ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား

Report on a seminar organised byNDF and UNLD–LA in collaboration withthe National Reconciliation Programme, and

the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation,

jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT FOR BURMA

trsdK;om;'Drd kua&pDwyfaygif;pk/jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJGŒcsKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) ESifhtrsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tpDtpOfESifh 'uf[rfrm;&d+;azgifa';&Sif;tzJGŒwdkŒrS

OD;aqmifusif;ycJhaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG. tpD&ifcHpm

toGiful;ajymif;a&;twGufvufiif;wm0efrsm;

Priorities in Transition

Chiang Mai, 2004

Available from:

UNLD-LAP. O. Box - 49Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, 50202Thailand

and

Dag Hammarskjold FoundationOvre Slottsgatan 2SE-753 10 UPPSALA, SwedenFax: +46-18-12 20 72Email: [email protected] site: www.dhf.uu.se

Layout & design: Sai MawnCover: Mattias Lasson

Published by: NDF, UNLD-LA andthe Dag Hammarskjold Foundation

ISBN: 91-85214-41-8

Printed by: UNLD Press, Chiang Mai, 2004

rmwdumcontents

trSmpum; .............................................................................................. 5ed'gef; ....................................................................................................... 9“'uf[rfrm;&_d;azmifa';&Sif;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf

tjcm;enf;vrf; a[majymwifjycsufrsm;.tusOf;csKyf” ......................... 13“toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh

toGiful;ajymif;jyD;aemuf awG@}uHK&rnfh jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;” ......... 17“EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;/ tem*wfjy\empdefac:csufrsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&_a'gifhrsm;” ......................................................................... 33“'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwGif; rD'D,m.tcef;u¾/toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif; rD'D,m. tcef;u¾ESifh

jynfolvlxk. owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh” ...................................................... 55“zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;/ ta&S@wDarmtawG@t}uHK”................ 75“EdkifiHwumrS zdwf=um;a[majymapaomynm&Sifrsm;” ............................ 05

Preface ............................................................................................... 95Introduction ..................................................................................... 97The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and AnotherDevelopment" ................................................................................ 99Kjell-Ake Nordquist: "Priorities in Transition andPost-Transitional Challenges" ..................................................... 130Walden Bello: "International Institutions, TransnationalCorporations and Globalisation: Future Challenges andAlternative Perspectives" ............................................................. 130Sheila Coronel: "The Role of Media in the Struggle forDemocracy, the Role of Media during Transition andthe Right to Know" ..................................................................... 130Emilia Pires: "Strategies for Development-Experiences from East Timor" ............................................... 137International Resource Persons ................................................ 149

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“'Drdkua&pDjrefrmEdkifiHay:xGef;a&;” T&nfrSef;csufjzifhyif usaemfwdk@v_yf&Sm;awmfvSefae=uygonf? usaemfwdk@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDvdkcsifygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;vdkcsifygonf? usaemfwdk@Ed kifiHtwGif;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;udkav;pm;vdkufem apmifhxdef;aomtajctaeudk vdkcsifygonf? odk@aomf ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;aeonfum;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdppftm%m&Siftpdk;& jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppftm%m&SifpepfjzifhtkyfcsKyfaecJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; (40) ausmf=umjrifhvm+yD jzpfygonf? TtESpf(40) rSm &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfaom/ vltrsm;qif;&JEHkcsm&aom 'kuQwGif;&SdtESpf (40) jzpfygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;ae=uaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm tiftm;t&}uD;rm;rsm;jym;+yD;/ trsKd;tpm;t&vnf; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;r_ rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:vmapa&;[laomtjrifay: Y wnDw!Gwfwnf;&Sd=uygonf?ppftm%m&Sifpepfonf rvGJraoGwae@wGif rkcsusqHk;&rnfjzpfonf? [email protected]%monf [email protected];odk@ rvGJraoGoufqif;ap&rnfjzpfonf? TtdyfrufrsKd;jzpf&efvnf; ESpftawmfwef=umEdkifao;onf?odk@aomf rsm;r=umrD umvwGifvnf; jzpfvmEdkifp&mta=umif;vnf;&Sdaeygonf? TtajctaersKd;jzpfvmyguay;tyfvmaom tcGifhta&;tay: toHk;csI rdrdwdk@ar#mfrSef;xm;aom rdrdwdk@,Hk=unfxm;aom vl@abmifopfw&yfwnfaxmif&ef jyifqifr_rsm;jyKvkyfxm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf?

TtajctaeopfwGif rdrdwdk@taejzifhpdefac:r_topfrsm;jzifh}uHKawG@=u&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@ wdkif;jynfay:odk@usa&mufvmrnfh zdpD;r_topfrsKd;pHkudkvnf; }uHK=u&rnfjzpfonf? TtajctaeopftwGuf rjyifqifxm;ygu/TtajctaewGif jzpfay:wdk;wufvmrnfh zGH@+zdK;r_topfrsm;twGuf ,ae@tajctaeupI rjyifqifxm;ygu/ vlxktrsm;pk}uD;taejzifh ajymif;vJaeaomacwfopfajymif;rnfh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;rS wzef aemufcsefxm;&pfapaom tajctaersKd; xyfrH}uHK awG@=u&vdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? ESpfumvaygif;rsm;pGm tywfwukwftm;xkwfcJh=u&aom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;

6

taejzifh tv[\jzpf&aom tajctaersKd;vnf; }uHKaumif; }uHKEdkifygonf? tajctaeopfwGif EdkifiHjcm;&Sdukr%D}uD;rsm;u rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynf&Sdobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vma&mufcs,fvS,faeaomtaetxm;rsKd;/rdrdwdk@. jynfyydk@ukefrsm;udk xdef;csKyfcHae&aom taetxm;rsKd;udkvnf;tHHtm;oifhzG,f}uHK&aumif; }uHK&Edkifygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;. aºuG;yifv,ftwGif;epfae&aom tajctaersKd;vnf; }uHKawG&aumif; }uHK&Edkifygonf? TtaºuG;rsm;a=umifholwdk@Oya'vdkufemae&onfrsKd;/ rdrdwdk@. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk olrsm;v$Jay;vkduf&onfrsKd;vnf; jzpfvmEdkifygonf?

Todk@ rjzpfap&ef jyifqifr_rsm;udk ,ckyifp&ygvdrfhrnf? zGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf&mwGif vltrsm;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdrnfh vkyfief;pOfudkysKd;axmif=u&ygvdrfhrnf? rdrdwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. &dk;&mpOfvmawG;ac:r_rsm;udk xif[yfrnfh rdrdwdk@ qENvdkvm;csufrsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfhrdrdwdk@ar#mfrSef;csufrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfay;rnfh zGH@+zdK;r_ pDrHudef;rsKd;jzpfap&ygvdrfhrnf? taemufEdkifiH}uD;rsm;uoGwfoGif;vmonfh/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;u vdkufemap&ef csay;rnfh zGH@+zdK;r_yHkpHrsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? rdrdwdk@taejzifh “t=uHwlaemufvlomp+rJ”qdkaom pum;yHktwdkif; aemufusrSaqmif&GufcGifh&aoma=umifh tusKd;tjrwfvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh tjcm;a&S@uoGm;aomEdkifiHrsm;. trSm;rsKd;udk xyfrHrjzpfyGg;ap&ef oifcef;pm,ljyKjyifEdkif=urnf aumif;aomtwk,lEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rlvpwifpOfumvuyif rdrdwdk@vrf;udkrdrdwdk@owfrSwf&SmzGEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

Tvkyfief;pOftwGuf rsKd;aphudkysKd;rd=u+yD? }uD;xGm;vmap&ef a&avmif;aygif;oifzdk@om &Sdawmhonf? TtpD&ifcHpmonf “jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuftjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;” "Another Developmentfor Burma" [laom acgif;pOfatmufrS aqmif&GufaompDrHcsufrS rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtwGufta&;}uD;aom tjcm;a&G;vrf;rsm;ponfhaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@a&G; cs,fr_onfrdrdwdk@Ed kifiH a&&Snftem*gwftwGuf tusKd;oufa&mufapvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? TudpPrsm;onf rdrdwdk@vufiif;aqmif&Gufaeaom 'Drdkua&pD

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

7

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ tm%m&Sifpepf ed*Hk;csKyfapa&; paom vkyfief;pOfrsm;uJhodk@yif/ vwfwavmuyif }udKpOf;pm;xm;&awmhrnfh ta&;}uD;aomudpPrsm; jzpfygonf?

TpDrHcsufudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rStiftm;pkrsm;tus,ftjyef@ yg0ifcJh=uygonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w) ESifh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf(,ltJeft,fvf'D) vGwfajrmufe,fajr — wdk@u uruxjyK+yD;/ trsKd;om;jyefvifhoifhjrwfa&;tpDtpOf National Reconciliation ProgramatmufwGifaqmif&GufcJh=u jcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifyl;aygif;ulnDcJh=uaom 'uf[rfrm;&_d;azmifa';&Sif;udk rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?xdk@tjyif yg0ifyl;aygif;ulnDcJh=uaom urBmt&yf&yfrS jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rdwfaqGrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;azmfjyvdkygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmrStajccHI tjcm;aomaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jzpfvmapa&;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;r_ay;vmEdkifrnf/ v_H@aqmfay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf? jynfwGif;jynfy&Sd jrefrmjynfolrsm;t=um; TuJhodk@ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyef@ESH@vmaprnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkifav#mufvSrf;=u&rnfhvrf;udk a&G;cs,f&eftvkyfrSmvG,fulaomwm0efr[kwfyg? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvaemufydkif;tcuftcJ pdefac:r_rsm;onf vuf&Sdppftm%m&Sifpepfed*Hk;csKyfapa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_umvuJhodk@yif yifyef;cufcJvdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtppftrSefpepfjzpfapa&;twGuf/a&&Snfwnfwef@cdkif+rJapa&;twGuf Tvkyfief;pOfwGif wwfEdkifoavmufjynfoltrsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=u&ef vdktyfygonf? vlxkvlwef;pmtv$mtoD;oD;rS jynfolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk vdktyfygonf?TtcuftcJpdefac:r_rsm;udk jynfoltrsm;tm;jzifh &ifqdkif=u&rnfjzpfygonf?

apma';ApfaxmOuUX/ qDrDemnd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufr_aumfrwD

trSmpum;

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9

ed'gef;

TtpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;twGufpDpOfjyKvkyfaom tqifhjrifhaqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJwGif a[majymonfh wifjycsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfrSwfwrf;tjzpf jyefvnfazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ,if;aqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJudk 2003 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txdxdkif;EdkifiH rJaqmuf+rdK@wGif 'uf[rfrm;&_d;azgifa';&Sif;u trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tpDtpOftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufv#uf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w) wdk@ESifhtwl pDpOfusif;ycJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

Ttpnf;ta0;onf “jrefrmEdkifiH zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;” acgif;pOfjzifh qufvufusif;yoGm;rnfh tpnf;ta0;rsm;.yxrqkH;aomtpnf;ta0;vnf;jzpfygonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&mrlrsm;ESifh ygwfoufaom tjcm;tjrif&_a'gifhrsm; tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udkod&SdvmEdkifap&efESifh yg0ifwufa&muf=uolrsm;taejzifhvnf; vwfwavmaqmif&Gufaeonfh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. jyifyudpP&yfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ta&;}uD;onfh zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufr_qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk pOf;pm;aqGaEG;Edkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;&&dS=uap&ef jzpfygonf?

TaqG;aEGyJGodk@ 'uf[rf;rm;&d_; azgifa';&Sif;rS OD;aqmifol0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if EdkifiHwum OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;ol ynm&Sifrsm;/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;tpDtpOftzGJ@rS aqmf=oa&;rSL;rsm;/ pnf;&kH;a&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0if acgif;aqmif pkpkaygif; (30) ausmfwufa&mufcJh=uygonf? aqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJodk@ atmufyg OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;olynm&Sifrsm;udk zdwf=um;cJhygonf?

Dr. Kjell-Ake Nordquist -tkyfqmvm wuUodkvf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh yÉdyuQqdkif&mokawoeXme?Dr. Walden Bello -Focus on the Global South tzGJ@/ befaumuf+rdK@ESifh reDvm+rdK@?Sheila Coronel -zdvpfydkifEdkifiH pkHprf;ppfaq;a&; owif;pmynm A[dkXme/ reDvm+rdK@?


10

Ms. Emilia Pires -ta&S@wDarmEdkifiH/ pDrHudef;ESifh b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xme?

aqG;aEG;yGJudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;oabmobm0 'Drdkua&pDESifh jynfolvlxkyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_udk cdkifrmatmifwnfaqmuf&mwGifowif;rD'D,mrsm;.tcef;u¾ *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; (urBmvkH;qdkif&m,SufEG,fr_) ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_wdk@qufpyfaeyHk paom acgif;pOfrsm;jzifh pDpOfcJhygonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t+yD;ta&S@wDarmEdkifiH. awG@}uHK&aom pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftjzpftysufrsm; (txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif}uHKawG@=u&onfhtcuftcJrsm;udk) vnf; aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;/ wufa&mufol acgif;aqmiftrsm;utxl;pdwf0ifwpm; aqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf?

aqG;aEG;yGJudk a'gufwm p0fZef@a,mifa[G/ cGef;'uf'Dbl;&D ESifh apma';Apfawm wdk@uobmywdrsm;tjzpf uruxjyK aqmif&Gufay;cJh=u+yD;a[majymcsufrsm;udk a'gufwmEdkifatmif/ OD;ndKtkef;jrifhESifh a'gufwmqvdkif;vsefr_ef; qmacgif;wdk@u jrefrmbmom jyefqdkay;=uygonff?

tpnf;ta0;wGif a[majymwifjycsufrsm;rSm —Kjell-Ake Nordquist: "Priorities in Transition" and "Post-Transitional Challenge"toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh toGiful;ajymif;+yD;aemuf awG@}uHK&rnfh jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;?Walden Bello: "International Institutions, Transnational Cor-porations and Globalization - Future Challenges and Alter-native Perpectives"EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHpkHaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;/ ‚if;wdk@ESifhygwfoufaom tem*wfjy\em pdefac:csufrsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&_a'gifhrsm;?

Sheila Coronel: " The Role of Media in the Struggle forDemocracy", The Role of Media During Transition" and "TheRight to Know"'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwGif; rD'D,m. tcef;u¾/ toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif; rD'D,m. tcef;u¾ESifh jynfolvlxk. owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh?

ed'gef;

11

Emilia Pires: "Strategies for Develpment - Experiences fromEast Timor"zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;/ ta&S@wDarmtawG@t}uHK?

aqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;ygtjrifrsm;rSm oufqdkif&mOD;aqmifaqG;aEG;olynm&Sifrsm;.tjrifrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ 'uf [rf;rm;&d_; azgifa';&Sif;. tjrifrsm;udk xif[yfazmfjyjcif;r[kwfay? Twifjycsuf tusOf;csKyfrsm;rSm aqG;aEG;yGJtwGif;zrf;,lxm;aom toHoGif;wdwfacGrsm;rSaeI 'uf[rf;rm;&d_;azmifa';&Sif;rS qDqDvD,m AGef tdkwm (Cecilia von Otter) u jyefvnfrSwfwrf;jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

'uf[rf;rm;&d+;azgifa';&Sif;

13

'uf[rf;rm;&d+;azgifa';&Sif;ESifh zGH_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

'uf[rf;rm;&d_;azgifa';&Sif;udk OD;oef@t&ifa&S@uwm0ef,lcJhaomukvor*~. 'kwd,ajrmuf twGif;a&rSL;csKyf 'uf[rf;rm;&d_; uG,fvGef+yD;onfh aemufol@udk*k%fjyKonfhtaejzifh 1961 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf?TtzGJ@taejzifh/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_qdkif&me,fy,fY tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI tESpf (30) ausmf=um wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhygonf? tzGJ@.&nf&G,fcsufrSm ,ae@acwfwdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_ykHpHrsm;. yifra&pD;a=umif;udk tuJjzwfppfaq;ae&efESifh txl;ojzifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm; (zGH@+zdK;qJESifh qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm; — jyefqdkol).tjrifudk tav;ay;wifjy&efjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif wwd,pepf (vlxktajcjyKvlxktzGJ@tpnf;) rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;ab;z,fxm;jcif;cHxm;&aomtiftm;pkrsm;xHrS &_axmifhtjrifrsm;/ ajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;rsm;udk t"durD;armif;xdk;jy&efvnf; jzpfygonf? aemufa=umif; tajccHtrsdK;rdsK;rSvm=uaom wdk;wufaomtiftm;pkrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; azgifa';&Sif;tzGJ@uus,fjyef@aomjy\emrsm;tay: tjcm;aomtjrif&_axmifhrS a0zefqef;ppfjcif;/ qef;opfonfh pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsm;ESifh tajz&Smjcif;paomvkyfief;rsm;udk aphaqmfay;&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf?

“zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;” qdkonfht,ltqudk 'uf[rf;rm;&d_;azmifa';&Sif;u pkpnf;cJh+yD;/ ,ae@bmvkyf=urnfenf; — zGHH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;[kacgif;pOfay;xm;aom tpD&ifcHpmwapmif yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;jzpfygonf?Tpmwrf;onf xdyfwef;ay:vpDcsrSwfolrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm; (120) ausmfyg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=uonfh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m 1975 'uf[rf;rm;&d_; pDrHcsuf. t"duoD;yGifhvmaom&vm'fvnf;jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmudk ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH owWrt}udrftpnf;ta0;wGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomtpD&ifcHpmw&yf taejzifhwifoGif;cJhygonf? Tpmwrf;udk urBmht"dubmom}uD; (6) bmomjzifhvnf; bmomjyef xkwfa0xm;+yD; jzpfygonf?

pDrHcsufwGif t"duyg0ifygwfoufcJh=uaomyk*~dKvfrsm;. okH;oyfcsuft& “zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuftjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;” qdk


14

onfrSm “jynfolvlxkudk t"duA[dkcsufrtjzpf xm;&rnfjzpf+yD; vlom;wdk@. &kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif; ESpfckvkH;twGuf tajccHvdktyfr_rsm;udk auseyfjynfh0pGmcHpm;&&Sdap&rnf jzpfonf? ydkIus,fjyef@onft"dyg,ft& ajym& v#ifEdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfauseyfr_ &&dSap&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif TzGH@+zdK;r_pDrHudef;rsm;onf udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;aom tajccH&Sd&rnfhtjyif/ a&ajra'otajccHESifh udkufnDaom jynfwGif;jzpfvnf; jzpfap&rnf? a*[aA'pepf (tyifESifhowW0g obm0ygwf0ef;usif qufEG,fr_qdkif&mpepf) t&vnf; vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpf&ygrnf? xdk@jyif 'Drdkua&pDenf;usaomEdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tay:wGiftajcjyKI/tjcm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk &&SdEdkifatmifzefwD;ay;Edkifaom enf;vrf;vnf; jzpf&rnf”? Todk@jzpfay:ap&efrSm zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;jzifhom jzpfEdkifbG,f&m&Sdonf[k xdkynm&Sifrsm;ucH,l=uygonf? zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuftjcm;enf;vrf; onf vlr_a&;t&/vdift&/ vlrsKd;t&/ odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaet& cGJjcm;qufqHzdESdyfr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkifrnfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk&SmazG wnfaqmufjcif;Yvnf;/ta&;yg aomudpPw&yftjzpf tusKH;0ifygonf? xdk@tjyif vltrsm;yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh A[k0g' (vlrsKd;pHkt,l0g'aygif;pHktwl&Sifoefaexdkifa&;0g') oabmaqmifonfh jzpfpOfvnf;jzpfygonf?

Tazgifa';&Sif;tzGJ@onf “,ae@bmvkyf=urnfenf;” [laom tpD&ifcHpmudk 1975 ckESpfY azmfxkwfwifjy+yD;cJhonfh tcsdefrSpI ,if;tpD&ifcHpmwGiftqdkðyxm;cJhaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;qdkif&mr[mAsL[mrsm;udk u¾tvdkuf zufpHkaxmifhpHktjrifrsm;jzpfay:wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf wpdkufrwfrwftm&Hkxm; }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?,if;tjrifrsm;udkvnf; vuf&SdzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;Edkifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJhygonf? azmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@}uD;. T r[mAsL[mtjrifrsm;udk usef;rma&;qdkif&m/ ynma&;qdkif&m/ odyHESifh enf;ynmqdkif&m/ rsdK;&dk;ADZ&if;jrpfrsm;udpP/ ZD0enf;ynmqdkif&m/ owif;tcsuftvufESifh qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;ay:vpDESifh vufeufzsufodrf;a&;rlrsm;ponfh u¾toD;oD;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifqufvuf tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;azmfjycJh=u+yD;jzpfygonf?

'uf[rf;rm;&d+;azgifa';&Sif;

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azmifa';&Sif;. vwfwavmt"duvkyfaqmifaeaomvkyfief;rsm;

vwfwavmtaejzifh atmufygpDrHcsuf e,fy,fokH;ckESifh oufqdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;tay: t"duaZmif;ay; vkyfaqmifaeygonf?

• Nanotechnology uJhodk@aom enf;ynmopfrsm;ay:aygufvmaoma=umifh/ vlr_a&;e,fyg,fESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usifwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkxdcdkuf tusdK;oufa&mufr_&Sdaprnfudk pl;prf;&SmazGaomaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? (2001 ckESpfwGif yxrt}udrfEdkifiHwumaqG;aEG;yGJwck usif;ycJh+yD;/ 2001-2003 ckESpftwGif;a'oqdkif&maqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk qufvufusif;y ðyvkyfcJhygonf)?

• jynfya&muf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh “jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;” acgif;pOfjzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm; usif;yaompDrHcsufw&yf aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tem*wf 'Drdkua&pDjrefrmEdkifiHawmfjzpfay:vmaomtcg aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm;/r[mAsL[mrsm;udk a0zefydkif;jcm;aqG;aEG;vm=uap&ef/ v_H@aqmfr_w&yftaejzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf?

• “tem*gwfrSm rnfodk@qufvufaqmif&Guf=urnfenf;” (WhatNext) qdkonfh pDrHcsufudkvnf; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? TpDrHcsufopfu “'Dae@bmvkyf=urnfenf;” pDrHcsufpwifcJhcsdefrSpI vGefcJhaom (25) ESpfwmumvtwGif; jzpfay:cJhaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;. todokwrsm;udk tajccH+yD;/ ydkIta&;}uD;onfh tjcm;tajr‡mftjrifopfrsm;/ tem*gwfwGif óuHvm&EdkifzG,f&Sdaom pdefac:r_topf/ jy\emtopfrsm;udk &SmazGpl;prf;&ef &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifaeaom pDrHcsufjzpfygonf? tem*wfrSm rnfodk@qufvuf aqmif&Guf=urnfenf; qdkonfhpDrHcsufjzifh vmrnfhESpfumvrsm;twGif;urBm}uD;tm;trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&muf/ &dkufcwfr_&SdvmEdkifonfh tjcm;awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_rsm;udk az:xkwfjcif;/ pkpnf;rGrf;rHjcif;ESifh jyefvnfjzef@jzL;jcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf?


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xdk@tjyif azgif;a';&Sif;tzGJ@}uD;taejzifh rsm;pGmus,fjyef@aomjy\emrsm;udk ulnDajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf/ aqmif&Gufaeaom pDrHcsuftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; qufvufaqmif&Gufv#uf &Sdygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhtoGifulajymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfhpdrfac:csufrsm;

&SJvf=atmfum aemh'fuGpftkyfqmvm wuUodkvf_idrfcsrf;a&;ESifh yÉdyuQqdkif&mokawoeXme

&SJvf=atmfum aemh'fuGpf

19

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhtoGifulajymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfhpdrfac:csufrsm;

&SJvf=atmfum aemh'fuGpftkyfqmvmwuUodkvf _idrfcsrf;a&;ESifh yÉdyuQqdkif&mokawoeXme

wifjycsuf yxrydkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv twGif;YOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh }uHKawG@&Edkifaom jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;udk a,bl,sokH;oyfwifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;rSmrltoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh}uHKawG@&avh&Sdaom jy\emrsm;udkaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? txl;ojzifhwm0efcGJa0r_/ wm0ef,lr_ ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;/ ppfav#mfa=u;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;tydkif;wGifrltpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;r_rsm;. &vm'ftESpfcsKyfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGifOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;

yÉdyuQrSefor#wdk@wGif a,bl,stm;jzifh tydkif;okH;ydkif;yg0ifygonf?,if;wdk@rSm yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQwGif; aqmif&[email protected];ESifh yÉdyuQqdkif&[email protected]; wdk@jzpfygonf?,if;wdk@onf wcktay:wck tjyeftvSef=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? Oyrm — usaemfwdk@ ppfqifa&;wck (yÉdyuQ tjyKtrl) vkyfonfhtcg ,if;ppfqifa&;u usefonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&muf apygonf? Oyrm — jyif;xefaomoabmxm;rsm;jzifh wkef@jyefjcif;/xdktwGufa=umifhyif trkef;oHo&mvnfae&jcif;rsm; qufvufjzpfay:apygonf? Ttqdk;oHo&mudk zsufqD;ypf&efqdkv#if usaemfwdk@onf yÉdyuQ. tpdwftydkif;wckckudk ajymif;vJypf&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;udpPw&yfudk aqmif&Guf&eftwGufqdkv#if usaemfwdk@taejzifh yÉdyuQ. tpdwftydkif;okH;ckvkH;udkajymif;vJypfvdkuf&ef vdktyfygonf? Tae&mwGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv[kqdkonfhteuft"dy`g,frSm xdkyÉdyuQwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;u ajymif;vJawmhrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;+yD;aemuf/ ajymif;


20

vJr_tpDtpOfrsm; pwif tajcwnfrdaomumvESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mopfw&yfudk pwifcsrSwftaumiftxnfaz:Edkifonfh tcsdefudkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh — zGJ@pnf;ykHtkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opf w&yfudka&;qGJjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;ta=umif; usaemfwdk@ajym=uonfhtcg/ OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&m vkyfief;rsm;udk tajccHta=umif;&if; (3) ckjzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfygonf? Tta=umif;t&if; (3) ckrSm —

• ‚if;vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf[k rdrdu,lq+yD;/rdrdqifajcjzifh usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfonf[k,lqaom vkyfief;rsm;?

• 'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;rSmorkwdoabmqef+yD;/ rdrdtuJjzwfcsuft& (odk@r[kwf) rdrdcH,lxm;aom tawG;tac:t& tajccHvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsKd;jzpfonf?

• wwd,tm;jzifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdwGif&Sdaom vltm;aiGtm;tuef@towftay: tajccHI (Oyrm —vlOD;a&rvkHavmufjcif;/ u|rf;usifr_t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;/odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;&kyfb0t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;) OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk zGJ@pnf;ykHoabmt&&_jrifjcif;

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkudk zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mt& tv$mokH;cktjzpfcGJjcm; &_jrifEdkifonf? txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tv,ftvwfydkif; ESifh atmufajcvlxkrsm;tydkif;wdk@jzpfonf? Ttv$mtoD;oD;wdk@wGif olwdk@. oufqdkif&macgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdygonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfr[mAsL[mt& ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@onf xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfzdk@tcGifhtvrf;&Sd+yD;/ atmufajcvlxktydkif;ESifh xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufpyfay;Edkifaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf obm0t&udkuyif xdyfydkif;ESifh atmufajcudkqufoG,fay;olrsm;jzpfonf? atmufajcacgif;aqmifrsm;onf


21

jynfolvlxktrsm;pkudk xdawG@qufqHI rdrdrl0g'rsm;udkcsjy&ef tpGrf;aqmifEdkifqHk;aom tcGifhtvrf;&Sdonfh ta&;}uD;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf vnfywfa&;twGuf ta&;tygqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf;jzpf=uonf? Ttv$mokH;ckvkH;onfEdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg tusdK;oufa&mufr_cH=u&+yD;/ ,if; jzpfpOf. tpdyftydkif;rsm;tjzpfyg0ifv_yf&Sm;=u&ygonf?odk@a=umifhyif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ uJhodk@aom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tv$m (3) v$mvkH;udk tajymif;tvJESifhygwfoufI owif;ay;&ef/ od&Sdaeap&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif tv$m (3) ckpvHk;wGif jynfwGif;jynfy qufpyfr_aumif;aumif;&Sdae&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@rSomEdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiHvlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh ajymif;vJr_ESifhtnD vdkufygaqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

tjcm;jy\emwckrSm tv$m (3) ckvHk;=um;wGif &Sdaeaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udpPrsm; jzpfonf? atmufajctv$mrsm;ESifh tv,ftvwftv$mrsm;taejzifh txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; oabmwlnDr_&&Sdcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctae jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifhygwfouf+yD;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tqufrjywf&&Sdae&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@rSomEdkifiHa&;tajctae taxGaxGjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufIpdwftm;xufoefpGm/ taumif;jrifxm;um v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkif=urnfjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mt& qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fr_onf “atmufajcrS txufodk@” oGm;onfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifhtajymif;tvJudk o,faqmifoGm;rvm; (odk@r[kwf) txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGif; oabmwlnDcsufudk t&if&atmif,lrvm;qdkonfudka&G;cs,f&ef jzpfygonf? (odk@r[kwf) csOf;uyfr_yHkpH ESpfckvkH;jzifhvnf; aygif;pyfvkyfudkifaom enf;vrf;udkvnf;a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf?


22

rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm; (aqG;aEG;bufrsm;)rnfonfhtcsdefwGif tav#mhay;rnfenf;

yÉdyuQtajctaewGif &efzufjzpfae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJpm;yGJ0dkif;odk@ wufvmEdkifaom tajctaeudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef t,ltqw&yf &Sdygonf? Ttajctaeudk “ESpfzuftxdemaeaom r#ajctaetxm;” (Hurting stalemate) [kac:ygonf? oabmrSm ydkae+rJusm;ae+rJtaetxm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGuf ay;qyf&rnfh wefbdk;rsm; rsm;onfxufrsm;vmaom tajctaejzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifyif rdrdtompD;&atmif tajctaeudk rvkyfEdkif/ wdk;wufajymif;vJr,lEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfonf? xdktaetxm;wGif taumif;qHk;tajzrSm tajctaeudk vufawG@usus&_jrifwwfaom tiftm;pkvufxJYwnf&Sdonf? rdrdaqG;aEG;buf (,cif&efzuf tiftm;pkrsm;xJrS)aqG;aEG;ajyvnfEdkifaom tiftm;pkudkcsOf;uyfI ol.t=urf;zufajz&Sif;vdkaomtjyKtrludk ajymif;apI aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;qDodk@ wufvmapa&;yif jzpfonf?

a&&Snfjzpfaeaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJudk tqkH;owfjcif;(ausmif;oifcef;pm Oyrm)

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwckwGif ta&;;t}uD;qkH;aom tydkif;rSm xdkvlr_todkif;t0dkif;u vkH+cHKa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tajctaersm;udk &_jrifyHkyifjzpfonf? T&_jrifyHkrsm;ESifh,SOfv#uf tjcm;aomtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfpOfrsm;onf oabmw&m;t&ajym&v#if tpDtpOfwusjzpfay:wwfonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif yxrOD;qHk; jzpfay:vmonfh tydkif;u¾rSm tajccHqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tjrifzuftydkif;t&ajym&v#if yÉdyuQwGif t"duyg0ifygwfoufaeaom EdkifiHa&;Zmwfaumifrsm;u tajymif;tvJ}uD;}uD;rm;rm;vkyf&ef oabmwlvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?tajccHusonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; jzpfay:vmaponfh ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;rsm;pwifEdkifjcif;onfyif tvGefta&;ygvSonfh atmifjrifr_rsm;jzpfonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfxGef;atmifjrifzdk@qdkygu t"dupOf;pm;=u&


23

rnfhtcsufrSm oabmwlnDcsufrsm;&&ef rnfolawGu t"duaqG;aEG;zufZmwfaumifrsm;jzpfonfudk &SmazGowfrSwf&efjzpfonf? a,bl,s udkifpGJoifhaomenf;vrf;wckrSm oabmwlnDcsuf&+yD;ygu jyefvnfazgufzsufEdkifolqdkygu ToabmwlnDcsufcsrSwf&m aqG;aEG;0dkif;Y ab;z,fxm;&efyifjzpfonf? vkH+cHKa&;buftydkif;tjrifzufuajym&v#if tajccHoabmwlnDcsuf&&ef qdkonfrSm ae&ma'otm;vkH;Y typftcwfrsm;&yfpJxm;a&;yifjzpfonf? vkH+cHKa&;r&Sdv#if vltrsm;u qufvufpdk;&drfa=umifh=uae=urnf jzpf+yD; xdkoHo,rsm;a=umifhyif aqG;aEG;yGJrS xGufcGgoGm;=uonfvnf; &SdEdkifygonf?

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;wGif 'kwd,ta&;t}uD;qHk;u¾rSm tpdk;&opfw&yfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&eftwGuf jyifqif=ujcif; jzpfonf?EdkifiHa&;t&qdkv#if toGifulajymif;a&;umv =um;jzwftpdk;& trsdK;tpm;wckckudk zGJ@pnf;avh&Sd=uygonf? vkH+cHKa&;tydkif;t&qkdygu wyfrawmfopfESifh &JwyfzGJ@opftwGuf wyfom;opfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusifhay;jcif;wdk@yg0ifavh&Sd ygonf?

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;wGif wwd,ta&;t}uD;qHk;tydkif;u¾rSm EdkifiHa&;taqmufttkHw&yfudk zGJ@pnf;qif,ifjcif; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yjcif; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'opfw&yfudk twnfjyKjcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?vkH+cHKa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if wyfrawmfopfESifh &JwyfzGJ@rsm;jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;udpPrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;wGif pwkw?ta&;}uD;aomtydkif;u¾rSm EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m taqmufttkHopfrsm;udk owfowfrSwfrSwf zGJ@pnf;ae&mcsjcif;ESifh oufqdfkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#iftpdk;&Xmersm;/ at*sifpDrsm;udk vdktyfovdk xyfrHzGJ@pnf;ae&mcsxm;jcif;rsm;yg0if+yD; vkH+cHKa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if vkH+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@opfrsm;udk avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;/ ynmay;jcif;jzifh t&nftaoG;jynfh0onfh/ rdrdvkyfief;udkom u|rf;usifvkyfaqmifonfhtiftm;pkrsm; jzpfvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif; wdk@yg0ifonf?


24

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;. ta&;}uD;aomyÌrtydkif;u¾rSm vlr_a&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& ,kH=unfr_&&Sdvmap&ef wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&ajymv#if tpdk;&opfonf t*wdvkdufpm;jcif;rsm;&Sd - r&Sd ? EdkifiHom;rsm;tay: w&m;r#r#wwESifh wef;wl&nfwlqufqHjcif;&Sd - r&Sd qdkonffhtcsufrsm;ESifhoufqdkifygonf? vkH+cHKa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if vkH+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sd&efESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf vGwfvyfpGm/ EdkifiHa&;=oZmESifh oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm aqmif&GufcGifh&Sd&ef jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfwGif ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmuf=u&eftwGuf aemufqkH;jy\emrSm twdwfudkrnfodk@em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif =urnfenf; [laomudpPjzpfonf?tm;vkH;aumif;arGqdk;arGcHjzwfoef;cJh=uaom twdwfordkif;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkt"dyg,fjzifh jyefvnfazmfjyrnfenf;[laom jy\emyifjzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk a&S;&_onfhjzpfpOftwGif;}uHKawG@&rnfhjy\em (3) ck —

• 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepftajymif;tvJtwGuf v_yf&Sm;cJh=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfaomtcg/ trSefwu,fajymif;vJr_rsm; pwifaomtcg twlwuGvdkufygEdkif - rvdkufygEdkifqdkaomjy\emjzpfonf? olwdk@twGuf tusdK;tjrwfwpkHw&m=unfhIusefaeEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf a&omcdk avS}uHKvdkufolrsm;&SdaeEdkifonf? xdkolrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@udkifwG,fqufqH =urnfenf;?

• awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;aepOfumvu awmfvSefa&;twGif;twl&yfwnf &kef;uefaejcif;uyif tcsif;csif;nD!Gwfr_ESifh cGeftm;udkjzpfapygonf? TawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh (txl;ojzifhwyfaygif;pkjzifh pkzGJ@v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;tajctaewGif) &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudka&muf&Sd&ef eD;uyfvmonfhtcsdefY oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;}uHK&Edkifygonf? tcsif;csif; wyfaygif;pk pkzGJ@v_yf&Sm;&mrS vrf;cGJ=u&rnfh tajctaersKd;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? xdkodk@vrf;rcGJrDtajctaersKd;Y rnfodk@aom atmifjrifr_&onftxd twlwuG aqmif&Guf


25

oifhonf paomtcsufudk wif}udKI oabmwlxm;&ef vdkygonf?Ttcsuftay: pGJ+rJpGm&yfwnfI wdkufyGJ. aemufqkH;tcsdeftxdv_yf&Sm;r_udk tpGrf;ukeftm;jznfhoGm;=u&ef vdktyfygonf?

• EdkifiHwckwGif rdrdjzwfoef;cJh&aomtwdwfudkjyefvnf okH;oyfEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;ESifhwdkuf&dkufroufqdkifaom ae&mwck &Sd&efvdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif rdrdqkyfudkif&yfwnfxm;csufrsm;udk vG,fvG,fpGef@ypfwwf/ wefzdk;rxm;cH&aom tajctae}uHK&onfvnf;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aomtiftm;pkrsm;. tjrifrsm;udkvnf; tav;xm;azmfjy&ef arhavsmhaewwf=uygonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;onf tkyfpkwck. tusdK;pD;yGm;/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;.tusdK;pD;yGm;xufydkI trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaeaomudpPrsm; jzpfwwfygonf? ,if;jy\emrsKd;udk qufvufaqG;aEG; oifh=uygonf?aemufaemifwGif rD;yGg;rSrD;avmifonfhES,f }uD;rm;onfh EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; jzpfrvmrD xdkjy\emrsm;.tajzudk&SmEdkif&eftwGufaqG;aEG; ESD;aESmtjrifzvS,fEdkifaom “awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;pifjrifh”wck zefwD;xm;ay;oifh ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemuf }uHKawG@&rnfh jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;

jrefrmjynfwGif tajymif;tvJudkjrifawG@vdkaom rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&; jzpfay:vmygurnfonfhtajctaersm;}uHK&Edkifrnfudk ar#mfrSef;xm;oifhonfh jy\emwck jzpfygonf? Todk@ awG;qxm;csufonf jy\emtwGif; udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifae&aom olrsm;.twGif;ydkif;tjrif&_a'gifh jzpfygvdrfhonf?odk@aomf jyifyu avhvmapmifh=unfhae=uaomolrsm;. tjrifwGifrlEdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvqdkonfrSm raocsm ra&&maomtvGefowd xm;+yD;apmifh=unfhae=u&rnfh umvwcktjzpf jrif=urnfjzpfygonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvonf Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& odwfr=umoifhyg? ,if;umvonf “ykHrSef” tajctaersdK;uJhodk@vnf; rjzpfapoifhay?


26

,ckqufvuf aqG;aEG;r_wGif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvaemufydkif;wGifrnfodk@ qufvufjzpfysufEdkifonf/ wufvmaom tpdk;&opftaejzifhrnfonfhjy\emrsm; t"du&ifqdkif=u&rnfudk qufvufaqG;aEG; wifjyrnfjzpfonf?

- ykHrSeftajctaejyefvnf jzpfay:apjcif;

EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzwfoef;+yD;onfESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;taejzifh [email protected]&;udpPudkwajz;ajz; aemufwef;odk@ydk@vdkuf=urnfjzpfonf? OD;pm;ay;tjzpf qufvufpOf;pm;=uawmhrnfr[kwfay? Todk@jzifh rdrdwdk@udkaxmufcH yHhydk;aeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmhenf;usqif;vmEdkifaomtajctaewGif a&enf;enf;udk olaomufrnfigaomufrnf qdkonfh yÉdyuQrsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf wwfEdkifoIapmpGm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;udpPrsm;udk }udKwifoabmwlowfrSwfxm;Edkifygu taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf? tvm;wlaumif;rGefonfhenf;vrf;wckrSm rdrd.zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udk,fydkifr[mAsL[mcsrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm; tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;aumif;rGefatmif xdef;xm;&efjzpfonf? odk@rSom ykHrSefaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;qufvuf&&Sdaeatmif jyifqifxm; Edkifrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&opftzdk@ rdrd.b¾ma&;tajccHay:wGifyif&yfwnf&Sifoef&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktcsdefrSpI rdrd.b¾ma&;tajccHudk pl;prf;avhvmxm;oifhonfh tcsdefjzpfonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;+yD;csdefumvonf jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ EdkifiHwumrdom;pk tv,fwGif EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif wifhwifhw,fw,f &yfwnfoifhaomtcsdeftcgvnf; jzpfoifhygonf? EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhquf qH&mwGif rdrd&yfwnfcsufudk rdrdzmomjyXmef;Edkifaom rdrd.tqifhae&mudk owfrSwfjyXmef;Edkifaom EdkifiHwcktjzpf zefwD;,l=u&rnfjzpfonf?


27

- ppfavsmfa=u;ESifh ppfa=umifhysufpD;&r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udpPrsm;

acwfopfjrefrmjynfordkif;opfESifh ygwfoufIvnf;aumif;/ ordkif;qdk;arGaumif;arGrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: &dkufcwfcsufrsm;ESifh ygwfoufIvnf;aumif; rjzpfraeajz&Sif;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? TudpPrSm toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftwGif;Yom oufqdkifaom udpPwckr[kwfay? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm csDI=umjrifhatmifajz&Sif;=u&rnfh pdrfac:csufjzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifhyif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv aemufydkif;pdrfac:csuf jy\emwcktjzpfxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefuwnf; upITpdrfac:csufrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf }udKwifjyifqifxm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm —

• 'kuQonfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwGif;t"rRajymif;a&$@ae&mcsxm;jcif; cH=u&aom olrsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;?

• tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;?

• t=urf;zufr_ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh jzpfay:cJh&aompdwfaomuESifh vlr_'kuQrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;jcif;?

• &efzufjzpfcJhaom ppfom;rsm;udk jyefvnfaygif;pnf;apjcif; ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?

awmfvSefa&;wyfrawmfrsm;xJwGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; aexdkifcJh=u&aom&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;taejzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tdk;tdrfrS cGJcGmcJh=u&olrsm;jzpfovdk/ b0twGufudpPrsm;pGmudk pGef@v$wfcJh=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? yk*~dKvfwOD;csif;taejzifh TwdkufyGJtwGuf rsm;pGmqif;&J'kuQa&mufcJholrsm;/ b0tcGifhta&;rsm;pGmudk qHk;&_H;cJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? ynma&;&yfqdkif;cJh=u&onf? vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;/ vkyfief;cGifu|rf;usifr_rsm; vpf[if;cJh=uonf? T&Jabmfrsm;wGif pdwf"mwf}uHhcdkifr_jrifhrm;aomfvnf; yHkrSefb0twGif; jyef0ifa&;twGuf jyifqifr_enf;olrsm;jzpfae=uonf? usifvnfaomvkyfom;rsm; r[kwf=u? yHkrSefb0ESifh rpyfr[yf jzpfaeEdkifonf? Ttiftm;pkrsm;onf ulnDaxmufyHhr_ r&&dSygu jy\emjzpfvmEdkifonf?olwdk@tzdk@ aemufxyfwzef jyefvnfvufeufpGJudkif&ef 0efav;rnf r[kwf=uay?


28

- wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_qdkif&mjy\em

txufuazmfjycsufrsm;Y yÉdyuQ. a,bl,stpdyftydkif; (3) ck jzpfaomyÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQqdkif&m vlrsm;.tjyKtrlrsm;ESifhyÉdyuQqdkif&mvlwdk@. oabmxm;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJh+yD;jzpf onf?Tt&mudpPrsm;ud k ajz&Sif;&mY yÉdyuQajz&Sif;enf;trsd K;rd s K;jzif hvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm;vkH;twGif;Y wnf+idrfvkH+cHKr_&apatmif pDrHudkifwG,fjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;t& ,kH=unfr_&&Sdap&ef wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ajz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;ESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif vlr_a&;t&,kH=unfr_ &ap&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@ rjzpfraeajzqdk=u&rnfh ar;cGef;rSm “rnfonfhudpPrsm;jzpfcJhoenf;” qdkaomudpP jzpfonf? “jrefrmEdkifiH.ordkif;opfudk rnfolawGua&;om;rnfenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&S d jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf(odk@r[kwf) tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rS jynfoltoD;oD;twGuf tm;vkH;uvufcHEdkifaom ordkif;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfvm;” qdkonfhar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfonf?

ay:aygufvmEdkifaom tcufcJqkH;jy\emrSm wm0efcHr_/ wm0ef,lr_ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emyifjzpfawmhonf? jzpfysufcJh&onfh udpPjy\emrsm;twGuf wpkHwOD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&Sdygovm; [laomar;cGef;rsKd;jzpfonf?wm0ef&Sdr_ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SdEdkifovdk/ jynfwGif;vlxkrsm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SdEdkifygonf? Todk@aom wm0efcHr_/ wm0ef,lr_ESifhygwfoufaomudpP/ vlr_a&;t& ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;aomudpPESifh trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpPrsm;ESifhygwfoufI ajz&Sif;ykH ajz&Sif;enf; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?vl@usifh0wftajcjyKr_pH/ tedrfh - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'tajcjyKr_pHt& tedrfh - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ rwluGJjym;aomudpPrsm;udk csOf;uyfyHk csOf;uyfenf; (4) rsKd;jzifh oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfEdkifygonf?


29

- vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh

vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm; azmazmoDoDay;cJh=uonf? tpdk;&a[mif;u tm%mrv$JtyfrDtcsdefY wm0ef&SdcJholrsm; rnfol@udkr# w&m;pGJqdkta&;,ljcif;rjyK&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsxm;umaqmif&GufcJh=uonf?

- vlr_a&;t& n‡mwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif;

tmz&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHtcsKd@wGif (Oyrmtm;jzifh - rdkZefbpfEdkifiHwGif)Tenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ppfom;tjzpft"rRpkaqmif;odrf;oGif;jcif;cHcJh&aom uav;oli,frsm;udk tjypf,lIr&/ olwdk@. aus;&Gmrsm;wGifomrmeft&yfom;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfaygif;pnf; aexdkifEdkifap&ef TuJhodk@aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? Tuav;ppfom;rsm;udkvlr_a&;t&n‡mwm vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;vdkufonf? olwdk@. vlr_todkif;t0dkif;tajctaet& w&m;Oya'pHrsm;twdkif; aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifay?

- ppf&mZ0wfr_ckH&kH;

,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;. ppfyGJrsm;twGif;jzpfyGm;cJhaom tr_rsm;twGuf ppf&mZ0wfckH&kH;rsm;udk Oa&mywGif ,cktcgusifhokH; ppfaq;aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf? TcHk&Hk;rsm;onf w&m;Oya'pHt& aqmif&Gufjcif;om

vl@usifh0wftajcjyK

edrfh

edrfh jrifh

jrifh

w&m;Oya'tajcjyKyHkpH

vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh (Oyrm-vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;)

vlr_a&;t&n‡mwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif; (Oyrm-rdkZrfbpf)

ppf&mZ0wfcHk&Hk;rsm;(Oyrm-,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;)

trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif (Oyrm-awmiftmz&du)


30

jzpf+yD;/ vlr_usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mpHt& aqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfay? vlr_a&;t& vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsdK;/ cGifhv$wfjcif;rsdK; vnf;r&Sday?

- trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh ykHpHwrsdK;jzpfonf? vlr_usifh0wfpHt& ajz&Sif;vdkr_ESifh w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ajz&Sif;vdkr_yHkpHudk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? “trSefudkzGifh[ 0efcHygu/ tjypfrS vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhjyKrnfjzpf+yD;/ jzpfyGg;cJhaom jy\emrsm;tay:wm0efcHygu w&m;pGJtjypfay;jcif;rS oufomuif;vGwfcGifhjyKrnfhyHkpHjzpfonf”?

txufazmfjyygyH kpHrsm;teuf twdwfumvujzpfysufcJ haomaumif;usKd;qdk;jypfrsm;twGuf rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;rnfqdkonfrSm xdkEdkifiH .a&G;cs,fr_ EdkifiHom;wdk@. oabmqENESifh "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmtay: Yom rlwnfayonf? EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;taejzifhrl urBmw0Srf;vHk;wrl wnf; jzpfap&ef tm;xkwf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaomfvnf;/wm0ef&Sdr_ESifh ygwfoufI &Sif;vif;aom oabmxm;rsKd;csrSwfay;Edkif&efaqmif&Gufae aomfjim;vnf; a&G;cs,f&rnfhenf;vrf;onf um,uH&SifEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifhom ydkIoufqdkifygonf? wm0ef&Sdr_jy\emudk rnfonfhenf;jzifh&Sif;&Sif;/ EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOf wpHkvkH;udkrxdcdkufap&ef udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;oGm;&efrSm ydkIta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpfygonf? rnfonfhudpPrqdk ajz&Sif;=u&mY tay;t,l&Sd&Sd aphpyfaqG;aEG;=u&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? TudpPrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@oHk;pGJae=uaompum;w&yf&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&m w&m;r#wr_(Transitional justice) yifjzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf yifrtajccHjy\em jzpfygonf? xkdtwGufa=umifh rnfodk@aom tjcm;jy\emrsm;urS 'Drdkua&pDtaumiftxnfaz:aqmifa&; vkyfief;pOfudk rxdcdkufapoifhay?


31

tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;. tESpfcsKyf

twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; bkHr[mAsL[mwckudk a&;qGJ&efvdktyfa=umif;/ tpkwpkuaqG;aEG;cJhygonf? xdkr[mAsL[mt& vkyfief;pOfwGif EdkifiHwumzdtm;wdk;jr‡ifhap&ef aqmif&Gufa&;vnf; vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh ydkIvGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf EdkifcGifh&ap&ef/ ydkIae&m&vmap&ef tm&kHpdkufzefwD;oifha=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0kdif;odk@ wdkufwGef;ajymqdk&mY vuf&Sdppftpdk;&onf EdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tpdk;&wckr[kwfa=umif; oabmaygufvmap&ef wdkufwGef;pnf;&Hk;oGm;&ef vdkygonf? ppftpdk;& udk pD;yGm;a&;t&/oHwrmefa&;t& ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_rsm;jzifh tiftm;enf;csdeJ@ap+yD;/ w+ydKifeufwGif vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;rS ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefwdk;wufaqmifjcif;&GufoGm;&ef vdktyfygonf? ukvor*~wGif csOf;uyfpnf;&kH;&mY jrefrmEdkifiHta&;udk vkH+cHKa&;aumifpDtqifhtxd a&mufatmif&nfrSef;csufxm;I wdk;jr‡ifhaqmif&GufoGm;oifhygonf?

tjcm;aqG;aEG;csufwckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfhvkyfydkifcGifhae&mrsm; &&Sdvmapa&;twGuf zefwD;=u&mY/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif (a':atmifqef;pk=unf — bmomjyefol) taejzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf wdusaom rludpPrsm; jyXmef;I aqG;aEG;yGJpm;yGJay:odk@pwifwifjya&;jzpfygonf? xdktcg e0w (etz) ppftpdk;&taejzifh rjzpfraeolr. tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk wkef@jyefvm&awmhrnfjzpfonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,frS tqdkjyKaom“trsdK;om;nDvmcH” wckusif;y&efqdkonfh tqdkjyKcsufrSmvnf;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf? TudpPudk EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfwckqifEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;w&yftjzpf jrifoifhygonf? ratmifjrifonfh ,cif trsdKom;nDvmcHudkom jrifIpOf;pm;ae=urnfhtpm;/ rdrdwdk@ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh tjcm;nDvmcHwcktwGuf }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyifqifoifhayonf? rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh rdrdwdk@wkef@qdkif;ae=u&rnfenf;? Todk@ rdrdwdk@upwifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; abmvHk;urdrdwdk@ajcxJ uefcGifh&onfh tajctaeudkay;vmrnfjzpfonf?


32

'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEdkifiHawmfopfwGif pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctae ykHrSefjyefjzpfvma&;twGuf tajz&SmpOfpm;=uaomtcg trsm;pku jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHonf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;udkom tajccHI a&S@qufoGm;&efvdktyfonf[k jrif=uygonf? obm0ygwf0ef;usif rysufpD;apaom c&D;oGm;vkyfief;udkvnf; zGifhay;oifh+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_rsm;udkvnf; zdwfac:&ef vdktyfrnf[k oHk;oyfaqG;aEG;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfonfobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ºuG,f0qJjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfe,frsm;.0ifaiGonfvnf; TtajccHay:u &&SdEdkifao;onf[k jrif=uygonf?jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ EdkifiHtcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefacs;aiGESifh axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk&&Sdap&ef qGJaqmifEdkifzG,f&m&Sdygonf? vuf&Sd taumufcGefqdkif&mOya'rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf+yD;/ jyifqifcsJ@xGif&efvnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnff?jrefrmEdkifiHtaumufcGefpepf/ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;rS u|rf;usifolyk*~dKvfrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udkvnf; zdwf=um;tultnDawmif;oifhonf[k jrif=uygonf?

EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?

tem*gwfpdrfac:r+rsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&+a'gifhrsm;

a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvfvdkFocus on Global South

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EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?

tem*gwfpdrfac:r+rsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&+a'gifhrsm;

a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvfvdkFocus on Global South

wifjycsufyxrydkif;wGif urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;pepfESihf urBmw0Srf; qufpyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wdk@udk wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;wGift"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBm@b%f ESifh urBm@ukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H) wdk@. jzpfay:vmyHkordkif;tusOf;ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkwdk@udk wifjycJhygonf? wwd,tydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;udkt=urf;zsOf; wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufqkH;tydkif;wGifrl tkyfpkvdkufaqGaEG;r_&vm'frsm; tESpfcsKyfudk az: jyxm;ygonf?

urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;pepf - t"du xl;jcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;ESifhtm;enf;csufrsm;?

EdkifiHwumEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;. vGefcJhaomtESpfig;q,fudk a,bl,stm;jzifh ppfat;acwfESifh 1989 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSpI ppfat;vGefacwf[lIcGJjcm;owfrSwf=uygonf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl urBmvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tjrift&qdkv#if ,if;umvudkyif vGefcJhaom 1940 ckESpfrsm; rS 19800ef;usiftxd “*vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t}udKacwf” ESifh 1980 rS ,ae@umvtxdudk “*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwf” [lI t=urf;zsOf; tm;jzifhcGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifygonf? *vkyfb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t}udKacwf. a,bl,saz: jycsufrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_atmuf&SdtrsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepfacwf jzpfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;(odk@r[kwf) zG H @+zdK;+yD;Ed kifiHrsm;. *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;t}udKacwfpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefavhvm=unfhygu atmufygxljcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?


36

• vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;. v$rf;rdk;r_/

• A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh aps;uGuftay:tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufvkyfudkifaer_/

• vkyftm;ESifh t&if;t=um;&Sd vlr_a&;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,ljyKr_ ponfhtcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;udk=unfhygu xdkEdkifiHrsm;udk wDxGifxm;aom a0g[m&t& “EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH@jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;”owfrSwfaz: jyavh&Sd=uygonf? TEdkifiHrsm;. t"duxljcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;rSm -

• vltzGJ@tpnf;wGif t"duv$rf;rdk;xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifhr[mrdwf zGJ@xm;=uaom b¾mt&if;&Sif/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf?

• ,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&eftwGuf pufr_xlaxmifa&;udkvkyfaqmif=uonf? jynfwGif;0,fvdktm; (aps;uGuf) udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef&nf&G,fonfh xkwfvkyfa&;pepfrsKd; jzpfonf? oGif;ukeftay: tcGeftaumufudk tqrwefjr‡ifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudktoHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf?

• EdkifiHa&; ta&miftaoG;rnfodk@yif&Sdonfjzpfap/ EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&). tcef;u¾onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJhonf? ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;rSonf ukefpnfzvS,fjcif;/ ukefpnfjzef@jzL;jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,frSefor#wGif tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufonf?

1980 0ef;usifrSpI aemufydkif; *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwfudk ajymif;vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonfudk awG@=u&onf? ‚if;wdk@rSm —

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• EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_twGuf t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifr_rsm; avsmhcsay;jcif; (wHcg;zGifhay;jcif;) 1 ESifh trdsK;om;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udkumuG,fay;onfh udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;eH&Hrsm; +ydKusoGm;jcif;/

• b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifr_rsm;avsmhcsI vGwfvyfvmjcif;2/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_udk tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvmjciff;/

• EdkifiHwum wdkuf&dkuf&ifESD;jrKwfESHr_rsm; vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;cGihf&vmjcif;/

• odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfhuef@owfcsufrsm; qufvufwnf&Sdaejcif; wdk@jzpfygonf?

txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m(EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOfrsm;atmufwGif ,if;okd@aom ukefoG,fa&;vGwfvyfr_/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_vGwfvyfvmjcif;ESifh &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_ vGwfvyfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=ujcif;jzpfonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;rSmyg aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGif TjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'§oufcsm0g') [kac:=uonf? Tt,ltqt& tpdk;&uvlr_zlvHka&; udpPrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufay;aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufaer_udk z,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif vkyftm;ESifh t&if;t=um; tjyeftvSef nd‡Ed_if;r_udktqkH;owfap&efESifh t&if;&Sdolzufu tompD;&ap&efjzpfonf?

awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aompDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; 1980 ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;umvwGif aºuG;+rDtusyfwnf; ESifh &ifqdkifvm&aomtcg acs;aiGESifh taxmuftyHhrsm;&&eftwGuf“tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh=ujcif;


38

jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? ,if;EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;onf 1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;rwdkifcifu tqrwefacs;,lxm;cJh=uaom olwdk@. aºuG;+rDrsm;udk jyefray;qyfEdkif=uawmhay? xdktcg +rD&Sifb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkjyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwumb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &vrf;omjzpfawmhonf? acs;aiGopfrsm;&&SdEdkifzdk@qdkv#if ,if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif xda&mufonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf=u&ef EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%frsm;rSaeIawmif;qdkcJhonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rvkyfygu aiGacs;&efrjzpfEdkif? TurBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@[email protected];tm;aemufwGiftar&duefjynfaxmifpk. oabmxm;ygonf? Todk@awmif;qdkcJhaom“tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif &mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”(Structural Adjustment Program) wGif tydkif; (3) ydkif; yg&Sdonf?

• ukefoG,fa&;pepfudk xda&mufpGmxdef;csKyfr_rsm; avsmhcsay;jcif;ESifhwHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;jcif;/

• ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ ukefpnfzvS,fr_ESifh ukefpnfjzef@jzL;r_wdk@wGif EdkifiHawmf. yg0ifpGufzufaer_tcef;u¾udk ododomom av#mhcsEdkifapjcif;/ xdef;csKyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsufay;jcif;/

• EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD;/ ,cifu EdkifiHawmfydkifu¾rsm;udk yk*~vduydkiftjzpfv$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpDyGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk zsufodrf;apjcif; paomudpPrsm;yg0ifonf?

xdktcsdefu tm;tenf;qkH;a'orsm;rSm awmifurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? tmz&duwdkuf&SdEdkifiHrsm;ESifh vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif“tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf; wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdkufemaqmif&GufcJh=u&+yD;/T'%fudk tqdk;qkH;cHcJh=u&onf? tmz&duwdkufESifh vufwiftar&duwdk@wGif ,cktcsdeftxd pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;aejcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; (vlwef;pm;)rnDr#r_ tvsiftjref}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ qif;&JcsdK@wJhr_owfrSwfrsOf;atmufusa&mufonfh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;}uD;rm;vmaejcif;wdk@u xdkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;. qdfk;arGa=umifh[k owfrSwfazmfjycJh=uonf?

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TjzpfpOfY urBmay:wGif c|if;csufxm;&rnfh a'owckawmh&SdcJhonf?‚if;rSm ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ “pD;yGm;a&;usm;EdkifiHrsm;” [kwifpm; ac:qdkcJh=uonf? ,if;a'oEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;pepf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ykHrSm vufwiftar&duESifh cyfqifqifwl+yD;/tpdk;&. yg0ifpGufzufr_a&m/ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,fay;xm;r_oabmvuQ%mrsm;yg qifwl=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; usm;EdkifiHrsm;uydk@ukefwifydk@a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;u Tydk@ukefwifydk@a&;twGuf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhusm;uefyHhydk; ay;=uonf?usm;EdkifiHrsm;onf vkyftm;aps;aygayg& aoma=umifh vkyftm;tajcjyKxkwfvkyf&aom xkwfukefrsm;udkxkwfum wifydk@a&;udk xufxufoefoefvkyfaqmif=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif vkyftm;tajcjyKpepfrS tqifhjrifhonfh t&if;tESD;tajcjyKxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyfvmEdkifonf? xdkxGufukefrsm;udk ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;aps;uGufrsm;odk@ wifydk@=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS wifoGif;ukefrsm;tay:uef@owfr_rsm; wkef@jyefcJh=uaomtcg usm;EdkifiHrsm;tcuf}uHK&awmhonf? usm;EdkifiHrsm;u (1980) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif;u vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufjyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf&ef EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay;vm onfh zdtm;rsm;udk tmcHEdkifcJhonfhta=umif;rSm*syefEdkifiHrS t&if;tESD;rsm;pD;0ifvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?

tar&duefESifh Oa&myukefoG,fzufrsm;u (*syefEdkifiHrSukefoG,fr_&Sif;wrf; tqrwefydkaiGjyaeonfhtay: zdtm;ay;&eftwGuf) ,ef;aiGwefbkd; jyefvnfowfrSwf&ef zdtm;ay;cJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh 1985 ckESpfwGif wdk;jrifhvmaom *syef,ef;aiG.wefbdk;u *syefukr%Drsm;twGufjynfwGif;Yukefxkwfvkyf&ef tukeftusrsm;apcJhonf? *syefukr`%Drsm;taejzifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if vkyftm;coufomaom w&kwfjynf/wdkif0rfESifh awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm; oGm;a&mufxkwfvkyf&ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJhonf?

1990 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@.&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_twdkif;twm wajz;ajz;avsmhenf;usqif;vmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdktcsdefwGif a&*if§oufcsmacwftwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@pD;qif;&ef aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm; apmifhqdkif;


40

aecJh=uonf? xdkaiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;u tcsdefjrefjrefESifh a&wdktwGif;tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf &if;ESD;jrKwfESHEdkifrnfh ae&mudk&Smvm=uonf?avmif;upm;qefaom aiGa=u;udkaps;upm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;(Speculative Funds) &Sdvm=uonf? tqdkyg pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.zdtm;a=umifh tar&duefb¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyfaqmifvm=u&onf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfuyg0ifpGufzufxdef;csKyfr_udkavsmhcsvm=u&+yD;/ aiGa=u;t&if;pD;qif;r_ESifhygwfoufI xdef;csKyfxm;aompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;cJh=u&onf?

1994 ckESpfESifh 199& ckESpfumvt=um;rSmyif aiGa=u;aps;upm;onfht&if;aiG (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 100) cef@ ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S a'orsm;okd@pD;0ifcJh+yD; tdrf,majrvkyfief;/ pawmhaps;uGufESifhajra&mif;0,fa&;aps;uGuf wdk@uJhodk@aom aiGjzpfvG,faomvkyfief;u¾rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jrKwfESHcJh=uonf? vkyfief;u¾tenf;i,fwGif pk+yHKIaiGvHk;aiG&if;jzifh &if;ESD;jrKwfESHaeaomtcg a&mif;vdktm;enf;I 0,fvdktm;rsm;+yD; aps;uGufysufawmhonf? ,if;vkyfief;u¾rsm;udkyg +ydKvJysufpD;apcJhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajcysufoGm;jcif;ESifhtwl &if;ESD;jrKwfESHolrsm;utxdwfwvef@jzpfcJh=uonf? 1997 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif aiGa=u;upm;onfhpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u TtajctaeudktcGifhtaumif;,lI tjrwfxkwfEdkif&efqufvuf vkyfaqmifcJh=uygonf? (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 100)udk ,if;a'orS &kwfw&ufjyefvnfxkwf,lum tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@a&$@ajymif;xm; vdkufonf? xdktcg xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;bHk;bHk; vJawmhonf? +rDpm;aºuG;,lxm;olukr%Drsm;u xdkaºuG;aiGrsm;udk jyefrqyfEdkifawmhojzifh aemufqHk;enf;vrf;rSm tpdk;&rsm;u xdkpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifodrf;cJh=u&+yD;/ [email protected]ºuG;rsm;udk vufv$Jajymif;,lvdkuf=u&awmhonf? tpdk;&rsm;taejzifhvnf; xdko@dkaqmuf&GufEdkif&eftwGuf "etiftm;vnf;rvHkavmufaoma=umifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) u ay;vmrnfh “u,fq,fa&;&HyHkaiG” rsm;udkapmifhqdkif; =u&awmhonf? T “u,fq,fa&;&HyHkaiG” rsm;ESifhtwl ,cifapmapmydkif;u tmz&duESifhvufwiftar&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGifaqmif&GufcJh=u&aom “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnf

a0:vf'efb,fvdk

41

aqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udkvdkufemaqmif&Guf =u&awmhonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program)rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaecJhonf urBm.wckwnf;aoma'ojzpfaom Ta'oonfvnf; trsm;enf;wl Tvrf;a=umif;ay: vdkuf=u&jyefawmhonf?

*vdkb,fvdkkufaZ;&Sif;ESifh vpfb&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;ac: wcg;zGifhonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk@u pD;yGg;a&;bmom&yfjzifhygwfouf+yD; ‚if;wdk@. aumif;uGufudkaxmufjyjiif;ckef avh&Sd=uygonf? aps;uGufudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfcGifhjyKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGufu OpPm"eudk trsm;odk@jzef@cGJa&muf&SdapEdkif+yD;/ ydkIcsrf;omºuG,f0aom b0jzpfapatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[kqdk=uygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap TonfrSm oabmw&m;a&;&mt& jiif;ckHr_w&yfomjzpf+yD;/ Toabmw&m;onfvnf; rnfonfh vlwef;pm;.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuftusKd;aqmifay;aeaom oabmw&m;jzpfa=umif;oabmaygufem;vnfxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}uD;ygonf?


42

EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm; —‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_?

EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)/urBmhb%f/ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ ('AvsL-wD-tdk) ESifhta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)

EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umvwGif tdkif-trf-tufzf tzGJ@udk zGJ@cJhpOfumvu&nf&G,fcsufrSm aiGa=u;pepftrsKd;rsKd;t=um; wnf&Sdaeaom zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;udk wnf+idrfr_&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&$wefbdk; tay:tajcjyKxm;+yD;/ a':vmwefbdk;ESifh csdwfqufxm;ygonf?(odk@jzifhtar&duefa':vmonf urBmht&HaiGa=u;jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf?)1972 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw &pfcswfepfqifvufxufY a':vmESifha&$wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;jcif;udk jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;udkvGwfvGwfvyfvyfar#mxm;aom aiGa=u;avmuudk pwifcJhygonf? tdkif-trf-tufzf onf ‚if;. rlvwm0efr&Sd awmhaomfvnf;/ wm0eftopftcef;u¾opfwckudk &cJhygonf? rdrdwdk@. xkwfukefwefbdk;xuf ydkrdkIEdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;ae=u&aom EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGifvkdaiGpm&if;jy vmcJh=uygonf? TvdkaiGudkay;qyf&eftwGuf jyifyb%frsm; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS aiGacs;,lIay;cJh=u&ygonf? tdkif-trf-tufzf tzG@ Jtaejzif h xdkzG H @ +zdK;qJEd kifiHrsm;.ukefoG,fa&;wGif rwefwqukefoG,fwifoGif;jcif;rjyKap&ef/ wenf;aiGa=u;pm&if; &Sif;wrf;rsm;ESifhygwfoufI vdkaiGjyr_ rrsm;ap&ef/ paomcsrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem-rvdkufemonfudkapmif h =unfh&aom wm0efudk,l&ygawmhonf? tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@taejzifh Twm0efudk,lcJh &jcif;rSm pD;yGm;tajcrysufapa&;twGufta&;ay:acs;aiGrsm; xkwfay; EdkifpGrf;&Sdaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?

a0:vf'efb,fvdk

43

1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u tdkif-trf-tufzf tzGJ@. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk wdk;csJ@cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;/ xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;udk avsmhcsay;a&;ESifh zufpHkvkyfief;rsm;yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&;wdk@udkwGef;aqmfaom wpHkvHk;t&qdkv#if “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural AdjustmentProgram) udk t"dutaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef armif;ESifaeonfh udk,fpm;vS,fXme jzpfvmonf? T “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” taejzifh [email protected]_pepfvnfygwfaqmif&GufaeyHk yHkpH.twGif;usustxd 0ifa&mufI ajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfaponf? tajccHusaom rdkufu&dkpD;yGm;a&;ESifh rufu&dkpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ajymif;vJa&;udk awmif;qdkv#uf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rsm;pGmajymif;vJ&dkufcwfr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf?

1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh/ tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@wGif aemufxyft"duaqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wm0ef&vmcJhonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSm aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rS uif;vGwfapa&;twGufwGef;tm;ay; a&;jzpfonf? Oyrm — aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;tm; vkH;0O\kH vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;cGifhay;a&;/ t&if;tESD;aiGa=u;rsm;.b%fpm&if;(Account) ESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif vkH;0vGwfvyfapa&;ESifht&if;pD;qif;r_udk uef@owfxm;r_rsm;z,f&Sm;ypfa&;wdk@ jzpfonf?


44

urBmhb%f (World Bank)

1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhaom tzGJ@rS&nf&G,fcsufajymif;vJum urBmhb%fjzpfay:vmcJhonf? ‚if;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpfrsm; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ pD;qif;apa&;ESihf zGH@+zdK;a&;tultnDrsm;ay;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&Gufa&;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwGifajrmufurBmzufjcrf;Ed kifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? urBmhb%fwGif tqHk;tjzwfjyKvkyfonfhtcg rJay;Edkifonfh tiftm;onf xnfh0ifonfht&if;tay:tajccHxm;I qHk;jzwfcsufay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?

