekabristebis moZraobasTan (g.
gozaliSvili, r. CxeiZe), magram t. tabiZiseuli Sefaseba mainc
originaluria da Tamami. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs marTebulad:
„SeTqmulebis TiTqmis yvela monawile SemdgomSi literaturaSi
dawinaurda. maTgan bevrma daiviwya Tavisi politikuri romantizmi da
rusis jaris rigebSi brZolebis wyalobiT umaRlesi Cinebi moipova.
swored es iyo qarTuli mwerlobis pirveli kadric“ (45; 21).
marTalia, qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi ioane batoniSvilis
„kalmasoba“siRrmiseuli kvlevis sagani jer kidev ar gamxdara da arc
misi adgilia gansazRvruli qarTul mwerlobaSi, magram sruliad
cxadia, rom t. tabiZiseuli Sefaseba Seumcdaria.
rogorc aRniSnaven, XX saukunidan iwyeba XIX saukunis qarTuli
mwerlobis sazRvrebis gafarToebaze fiqri. Tu ilia WavWavaZe XIX
saukunis qarTul mwerlobas 30-iani wlebidan iwyebda da mis pirvel
warmomadgenlad aleqsandre WavWavaZes saxavda, Tu ilias mihyvebodnen k.
113
abaSiZe da al. xaxanaSvili, tician tabiZes v. kotetiSvilis kvaldakval
es TariRi 10-20-ian wlebSi gadmoaqvs da literaturis istorias ioane
batoniSvilis `kalmasobiT~ iwyebs.
marTalia, es Txzuleba franguli enciklopediebis stilSi
Sedgenili mravalmxrivi codniT aRWurvili mecnierul-mxatvruli wignia,
romelSic samecniero masalis siuxve Crdilavs Txzulebis mxatvrul
mxares, magram mecnieruli masalis mniSvneloba drosTan erTad TandaTan
klebulobs da sruliad kanonzomierad win gamodis am Txzulebis wminda
mxatvruli mxare.
es Txzuleba mogzaurobis aRweras warmoadgens: wignis mravalmxriv
da mravalferovan masalas kravs beri iona xelaSvilis mogzauroba
Tavis megobar zurab RambaraSvilTan erTad mTel saqarTveloSi,
saeklesio Sesawiravebis Sesagroveblad. isini Semoivlian saqarTvelos
TiToeul kuTxes, TiToeul sofels da iSleba am mogzaurobis
grandiozuli suraTi:
TxzulebaSi ixateba mTeli panorama XVIII saukunis miwurulis
saqarTvelosi. ar darCenila am drois saqarTveloSi momxdari ase Tu ise
mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac asaxva ar epovos am wignSi.
iona xelaSvili Tavis mogzaurobis dros xvdeba da aRwers
qarTvel didebulebsac, mebatoneebsac, romlebic ymebs hyidian, cxenis
gayidva ki eTakilebaT. moxuc qals Seurcxvenlad arTmeven marCenal
Zroxas. qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi roca momxvdur lekebs gandevnian,
axla TviTon daerevian glexebs da uwyeben Zarcva-glejas.
tician tabiZe Zalian maRal Sefasebas aZlevs ioane batoniSvils _
mTxrobels, gaxazavs misi stilis lapidarulobas, suraTovnebas. tician
tabiZis azriT `kalmasobaSi~ igrZnoba rables oxunjoba da xarxari.
`sulxan-saba orbelinic ki bevrs dakargavs masTan SedarebiT~, _ wers
tician tabiZe (45; 22).
tician tabiZis es azri ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasobis~
literaturul Rirebulebaze ar Seucvlia. sxvadasxva werilSi, sadac am
nawarmoebs exeba igi, yvelgan miuTiTebs am wignis did mxatvrul Zalaze.
rogorc wina Temis gadmocemis dros cxadad gamoCnda poet
114
aleqsandre WavWavaZis Sesaxeb tician tabiZis mosazrebebi, misi mimarTeba
am poetisadmi Cans narkvevSi `axali qarTuli literatura~.
tician tabiZe aleqsandre WavWavaZes qarTuli romantizmis
`mesaZirkvles~ (45; 23) uwodebs. poetis biografiis mimoxilvisas tician
tabiZe saWirod Tvlis sagangebod SeCerdes aleqsandre WavWavaZis mamis
garsevan WavWavaZis pirovnebaze. gverds ar uvlis im garemoebas, rom
garsevan WavWavaZisadmi qarTveli sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ar iyo
erTgvarovani. saqarTvelos aneqsiiT ganawyenebuli batoniSvilebi
garsevan WavWavaZis upatiosno TamaSze, angarebiT bunebaze miuTiTebdnen
da qveynis ubedobaSi masac debdnen brals. bunebrivia es ase ar iyo da
samwuxarod garsevan WavWavaZes misi mcdelobis miuxedavad arafris
Secvla ar SeeZlo. is ver alagmavda ruseTis imperiis mtaceblur
bunebas.
tician tabiZe fiqrobs rigi sxva avtorebis msgavsad, rom
aleqsandre WavWavaZes 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi marTlac ar miuRia
aqtiuri monawileoba, radgan rogorc fxizeli politikosi, fiqrobda,
rom isedac dasustebul saqarTvelos axali SfoTi mxolod uares
mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda. aleqsandre WavWavaZe urCevda SeTqmulT
ganzraxvaze xelis aRebas. bunebrivia ruseTis xelisuflebam isic
mkacrad dasaja, radgan yvelaferi icoda da fiqradac ar mosvlia amis
Sesaxeb marTeblobisTvis ecnobinebina, rac pirdapir dabezReba iqneboda
SeTqmulebisa _ misi megobrebis, naTesavebis da axloblebisa _ swored
amitom daisaja igi.
narkvevis SekumSulobis gamoc tician tabiZe ar iZleva aleqsandre
WavWavaZis vrcel daxasiaTebas. erTi mxriv narkvevis avtori aleqsandre
WavWavaZis poeziaSi xedavs sparsuli poeziis gamoZaxils, amasTanave _
kavSirs besikis poeziasTan. Tumca misi daskvniT, aleqsandre WavWavaZem
mainc Tavisi simRera moZebna da rom zogjer igi besiksac aRemateba.
tician tabiZe, erTi mxriv, aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeziaSi xedavs
hedonistur ganwyobilebebs, amis dasturia misTvis leqsi `muxambazi
laTaiuri~. es azri tician tabiZis Semdegac iqna gameorebuli, magram
argumentTa ararsebobis gamo mainc ver dadasturda.
tician tabiZe calke gamoyofs aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqss `gogCa~,
115
rogorc romantikuli ganwyobilebebis gamomxatvel pesimistur leqss. es
leqsi rom tician tabiZes gansakuTrebiT xiblavda, kargad gamoCnda
somxeTSi mogzaurobisadmi miZRvnil narkvevSi.
rogorc l. minaSvili miuTiTebs, `t. tabiZis dakvirvebebi al.
WavWavaZis poeziaze sayuradReboa da sadReisodac ar kargavs Tavis
Rirebulebas~ (45; 153).
Zalze sayuradReboa mokle, magram mniSvnelovani dakvirvebebi
tician tabiZisa meore did romantikosze grigol orbelianze.
tician tabiZe gr. orbelianis biografias erTgvarad ganmtkicebuli
tradiciis mixedviT afasebs _ erTi mxriv, politikuri romantizmi,
axalgazrduli gatacebani, meore mxriv, dawinaureba rusul samxedro
samsaxurSi, karieraze zrunva. rogorc ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisze
dayrdnobiT bolo drois gamokvlevebic TvalsaCinod mowmobs, azri gr.
orbelianis pirovnul gaorebaze simarTles ar Seesabameba1. didi
mamuliSvilis, gr. orbelianis tragizmiT aRbeWdili cxovreba meti
sifrTxiliT midgomas moiTxovs da rTuli pirovnebis biografiuli
faqtebis urTierTTan dakavSirebas da mTlianobaSi gaazrebas.
k. abaSiZisagan gansxvavebiT, poema `sadRegrZelos~ tician tabiZe gr.
orbelianis saukeTeso qmnilebad miiCnevs. `aq grigol orbelianma miaRwia
stilis maRali gamomsaxvelobasa da lapidarobas. saqarTvelos bunebis
aRwera sadReisodac ubadloa~, _ wers tician tabiZe (45, 27).
araerTgzis miuTiTebiaT poema `sadRegrZeloze~ rusi poetis
vasili Jukovskis poemis `momRerali rus meomarTa banakSi~ gavlenaze, am
miTiTebas bunebrivia ar Wirdeboda didi mkvlevaris alRo, ramdenadac
adreul variantSi TviTon poeti miuTiTebda `mibaZva Jukovskisa~. magram
Semdeg saboloo variantSi `sadRegrZelo~ ise daSorda rusi poetis
poemas, rom gr. orbelianma es miTiTeba `mibaZva Jukovskisa~ moxsna.
tician tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis, rom saboloo variantSi
gavlena vrceldeba poemis `formalur agebaSi~. tician tabiZis daskvna
______________________________
1 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ap. maxaraZis wigni `qarTuli romantizmi~, Tb., 1982. gv. 143-158, e. maRraZis, grigol
orbeliani, Tb, 1967, gv. 22-37. i. evgeniZis, gr. orbeliani, Tb,1995, gv. 3-75. l. minaSvili, literaturuli
narkvevebi, Tb, 2009, gv. 71-91
116
aseTia: `saerTod poema Rrmad originaluria~1 (45; 27).
didad sayuradRebod esaxeba tician tabiZes gr. orbelianis leqsi
`Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, romelSiac poetis pesimizmi
`awmyosa da warsulis kontrastuli SepirispirebiT Zlierdeba~ (45; 27).
tician tabiZis yuradRebas aseve ipyrobs gr. orbelianis leqsi
`Cems das efemias~, es leqsi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc romantikuli
sevdiT savse epistolaruli lirikis nimuSi. satrfialo leqsebze
msjelobisas t. tabiZe sagangebod gaxazavs am leqsebis konkretuli
SinaarsiT savseobas.
Tu Wabukobis Jams daweril statiaSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ tician
tabiZe didad ar wyalobda gr. orbelianis leqss `muSa boqulaZe~,
romelic `liberaluri azris~ `leqsis samkaulad~ momarjvebis cdad da
60-ianelTa mibaZvad, maT `turnirSi~ CaTrevad miaCnda (42;, 67), `axali
qarTuli literaturis~ mokle narkvevSi tician tabiZe eyrdnoba ilia
WavWavaZis mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, gr. orbelianma `dagvanaxa
pirveli, magram saucxoo da Seudarebeli magaliTi qarTuli uriTmo
leqsisa... da miT dagvimtkica, rom qarTul sityvasac Tavisi
asamaRlebeli xma hqonia, egre saWiro leqswyobis xmovanebisa da
musikisaTvis. man amiT gviCvena, rom qarTuladac SesaZloa uriTmo leqsi,
e.w. `TeTri leqsTwyoba~, romelic xmovanebiT da musikiT aranaklebia
riTmiani leqsisa. misi `muSa boqulaZe~, am mSvenier mwyobrsityvaobis
Seudarebeli magaliTia~ (50; 231).
tician tabiZe Cerdeba gr. orbelianis muxambazebis ciklis
leqsebze. am leqsebSi igi saiaTnovasa da besikis gavlenas xedavs, magram
amasTanave imasac cxadad miuTiTebs, rom am leqsebs poeti axali,
Taviseburi SinaarsiT avsebs da maRalmxatvrulobas aniWebs.
miuxedavad zogierTi koniunqturuli pasaJisa, saerTod narkvevis is
nawili, romelic gr. orbelians exeba, gamoirCeva saintereso
dakvirvebebiT, mignebebiT, romlebic sadReisodac Zalian sayuradRebo
Cans.
___________________________________ 1 dawvrilebiT, gr. orbelinis `sadRegrZelos~ Jukovskis poemasTan mimarTebisaTvis.
ix. j. WumburiZe, XIX saukune, literaturuli narkvevebi, Tb, 2004.
117
tician tabiZe mokled Cerdeba aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebze,
maT literaturul Rvawlze. orive mefe erekles SviliSvili iyo, misi
usayvarlesi qalis Tekla batoniSvilis Svilebi. tician tabiZe maT
TavianTi didi gvaris erTgvar ideologebad Tvlis. al. orbelians
kritikosi `patriarqaluri yofis~ mexotbed saxavs da am mxriv
`tendenciursac~ uwodebs. al. orbelianis narkvevs `uwindeli drois
batonymoba saqarTveloSi~ batonymobis gaidealebad miiCnevs da realuri
sinamdvilis warmosadgenad mas upirispirebs ioane batoniSvilis
`kalmasobas~.
vfiqrobT, al. orbelianis Semoqmedebis da kerZod misi aRniSnuli
narkvevis amgvari Sefaseba tician tabiZis epoqiTaa dapirobebuli.
sinamdvileSi al. orbelianis ideali upirvelesad gulisxmobs
Tavisufal, daumonav saqarTvelos. mTeli misi cxovreba mimarTuli iyo
rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. `kalmasoba~ swored imas asaxavs
kargad, ra cud rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi ucxo saxelmwifos
interesebis gabatoneba. Tanamedrove samecniero da mxatvrul
literaturaSi gansxvavebulad warmoCnda al. orbelianis Rvawli (48).
sagulisxmoa v. orbelianis tician tabiZiseuli Sefaseba. tician
tabiZe wers: `vaxtang orbeliani Tavisi winamorbedi ufrosi
romantikosebis maneriT aRwers saqarTvelos warsuls, igi aseve aRsavsea
gardasuli istoriis guguniT, magram mas mainc moepoveba imedis
gamokrTobani... zogjer misi mzera mesianizmiT aris ganaTebuli.
gansakuTrebiT es igrZnoba leqsebSi: `imedi~, `jvari vazisa~, sadac
laparakia imaze, rom saxelovani istoriis mqone xalxi SeuZlebelia
daiRupos~ (45; 31).
tician tabiZis saintereso dakvirvebiT, v. orbelianis Semoqmedeba
erTgvari gaorebiT aRiniSneba. marTalia, igi daibada da aRizarda
romantizmis epoqaSi, magram mas ara aqvs gr. orbelianisa da n.
baraTaSvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli mTlianoba; igi
pirovnulad TiTqos ufro ilia WavWavaZis realistur skolas miemxro,
magram misTvis mainc ucxo darCa 60-iani wlebis socialuri ideebi da
amdenad misi patriotuli lirika garkveulad moklebulia moqalaqeobriv
suliskveTebas.
118
tician tabiZe evropuli romantizmis `gugunsa~ da `baironis
daRvremil pesimizms~, puSkinisa da lermontovis gavlenas aRniSnavs n.
baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebaze, magram amasTan mkveTrad gansazRvravs:
`baironizmis Semotevas, puSkinisa da lermontovis gavlenas
baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi Rrma kvali ar dautovebia. misma adre
momwifebulma geniam ajoba sakuTar TavSi ucxo poetTa gavlenas da
Seiwova ra mRelvare saukunis saerTo dinebebi, Camoyalibda rogorc
organuli da nacionaluri~ (45; 33).
tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi `axal epoqasTan
gadaZaxils~ warmoaCens, `axali adamianis naRvels~ grZnobs, radgan poeti
`xedavs da grZnobs misi warmomSobi klasis daRupvas, sikvdiliswina
agonias. aq gancdebisa da Tavisi epoqis gamoxatvis siRrme erTi nabijiT
win uswrebs movlenebs da sxva cxovrebis moaxlovebas gvamcnobs~ (45; 34).
sainteresod warmoaCens tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis
sociologiur analizs. zogadad literaturaTmcodneoba ar aris
obieqturi socialuri fesvebis Ziebisas. an zedmetad calmxrivia da
`klasobrivi TeoriiT~ damZimebuli, anda sruliad uferuli. tician
tabiZem obieqturi suraTi daxata baraTaSvilis epoqis socialuri
yofisa saqarTveloSi, konkretulad TbilisSi. voroncovis mier kargad
dagegmili da gaTvlili RonisZiebebi _ `Tavadaznaurobis gadarCenis
mcdeloba~ da `mdidruli bal-maskaradebis~, burJua mevaxSeebis,
~nikolozis reJimis~ gadagvarebis gza. am fonze ganixilavs tician
tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis poemas `bedi qarTlisa~:
`n. baraTaSvili aSkarad icavs mmarTvelobis konstituciur formas.
pativs miagebs mefe erekles misi gmirobis, qveynis winaSe damsaxurebisa
gamo, magram mainc ar Tvlis marTebulad, rom erTi adamiani wyvetdes
xalxis beds.
gzadagza poemaSi aRwerilia warsulSi qarTveli qalis gmiruli
xasiaTi da qarafSutoba Tanadrouli qalebisa, im dros, roca
voroncovis mier dagebulma maxeebma, fufunebam da simdidrem yvelaze
adre qalis,, guli Secvala~ (45; 35).
`meranisa~ da `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ tician tabiZiseuli analizi
ar aris originaluri da gansxvavebuli tradiciulisagan.