1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;yd kif;ESif h 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcgurBmhb%f. axmufyHha&;bwf*sufaiGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJhonf? zufpHkzGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aom yifrtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonftpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfhvufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@uqdkv#if urBmhb%fudkzsufodrf;ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSmurBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifhcdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'usifhoHk;&eftwGuf tajctaeESifhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;aeonf[kjrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifh“tajccHtaqmuftOD qdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”rsm;udk ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;.vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmhb%fudk zsufodrf;rcH&apa&;twGufu,fwifEdkifvdkuf =uonf? rlvwm0efjzpfaom zGH@+zdK;r_tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tpm;/ urBmhb%fonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhay;apa&;twGufarmif;ESifwdkufwGef;aeaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf?

a0:vf'efb,fvdk

45

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ (WTO)

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@onf 1948 ckESpfuxJu ay:aygufvmcJh&ef&Sdaomfvnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckESpfusrSom wu,ftaumiftxnfay:vmcJhonf? TumvtawmtwGif; *wf (GATT)3 ac:oGif;ukefqdkif&m taumufcGefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&mtaxGaxG oabmwlnDcsuftzGJ@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&GufEdkifr_ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJhonf? 1980 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;wGiftar&duefjynfaxmifpk. pD;yGm;a&;onf ukefoG,fr_tay:ydkrdk rSDwnfvm+yD; ydk@ukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufrsm;vdktyfvmcJhonf? TtajctaewGifukefoG,fr_udk }uD;=uyfxdef;csKyf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aomurBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0ifvmcJhonf? &SpfESpf=um nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yGJ0dkif;tpnf;ta0;t+yD;wGif/ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD; ('AvsL-wD-tdk) udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ @}uD;. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;t&ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;owfrSwfjyXmef;cJh+yD; jzpfovdk/ ,if;wdk@tpm; oGif;ukeftay:pnf;=uyfonfhtcGefpepftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrSwfEdkif=uawmhonf?

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;taejzifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif e,fy,fus,fus,fjyef@jyef@udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefqdkif&mukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;qdkif&mukefoG,fr_ (a&&&Sda&;rSonf ynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;txd) rsm;txdyg0ifonf? 'AvsL-wD-tdk tzGJ@onf ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tjyif ukefoG,fr_ESifhqufEG,faom jy\emrsm;udkyg v$rf;+cHKaqmif&GufvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh —

• ukefoG,fa&;ESif houfqdkifaom &if;ES D;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIMs)4

• ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIPs)5 ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIMs) t&qdkv#if a'oqdkif&mzlvHka&;twGuf owfrSwfaomcGJwrf;pepfrsKd;udk xlaxmif&efrjzpfEdkifawmhay? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;


46

xlaxmifa&;twGuf (rdrdvkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGg;udkumuG,fay;aom) udpPrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;(TRIPs) onf enf;ynmjyef@yGg;r_udk umuG,f&ef&nf&G,fonfh vkyf&yfrsKd;jzpfonf? (txl;ojzifh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf xdef;csKyf&ef&nf&G,fjcif;jzpfonf) wif;usyfonfh enf;ynmrlydkifcGifhqdkif&m rSwfykHwifpnf;rsOf;rsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh enf;ynmrsm;jyef@ESHaer_udkwm;qD;onf? (TRIPs)onf pufr_enf;ynmrsm;wkyI pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifjcif;rsKd;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf obm0t& todynmrsm;jyef@ESH@r_udkuef@owfvdkufojzifh topfzefwD;xm;aom Oya'rsm; jzpfonf?

zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;.tjrift&qdkv#if pdkufydsK;a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ta&;t}uD;qkH; jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tar&duefESifhOa&myEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;xGufukefqdkif&maps;uGufrsm;udk vGefpGmrSumuG,fwm;qD;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufxm;+yD;/ zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ‚if;wdk@ydkv#HaomxGufukefrsm;udk pk+yHKwifydk@Edkif&ef aps;uGufrsm;udk twif;zGifhay;cdkif; aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;taejzifh “wEdkifiH/ rJwrJ” pepft& xdef;csKyfxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; vufawG@qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mwGifrl tiftm;}uD;EdkifiH (4) EdkifiHESifh tjcm;EdkifiH (17) EdkifiH/ (18) EdkifiHwdk@u cs,fvS,fqHk;jzwfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? trSefwu,f nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;=uonfh ae&mwGifrl“tcef;pdrf;vkyfief;pOf” (The Green Room Process) [kac:qdkae=uonfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odk@ vufa&G;pifEdkifiHtcsKd@udkom zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

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47

tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN)

tmqD,[email protected];rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,HudkpwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif;Y tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf r[mAsL[mt&udkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;uGJjym;r_rsm; &Sdae=uonf? EdkifiHtcsKd@ (Oyrm- tif'dkeD;&Sm;/rav;&Sm;) u tmqD,Hudk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;pepf xlaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvdkonf? tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; ,cif “usm;EdkifiHrsm;” .atmifjrifr_pepfudk jyef@yGg;ap&efaqmifusOf;ay;onfh ykHpHwcktjzpfjrif=uonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; (puFmyl) urltmqD,Hudk EdkifiHwumvGwfvyfaomukefoG,fa&;. a&S@ajy;tzGJ@wck[k&_jrif=uonf? tmqD,H.a'oqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;pDrHcsuft&tm&SvGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;a'o6 (Asia Free Trade Area) udkxlaxmif&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; (AFTA) jzpfajrmufvmap&efavmavmq,ftm;jzifh rnfolr# trSefwu,ftm;xkwfr_rsKd; r&Sday?

tmqD,HtzGJ@. wlnDaomtajccHjy\emrSm Ta'otwGif; aexdkif=uaom jynfolvlxkrsm;u tmqD,HpDrHcsufudk olwdk@ESifh roufqdkifovdk oabmxm;ae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tmqD,Honf EdkifiHa&;xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpkESifh wwfodynm&Sif xdyfydkif;wpk. pDrHcsuftjzpfomqufvufwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sdao;ay? tmqD,HtzGJ@u tcsdefjzKef;aecsdefwGif tjcm;a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;u rsm;pGmtaumiftxnfay: c&D;a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;.wu,fhtiftm;w&yftjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ar;p&mar;cGef;rSm — rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ w&kwfEdkifiH.xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf aps;em}uD;wcktjzpf ajymif;ae+yDvm; qdkonfhar;cGef;yifjzpfawmhonf? tmqD,HuJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;&Sdzdk@awmh vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xda&mufonfhjyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; rvkyfaqmifEdkifygu tmqD,Honf bmr#tokH;usvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?


48

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;a=umif;rSm rnfonfhvrf;jzpfEdkifoenf;? a&G;cs,f&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk tajccHIa&G;cs,f rnfenf;?

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh “t}uHwlv#ifaemufvlomp+rJqdkonfh tusdK;tjrwfrsdK;” &&eftcGifhtvrf;&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm aemufusrSjyKjyifajymif;vJcGifhvkyf&aoma=umifh a&S@rSvrf;xGifoGm;olrsm;. aumif;usKd; qdk;jypfrsm;udkoifcef;pm,lEdkifaom a=umifhjzpfonf? vGefcJhonf (25) ESpf =umumvrsm;twGif; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;udkwGef;tm;ay;cJhaom zGH+zdK;r_ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;udk taotcsm qef;ppfoifcef;pm,l&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

• urBmhpD;yGg;a&;ESifh qufpyfxm;aomukefxkwfvkyfr_yHkpH? [email protected];yGm;a&;onf urBmhvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGg;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufaygif;pyfxm;+yD; urBm}uD;. ukefxkwfvkyfr_rsm;wm0efcGJa0vkyfudkifr_t&xkwfvkyfaejcif;ESifh aps;uGuft&vnf;aygif;pnf;xm;aom yHkpHrsKd;jzpfygonf?

• acwfopfvpfA&,fay:vpDrsm;? ukefoG,fr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmcGifhjyKxm;jcif;/ uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_rsm;rS avsmhayghay;a&;ESifhyk*~vduydkifvufodk@ vkyfief;rsm;v$Jajymif;ay;a&;?

• xkwfukefwifydk@r_udktav;ay;jcif;? ydk@ukefrsm;vufcHrnfh aps;uGufrsm;udk rdrdukefxkwfvkyfa&;pepf armif;ESiftm;tif*sifwcktjzpf &_jrifaompepfjzpfygonf? jynfwGif;0,fvdktm;udk tav;xm;rwGufyg?

• EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;tay: rSDcdkr_? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udkEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mtqHk;tjzwftjzpf &_jrifyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf?

• aºuG;+rDwif&Sdr_? ydk@ukefudktav;ay;onfh acwfopfvpfA&,foabmw&m;t& pD;yGg;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ yHkpHwGif EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tdkif-trf-tufzf/ urBmhb%fESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;/ yk*~vduaiGa=u;ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;rsm;. aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrSDcdkae&+yD; aºuG;+rDrsm;jzifh weifhwydk;0efyd aewwfygonf?

a0:vf'efb,fvdk

49

• obm0&if;jrpfudk tav;xm;tokH;jyKr_? +ydKifqdkifr_wGif tompD;&Edkif&eftav;xm;+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk rwefwqxkwf,loHk;pGJr_ yHkpHrsKd;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwdk@tom&EdkifajcrSmobm0&if;jrpfrsm; azmazmoDoD&Sdaoma=umifh[k ,lqyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf?

• vkyftm;udk tav;xm;tokH;jyKr_? EdkifiHwGifvkyftm;aygrsm;aoma=umifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifjcif;udk vkyftm;rsm;rsm;tokH;jyK&aome,fy,frsm;tay: tav;xm;tm&kHpdkufxkwfvkyfr_rsKd;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- vloHk;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh t&if;tjrpf ºuG,f0aomfvnf; vltiftm;&Sm;yg;aom a'orsm;odk@ vkyftm;wifydk@aom pD;yGm;a&;yHkpHrsKd;udkvnf; aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf?

• pufr_zGH@+zdK;a&;udktav;xm;I v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkvufatmufcHtjzpf,lqjcif;? +rdK@jya'ozGH@+zdK;a&;udk tm&Hkpdkufaomfvnf; aus;vufa'oudk vspfvsLjyKxm;jcif;/ ta=umif;rSm“pufr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;uyxr” [laom t,ltqrsKd;udkvufudkifxm;um aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. zGH@+zdK;r_udk xdkif;rd_if;apcJhjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?

ar;cGef;xkwfp&mudpPrsm;rSm — tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdrdwdk@taejzifh tvm;wlpD;yGg;a&;pepfzGJ@pnf;yHkrsKd;jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufvdkygovm;qdkaom udpPjzpfonf? zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHwcktzdk@ rdrdpD;ygG;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf A[dktpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJvkyfaqmif&efrSm vdktyfudk vdktyfaomtajctae jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;.&nfrSef;csufrsm;u rnfodk@OD;wnfoifhonf rnfonfht&mudpPrsm; jzpfoifhonfudk qkH;jzwf+yD; tm%mydkifrsm;u vkyfaqmif&OD;rnfjzpfonf? vltrsm;omwlnDr#tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&&Sda&;avm/ vl@todkif;t0dkif;tm; r+ydKuGJ&avatmif xdef;odrf;a&;avm/ tysufoabmraqmifaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ykHpHudk zefwD;vdkoavm/ zufpHk[efcsufnDaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ avm/pDrHudef;qdkonfrSm aps;uGufudk vufeufu&d,mwck tjzpftokH;csIwdk;wufr_&Smjcif;avm/ aps;uGuf.vufodk@ tukefxdk;tyfum rdrdwdk@.


50

vl@tajccHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk aps;uGuf.vufatmufcHozG,fxm;&Sdjcif;avm ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm;pGm qufvufar;zG,f&Sdygonf?

pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkonfrSm ajym&v#ifrsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;ESifh ,SufEG,fqufpyfaeaom jzpfpOfwckjzpfygonf? rnfolu bmudkydkifqdkif &&Sdoenf;?rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ydkifqdkif&&Sdoenf;? rnfonfhyHk rnfonfhenf;jzifhydkifqdkif&&Sdoenf;? pojzifhar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdk&ygrnf? pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mabm*aA'[kvnf; ac:avh&Sd=uygonf?,ae@pD;yGm;a&;ynmonf udef;*%ef;ocsFmoabmqdkif&mzufodk@tawmfav;a&G@avsmvmygonf? oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufawG@tjzpftaumiftxnfazmfaomyHkpHodk@ ajymif;vJvmygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;vufodk@ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;ausmif;armif;ESif&efxdk;tyfvdkuf=uaomtcg pD;yGg;a&;ynma&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_yg ysufpD;&ygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkynm&Sifqdkolrsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;ynmqdkonfrSm rsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh qufpyf,SufEG,faeonfudkrjrif=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGifEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rjzpfraeqkH;jzwfcsrSwfay;&rnfhaomhcsufusaom udpPrsm;&Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm —

• aps;uGufESifhEdkifiHawmf.u¾t=um; xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;?

• pdkufysdK;a&;u¾ESifh pufr_vkyfief;u¾t=um; xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;?v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk t"duvkyfief;tjzpf OD;aqmifoGm;&ef rlcsrSwfrnfavm?

• ydkifqdkifr_ESifh wdkif;jynf.0ifaiGudk jyefvnfcGJa0jcif;qdkif&mrlrsm;/

• zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifa&;wdk@twGuf ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm; csrSwfjcif;? rdrd.arG;uif;p pufr_vkyfief;wdk;wuf&Sifoef}uD;xGm;apa&;twGuf oGif;ukefcGefpepfESifh oGif;ukefudkwm uef@owfaompepfudk toHk;jyKIumuG,fay;rnfvm;?Todk@ aqmif&Gufygu urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;. rlrsm;ESifhxdyfwdkuf jy\emawG@vmawmhrnf jzpfonf?

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51

• EdkifiHawmfrSyHhydk;ay;jcif;? a'otqifhukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udkjzpfEdkifoa&G@ qufvuf&Sifoefaeap&ef A[dktpdk;&rSyHhydk;r_rsm;ay;ae&OD;rnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dkwae&mwnf;rS csKyfudkifxkwfvkyfjcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyJ/ a'otoD;oD; tqifhtoD;oD;Y jzef@cGJxkwfvkyfEdkifap&ef A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udkavsmhcsay;&rnfjzpfonf?

• a*[aA' (obm0ygwf0ef;usif) ESifh vltzGJ@tpnf;? zGH@+zdK;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; obm0ygwf0ef;usifESifh o[Zmw rjzpfojzifh/ ygwf0ef;usifudk ysufpD;aprnf qdkyguwdk;wufr_onf a&wdkoabmom aqmifvdrfhrnf? umv=umvmonfESifhtr# zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;onfvnf; jyefvnfysufpD;&onfESifh }uHK&vdrfhrnf?

txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf t}uHjyK&aomf —

• zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktwGif; ukefxkwfvkyfief;yHkpHudk rnfuJhodk@aqmif&Gufrnfenf;? pD;yGg;a&;t& rnfuJhodk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifoenf;? enf;ynmt& rnfuJhodk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=urnfenf;? ukefoG,fr_jyK =u&mwGifvnf; jynfaxmifpk.tcsKd@ae&mrsm;u zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_&Edkifaomfvnf; tcsKd@aom a'orsm;/ jynfe,frsm;u xdcdkufepfemae&aom yHkpHrsKd;udkvnf; a&Smif&Sm;&efvdktyfygonf?

• 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmEdkifiHawmfopftaejzifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@/urBmhaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ESifh urBmhb%f paom EdkifiHpHktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rnfodk@rnfyHkqufqHa&;rsKd;xlaxmifxm;&SdrnfqdkonfrSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;I }udKwifawG;qxm;oifhaomar;cGef;rsm;jzpfygonf?


52

tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;r_&vm'frsm; tESpfcsKyfESifh ar;cGef;rsm; okH;oyfcsufrsm;

ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;u v,f,majrESifh yk*~vduydkifypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif rnfuJhodk@aygif;pyfEdkifrnfenf;[kar;jref;=uonf? a'gufwm a0gvf'gefbJvfvdku ,if;udpPonftrsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif; rnfonfhydkifqdkifr_yHko¾mefrsdK;udk cGifhjyKrnfenf; qdkonfhtcsufESifh ygwfoufaomjy\emjzpfonf[k ajzonf?rsm;aomtm;jzifh cGifhjyKxm;avh&Sd=uaom ydkifqdkifr_yHko¾mefrsm;rSmEdkifiHawmfydkifqdkifr_ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_yHkpH/ yk*~vduydkif aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/or0g,rtzGJ@rsm;/ &yfuGufaus;&Gmydkifqdkifr_rsm; (tkyfpkvdkuf ydkifqdkifcGifhjyKr_yHkpH)ESifh EdkifiHabmifausmf aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifhay;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf? Tydkifqdkifr_yHkpHtm;vkH;udk trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;pepf twGif;odk@aygif;pyfcGifhjyKoifhonf? odk@aomf jy\emrSm Tydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk rnfonfhtcsKd;tpm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;cGifhjyKrnfenf;qdkonfhtcsufjzpfonf? olwdk@udkcGifhjyKxm;onfh tcef;u¾.twdkif;twm/ w&m;Oya't& todtrSwfjyKay;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;t&owfrSwfqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; ponfwdk@udk rnfodk@pDpOfxm;rnfenf;qdkaom tcsufjzpfonf?

aqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJwGif yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;u v,f,mpdkufysdL;a&;u¾ESihf pufr_u¾t=um; rnfuJhodk@xdef;nd‡oifhoenf;? pdkufysdK;a&;udktajccHaom pufr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufaomxljcm;aom vuQ%mrsm;u rnfuJhodk@&Sdoenf; pojzifh xyfrH&Sif;vif;ay;yg&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? a'gufwm a0gvf'gefbJvfvdk u pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;/ v,f,majrjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@cGJr_wdk@onf tc&musaomjy\emrsm;jzpfonf[k &Sif;jyonf?odk@aomf &ifqdkif=u&rnfh jy\emwckrSm pufr_zHG@+zdK;a&;twGuf azmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk aphaqmfonfhwGef;tm;taejzifh rnfuJhodk@a&&SnfwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;rnfenf;qdkonfh udpPyifjzpfonf? 0,fvdktm;udkjr‡ifhay;&kHoufoufjzifh tvkyfjzpfrnfr[kwf? wcgw&Hpufr_zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf&if;ESD;jrKwfESHonfhaiG&if;tajrmuftrsm; vdktyfwwfonf? aiG&if;aiGESD;&zdk@enf;vrf;wckrSm EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rSjzpf+yD; acs;iSg;jcif; vkyf&vdrfhrnf?