119
marTebulad aRniSnavs l. minaSvili: `n. baraTaSvilis genialur
`meranze~ saubrisas, tician tabiZes aqcenti gansakuTrebiT gadatanili
aqvs am leqsis winaswarmetyvelur xasiaTze. igi wers: `meranSi~ poetma
iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi sikvdili da sikvdilis garemoebebis
detalebic ki~. aq mniSvnelovani isicaa, rom es sityvebi im kacs ekuTvnis,
romelmac aseve iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi aRsasruli da `sikvdilis
garemoebebis detalebic ki~ (45; 162).
calkeul leqsTagan tician tabiZe kidev exeba `sulo borotos~,
leqss `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ da am SemTxvevaSic saintereso mosazrebebs
gvTavazobs: `sulo boroto~ imdenad aris aRbeWdili xalxurobiT, rom
`xalxuri Semoqmedebis nayofi gegonebao~, _ wers narkvevis avtori (45; 37).
meore leqsSi TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili soflis amaoeba, romelsac
veravin gaeqceva `magram leqsis dasasruls igi mainc poulobs simxnevis
da ase amTavrebs~... aq motanilia bolo strofi leqsisa.
tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis leqsSi `napoleon~ individualistur
ganwyobilebebs xedavs. tician tabiZe am mosazrebiT im mkvlevrebs
eTanxmeba erTgvarad, romlebic n. baraTaSvilis garkveulwilad
individualistad saxavdnen. rac rogorc Semdgomi drois kvleva-Ziebam
cxadyo, simarlTes ar unda Seesabamebodes. amJamad savsebiT marTebulad
leqsi `napoleon~ ganixileba, rogorc Zlieri pirovnebisadmi poetis
gansakuTrebuli interesis gamomxatveli Txzuleba. rogorc miuTiTeben,
`sakuTari Zalebis TviTgancda Zlieri pirovnebis niSania da Zlierebis
gamomxatveli es Tviseba n. baraTaSvilis poeziis dedaZarRvia~ (19; 71-73).
tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis romantizmis epoqis yvelaze
dasrulebul poetad Tvlis. man yvelaze TvalnaTliv gamoxata Tavisi
Taobis miswrafebani. am TvalsazrisiTac imis gavlena momdevno Taobis
poetebze uzarmazaria~ (45; 37). es nawili tician tabiZis narkvevisa
gamoirCeva didi Sinagani damuxtulobiT, nagrZnobobiT, TvalnaTliv Cans,
rom genialuri poetis suliskveTebas, swrafvas, ukmarobas Wvrets
moziare sulis Tanaganmcdeli maRali esTetikuri aRqmis faqizi poeti.
mravalmxriv sainteresoa tician tabiZis mier giorgi erisTavis
Semoqmedebis analizi. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile da poloneTSi
gadasaxlebuli Sin dabrunda `polonuri mesianizmiT~ datyvevebuli.
120
Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqtorobam da qarTuli Teatris xelmZRvanelobam
gansazRvra g. erisTavis Semoqmedebis srulad axali gza. Tu adre misi
Semoqmedebis Tematika ar gansxvavdeboda romantikosTa Tematikisagan, Tu
adre isic dastiroda samSoblos beds, misgan daSorebas, poloneTSi
gadasaxlebam masze ganmsazRvreli zemoqmedeba moaxdina.
g. erisTavma iwyo komediebis wera. am Janrs ki qarTuli mwerloba
ar icnobda.
g. erisTavma saTave daudo Tavisi komediebiT realistur Teatrs.
g. erisTavs gamouCndnen mimdevrebi, dramaturgiaSi g. erisTavis
tradiciebi imemkvidres zurab antonovma, ufro mogvianebiT avqsenti
cagarelma, xolo prozaSi es saqme gaakeTes daniel WonqaZem da lavrenti
ardazianma. amas Semdeg mohyveba maTi memkvidreobis mokle daxasiaTeba.
bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZe sagangebo yuradRebas
dauTmobda ilia WavWavaZes, mis Semoqmedebas, sazogadod mis rols
qarTuli mwerlobisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
tician tabiZis sityvebiT, ilia WavWavaZem `Tavisi gavleniT aavso
mTeli me-19 saukune~ (45; 45).
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis analizs batonymobis winaaRmdeg
brZolis SemarTebiT iwyebs tician tabiZe, rasac barbare jorjaZesTan
cxare kamaTis garemoebebze msjeloba mosdevs. tician tabiZe
`TergdaleulTa~ da Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa, anu `mamaTa da
SvilTa~ brZolasac exeba da am SemTxvevaSi igi tradiciuli
Sexedulebis farglebSi rCeba. igi eTanxmeba arCil jorjaZisa da sxvaTa
mier ganviTarebul azrs da praqtikulad mas imeorebs. misi azriTac 60-
70-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda or Taobas Soris brZolas, romelic
axalgazrdebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
rogorc es mosalodnelic iyo, ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis
ganxilva ZiriTadad socialur planSi mimarTeba.
Tu adre tician tabiZe ilia WavWavaZis poezias imitom ar
iwynarebda, rom misi azriT, moqalaqeobrivi interesebi ar iyo WeSmariti
lirikis gamoxatvis sagani, axla, narkvevSi igi sagangebod swored iseT
leqsebs axasiaTebs, romlebic moqalaqeobrivi poeziis klasikur nimuSebs
warmoadgenen. ilias leqsebi yuradRebas iqceven mxurvale protestiT,
121
mimarTuliT damkvidrebuli socialuri urTierTobis winaaRmdeg. tician
tabiZis TqmiT, ilia WavWavaZem warsulze romantikul ocnebas
daupirispira momavali saqarTvelos, ganaxlebuli saqarTvelos ideali.
poemebis ganxilvisas avtori calke gamoyofs mZafri socialuri
gamiznulobis `aCrdilsa~ da `ramdenime suraTs anu epizods yaCaRis
cxovrebidam~. poema `aCrdilze~ saubrisas calke Cerdeba narkvevis
avtori XIX saukunisadmi mimarTul odaze Sromis sufevis Sesaxeb,
romelic misi sityvebiT, `dRemde rCeba samoqalaqo poeziis Sedevrad (45;
47).
batonymobis Temaze Seqmnil prozaul qmnilebebs `glaxis naambobs”
da `kacia-adamians?!~ kritikosi mometebulad Sinaarsoblivi
TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. moTxroba `kacia-adamianma?!~, tician tabiZis
TqmiT, sazogadoebrivi qariSxali gamoiwvia~ (45; 48). am satiruli
moTxrobis dedaazri TviTon moTxrobis saTaurSi ikiTxeba:
`rasakvirvelia es adamiani ar aris, am adamianismagvarma dakarga
yovelgvari Segnebuli mimarTeba cxovrebisadmi da cxovelad gadaiqca~
(45; 48).
`oTaraanT qvrivis~ ganxilvisas tician tabiZe ganicdis
gabatonebuli tradiciuli Sexedulebis gavlenas, romlis Tanaxmadac,
ilia 80-iani wlebisaTvis `arcTu Zalian uRrmavdeba socialur Zirebs.
igi ukve mivida klasobrivi morigebis Tvalsazrisamde~ (45; 49). es
Sexeduleba im gavrcelebuli marqsistuli literaturismcodneobis
gamoZaxilia, romlis Tanaxmadac ilia WavWavaZe TiTqos adre adga
klasobrivi brZolis Tvalsazriss da rom TiTqos mogvianebiT man
pozicia arsebiTad Seicvala. Tavisi Tvalsazrisi ilia WavWavaZes arc
arasodes ar Seucvlia. igi mwvave socialur problematikasac erovnuli
TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda yovelTvis WabukobaSic da xanSiSesulic da,
rogorc vaJa-fSavela ambobs, ilia WavWavaZe mTliania, rogorc `oqros
zodi~, ilia WavWavaZe fiqrobda, rom ,,gankerZoeba wodebaTa, gancalkeveba
erTi qveynis SvilTa, romelTa cxovreba, interesebi, grZnoba, azri,
miswrafeba, uricxvi simiT aris gadabmuli da gadaxlarTuli,
danaSaulia, Secdomaa. es Secdoma dagmo Zvel erTa istoriam da
daamtkica, rom mxolod yvela wodebis kavSiri gauZlebs ganaTlebis da
122
xalxis dawinaurebis damabrkolebel mizezebs.
umTavresi da iqneb erTaderTi garemoeba, romlis wyalobiTac
daiRupnen da aRigavnen dedamiwis zurgidam mravalni Zlierni da
saxelovanni erni, iyo uTanxmoeba da gansxvaveba wodebaTa Soris~ (51; 376).
tician tabiZe ideuri TvalsazrisiT ar iwynarebs `oTaraanT qvrivs~.
misi azriT, idealizirebuli saxeebia giorgi, romelic nacvlad
klasobrivi Segnebis mqone mojamagirisa, ufro uimedod Seyvarebul
romeos Camohgavs, aseve arCili da keso, romlebic gaidealebuli monanie
aznaurebi arian.
samagierod, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT moTxroba narkvevis
avtoris aRtacebas iwvevs. ostatobis TvalsazrisiT, moTxroba
srulyofilebamdea asuli. `oTaraanT qvrivis~ Semdeg, aseTi
dasrulebuli Txzulebis Seqmna verc ilia WavWavaZem SeZlo da verc
sxvam. monumenturia oTaraanT qvrivi, rogorc qarTveli glexi qalis
saxe.
rogorc cxadi xdeba narkvevis gacnobidan, ilia WavWavaZis
Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas t. tabiZe sagangebod mainc mwvave socialuri
sakiTxebis Semcvel nawarmoebebze Cerdeba ufro. aq narkvevSi araa
sagangebod ganxiluli poema `gandegili~, rac SeiZleba aixsnas arsebuli
viTarebiT. rogorc Cans, CaiTvala rom aq ar aris dasmuli wminda
socialuri problematika da poema ramdenadme mainc religiur
gamiznulobasac atarebs.
akaki wereTelis Sesaxeb monakveTi mTel narkvevSi gamorCeulia. igi
dasrulebuli, Sekruli, Tanmimdevruli da Rrmaa. vfiqrobT, amis mizezi
isic unda iyos, rom tician tabiZe Tavad grZnobda Tavs Semoqmedebis
adreul etapze `akakis skolis~ warmomadgenlad. quTaisis gimnaziasa da
mTels imereTSi, tician tabiZisa da galaktionis bavSvobaSi xom akakis
leqsi batonobda da misi popularoba ganuzomlad didi iyo. akakis
leqsebi, poemebi da istoriuli dramebi bavSvobaSive SeiTvises, yrmobisas
baZavdnen mas pirvelive leqsebiT, xolo Semoqmedebis Semdgom
periodebSic fiqrobdnen da ikvlevdnen misi Semoqmedebis popularobis
mizezebs. swored es unda iyos imis safuZveli, rom akakize tician tabiZe
wers codniT, gamocdilebiT siRrmiseuli gaazrebiTa da siyvaruliT. ar
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darCenila akakis biografiisa da Semoqmedebis arc erTi mxare, romelic
ar hqondes gacnobierebuli da ganzogadebuli poets.
Cveulebrivad poetis biografiasa da mis aristokratul
warmomavlobas asuraTxatebs tician tabiZe. `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ miaCnia
ara mxolod akakis, aramed XIX s-is 40-iani wlebis saqarTvelos
feodaluri yofis gasacnobad umniSvnelovanes literaturul
dokumentad. akakis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis saidumlo gasaRebad,
glexis ojaxSi aRzrdiloba miaCnia. Tavad akaki afasebda amgvarad da
tician tabiZec aqedan amozrdis akaki Semoqmedebis umTavresi Tvisebis _
xalxurobis, bunebrivobisa da gulwrfelobis madlmosilebas. is rom
akaki `Tavs aridebda wreobanas~, politikur partiebs da yovelTvis
obieqturi rCeboda, maRla idga sulierad viwro karCaketil azrovnebaze,
tician tabiZes aseve misi xalxurobis, bunebrivobis, demokratizmis
nimuSad esaxeba.
tician tabiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba, rom akaki wereTelma
pirvelma qarTul sinamdvileSi daiwyo wera bavSvebisaTvis. akakis
Targmanebi krilovis leqsebisa isea gaqarTulebuli, rom SeiZleba
originalur leqsebadac ki CaiTvalos.
tician tabiZe calke ganixilavs akaki wereTlis dramaturgiul
Rvawls. komediebis weraSi, rogorc tician tabiZe SeniSnavs, akaki
agrZelebs g. erisTavis tradiciebs.
istoriis Rrma codniT gamoirCeva akakis istoriuli dramebi da
poemebi. sagulisxmo dakvirvebad gvesaxeba tician tabiZis azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom akaki Tavis istoriul dramebsa da poemebSi mometebulad
gansasaxiereblad irCevs nacionaluri cxovrebis yvelaze Znel momentebs
_ arabebis batonobis, bizantielTa da sparselTa Semosevis faqtebs.
calke gamoyofs tician tabiZe akakis prozaul Sedevrs _ `baSi-
aCuks~, qarTuli prozis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mas erT did
niSansvetad miiCnevs.
ucxoel avtorebTan paralelebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom
samoqalaqo motivebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT akaki nikoloz nekrasovs
axsenebs. misi politikuri satira iuvenalis leqsebis msgavsad
amaTraxebs sazogadoebis mankierebebs. akakis leqsebi isevea sasimRerod
124
momarTuli, ticianis azriT, rogorc beranJes leqsebi, xolo akakis
dramebi rTuli siuJetiT, xasiaTebis daxvewilobiT da weris ostatobiT
stendalis `italiur qronikebs~ mogvagonebs. rac Seexeba moTxroba
`baSi-aCuks~, misi roli qarTul mwerlobaSi utoldeba puSkinis
`kapitanis qaliSvilis~ rols rusuli mwerlobisaTvis.
tician tabiZe Tvlis, rom akakis gavlenam ara marto uzarmazari
zemoqmedeba moaxdina Semdegi drois mwerlebze, aramed akakim skola
Seqmna, magram Zalze Zneli iyo praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo akakis
mowafeebs maswavleblis ostatobamde mieRwiaT.
tician tabiZe amis Semdeg erTgvarad arRvevs qarTvel mkvlevarTa
tradiciul daxasiaTebis gzas da nacvlad 60-ianeli giorgi wereTlis
Semoqmedebis ganxilvisa, e.w. mTis skolis~ warmomadgenlebs r. erisTavs,
vaJa-fSavelas da aleqsandre yazbegs exeba. tician tabiZis azriT,
rogorc inglisSi arsebobda `tbis skola~, ise saqarTveloSic arsebobs
`mTis poetebis skola~. am skolis mamamTavrad SesaZloa ilia WavWavaZe
miviCnioT, radgan `man adreul nawarmoebSi `mgzavris werilebi~ aRwera
mgzavroba fostis `povoskiT~ ruseTidan saqarTveloSi darialis xeobis
gavliT saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, sadac gamoiyvana mTieli Tavisi
dialeqtis SenarCunebiT. mokle dialogebSi ilia WavWavaZem SeZlo
mTielis xasiaTisa da bunebis asaxva ise, rom tipi dasrulebulad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mTielis saubari saqarTvelos bedze Semdgom
sxvadasxva variaciiT meordeba literaturaSi, rac iZleva kidevac imis
sababs, rom ilia WavWavaZe mTis poetTa skolis damwyebad CaiTvalos~ (45;
54).
rafiel erisTavis `samSoblo xevsurisa~ tician tabiZes miaCnia
baraTaSvilis `meranis~ tolfasad. misi azriT, es leqsi aris
`orfesvuli himni samSoblosa da mTebisadmi~.
vaJa-fSavelas literaturul naTlobad tician tabiZe miiCnevs ilia
WavWavaZis gancvifrebas misi leqsebiT: `Tavad ilia WavWavaZem daxara
Tavisi diqtatoruli Tavi axali gigantis winaSe da Sewyvita leqsebis
wera~.
`vaJa-fSavelas simReris Zirebi xalxur SemoqmedebaSia~ _ wers
tician tabiZe, rac imis mizezadac miaCnia, rom Seiqmna mcdari warmodgena
125
mis poeziaze _ TiTqos vaJa-faSvela CamorCa Tanamedroveobaso~. es
sityvebi perifrazia geronti qiqoZis vaJa-fSavelasadmi miZRvnili
werilebidan. tician tabiZe sworad aanalizebs amgvari warmodgenis
Seqmnis mizezs.1
vaJa-fSavelas niWi da nayofiereba gansacvifrebeli iyo da tician
tabiZis TqmiT, misma `mtrebma Seqmnes legenda, TiTqos mas xurjiniT
Camohqonda xalxuri leqsebi da Tavisad asaRebda~.
tician tabiZe miiCnevs, rom vaJa-fSavelas leqsi `naWedia da yvelaze
madliani sagmiro eposisaTvis~. igi ixsenebs, rom `germaneli swavluli
artur laisti, romelic mravali wlis manZilze Seiswavlida qarTul
literaturas, ambobs, rom msoflio poeziaSi ar arsebobs poeti, vinc ise
gamosaxavda da SeigrZnobda mTebs, rogorc vaJa-fSavela~ (45; 58).
epikuri poemis aRorZineba, tician tabiZis azriT, rusTvelis Semdeg
ver SeZles verc romantikosebma da verc iliam da akakim. `epikuri
poemis~ aRorZineba wilad xvda vaJa-fSavelas. mTebSi, sadac is
cxovrobda xeluxleblad SemorCa saqarTvelos istoriuli yofa da vaJa-
fSavela swored am pirvelwyaros daewafa. Tavis poemebSi man aRmoaCina
sruliad axali samyaro, savse xalxuri fantaziiT Seqmnili dev-gmirebiT.
es samyaro savsea koliziebiT, sinamdvile ebrZvis adaTsa da tradicias
da aqedan viTardeba drama. am samyarom SeinarCuna gadmonaSTebi
jvarosanTa moralisa. omi iTvleba erTaderT saTnoebad, aqedan
guladobisa da gmirobis gandideba. am fonze iSleba vaJa-fSavelas
epikuri Semoqmedeba~ (45; 58).
tician tabiZe iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc yuradReba miaqcia vaJas
prozas da CaTvala igi sruliad gansakuTrebul movlenad. tician
tabiZis daskvniT, vaJa-fSavelas proza cxadad mowmobs, rom vaJa-fSavela
weris maneriT realistia. tician tabiZe sagangebod amaxvilebs
yuradRebas vaJas prozis enaze da aRniSnavs, rom vaJas prozis ena gans-
xvavebiT poeziis enisagan, gaTavisuflebulia dialeqturi formebisagan.
___________________________________
1 t. tabiZis Sexedulebebis analizs vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb sagangebod exebian l. avaliani
statiaSi, `cisferyanwelebi~ vaJas Sesaxeb, vaJas krebuli II, Tb, 1982, gv. 215-226, i. evgeniZe, wignSi `vaJa-
fSavela~, Tb, 1989, gv. 137-147. sakuTriv t. tabiZis narkvevis am monakveTs vrclad ganixilavs l. minaSvili, ix.
t. tabiZe, axali qarTuli literatura, Tb, 2008, gv. 179-187.
126
`arc erTi dialeqturi gamoTqma, misi ena mogvagonebs klasikosTa
saukeTeso striqonebs~ (45; 59).
vaJas moTxrobebi `ia~, `kurdReli~, `mTis wyaro~, `fesvebi~, `mTani
maRalni~ tician tabiZeSi iwvevs edgar pos ofortebis, bodleris patara
poemebis, turgenevis poeturi prozis asociaciebs, qarTvel mweralTagan,
kritikosis fiqriT vaJa-fSavela SeiZleba Seudardes sulxan-saba
orbelians.
kritikosi arc vaJas sayofacxovrebo moTxrobebs tovebs
uyuradRebod da daskvnis saxiT ambobs, rom es ofortebi Semdeg
gadaizrdeba did tiloSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom vaJa-fSavela cotas
werda prozaSi, misi moTxrobebi ufro metad gadmogvcems soflis yofas,
vidre gaWimuli, tendenciuri moTxrobebi orTodoqsi xalxosnebisa~ (45;
60).
rogorc miuTiTeben, `Tu tician tabiZe 1927 wels daweril
narkvevSi vaJa-fSavelaze dabejiTebiT fiqrobda, rom vaJa-fSavelaze
xalxosnurma mimarTulebam iqonia gavlena da bevri misi moTxroba
aRbeWdilia `xalxosnuri~ suliskveTebiT, ori wlis Semdeg daweril
narkvevSi es mosazreba TviT avtoris mier uaryofilia da rogorc zemoT
warmodgenili daskvna mowmobs, tician tabiZe ukve upirispirdeba kidec
mis mier adre gamoTqmul Sexedulebas~ (45; 187).
aRniSnuli ki imasac mowmobs, rom tician tabiZe yovelTvis
fiqrobs gansaxilvel mwerlebze da arc azris Secvla miaCnia
saTakilod, es mis did pasuxismgeblobazec metyvelebs.
tician tabiZis mosazrebebSi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb SesaZloa bevri
ram iyos sakamaTo, magram isic faqtia, rom bevri misi mosazreba gaxda
axali biZgis mimcemi mkvlevarTaTvis da arc dRes ar kargavs
aqtualobas.
gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT udgeba tician tabiZe aleqsandre
yazbegis pirovnuli cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis ganxilvas.
tician tabiZe Tamamad arRvevs im sqematuri ganxilvis monacemebs,
rac TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda al. yazbegis biografiis gadmocemisas.
ded-mama patara sandros fufunebaSi zrdidnden, magram mama adre
127
gardaecvala, momavali mwerlis xelgaSlil cxovrebas miCveuli ojaxi,
male gaRaribda. qarafSutul cxovrebas miCveulma moskovSi
saswavleblad wasulma veranair warmatebas ver miaRwia, didi valebi
daedo da saswavleblis daumTavreblad dabrunda saqarTveloSi. tician
tabiZes is sasiyvarulo romani, romelic al. yazbegs TiTos hqonda
moskovSi, mainc mometebulad mwerlis fantaziis nayofad miaCnia, raTa
dedisTvis fuli gamoetyuebina. samwyemsurSi yofna tician tabiZis azriT,
Zalian mniSvnelovani periodi iyo mwerlis cxovrebaSi, rac man mere
brwyinvaled gamoiyena Tavisi TxzulebebisaTvis.
tician tabiZe vrclad Cerdeba al. yazbegis avtorobis sakiTxze,
rac savsebiT gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored 20-ian wlebSi,
roca iwereboda tician tabiZis narkvevi, mimdinareobda cxare polemika
al. yazbegis avtorobis Sesaxeb.
tician tabiZes ueWvelad miaCnia rom yazbegis saxeliT cnobili
brwyinvale memkvidreoba swored al. yazbegisaa da ara dimitri yazbegisa.
igi wers: `eWvi ar aris, rom dimitris ar dautovebia dawerili romanebi,
romlebmac Semdeg al. yazbegs Seuqmnes didi saxeli~ (45, 62).
al. yazbegis rogorc mwerlis udidesi damsaxureba tician tabiZis
azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man `Tavis romanebSi gaSala kavkasiis
grandiozuli epopea. veravin saqarTveloSi verc yazbegamde da verc mis
Semdeg ver SeZlo ase farTo tiloebis Seqmna. misi romanebiT pirvelad
Semovidnen qarTul mwerlobaSi mTielebi~ (45; 62).
yazbegis Txzulebebze saubrisas narkvevis avtori paralels
avlebs l. tolstoisTan. igi fiqrobs, rom yazbegis moTxrobebis
zogierTi adgili Tavisi SekumSulobiT mogvagonebs tolstois ,,haji
murats~. didi ilias mere, romelmac daviT guramiSvlis `daviTianSi~
daviT winaswarmetyveliseburi bibliuri simaRleebi dainaxa, kritikosis
did gabedulebiT gamoirCa tician tabiZe, romelmac miiCnia, rom
aleqsandre yazbegi zogjer bibliur simaRleze adis. es maSin, roca igi
aRwers CeCnebis iZulebiT gadasaxlebas TurqeTSi (45; 63).
marTalia, al. yazbegze tician tabiZis msjelobisas zogi ram araa
gasaziarebeli, magaliTad is, rom al. yazbegi ver aRwevs Tavs
gazviadebas, romantikuli brwyinvalebisaTvis igi xSirad scodavs
128
sinamdvilis winaSe, rom al. yazbegi Tavis gmirebs ajildoebs yvelanairi
sikeTiT, mowinaaRmdege gamohyavs pirwavardnil avismqmnelebad da a.S.
zogi ram sadaoa, magram ZiriTadad tician tabiZis dakvirvebebi al
yazbegze, Zalian sagulisxmoa da gasaziarebeli, axali kvleva-Ziebis
pirobaa da safuZveli.
e.w. `mTis skolis~ warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebis ganxilvas
mohyveba sami poetis mamia gurielis, giorgi Waladidelisa da nino
orbelianis poeturi portretebis warmoCena. am sami poetis erTad
dajgufebis piroba isaa, rom isini tician tabiZis azriT, naklebi
talantis mqone poetebi iyvnen da darCnen `ormagi yofierebis
zRurblze~, ramdenadac TavianTi sulieri wyobiT romantikosebi iyvnen,
mis aRsasruls Seeswrnen da ver SesZles mZlavri realisturi skolis
poziciaze dadgoma. sabolood isini rogorc tician tabiZe Tvlis, mainc
romantizmis epigonebad darCnen.
gansakuTrebulia tician tabiZis mimarTeba poet mamia gurielis
pirovnebisadmi. mas didad xiblavs mamia gurielis, guriis ukanaskneli
mTavris memkvidris, tragikuli saxe. fufunebaSi aRzrdilma, romelic
brwyinavda voroncovis salonSi, sicocxle daasrula balaxvanSi, Tavisi
yofili mosamsaxuris ficrulSi. mamia gurielma bolomde saTqmelis
Tqma ver SeZlo, magram `mainc moaxerxa gurulis mxurvale temperamenti
gamoexata~ (45; 65).
yvela avtori, vinc ki mamia guriels axasiaTebs, sagangebod
miuTiTebs mis deklamatorul niWze. did zemoqmedebas poeti Tavis
Tanamedroveebze Turme Tavisi kiTxviTac axdenda. tician tabiZes mohyavs
aseTi faqti: mamia gurieli `erTi saRamos ganmavlobaSi Seuwyvetliv
kiTxulobda zepirad~ mixeil lermontovis `demonis~ sakuTar Targmans.
Turme monusxuli auditoria `imeorebda mis kvaldakval poemas, imdenad
uTavsebda maT Tavis kiTxvas~ (45; 65).
mamia gurielsave ekuTvnis baironis `Cailod haroldidan~
ramdenime simReris Targmna da ramdenime nawyveti homerosis `iliadadan~.
yovelive aRniSnuli warmogvidgens mamia guriels, rogorc maRali
poeturi kulturis, gafaqizebuli gemovnebis poets.
129
giorgi qoCakiZe (Waladideli) Zalian SekumSulad, magram
STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili tician tabiZis narkvevSi. igi ruseTSi
msaxurobda. `Tavis leqsebSi igi cocxlobda bavSvobis mogonebebiT.
ucxoeTSi mTeli sicocxle SeigrZnobda samSoblos monatrebas da
zogierTi leqsi am ciklisa dawerili namdvili aRmafreniT~ (45; 65). g.
Waladideli qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi darCa ori leqsiT. erTia
axalgazrdobaSi dawerili `facxa~, romelic xalxur kilozea Seqmnili
da xalxi kidec mReris mas, xolo meore leqsia `mogoneba~ (`maxsovs
pirvelad saswavlebelSi~), romliTac aTeuli wlebis manZilze ixsneboda
saskolo qrestomaTiebi da Rrmad CarCa TaobaTa xsovnaSi. am leqsSi
dedis darigeba yrmisadmi, romelic qalaqs miemgzavreba saswavleblad,
didxans kvebavda qarTveli mozardebis zneobas. ticianis azriT, am orma
leqsma giorgi Waladideli daviwyebas gadaarCina.
tician tabiZe cal-calke axasiaTebs im mwerlebs, romlebic
qarTveli `xalxosnebis~ saxelwodebiT arian cnobili. esenia niko
lomouri, sofrom mgalobliSvili da ekaterine gabaSvili. tician
tabiZis TqmiT, xalxosnebi gamoirCnen glexkacobisadmi, maTi bedisadmi
gansakuTrebuli interesiT.
niko lomouri kritikosis azriT, sxvebze ukeTesad TvalsaCinod
gamoxatavs xalxosnur ideebs, sxvebze ukeT icnobs glexkacTa cxovrebas.
rac metad ipyrobs kritikosis yuradRebas, n. lomouri ar aidealebs
glexebs, pirdapir miuTiTebs maT egoizms, umecrebas, yuradRebas
amaxvilebs eqimbaSobisa da crumorwmuneobis savalalo Sedegebze da a.S.
n. lomouris nawarmoebebidan sagangebod gamoyofs `qajanas~ da `als~.
kritikosi arc imas iviwyebs, rom n. lomouris moTxrobebi gamoirCeva
daxvewili qarTuliT.
sofrom mgalobliSvili kargad icnobda samRvdeloebas da misi
moTxrobebis Tematika am mxriv ipyrobs yuradRebaso. tician tabiZe
gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs sofrom mgalobliSvilis damsaxurebas
memuaruli xasiaTis nawarmoebis SeqmniT, romelSic misi azriT, kargadaa
daxatuli Tanamedrove mweralTa cocxali suraTebi.
ekaterine gabaSvili, tician tabiZis TqmiT, sxva xalxosanTagan
gansxvavdeba sazogadoebaSi qalis bedisadmi interesiT. igi xatavs
130
rogorc maRali wris warmomadgeneli e.w. `monanie aznaur~ qalebs, asev
glexobis warmomadgenlebs, udarebs maT erTmaneTs. tician tabiZe
sagangebod gaxazavs ekaterine gabaSvilze ilia WavWavaZis prozis did
zemoqmedebas. konkretulad igi miuTiTebs, rom e. gabaSvilis `magdanas
lurja~ dawerilia ilia WavWavaZis `orTaraanT qvrivis~ aSkara
zemoqmedebiT, magram aucileblad aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom mwerali qali
axerxebs qvrivi magdanas TviTmyofadi saxis Seqmnas.
erTgvarad xalxosnebTan akavSirebs, maT gverdiT aTavsebs tician
tabiZe anastasia erisTav-xoStarias. am mweral qalsac qalis bedisadmi
interesi gamoarCevs. man scadao romanis dawera. romans `molipul gzaze~
xmauriani warmateba hqondao. tician tabiZis azriT, mweralma qalma
gamoamJRavna dakvirvebis unari da garkveuli mxatvruli ostatoba.
xalxosan mweralTa mokle, SekumSuli daxasiaTebas mohyveba
poetebis erTi jgufis Semoyvana literaturis istoriaSi. eseni arian
grigol abaSiZe, parmen caxeli, gandegili, dutu megreli da ioseb
daviTaSvili. maTi erTad dajgufebis piroba isaa, rom erTgvarad
lagdebian ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis garSemo, am ori didi
xelovanis mZlavr zemoqmedebas ganicdian.
grigol abaSiZes tragikuli bedis mqone poetad Tvlis ticiani.
frangi poetis moris rolinas msgavsad, man sicocxle suliT avadmyofTa
saxlSi daasrulao. gardaicvala da dakrZales igi peterburgSi. tician
tabiZis TqmiT, es poeti gamoirCa deklamatoruli niWiT, saocari
mexsierebiT, Tumca moklebuli iyo sakuTar hangs, hbaZavda akakis da im
frang poetebs, romlebsac bevrs Targmnidao.
parmen caxeli (TvalWreliZe) adre did imedebs iZleoda. erTgvarad
did vaJasac ki upirispirebdnen, magram bolos akakis epigonad darCa.
parmen caxelmac Tavisi cxovreba ubedurad daasrula, yaCaRebma mokles
Tavis mamulSi.
dominika erisTavi (gandegili) gamoirCeoda niWierebiT akakis
mowafeebs Soris, marTalia, man axali mimdinareobebis gavlenac ganicada
magram mainc sabolood akakis epigonobas ver gascdao, _ askvnis tician tabiZe. tician tabiZe sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad scnobs glex poets ioseb
daviTaSvils. tician tabiZisTvis isaa faseuli, rom ioseb daviTaSvilma
131
gauZlo yovelgvar gaWirvebas, SimSils, usaxlkarobas. mxolod 36 weli
icxovra, magram saxelis mopoveba mainc moaswro. tician tabiZisTvis
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom ioseb daviTaSvils yuradReba
miaqcies, mis dasaflavebaze sityvebi warmoTqves ilia WavWavaZem da akaki
wereTelma. am faqtma gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo glexi poetisadmi
xalxis interess. iliasaTvis da akakisaTvis swored is iyo
mniSvnelovani, rom ioseb daviTaSvili glexebis wridan iyo gamosuli. es
pirveli SemTxveva iyo qarTul mwerlobaSi, rom glexobis dardze,
satkivarze, survilebze TviTon glexkaci gvesaubreboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom tician tabiZe savsebiT samarTlianad giorgi
wereTlis 60-ianelad miiCnevs, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis
TanamebrZolad, mis Semoqmedebas mainc 80-90-iani wlebis literaturul
procesebis fonze ganixilavs, rogorc Cans, tician tabiZisTvis ufro
mniSvnelovania giorgi wereTeli erTgvarad poziciaSecvlili, romelic
erTgvar simpaTiebs amJRavnebs social-demokratebis, pirveli qarTveli
marqsistebis mimarT. rogorc miuTiTeben, g. wereTeli Tanadroulobis
grZnobiT aRbeWdili, siaxlis kvalSi Camdgari moRvawe iyo (45, 196).
tician tabiZe drois moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad g. wereTlis da n.
nikolaZis radikalizms ufro iwonebs, vidre ilias pirovnul simyares
da interesebis ucvlelobas.
80-90-ian wlebSi g. wereTelma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi interesebi
sakuTriv socialuri problematikisaken mimarTa, vidre erovnulisaken.
saboloo daskvniT mainc, g. wereTeli erTgvarad gaorebuli darCa,
sicocxlis bolomde _ erTis mxriv, pativismcemeli iyo siZvelisa,
warsulisa, iyo arqeologi, gamoirCeoda patriotuli gznebiT _ am mxriv
igi aSkarad samocianelobda, meores mxriv ki, rogorc iTqva, marTlia, ar
gaxda marqsisti, magram TanaugrZnobda ki marqsistebs da Tavisi `kvalic~
maT dauTmo.
sayuradReboa, rom k. abaSiZis kvaldakval, tician tabiZec g.
wereTels naturalist mwerlad miiCnevs. tician tabiZis TqmiT, `g.
wereTlis romanebi mTliania da dawerilia naturalisturi skolis
yvela niSan-Tvisebis Sesabamisad~ (45; 72).
132
marTalia, tician tabiZe ar saubrobs da mokle narkvevSi arc iyo
mosalodneli rom CamoeTvala naturalizmis niSnebi. magram faqti isaa,
rom igi dabejiTebiT fiqrobs ase.
g. wereTlis naturalistoba Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebiT ar iqna
gaziarebuli, rogorc marTebuladaa CaTvlili g. wereTeli, imave
kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenelia, romelic Cvens literaturaSi
iliam da akakim daamkvidres, oRondac mxatvruli SesaZleblobebiT,
mwerluri talantiT ver adis igi Tavisi didi Tanamedroveobis ilia
WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis simaRleze.
tician tabiZe kargad xedavs, rom g. wereTlis, rogorc xelovanis
mniSvneloba, ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba Tanadroulobis, dRevandelobis
problemebis droul danaxvasa da gamoxmaurebaSi. tician tabiZis
dakvirvebiT, mis mier danaxuli Tematika imdenad mniSvnelovnad iqna
CaTvlili, rom es Temebi Semdeg araerTgzis `varirebda qarTul
prozaSi~ (45; 72).
tician tabiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs g. wereTlis TxzulebebSi
gansaxierebul tipebze. `pirvel nabijSi~ gamoyvanili tipebi _ ieremia
warba, baxva fulava, dRemde SemorCnen, rogorc sazogado saxelebio, _
aRniSnavs avtori.
calke gamoyofis Rirsad miiCnevs tician tabiZe `rux mgels~ da
`mamida asmaTs~, rogorc g. wereTlis mxatvruli ostatobiT gamorCeul
Txzulebebs.
tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom giorgi wereTelma or mweralze
moaxdina gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba _ erTia egnate ninoSvili, xolo
meore daviT kldiaSvili. es azri garkveviT gavrcelda samecniero
literaturaSi, Tumca bolo dros, savsebiT samarTlianad win aris
wamoweuli didi ilias roli da mniSvneloba ara marto egnate
ninoSvilisa da daviT kldiaSvilis saboloo formirebaze, aramed kidev
ufro TvalsaCinoa gavlena ilia WavWavaZisa TviTon giorgi wereTelze,
rogorc prozaikosze.
tician tabiZec aviTarebs bolo dromde erTob gavrcelebul azrs,
rom egnate ninoSvili aris marqsizmis pirveli warmomadgeneli qarTul
mwerlobaSi, rom marqsistuli organizaciis gamocxadeba oficialurad
133
moxda egnate ninoSvilis dakrZalvis dRes mis saflavze da a.S. am bolo
dros es azri safuZvlianad aris uaryofili samecniero literaturaSi
(18, 216-229).
`axla saTanadod dasabuTebulia, rom egnate ninoSvili rogorc
sazogado moRvawe, xelovani da publicisti, mTliani pirovnebaa da rom
igi didi ilia WavWavaZis gzis gamgrZelebelia rogorc mxatvruli
sityvis, aseve publicistikis sferoSi~ (45; 198).
praqtikulad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis tician tabiZe
sworad miuTiTebs e. ninoSvilis Tematikur mravalferovnebas, socialur
simZafres, masalis Rrma codnas da misi flobis unars. Semdgom drois
kvleva-Ziebam ZiriTadad gaaRrmava da gaafarTova is Tematikuri rkali,
rac Tvis droze moiniSna tician tabiZis narkvevSi.
d. kldiaSvilze msjelobisas Cvens win dgas narkvevis avtori
moxibluli didi mwerlis gamZafrebuli siuJetis grZnobiT. tician
tabiZe gatacebiT uyveba mkiTxvels d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobaTa ambebs.
tician tabiZes gansakuTrebiT is xiblavs, rom `daviT kldiaSvili ar
axdens aqcentirebas ideologiaze~ (45; 77). rac misTvis aris WeSmariti
realizmis niSani. d. kldiaSvilma gviCvenao, Tu rogor angrevs qalaqi
sofels, aznaurTa budeebs.
sagulisxmoa tician tabiZis miTiTeba d. kldiaSvilis iumorze. d.
kldiaSvilis gmirebis drama imdenad Rrmaa, rom sicilis nacvlad
Tvalze cremli gvidgebao, _ aRniSnavs kritikosi. `kalmasobis~ Semdeg,
daviT kldiaSvilma pirvelma aaRorZina saqarTveloSi mxatvruli iumori
da kritikaSi man daimkvidra mciremamulian imerel don-kixotTa
servantesis saxeli~, askvnis tician tabiZe (45; 78).
tician tabiZes axali qarTuli literaturis monakveTSi Semohyavs
kidev erTi mwerali _ Sio aragvispireli. mas ganixilavs igi rogorc
gardamaval epoqis gamomxatvels. rogorc aseTi, epoqis gamomxatveli S.
aragvispireli gamsWvalulia bneli pesimizmiT.
tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom pesimizmi araa Sio aragvispirelTan
ganwyobileba, igi masTan asulia Tvalsazrisis simaRleze. aRsaniSnavia,
rom tician tabiZe Sio aragvispirels ukavSirebs did frang novelists
gi de mopasans, aRniSnavs am ukanasknelis zemoqmedebis faqts pirvelze.
134
praqtikulad, Sio aragvispireli aris qarTul sinamdvileSi
novelis Semomtani da damamkvidrebeli mwerali. es azri, rogorc
aRniSnaven, simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes. `novelis Janrs sxvebic
mimarTaven da mimarTavdnen ufro adrec, magram rogorc Cans, tician
tabiZes novelis klasikuri ganmarteba aqvs mainc mxedvelobaSi da S.
aragvispirels gansakuTrebuli interesi am formisadmi~ (45; 200).
Tu tician tabiZis narkvevis am nawils dakvirvebiT wavikiTxavT,
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sio aragvispireli mainc xelovnuria, roca
ucxoel avtorTa mibaZviT urwmunoebas da pesimizms amkvidrebs qarTul
sinamdvileSi, roca mas seriozuli daeWveba Seaqvs grZnobaTa simyareSi
da gamZleobaSi, roca igi aSiSvlebs siyvarulis grZnobas da mxolod
wamier xorciel vnebas da aRviraxsnilobas xedavs masSi. es rom asea,
gamoCndeba mogvianebiT, roca igi dawers romans `gabzaruli guli~,
romelic TavisTavad himnia, qebaTa-qebaa WeSmariti grZnobisa; `gabzarul
guls~ tician tabiZe `tristan da izoldas~ adarebs siyvarulis
grZnobis Zalisa da gamZleobis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. `gabzaruli
guli~ axali Seqmnili iyo da tician tabiZis aRtacebac gasagebi unda
iyos, Tumca drom garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana tician tabiZis am
SefasebaSi, magram is ki mainc faqtad darCa, rom `gabzaruli guli~,
rogorc S. aragvispirelis erTgvari feriscvalebis aRmniSvneli
qmnileba, mainc sagulisxmo adgils iWers qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi.
tician tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom Sio
aragvispireli Zlieri mxatvaria iq, sadac uSualoa da gulwrfeli,
sadac gatacebiT aRwers ubralo mSromeli xalxis cxovrebas. maT miwier
sixaruls da dards. erTi sityviT, Sio aragvispireli Zlieria iq, sadac
masala uSualodaa mis mier gancdili da gaTavisebuli.
aseTia ZiriTadad tician tabiZis narkvevis struqtura da ZiriTadi
Sinaarsi. es narkvevi didad sayuradReboa im azriT, rom igi saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tanmimdevrulad, sistemuri saxiT Tvali gavadevnoT tician
tabiZiseul XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis,
tendenciebis daxasiaTebas, srul warmodgenas gviqmnis XIX s. yvela
qarTveli mwerlis, didisa Tu SedarebiT naklebi Rirebulebis mwerlis
135
mimarT tician tabiZis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. gvaZlevs mis mokle,
kompaqtur daxasiaTebas. warmodgenas gviqmnis im ZiriTadze, rac tician
tabiZes mniSvnelovnad da aRniSvnis Rirsad miaCnia. tician tabiZis
eseebis da werilebis, misi am SedarebiT vrceli narkvevis Seqmnidan ukve
90 weli gavida, magram isini ar kargaven Tavis SemecnebiT mniSvnelobas
da aqtualobas. tician tabiZis mosazrebebs iTvaliswinebdnen,
eyrdnobodnen da aviTarebdnen qarTveli mkvlevarebi. momavalSic ar
moakldebaT maT interesi da saTanado yuradRebac.
136
d a s k v n e b i
tician tabiZis poeziis siaxlove qarTuli literaturis
tradiciebTan, poetis mimarTeba winapar poetebTan (gansakuTrebiT bolo
periodis) pirdapir migviTiTebs im did kavSirebze, romlebic tician
tabiZes aqvs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobasTan.
tician tabiZem rTuli SemoqmedebiTi gza ganvlo. mkvlevarebi
poetis SemoqmedebiT gzas pirobiTad sam etapad yofen _ 1910-1915
miCneulia momwifebis wlebad, Semdegi safexuria `cisferyanwelobis~
xana, romelic grZeldeba 1926-28 wlamde, xolo misi Semoqmedebis bolo
safexuria klasikur tradiciebTan dabrunebis xana.
tician tabiZis, rogorc poetis Camoyalibebis pirveli safexuri
aRiniSneba, rogorc klasikur poeziasTan ziarebis da misi didi
zemoqmedebis gamoxatuleba. misi adreuli leqsebi da moTxroba-
miniaturebi atareben gr. orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis,
vaJa-fSavelas gavlenis kvals. marTalia, am drois leqsebs da prozaul
nawarmoebebs aklia mxatvruli srulyofa, maTSi bevria epigonuri, magram
mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvT mis cxadsayofad, Tu riT daiwyo tician
tabiZis poeturi gza.
axlis Tqmis dauokebelma Wabukurma swrafvam tician tabiZe da misi
megobrebi klasikurisagan mkveTr gamijvnamde da simbolizmamde miiyvana.
`cisferyanwelTa~ dajgufebam Tavisi dadgineba XIX saukunis qarTul
klasikur poeziasTan da kerZod 60-ianelebis poeziasTan dapirispirebiT
cada.
maT CaTvales, rom 60-ian wlebSi qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis
rusTvelidan momdianre istoriuli gza gawyda. iliam da akakim qarTuli
poeziis yvavilebs `dauwyes Secvla rusuli xorbliT~. mxolod vaJa-
fSavelaSi feTqavs eris suli Tavisi kulturuli atavizmiT.
tician tabiZis SemTxvevaSi dapirispireba 60-ianelebis poeziasTan
mainc ufro Sexedulebebis doneze moxda. erTgvarad gansxvavebulad
warmodgeba saqme TviT poeziaSi. aq tician tabiZes mkveTrad arasodes
gamouxatavs es dapirispireba. rogorc amboben misi poezia erovnul
fesvebze iyo aRmocenebuli. misTvis ucxo iyo nacionaluri nihilizmi.
137
tician tabiZes poeziaSi sinamdvile arasodes uaryvia da misTvis
savsebiT zurgi ar uqcevia.
tician tabiZis simbolizmamde misvlac, erTi mxriv, 60-ianelTa
poeziis gavleniTaa asaxsneli, swored ilias, akakis didi zemoqmedebiTi
Zala ubiZgebs mas, gansxavavebuli eZios, gamoirCes. axali daamkvidros.
daaxloebiT 20-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba `miwasTan dabruneba~,
rac mainc da mainc ar unda gasWirveboda tician tabiZes, misi poeturi
bunebac aqeTken iyo midrekili.
tician tabiZis leqsebSi ara marto grZnobaTa didi uSualoba,
mozRvaveba igrZnoba (`leqsi mewyeri~), aramed didi literaturuli
ganswavluloba, kerZod, XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis Rrma codnac.
tician tabiZis bolo periodis leqsebi yuradRebas iqcevs XIX saukunis
qarTvel poetTa reminiscenciebiT, sazogadod maTi Rrma gancdiT, am
mxriv tician tabiZe gamorCeuli poetia mTel XX saukuneSi.
patriotizmi, qarTlis bedis sakiTxi tician tabiZis poeziis
umTavres safiqralad iqca da gamoxatvis formebis Zieba, poeturi
azrovneba mSobliur wiaRs daefuZna, XIX saukunis saTqmelic xom qveynis
bedis, misi momavlis gansazRvraa. amdenad gr. orbelianis, n.
baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis, vaJas poezia saimedo sayrdeni aRmoCnda
tician tabiZisaTvis.
gr. orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri poezia did zemoqmedebas axdens
tician tabiZeze. siWabukeSi bohemur cxovrebas dawafuli igi xSirad
grZnobs xolme siaxloves lxinis mefe, orTaWalis baRebis xSir
stumarTan _ grigol orbelianTan. gr. orbelianis striqonebi brwyinavs
tician tabiZis leqsSi `maS gamarjveba~ da kidev sxvagan. gr. orbelianis
`sadRegrZelo~ axleburad cocxldeba poemaSi `somxeTSi~.
n. baraTaSvilisadmi tician tabiZis damokidebuleba
mravalsaxovania, tradiciuli. tician tabiZe axdens n. baraTaSvilis
mxatvruli saxeebis simbolizirebas. amgvari saxe simboloebia _ yorani,
udabno, mwiri, demoni...
n. baraTaSvilis intimuroba, lirizmi tician tabiZis STagonebad
darCa bolomde.
ilia WavWavaZis xati mudmivad Tanmxlebia tician tabiZis poeturi
138
azrovnebisa. ilias Semoqmedebis zegavleniT tician tabiZis poeziaSi
batonobs myinvarisa da Tergis mxatvruli saxeebi.
axali epoqis axal moTxovnebTan Tvalis gasworeba, Segueba, ayola
ticianma ilis moSveliebiT cada, Tumca es ver moxerxda, SeuTavsebelni
ver SeTavsdnen verc didi niWis tician tabiZis SemTxvevaSi.
SemoqmedebiTi gzis yvela safexurze tician tabiZe naTlad
grZnobs, ilias didi Zala rogor awveba ,,zvavad Tavze~.
akakis poeturi striqonebi tician tabiZes erTgvarad musikalur
hangad aqvs daxsomebuli da Wabukobisdroindeli gancdiT acocxlebs am
xmas. `sulikos~ hangs, rogroc gauxunar, dauviwyar gancdas cvlis
`cicinaTelas~ cimcimi da gamonaTeba, maradmdevia misTvis akakis Canguri,
akakis personaJebi _ naTela, baSi-aCuki, abduSahili.
sruliad gamorCeulia vaJa-fSavelas saxeli, misi zemoqmedeba
poetze.tician tabiZes zogi ram genialur vaJa-fSavelasTanac aaxlovebs.
gansakuTrebiT am mxriv unda aRiniSnos poeturi gamomsaxvelobis
sisadave da didi uSualoba.
vaJas deka da Rvia simbolur datvirTvas iZenen ticianis poeziaSi.
vaJa-fSavelam bevrwilad gansazRvra tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis xasiaTi.
vaJa Seucvlel simaRled darCa ticianisaTvis.
vaJa-fSavelam ramdenime werili _ ese uZRvna XIX saukunis
qarTvel mwerlebs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs nawyveti _
ilia WavWavaZe, ori brwyinvale werili vaJa-fSavelaze, erTi werili
eZRvneba vaJas umcros Zmas _ baCanas da warmoadgens misi SemoqmedebiTi
gzis saintereso ganxilvas. vrceli, Zalze sayuradRebo werili uZRvna
tician tabiZem did qarTvel realists daviT kldiaSvils, aseve vrceli
werili eZRvneba S. aragvispirels, misi Semoqmedebis ganxilvas.
garda amisa calkeuli sayuradRebo dakvirvebebi da mosazrebebi
XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa Sesaxeb gabneulia sxva werilebSic.
sayuradReboa, rom am werilebSi avtoria ara marto kritikosis
TvaliT Wvrets masalas, aramed literaturis istorikosis TvaliT,
ramdenadac yvela es werili gamoirCeva sayuradRebo dakvirvebebiT am
mweralTa. adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi,
imaze miTiTebiT, Tu ra imemkvidra am mweralma da ra siaxle Semoitana
139
Cvens mwerlobaSi. amgvari midgoma principis doneze ayvanili poziciaa
Cveni avtorisa, rac sainteresod gamJRavnda kidec 1929 wels daweril
narkvevSi axali qarTuli literatura.
tician tabiZis werilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saTqmelis
SekumSuloba, Tezisuri forma. TiTqmis yoveli fraza, mzadaa
gaSlisaTvis.
erTi Rirseba tician tabiZis kritikuli werilebisa isaa, rom
ticiani didi erudiciis, farTo horizontis avtoria. igi qarTuli
mwerlobis Sefasebas xSirad axdens msoflio literaturis konteqstSi,
miuTiTebs paralelebze, msgavseba-gansxvavebebze, evropeli da rusi
avtorebis gavlenaze.
tician tabiZis werilebsa da eseebSi cxadad ikveTeba did
xelovanTa, XIX saukunis did warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebiTi
portretebi. tician tabiZis bevri dakvirveba, migneba aSkarad scdeba
kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebs da saTaves iRebs nagrZnobsa da gancdilSi,
rasac Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebisTvis aqvs didi mniSvneloba.
SeiZleba tician tabiZis werilebSi zogi ram sakamaTo, zogi
mosazreba miuRebeli iyos, magram ZiriTadad misi werilebi arc
sadReisod kargaven mniSvnelobas, aqtualobas da Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis
safuZvlad iqcevian.
tician tabiZem 1929 wels rusul enaze dawera axali qarTuli
literatura, mokle narkvevi.
rogorc Cans narkvevi daiwera ZiriTadad im mizniT, rom
rusulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis waredgina XIX saukunis qarTuli
mwerloba Tavisi maRaleTikuri SinaarsiT, mravalferovnebiT.
Tu XX saukunis 10-iani wlebisTvis Jurnali `cisfer yanwebSi~
dabeWdil erTgvar saprogramo werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ tician tabiZe
upirispirdeboda 60-iani wlebis did warmomadgenelTa poetur pozicias,
maT poezias qarTuli mwerlobis magistraluri xazidan gadaxvevad
Tvlida. Tu tician tabiZis azriT, samocianelebma `qarTuli poeziis
yvavils dauwyes Secvla rusuli xorbliT~, riTac daSordnen qarTuli
poeziis bunebasac da saerTod WeSmariti poeziidanac Sors idgnen, 1929
wels daweril narkvevSi tician tabiZe mTlianad, radikalurad icvlis
140
Tavis Tvalsazriss. igi ukve savsebiT marTebulad XIX saukunis qarTul
poezias warmogvidgens, rogorc uwyveti ganviTarebis bunebriv gzas. aq
saTanadodaa gaxazuli mTeli XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis erovnul
Sinaarsi, saTanadodaa aRniSnuli qarTvel romantikosTa al. WavWavaZis,
gr. orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis damsaxureba, naCvenebia qarTveli
romantizmis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. Rirseulad arian Sefasebuli
saxelovani samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, sagangebod
aris xazgasmuli maTi poeziis Rrma moqalaqeobrivi da socialuri
Sinaarsi, is rac adre miuRebeli iyo ticianisaTvis. saTanado aqvs
miwyuli maTi skolis warmomadgenlebs, didi Tu naklebi talantis
SemoqmedT.
genialuri vaJa rogorc adreul eseSi, aqac tician tabiZis maRal
Sefasebas imsaxurebs, magram Tu adre igi gancalkevebiT mdgomad
aRiqmeboda qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, axla kanonzomieradaa
CarTuli qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, rogorc erTi misi
mwvervali.
tician tabiZis narkvevi mTlian warmodgenas gviqmnis XIX saukunis
yvela qarTveli mwerlis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavd misi Seqmnidan didi drois gasvlisa narkvevi ar kargavs
Tavis SemecnebiT mniSvnelobas, aqtualurobas. tician tabiZis
mosazrebebs momavalSic ar moakldebaT saTanado yuradReba da interesi.
141
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32. maxaraZe a., qarTuli romantizmi, Tb., 1982
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