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53

oifhtwGuf aºuG;+rDrsm;wifvmvdrfhrnf? tjcm;jzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;wckrSm tcGefaiGrsm;udk pepfwusaumufcH+yD; 0ifaiGpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh &onfh0ifaiGudk &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_tjzpf jyefajymif;oHk;pGJonfhenf;jzpfonf? Tenf;onf taumif;qkH;[kxif&aomfvnf; csrf;omolrsm;tygt0if vlwdkif;xHrStcGefaiGudk pepfwusaumufcH&ef vdktyfrnf? odk@aomf tm&SEdkifiHtrsm;pktzdk@ }uHKawG@ae=u&aomjy\emrSm taumufcGefrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&mufESifh pepfwusraumufcHEdkif=ujcif; jzpfonf?

NOTES:

1. Liberalization of International Trade.2. Liberalization of Financial flows.3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)4. Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)5. Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs)6. Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA)

'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif;Y owif;rD'D,m. tcef;utoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvY owif;rD'D,m.tcef;u ESifh

vlxkrsm;.od&SdydkifcGifh

&SDtDvm udkvdke,fCenter for Investigative Journalism zdvpfydkifEdkifiH?

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'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif;Yowif;rD'D,m.tcef;u / toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvY

owif;rD'D,m.tcef;u ESifhvlxkrsm;.od&SdydkifcGifh

&SDtDvm udkvdke,fCenter for Investigative Journalism zdvpfydkifEdkifiH?

yxrydkif; aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap&efv_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0ifaepOfumvtwGif;Y owif;rD'D,mrsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaom tcef;u¾udkaqG;aEG;xm;+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk Oyrmay;azmfjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif; aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGifEdkifiHa&;pepftoGifajymif;vJr_ jzpfay:+yD;aemufydkif; owif;rD'D,mrsm;rSaqmif&GufEdkifaom tcef;u¾udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? wwd,ydkif;wGifjynfoltrsm;. owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&; (The Right to Infor-mation) ESifh ygwfoufI aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? vufawG@usaom t}uHjyKcsufrsm;/ owif;ESifhrD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufaom Oya'rsm;/owif;rD'D,morm;rsm;. usifh0wfrsm;udk pwkwydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufqHk;ydkif;wGif tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;r_rsm;rS xGufay:vmaom &vm'ftESpfcsKyfudk wifjyxm;ygonf?

'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Yowif;rD'D,mrsm;.tcef;u¾

rnfuJhodk@aom tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;Yrqdk tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u tm%mESifhowif;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkif xm;avh&Sd=uygonf?TuJhodk@aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfr_rsKd;udk tpdk;&tzGJ@rSjzpfap/ vlyk*~dKvfwOD;ujzpfap/ xdef;csKyfxm;wwf+yD; vlxkrsm;u rnfuJhodk@aomowif;rsKd;od&Sdoifhonf [laom qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;udk xdktm%m&Sifrsm;u jyKvkyfygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm; usqHk;&onfESifhtr# xdkuJhodk@tm%mESifhowif;rsm; tay:xdef;csKyf csKyfudkifr_rsm;onfvnf; wppD+ydKuGJoGm;avh&Sdygonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;. owif;csKyfudkifr_rsm;tay: qef@usifaeaomtiftm;pk rsm;onf vlr_todkif;t0dkif; twGif;Y &Sdaewwf+yD; xdktiftm;pk


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rsm;onf ,ae@umvwGifydkI tiftm;aumif;vm=uygonf? TuJhodk@tm;aumif;vmonfh owif;rD'D,mtiftm;pkrsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udktif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;pOfumvYa&m/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHtoGiful;ajymif; pOfumvYyg avhvmawG@&SdcJh=u&ygonf? tm%m&SifpepfrjyKwfusrD umvuyif wdkif;jynftwGif;Y vGwfvyfaomowif;rD'D,mrsKd;aphrsm; tyiftan‡mufaygufaeonfudk jrifcJh=u&ygonf? zdESdyfaomtpdk;&rsm;/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u owif;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;=ujcif;rSm jynfolvlxkrsm;u owif;rSefrsm;udk od&SdvmonfESifhtr# xdkowif;rsm;udk vlxktcsif;csif; vufqifhurf;jzef@a0vmonfESifhtr#tm%m&Sifrsm;tzdk@ 'kuQ}uHK=u &awmhrnfudk odaoma=umifhyif? owif;rsm;od&SdvmonfESifhtr# owif; tcsufrsm;jynhfpHkI ydkpOf;pm;vmEdkifaomaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ jiif;ckefr_rsm; jzpfvmEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vlxktrsm;u EdkifiHtwGif;jzpfysufaeaom tajctaeudkod&SdvmEdkif+yD; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefr_rsm;jzpfvmum aemufqHk; tpdk;&u olwdk@tvdkusaqmif&Gufapvdkaom udpPrsm;udk jiif;y,fqef@usifvm=urnf jzpfonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh vlxkrsm;u wufwufºuGºuGrdrdta&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaom EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifapouJhodk@ vlxktrsm;pkaygif; v_yf&Sm;=ua&;twGuf pkpnf;rdvm apEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u atmufygenf;rsm;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfavh&Sd=uygonf?

• owif;rsm; qifqmpDppfjzwfawmufjcif;/ Oya'rsm;udkoHk;Iowif;rD'D,mrsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk uef@owfydwfyifjcif;/vlxktrsm; owif;rsm;&&Sd&eftcGifhta&;udk uef@owfydwfyifjcif;?

• owif;pmrsm;/ &kyfjrifoH=um;Xmersm;ESifh a&'D,dkxkwfv$ifhr_rsm;ESifhtjcm;aomowif;jzef@a0Edkifaom Xmersm;. ydkifqdkifr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?

• vlxkrsm;. owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh xdawG@qufqHcGifhudk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?

• jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu owif;rD'D,mrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkrsufvHk;a'gufaxmufteD;uyf=unfhaeum rnfodk@aom owif;rsKd;udkom today;oifhonf[k !$ef=um;r_rsm; jyKvkyfaejcif;?

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• acgif;rmonf/ oabmxm;wif;rmonf,lq&aom owif;pmq&mrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;/ vlxkrsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;ESifh vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_rsm;jyKjcif;/ [email protected];/ tEkynmvuf&mrsm;/ pmtkyfrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk azmfjycGifh ydwfyifjcif;?

ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif pme,fZif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomowif;rD'D,mrsm;onf udkvdkeDpepfqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_umvrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_umvrsm;wGifyg ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾u yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? olwdk@aqmif&GufcJh=uaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm —

• tkyfcsKyfoltm%mydkifrsm;. tm%mtvGeftu|HtoHk;jyK aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_rsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsjcif;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; ta=umif;udkwifjyajymqdkjcif;?

• tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&rsm;rStyjzpfaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&macgif;aqmifrsm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;?

• tm%m&Sifrsm;. tm%m=oZmudktwdkuftcHjyKaom vlr_a&;/EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. atmifjrifr_rsm;udk vltrsm;odEdkifatmifwifjyay;jcif;? vltrsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifvmap&ef wdkufwGef;jcif;tm;jzifh twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; tiftm;aumif;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;?

• twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tcsif;csif;t=um;qufpyfr_&Sdapjcif;/ olwdk@. owif;pum;rsm;udk tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um;/vlxkt=um; trsm;=um;apatmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif;?

• vlxkrsm;. a'goudkxGufayguf&ap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? (txl;ojzifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,fEdkifaom tifwmtufwpfzfrD'D,mrsm;jzpfonfh 0ufbfqdkufpmrsufESmrsm;rSwqifh qENazmfjyr_rsm;/v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ac:qdkEdkifap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;)/ xdk@tjyif vlxkrsm;[email protected]'gorsm;udk owif;rD'D,mpmrsufESmrsm;/ xkwfv$ifhr_rsm;rSwqifhvnf; jyefvnfwifjyEdkifap&ef pDpOfay;Edkifonf?


60

• tm%m&SifpepfrS tjcm;pepfwckudk ajymif;vJvdkuf&Hkr#jzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGif vGwfvyfaom/ 'Drd kua&pDusaomowif;rD'D,mrsm; ol@zmomtvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvmavhr&Sd?

• vGwfvyfaomowif;rD'D,mrsm;u ulnDyHhydk;ygu/ vlxkxifjrifcsufrsm;=um;od&ap&efulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifygu 'Drdkua&pDusaom vlxktoif;tyif;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&efydkI vG,fulonf?xdkodk@ ay:aygufvmapa&;twGuf ydkItaxmuftuljyKonf?

• vlxkrsm;u owif;Xmersm;. tcef;u¾ESifh olwdk@vkyfief;.wefzdk;udk todtrSwfjyK axmufcHyHhydk;rSomv#if/ vGwfvyftrSDtcdkuif;aom owif;rD'D,mXmersm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf? xkdvlr_todkif;t0dkif;udk tusdK;jyKaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmapEdkifonf? (Oyrm tm;jzifh — urfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif vlxkrsm;uvGwfvyfaom owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;r_ tenf;i,fom&SdcJh+yD; trsm;pkrSm touf&Sifoefa&;twGufom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udpPrsm;udk tm&HkpdkufaecJh=u&onf? owif;rD'D,mrsm; vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifr_/ raqmif&GufEdkifr_ udpPonfolwdk@ta&;r[kwf[k jrifaecJh=uonf)?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvowif;rD'D,mrsm;.tcef;u¾

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twGuf ynmay;a&;wGifvnf; owif;rD'D,mrsm;u t"dutcef;uaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf? 'Drdkua&pDvltzGJ@tpnf;twGif;aexdkifaomEdkifiHom;wOD;taejzifh rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;cHpm;ydkifcGif h&S donf?rnfonfhwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmif&rnfudk ynmay;Edkifonf?xdk@tjyif tpdk;&tzGJ@ opf. zGJ@pnf;yHkudpP/ xdktpdk;&.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif jynfoltrsm;u rnfuJhodk@0ifa&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/tpdk;&opftaejzifh jynfolrsm;ESifhqufpyfa&;twGuf rnfodk@rnfyHkaqmif&Gufrnfudk todynmay;a&;twGufwGifvnf; owif;rD'D,mrsm;u ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u¾u aqmif&Gufay;aeonf?

xdk@tjyif owif;rD'D,mrsm;onf xdkuJhodk@aom tul;tajymif;umvrSmyif tpdk;&udkapmifh=unfhaeoltjzpfvnf; aqmif&Gufao;onf?tpdk;&opftaejzifh vlrsm;jzpfEdkifor# rsm;rsm;yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;yHk,E W,m;udk rnfr#zGifhxm;ay;onf/ rnfr#zGJ@pnf;yHkaumif;aumif;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfudk apmifh=unfhaxmufjyay;Edkifonf? xdk@tjyif csrSwfxm;aom rl0g'topfrsm;taejzifh vlxkrsm;tusKd;twGufrSefuefaomrl0g'rsm;jzpfrjzpfudk axmufjyay;Edkifonf? xdk@tjyifowif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rSmyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tiftm;pktoD;oD;. toHrsm;/ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk vltrsm;=um;apEdkif&ef/ rl0g'rsm;csrSwfa&;qGJ&mwGif xif[yfap&efaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/trsKd;orD;rsm;. toHrsm;=um;&apa&;twGufvnf; owif;rD'D,mrsm;uaxmufulay; oifhonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGif ta&;t}uD;qHk;tajctaew&yfrSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd rwluGJjym;aomtiftm;pkrsm;t=um; ,Hk=unfr_yd krd k&&S datmifwnfaqmufay;a&;jzpfonf?xdktwGufa=umifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh rwluGJjym;aom tiftm;pkrsm;toD;oD;=um;wGif owif;rsm;ul;vl;qufqHa&;jzpfay:vmatmif/qufoG,fEdkifapatmif/ uGJjym;r_rsm;udk &if=um;aphay;Edkifatmif/ jy\emrsm; ajyvnfapatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufay;oifhonf? 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufaeqJumvwGif owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh tjyKoabmraqmifyJ ysufpD;&m ysufpD; a=umif;vkyf&yfrsm;udk jzpfapcJhaomaqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;pGmom"u&SdcJhzl;onf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh trkef;udkjzpfapaom


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taewGif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; twGif; &_yfaxG;a00g;r_rsm; jzpf&wwfygonf?EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvonf obm0t&udku aumv[mvowif;rsm;tvGeftrif; jzpfay:wwfaomumv jzpfygonf?raocsmra&&mr_rsm; jynfhaeaomumv jzpfygonf? xdktajctaewGifowif;rD'D,mrsm;rSazmfjyaom rjynfhtpHkowif;rsm;/ aoG;qlvG,faomowif;rsm;a=umifh raocsmra&&maom tajctaeudk rD;avmif&mavyifh ydkqdk;apEdkifygonf?

jynfolrsm;.od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;ESifhowif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;

jynfolrsm;. od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vlom;wOD;csif; &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfygonf? TtcGifhta&;udk tpdk;&u T owif;odap/Towif;rodap&[k wm;qD;ydwfyif&efrjzpfEdkifovdk tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;tvdkus jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg? T tcGifhta&;onf vlom;rsm;. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmazmfjya[majymEdkifcGifhwdk@uJhodk@“tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; a=ujimcsuf” tpdwftydkif;wckvnf;jzpfygonf? jynfolrsm;taejzifh owif;rsm;udk &&SdydkifcGifhqdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh EdkifiHom;wOD;. tcGifhta&;jzpfaom tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&rsm; aqmif& Gufc J honf h twdwfumvu vkyfief;rsm;/ vufiif;umvwGifaqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;rsm;/ a&S@wGif qufvufaqmif&Guftaumiftxnfazmfrnfh vkyfief;rsm;udk od&SdydkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifhtpdk;&rsm;uvnf; jynfoludktoday;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf jzpfonf? ,ae@tcgurBmw0Sr f ;& S d ' Dr d kua&pDtpd k ;&trsm;p kr Sm jynfolrsm;.od&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk av;pmtod trSwfjyKvm=u+yDjzpfonf? TtcGifhta&;onf jynfolrsm;twGuf omruyJ tpdk;;&rsm;zufuyg tzdk;weftcGifhta&;wck jzpfa=umif; av;pm;todtrSwfjyKvm=u +yDjzpfonf?xdktwGufa=umifhyg ,ae@tcg urBmay:&Sd EdkifiHaygif; (44) EdkifiHwGif“owif;rsm;vGwfvyfpGm&,l jzef@a0EdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;qdkif&mOya'”udkjyXmef;xm;=u+yD jzpfonf? vlxk rsm;. owif;rsm;&&S dyd kifcGif htcGifhta&;udk Oya'rsm;jzifh tumtuG,f ay;xm;=u+yDjzpfonf?


64

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh jynfolrsm;udk owif;rsm;od&Sdapjcif;/owif;rsm;&,lEdkifap&ef pDpOfxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdktqifajyacsmarG@a=umif; awG@&SdtodtrSwfjyKvm=uygonf?vlxkrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&bwf*suf0ifaiGrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk;jyKonfudk od&SdEdkifygonf? rnfonfhc&dkifa'orsm;odk@ rnfr#cGJa0ay;xm;onfudkod&SdEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif xdk&HyHkaiGrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsuf/pDrHudef;rsm;twdkif; oHk;§roHk;/ taumiftxnfazmf§razmfudk jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkifudk,fus odjrifEdkif=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk rod&Sdxm;ygujynfolrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&urnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeonfudkapmifh=unfhaeEdkifrnf r[kwfay?

jynfolrsm;taejzifh owif;rsm;ydkI jynfhjynfhpHkpHkod&Sd&jcif;tm;jzifhydkItodºuG,f0aom aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkyGJrsm;/ ydkrdkwefzdk;&Sdaom t}uHrsm;aqG;aEG;Edkif=urnf jzpfonf? tu,fI jynfolvlxkrsm;taejzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdxm;ygu aumif;rGefwefzdk;&Sdaom t}uHrsm;wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkifrnf r[kwfovdk/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onfvnf; rjynfhpHkaomowif;tcsufrsm;ESifh wef@aevdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rdrdyk*~dKvfa&;xifjrifcsufrsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk xkwfajymaeouJhodk@om &Sdayvdrfhrnf? tcsuftvufrsm; wyfqifay;rSom vlxkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;taejzifh ydkrdktm;aumif;um wdk;wufvmayvdrfhrnf? ydkrdkt}uHaumif; Om%faumif;rsm;&&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmazmfjy&v#if — owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jynfhpHkaoma=umifh vlxkrsm;taejzifh &HyHkaiGrsm;udk rdrdwdk@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rnfonfhae&mrsm;/ rnfonfhudpPrsm;Y OD;pm;ay;oHk;pG Joifhonfudkav;av;eufeuf xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh aqG;aEG;vmEdkif=uvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tESpfom&t& ajym&v#if owif;tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifhvlxkrsm;taejzifh tm%mcGeftm;ydkI &Sdvm=urnf jzpfonf?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh jynfolrsm;. tjcm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; umuG,fay;&mY taxmuftuljyKvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhESifh ygwfoufaom tcGifhta&;/ vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh ygwfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufumuG,fay;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? owif;

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tcsuftvufrsm; od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;r&SdaomtajctaewGif tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;jynfhpHkap&ef awmif;qdka&;wGifyif tcuftcJ&SdEdkifygonf?Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsKd;jzpfygonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifv,form;trsm;pkrSm t"rRae&ma&$@ajymif;cHcJh=u&+yD;/ tvm;wl jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; jzpfay:cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif v,form;trsm;pkrSm Tajronfolwdk@ydkifqdkifonf[k taxmuftxm;jy&ef cdkifvHkaompm&Gufpmwrf; taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; r&Sd=uyg? w&m;&Hk;rsm;odk@oGm;Iajr,mudkrdrdydkifqdkifonf [k tcdkiftrmwifjyI ydkif&SiftrnfowfrSwfay;&efawmif;qdkEdkifa=umif;/ Oya'a=umif;csif;&mudk rod&Sdygu [email protected],mydkif cGifhtcGifhta&;udk toHk;csEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? xdktwGufa=umifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmwenf;azmfjy&v#if tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;awmif;qdk usifhoHk;Edkifa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom wif}udKtajctaew&yfvnf; jzpfonf?

EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom urBmhb%f/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f (at-'D-bD)wdk@tae jzifhvnf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udkwdk;wufap&ef tm;ay;ae=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm vltrsm;owif; od&SdcGifh tcGifhta&;a=umifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdkjrefjrefqefqefwdk;wufapaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ajymqdk=uonfrSmowif;aps;uGuf taejzifh vGwfvyfpGmvkyfydkifcGifh&SdaomtajctaewGifaps;uGufpD;ygG;a&;pepfvnf; ydkrdkouf0ifvmonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomvkyfief;cGif tajctaeudkzefwD;ay;onf[kqdkonf?

owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifhcdkifrmap&eftwGufaqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufY owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh cdkifrmtm;aumif;ap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfaomowif; rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:ap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfenf;vrf;rsm;&Sdygonf? atmufygt}uHjyKxm;aom enf;vrf; rsm;onftm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drd kua&pDjzpfay:wdk;wufcJh=uaom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;rSxkwfE_wfwifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?


66

• zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyefvnf jyKjyifa&;qGJ&mY jynfolrsm;.owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk todtrSwfjyKI jyXmef;azmfjyjcif;?

• wnf&SdqJ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfpDppf jyifqifa&;qGJjcif;/ ,cifzdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&rsm;vufxufu usifhoHk;cJhaom Oya'rsm;udkypfy,fI owif;rD'D,mrsm;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh jynfolrsm; owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk tmrcHaom Oya'rsm; a&;qGJjyXmef;jcif;?

• owif;rD'D,mXmersm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpkzGJ@jcif;?

• AsL&dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;rsm;udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif; tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;rsm;taejzifh ydkrdkyGifhvif;aom vlxkrsm;ESifh ydkrdkqufqHr_ &SdaomXmersm;tjzpf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&ef vdkonf? owif;rsm;udkpepfwuspkaqmif; odrf;qnf;xm;+yD;/ jynfolrsm;taejzifh owif;rsm;od&Sdvdkygu tvG,fwul&&SdEdkifaom pepfrsm;aqmif&Gufxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

• w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwGifvnf; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&efvdktyfonf?jynfolrsm;. owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrmudkifpGJumuG,fay;&efvdktyfonf? TtcGifhta&;udk w&m;&Hk;rsm;wGifpepfwusumuG,fay;r_rcH&ygu jynfolrsm;. owif;rsm;od&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh t"dyg,frS&Sdrnf r[kwfay?

• jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;Y vlxktajcjyK vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; tm;aumif;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?jynfol rsm;owif;rsm; &&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk rnfolrsm;uvufawG@ toHk;cs=urnfenf;? vufawG@ toHk;cs=u&mY owif;rD'D,morm;rsm;omr[kwf/ omrmefjynfolrsm;a&m/ vlxktoif;tyif;rsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom toif;tzGJ@ tJef-*sD-tdk rsm;tjyif/ vlxkv_yf&Sm; r_vkyfief;rsm;uyg toHk;cs=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;u owif;rsm;ydkrdkjynfhjynfhpHkpHk od&SdEdkif atmifawmif;qdk=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

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vGwfvyfaomowif;rD'D,mrsm;.tuef@towf

trsm;od=uonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;acwfu pIzdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&tqufquf}uHKvmcJh=u&onf? xdktwdwf tarGqdk;rsm; usefaevdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? xdktwdwfumvrsm;wav#mufvHk;wGiftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u owif;rsm;vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;r_udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fcJh=u+yD;/ vGwfvyfpGmazmfjy ajymqdkcGifhudkvnf; csKyfcs,fcJh =uonf?tpdk;&topftaejzifh olwdk@udk,fudkolwdk@ umuG,fEdkif&ef TtkyfcsKyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm; Oya'rsm;tcsKd@udk qufvuftoHk;jyKaeao;aom tajctaevnf; }uHK&Edkifao;onf? Todk@ owif;xdef;csKyfaom Oya'rsm;udkqufvufusifhoHk;ae&jcif;rSm wdkif;jynftajctae rwnf+idrfao;aoma=umifh jzpfEdkifovdk/ Towif;uef@owfaom Oya'rsm;udk }udKwifumuG,fr_w&yftaejzifh toHk;jyKvdkaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm urBmw0Srf;vHk;wGifwnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHtoD;oD;&SdOya'rsm;u EdkifiHawmfwcktaejzifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udkumuG,fay; &efvdktyfovdk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wcktaejzifh rdrdudk,fudkumuG,fay;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;&Sda=umif; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? wnf&SdaeqJjzpfaom vpfb&,f'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHrsm;.Oya'rsm;uyif EdkifiHwcktwGuf tE W&m,fta&;w}uD;}uHKawG@vm&aomtajctaewGif TuJhodk@Oya'jzifh umuG,fydkifcGifhudk todtrSwfjyK cGifhjyKxm;onf? tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkonfrSm tºuGif;rJhr[kwf? odk@aomf xdkodk@tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh umuG,fydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udktoHk;jyK&mY ae&mwdkif;Ytus,ftjyef@ toHk;jyKjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ xl;jcm;aom tajctaew&yfrSom uef@owftoHk;jyKa&; jzpfonf? xdkodk@r[kwfygu tpdk;&rsm;zufutm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_rsm; ay: aygufvmEdkif ao;onf? Todk@ tpdk;&rsm;umuG,fydkifcGifhudk toHk;jyK&mY &Sdtyfaomtuef@towfrsm;udk Oyrmay;azmfjy&v#if atmufazmfjyyguJhodk@aom tajctaersm; jzpfonf?

• EdkifiHawmf. vHk+cHKa&; tusKd;pD;yGg;udkwdkuf&dkufxdcdkufEdkifaomtajctaerS umuG,fay;jcif;/ Todk@EdkifiHawmf. tusKd;pD;yGg;udkumuG,f&mY EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;udk wdkuf&dkuf+cdrf;ajcmufcHae &aomtajctaewGifrS umuG,ftyfovdk/ +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&r_ rSmvnf;txl;ta&;ay:tajctae jzpfoifhonf?


68

• Oya't& w&m;pD&ifa&;udpPrsm;wGifxdcdkufEdkifaoma=umifh owif;tcsKd@udk rxkwfjyefay;yJ xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;?

• vlwOD;csif;. yk*~vdub0ESifh *k%foduQmvHk+cHKa&;udk umuG,fay;&eftwGuf owif;rsm;udkxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;?

• vltrsm;&kef;&if;qefcwfjzpf&rnfh tajctaerSumuG,fay;jcif;?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdydkifcGifhudk Oya'jyXmef;&mY vdkufemoifhaomtajccHrlrsm;rSm —

• tpdk;&Xmersm;ESifh oufqdkifaomvkyfief;wdkif;Y vlxkrSowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &,lod&SdEdkifcGifh&Sdaom tajctaersm; zefwD;xm;ay;&ef vdktyfonf? (odk@aomf tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;wGif c|if;csufrsm;&SdEdkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh — xdkif;EdkifiHwGifrl bk&ifrdom;pkESifhoufqdkifaom owif;rsm;udk (75) ESpf=um+yD;rSom vltrsm;od&SdydkifcGifh&Sdaom uef@owfcsuf&Sdonf)? odk@aomfTuef@owfcsufrsKd;udk e,fajrusOf;Edkifor# usOf;ap&rnf?

• owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lcGifh&Sd&mY tpdk;&rSwfwrf;rsm;r#om r[kwfyJ tpdk;&vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkaomf vnf;aumif;/ w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;uJhodk@aom Xmersm;&Sdtcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; &,lydkifcGifh&Sd ap&rnf? xdk@tjyif XmewckESifhwckt=um; qufpyfaqmif&Gufaeaomtqifhrsm;wGifvnf;owif;&,lcGifh &Sdap&rnf?

• owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdydkifcGifh[kqdk&mY oufqdkif&mpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rdwWLyGg;,lEdkifa&;twGufoifhawmfr#waomE_ef;xm;jzifh rdwWLul;cGifhjyKjcif;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfap&rnf?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;cGifh&a&;twGuf Oya'a=umif;t&vnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef vdktyfonf? Ttcsufrsm;wGif —

• ,ciftpdk;&rsm;vufxufu usifhoHk;cJhaom owif;pD;qif;r_xdef;csKyfa&;XmeESifh ,E W,m;rsm; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; udkzsufodrf;ypf&ef vdktyfonf?

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69

• topfjzpfaom owif;xdef;csKyfa&;qdkif&m ,E W,m;rsm;/ Oya'rsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;jyXmef;ay;&efvdktyfouJhodk@/ owif;rD'D,mXmersm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh/ owif;ta=umif;csif;&m/ jzef@a0yHk/owif;axmufrsm;. u|rf;usifr_qdkif&m t&nftaoG;paom udpPrsm;twGufvnf; pepfwusOya'rsm;jzifh jyefvnfxdef;a=umif;ay;&ef vdktyfonf?

ta&;t}uD;qHk; ajz&Sif;ay;&efvdktyfonfh jy\emw&yfrSm owif;rD'D,mXmersm;udk rnfolu ydkifqdkifrnfenf;qdkaom udpPjzpfonf?a,bl,stm;jzifh owif;rD'D,mXmersm;udk ydkifqdkifr_yHkpH (3) rsKd;&SdEdkifonf?wckrSm tpdk;&ydkifjzpfI xdef;csKyfr_&Sdaom owif;rD'D,mjzpfrnf? tjcm;wckrSm vlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufaom owif;rD'D,mrsdK; jzpfrnf? tpdk;& (odk@r[kwf) tpdk;&bwf*sufxJrS &HyHkaiGudkaxmufyHhay;aomfvnf;/ tkyfcsKyfr_ESif h rl0g't&vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufEd kifcGif h&S daomowif;rD'D,mXmersKd; jzpfonf? wwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm yk*~vduydkifowif;rD'D,mXmersm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGifrl owif;rD'D,mrsm;ydkifqdkifr_ESifh ywfoufI (3) rsKd;pvHk;udkaygif;pyf usifhoHk;=uonf? odk@aomfrnfodk@aom ydkifqdkifr_yHkpHudk tav;ay;rnfqdkonfrSm wufvmaomtpdk;&opf. rl0g'rsm;tay: rlwnfonf? tpdk;&opfu qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf? ydkifqdkifr_yHkpHu rnfodk@yif&Sdap ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm EdkifiHawmftqifh (trsKd;om;tqifh)/ a'otqifhESifh &yf&GmtqifhtqifhtoD;oD;wdkif;Y oD;jcm; vGwfvyfaom rdrdzmomjyXmef;qHk;jzwfvkyfaqmifydkifcGifh&Sdaom owif;jzef@csda&;Xmersm; aygif;pHk&Sdaeapa&;yif jzpfonf? xdk@tjyifowif;rD'D,mXmersm;. vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqdkifr_udkcGifh&rnf jzpfonf?+ydKifqdkifcGifh&Sdjcif;tm; jzifh owif;ta=umif;t&mydkif;Y tpdk;&rSomxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ jzef@a0r_pepfY tpdk;&uom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;paom tajctaersm;udk cGifhrjyKawmhay? wenf;qdk&v#if tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ud k r&S dap&efjzpfonf? owif;rD'D,mXmersm;taejzif htjrifaygif;pHkudk xif[yfazmfjyap&rnf jzpfonf?

owif;rD'D,mXmersm;taejzifh vltm;vHk;r[kwfv#ifawmifrSvltrsm;pk qufpyfxdawG@EdkifcGifh&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;=u&rnf jzpfonf?


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qdkvd konfrSm owif;Xmersm;. tajccHtaqmuftODjzpfaomx&efprpfwm ac: xkwfv$ifhpufrsm;/ owif;jyef=um;a&;Xmersm;onfvltrsm;xHodk@ a&mufatmifaqmif&Gufay;=u&rnf jzpfonf? vltrsm;xdawG@EdkifcGifh qdkaomtcsufonf vGefpGmta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSmowif;rsm; vufcH&&Sdr_wGif rnDr#r_&Sdygu/ aemufydkif;wGif tm%mESifh"etiftm;rnDr#r_udkyg qufvufjzpfay:vmapaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

owif;rD'D,mrsm;wGifrwluGJjym;aomtoHtrsKd;rsKd; tjriftrsKd;rsKd;udk =um;od&apa&;twGufvkyfaqmifEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsKd;Y wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk aexdkif=uonfhtm;avsmfpGm xdkrwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;toD;oD;.toHrsm;/ tjrifrsm;udkrD'D,mrsm;Y xif[yfazmfjya&;rSm vGefpGmrS ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdkodk@ rwluGJjym;aom toHrsm;/ tjrifrsm;/ vlrsKd;toD;oD;. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udkowif;rD'D,mrsm;Y jrifawG@=um;&apa&;twGuf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrSwfI xdef;nd‡aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf&mYatmufygenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf?

• tpdk;&rS taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;jcif;? tpdk;&taejzifh yHkESdyfpufrsm;wnfaqmuf&ef taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;jcif;/ vdktyfaomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;jcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;twGuf aiGa=u;taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;jcif;?

• owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;Edkif&ef tcGeftwkwfrsm;owfrSwfjcif;? (Oyrmtm;jzifh- &kyfjrifoH=um; puf0,folxHrStcGefaumufcHIowif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;odk@ axmufyHhjcif;?Todk@axmufyHh&mwGifvnf;/ owif;rD'D,mXme}uD;rsm; xufpmv#if/ vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydkIaxmufyHhjcif;)?

• z&efcsKdufvkyfief;rsm;ESifh vdkifpifrsm;udk (txl;ojzifh toHv$ifhvkyfief;rsm;Y) cGJa0csay;jcif;? Oyrmtm;jzifh tpdk;&rS rl0g'oD;oef@csrSwfI z&efcsKdufvkyfief;rsm;csay;&mY wdkif;&if;om;rsm;toD;oD;&&Sdap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rS r#r#ww&&Sdap&eftwGufvnf;aumif; pepfwuspDrHay;Edkifonf?

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A[dktpdk;& ESifh ‚if;.vufa0cHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uom xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfoifhay?

• a=umfjimvkyfief;rsm;udk Oya'rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfay;jcif;? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;. t"du0ifaiGrSm tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;udk a=umfjimay;aom vkyfief;rS&aom0ifaiG jzpfonf?xdkodk@tpdk;&a=umfjimvkyfief;rsm;rS &&Sdvmrnfh0ifaiGudk A[dkEdkifiHawmftqifh/ a'otqifh/ &yf&GmtqifhtoD;oD;&Sd owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;Y r#r#ww cGJa0toHk;jyKEdkifapa&;twGuf Oya'rsm;jyXmef;I xdef;nd‡ay; oifhonf?

• tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m axmufyHhulnDay;r_rsm;? a'orsm;toD;oD;odk@ tpdk;&rS &kyfjrifoH=um;pufrsm;axmufyHhay;jcif; tm;jzifh y&dowfta&twGufudk wdk;rsm;vmapEdkifonf? xdktcgowif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;wGif a=umfjimvdkolrsm;ydkIpdwf0ifpm;vmum 0ifaiGwdk;wuf&&Sdvm+yD; owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; qufvuf&SifoefapEdkifonf?

• txl;tkyfpkrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufxkwfv$ifhcsdef tpDtpOfrsm;/ tcef;u¾rsm;udk oD;oef@pDpOfay;jcif;?

• Oya'pdk;rdk;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf (Rule of Law)? jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;twdkif;tm%mwnfap&ef aqmif&Gufa&;onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? w&m;&Hk;rsm;taejzifh owif;rD'D,mXmersm;. owif;&,lydkifcGifhESifh owif;ay;ydk@wifjyEdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&efvdktyf+yD; jynfolvlxkrsm;. owif;&&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udkvnf; tvm;wlumuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonf?

• owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;twGif;Yvnf; rdrdzmompnf;urf;xdef;nd‡aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf? xdkrSom owif;pm/pme,fZif;/ rD'D,morm;rsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhudk uef@owfxdef;csKyfp&mrvdkyJ ‚if;[email protected];pm;jyKr_udk umuG,fwnfhrwfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfhoabmrSm owif;pm/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;taejzifh usifh0wfoduQmcsKd;azmufjcif;ESifh ynm&Sifqdkif&musifh0wfpnf;rsOf;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk olwdk@zmomxdef;nd‡ay;Edkifrnfh


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awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif;ESifh aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGiftwdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qufpyfaeaom owif;rD'D,mrsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh ygwfoufIpdk;&drfylyefr_udk azmfjy=uonf? rpPudkvdke,fvf u a0zefa&;udkvufcHoifha=umif; tav;ay;aqG;aEG;onf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfyif a0zefa&;vdktyfa=umif;ESifh rdrdpnf;&Hk;a&;e,fy,f&Sdvlxkrsm;.wkef@jyefoHudkjyefvnfem;axmif&ef vdktyfonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? a0zefr_ESifh [email protected];atmifjrifr_udkwifjyr_=um;wGif vlxkrsm;taejzifh r#r#wwod&SdEdkifoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? w}udrfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& ay:aygufvmygu owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk Oya'/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfrnfhtpm; olwdk@zmomtjyeftvSefxdef;nd‡apaom enf;tm;jzifhaqmif&Gufapoifha=umif; t}uHjyKonf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzifhtcsif;csif;pkzGJ@um usifh0wfqdkif&m usifhxHk;rsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ owif;aumifpDzGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhonf? odk@rSom owif;rD'D,morm;rsm;.vkyfydkifcGifhtvGJoHk;pm;jyKr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?owif;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;/ EdkifiHawmftusKd;pD;yGg;qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf umuG,fay;Edkif&ef xdef;csKyfuef@owf&mY vnf;aumif;/ vlrsm;. yk*~vduqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef xdef;csKyf&mYvnf;aumif; udpPwckcsif;tay: tao;pdwf&Sd oifhonf? Tta=umif;jycsufudkoHk;I tm%mtvGJoHk;pm; rjzpfap&efvnf; umuG,foifhonf[kaqG;aEG;wifjyonf?

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zGHŒ_zdK;r+twGufr[mAsL[m (ta&SŒwDarmtawGŒt}uHK)

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wifjyr_yxrydkif;wGif ta&S@wDarmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;r&rDumvtwGif; jyifqif=uyHkudk wifjyonf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif qufIjzpfay:vmaom trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_pDrHcsuf (National Development Plan) twGufaemufuG,fwGif v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk; =u&yHkrsm;udkwifjyonf? trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_pDrHcsufqdkonfrSm ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtaejzifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif rnfonfhudpP&yfrsm;udkOD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufrnfudk 0dkif;0ef;owfrSwf=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ vltrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,lum jzpfay:wdk;wufvmaom pDrHcsufjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf ta&S@wDarmtawG@t}uHKESifh,SOfI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif}uHKawG@&Edkifaom taetxm;rsm;twGuf t}uHjyKonf? aemufqHk;ydkif;wGif tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS &&Sdvmaom&vm'ftusOf;csKyfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

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ta&S@wDarmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uaom (25)ESpfwmumvtwGif; ta&S@wDarmjynfolrsm;. tem*gwftwGufjyifqifr_qdkI txl;r&SdcJhay? xdkudpPrSm vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;. OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wcktjzpf rowfrSwfcJh=uay? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. xdyfydkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;tpktzGJ@i,f&Sd+yD;trsm;pku jynfya&muf ae=u&onf? vlrsm;pkjzpfaom v_yf&Sm;aeolatmufajcxkrsm;rSm ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtwGif;Y &Sdae=uonf? TumvtwGif;wGif ta&S@wDarmjynfolrsm;twGif;rS ynm&Sifrsm;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;trsm;tjym;ay:aygufvmcJhaomfvnf; xdkolrsm;udk awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifvmatmif rodrf;oGif;EdkifcJh=uay? 1998


78

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80

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82

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• tu,fI EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awG@qHkcGifhjyK&efawmif;cHvmygu (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHESpfckt=um; tusKd;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; tultnDudpPrsm;twGufaqG;aEG;p&mudpPrsm;twGuf awG@qHkcGifhawmif;vmygu oif.ab;em;wGif Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m t&t}uHay;Edkifaomol ,Hk=unf&avmufaom enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&mt}uHay;yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh twlomvufcHawG@qHk oifhonf?

• tu,fI oifuqHk;jzwfta=umif;jyefay;&ef pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk &ufwdktwGif;om}udKwif&&Sdygu/ (tu,fI pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;uvnf; oif.vufaxmuf0efxrf;rsm; em;vnfEdkifrnfqdkygu) olwdk@udk ay;Iaocsmavhvm cdkif;apoifhonf? +yD;aemufawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk rdrdxHodk@jyefvnfwifjy t}uHjyKcdkif;apoifhonf?oifhxHodk@ jyefvnfwifjyaom pmwrf;taejzifh wdkwkdomjzpfoifhonf? (2 - 3 rsufESmxuf rydkap&)? zwfIavhvmcdkif;xm;aompm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk +cHKiHkrdaom “tr_aqmifvl}uD;rsm;zwf&eftESpfcsKyf” (Executive Summary) yHkpHrsKd;jzpfapoifhonf?

• oifhwGif Tpm&Gufpmwrf; (pmcsKyf) rsm;ESifhygwfoufI oif.enf;ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m t}uHay;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef tcsdeftvHktavmuf&apoifhonf? xdkaemufrSom tv_&SifEdkifiHrsm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. udkf,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awG@qHkoifhonf?


86

vlom;t&if;tjrpfjy\em?

ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtaejzifh Ed kifiHjyifywGifaexdkif=uaomolrsm;xJrSwwfodynm&Sifrsm;rnfr#&Sdonf/ rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif aexdkif=uonfudk }udKwifI vlom;t&if;tjrpfppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ jyKxm;EdkifcJhonf?xdkodk@ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfysufcJhaomtajctaersm;udk oifcef;pm,lEdkifcJh+yD;/ ta&S@wDarmwGif tvm;wljzpf&yfrsKd; rjzpfap&ef umuG,faqmif&Guf t}uHay;EdkifcJh=uonf? odk@ygaomfvnf;rdrdwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@. tawmfqHk;taumif;qHk;ynm&Sifrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;cJh&onfh tajctaersm;vnf; &SdcJhonf? EdkifiHwumrdom;pkrsm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS pdwfapwemxufxufoefoefjzifh ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHodk@ tultnDay;csifaecsdefwGif rdrdwdk@a'ocHrsm;. pGrf;aqmif&nfenf;yg;r_rsm;a=umifh tultnDrsm; tjynfht0vufcHr&,lEdkifaom tajctaevnf;&SdcJhonf? tajccHta=umif;rsKd;pHk&Sdaomfvnf; ta=umif;wckrSmvlrsm;tm;vHk; udkvcwajy;nD ay;r_jzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh tcsKd@aom ynm&Sifrsm;udk qufvufxdef;xm;Edkifa&; cufvmonf? Todk@vc wajy;nDay;aomrla=umifh jynfyodk@a&mufae=uaom ta&S@wDarmwwfodynm&Sifrsm;udk rqGJaqmifEdkifawmhay? xdkolrsm;rSm wajz;ajz;ESifhrdrdaexdkif&if; EdkifiHrsm;odk@jyefoGm;=uawmhonf? ta&S@[email protected] qHk;u|rf;usifolrsm; qHk;&_H;=u&onf? xdkEdkifiH&yfjcm;a&mufwwfodynm&Sifrsm;zufu jyef=unfhyguvnf; EdkifiHESpfckwGifcGI aexdkifae=uaom rdom;pkrsm;. 0efudkxdef;odrf;Edkifa&;qdkonfrSm TvkyfcrsKd;jzifhrjzpfEdkif=u? Twwfodynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHtwGufta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rsm;jzpfaom tqifhjrifhrefae*smrsm;wm0efudk aqmif&GufjznfhqD;ay;Edkifolrsm; jzpf=uonf? EdkifiHwGif;&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm; EdkifiH&yfjcm;odk@oifwef;rsm;oGm;aecsdefwGif tpm;xdk;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifolrsm; jzpf=uonf?

tqifhjrifhpDrHcef@cGJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tqifhjrifhrefae*smrsm; vdktyfaeaom jy\emonf ,ae@ta&S@wDarmtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;&ifqdkif}uHKawG@ae&aom jy\emjzpfonf? ajz&Sif;&ef acgif;cJaeaomjy\emvnf; jzpfonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap vuf&Sdajz&Sif;aer_ yHkpHrsKd;jzifhqufvufwnf+idrfatmifxdef;odrf;xm;a&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHtwGufvGefpGm

tDrDvD,myD&ufpf

87

cufcJaomudpP jzpfonf? vuf&Sdajz&Sif;aeyHkrSm ta&S@wDarmjynfolrsm;udkEdkifiHwumodk@ paumfvm&Spfrsm;/ ynmawmfoifrsm;apv$wfI xdkvpfvyfaeaom ae&mrsm;Y EdkifiHjcm;wwfodynm&Sifrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;ajz&Sif;ae&jcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ajz&Sif;yHk yHkpHrSmukefuspm;&dwf}uD;jrifh+yD; a&&Snfxdef;odrf;&efvnf; cufcJvSonf? jzpfoifhonfrSm jynfya&muf rdrdEdkifiHom;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;&Hk;jcif;rsKd;om jzpfoifhonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;aemufcHtzGJ@tpnf;rS vmvm/ rnfonfhEdkifiHrSvmvm pnf;&Hk;oifhonf? [email protected]|rf;usifr_ESifh t&nftcsif;udkvdkufI cHpm;cGifhrsm;udkvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhay;oifhonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;udk ay;ae&oavmufukefusvdrfhrnf r[kwfonfrSm aocsmonf?


• oif. txl;c|efqHk;olrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg? xdkolrsm;udk ae&mrSefvlrSef&if;ESD;jrKwfESHonfhtaejzifh ae&mcsxm;yg?

• tpdk;&. vlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ya,m* (pGufzufr_) uif;&Sif;r_&Sdap&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDaemufcHjzifh vmonfudkr=unfhyJ/ t&nftcsif;jynfh0aomu|rf;usifolrsm;udkom wm0efxrf;aqmifap oifhonf? xdkolrsm;udk qkay;'%fay;jyKvkyf&mYvnf; tvm;wlt*wduif;pGmaqmif&Gufoifhonf?

• EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wwfodynm&Sifrsm;t=um;wGif tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ &Sdoifhonf? tu,fI EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;urdrdvlxkxJrS wwfodynm&Sifrsm;udk r,Hk=unfyJ/ EdkifiHwumt}uHay;rsm;udk ydkI,Hk=unfaeygu udk,fusKd;enf;Edkifonf?

• rwluGJjym;aom tjriftrsKd;rsKd;udk axmifhpHkatmif em;axmifoifhonf/ wifjycGifhjyKoifhonf? rdrd. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrS vlrsm;. t}uHay;csufrsm;jzifhom usOf;ajrmif;I ra&mifh&Japoifhay? &&SdEdkifor#aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vHk;udk toHk;cs&efvdkonf?

• rdrdvlxkrsm;xJrS ynmwwfyk*~dKvfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHwum tJef-*sD-tdkrsm;xJrS qGJaqmifodrf; oGif;oGm;jcif;


88

rsKd;rjzpf atmifa&SmifusOfoifhonf? a'ocH0efxrf;rsm;udkvnf;wef;wl&nf wlvcay;ygrnf [laom }udKwifoabmwlnDr_rsKd;udkEdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh }udKwif&,l xm;oifhonf?

pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;?

rwluGJjym;aomtv_&SifEdkifiHrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;udpPrsm;tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&vufxJYcsKyfudkifxm;Edkif&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &,ljcif;udpPrsm;udk urBmhb%fvdktzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;u vG,fvG,fESifh ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf[k qdkvmEdkifonf? odk@aomfolwdk@tay:rSDcdkI TudpPrsm;udkvufv$wf rxm;oifhay? rwluGJjym;aomtv_&Sifrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;udk qufqH&eftwGuf rdrdudk,fydkifrlrsm; &Sdxm;oifhonf? rdrdEdkifiHtwGufvufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&onfh tvSLaiG (*&ef@aiG) rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiHtwGif;oHk;pGJap&ef pepfwuspDppf&rnf jzpfonf? trsm;pkaom tvSLaiGrsm;rSmenf;ynm qdkif&maxmufyHhulnD t}uHay;r_udpPrsm;ESifh ukefoGm;wwf=uonf? qdkvdkonfrSm — olwdk@t}uHay;0efxrf;rsm;vpmESifh ukefoGm;wwf+yD;/ 0ifvmonfhaiGu olwdk@ukd,fwdkifjyefoHk;oGm;onfh tajctaersKd;jzpfwwfonf?


• pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&,ljcif;udpPrsm;twGuf tpdk;&twGif;wGif oD;oef@,lepfwckzGJ@I xm;&Sdoifhonf?oif.&Sdaeaom vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xJrS aqG;aEG;&eft&nftcsif;u|rf;usifol/ rdrd,Hk=unf&avmufolrsm;udk TXmersKd;wGifwm0efay;tyf oifhonf?

• EdkifiHwumtvSL&Sifrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh aumif;rGefeD;pyfaomqufqHa&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf? tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;xm;&SdyHkpepfESifh vkyfief;vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;udk aocsmavhvmxm;oifhonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh oif.vufaxmufrsm;u tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.owif;rsm;udk od&Sdae+yD;/

tDrDvD,myD&ufpf

89

rnfuJhodk@aom pDrHcsuf/ ya&m*sufrsKd;udk rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;rSulnD Edkifa=umif;oifhudk t}uHay;Edkif=urnf jzpfonf?

• ulnDaxmufyhHr_aiGrsm;pD;qif;oGm;vmaeyHkESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;/ EdkifiHtwGif;tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_rSwfwrf;rsm; (Database) pepfwusjyKpkxm;oifhonf? odk@rSom axmufyHhr_aiGrsm;udk repfem&apatmifvdkufvHodrf;qnf; Edkifrnfjzpfonf? Todk@rjyKpkxm;ygu vkyfief;xyfwljzpfaeonfrsm;/ aiGrsm;tv[ojzpf&r_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?

• vkyfudkifaeaom pDrHcsuf (ya&m*suf) rsm;wGif t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&;oifwef;rsm; yg0ifapa&;udk tav;xm;oifhonf? oifvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ay;tyfaomtultnDrsm;xJrS xyfrHItao;pdwfjznfhpGufum awmif;qdkEdkifonf?

• vkyfudkifaeaom pDrHcsuf (ya&m*suf) rsm;wGif vlrsm;rsm;tvkyftudkifay;Edkifa&;udk tav;xm;oifhonf? tcsKd@aom udpPrsm;wGifpDrHcsufrsm;taeESifh aES;aumif;aES;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvlrsm;rsm;tvkyf&apaom pDrHcsufrsm;jzpfap&rnf? pufrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufyguvkyfief;+yD;jrefonf rSefaomfvnf;/ rdrdvlxkrsm; tvkyfr&apyg?oifhtaejzifh Ttcsufrsm;udkwGufcsufI csifhcsdefoifhonf?qHk;jzwfcsufonf oifhtay: Yom wnfonf?

tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;.tESpfcsKyf

aqG;aEG;ES D;aESmzvS,fyGJwufa&mufolrsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;ar;&mwGiftrsKd;om;pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif vlxkrsm;taejzifhyg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvmatmif rnfuJhodk@wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfcJhoenf;[k ar;=uygonf? rpPyJ&ufpf u&Sif;jy&mY xdkodk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfcsufrsm;udk vlr_todkif;t0dkif;xJrS tjyKoabmxm;&Sdolrsm;rSwqifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;rSwqifh ,ckvGwfvyfa&;&vmaomtcsdefY vlxkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;onf rnfr#ta&;}uD;a=umif; ynmay;0g'jzef@csdjcif; jzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf[k &Sif;jyygonf? aus;&Gmtqifh nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y vlxkrsm;udk (Oyrmtm;jzifh — wdkif;jynf.


90

qif;&Jaer_ tajctaeoHk;oyfcsufudk &Sif;jyjcif;tm;jzifh) vlxkrsm;udkvnf;vuf&Sd tajctaeESifhygwfoufI em;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif&Sif;vif;jy EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif vlxkrsm;ESifhESD;aESmaqG;aEG;yGJrS &vm'frsm;udktpD&ifcHpm pmtkyfi,frsm;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyay;onf[k rpPyJ&ufpf u&Sif;jyonf?

aqG;aEG;yGJwufa&mufolrsm;u vlom;t&if;tjrpfta&;}uD;yHkudkoabmwlvufcH=uaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wwfodynm&Sifrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;jzpfEdkifyHkudk axmufjy=uonf? rpPyJ&ufpfu &Sif;jy&mY ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtaejzifh wwfEdkifpGrf;aom rdrdvlrsKd;wwfodynm&Sifrsm;pGmudk olwdk@udktodtrSwfjyK vkyfcGifhay;aomae&m taetxm;ESifh olwdk@&aom vpmenf;aoma=umifh qHk;&_H;epemcJh&a=umif;ajymjyonf? jynfya&mufaeaom ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHom;rsm;pGmrSm tpyxru wdkif;jynfodk@ jyefvmcJh=uaomfvnf; wdkif;jynfYqufvufraeyJjyefoGm;=ua=umif; ajymjyonf? wwfu|rf;aom wwfodynm&SifwOD;onf pepfwckudkxdef;odrf;Edkifoljzpfovdk t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf;vufcHEdkifaom yGifhvif;oljzpfa=umif; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESifhaomfvnf; aumif;/EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aomfvnf;aumif; ajyvnfatmif qufqHwwfolrsm;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyonf? aumif;rGefaom wuUEdkc&uf ac:wwfodynm&SifwOD;udk &SmazG&cufcJa=umif; &Sm;yg;a=umif; xdktwGufa=umifh xdkolrsm;udk aumif;rGefxdkufwefpGm vcay;xm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ rdrdtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;rnfholrsm; jzpfvmap&ef pnf;&Hk;oifha=umif;&Sif;jyonf?

NOTE:1 National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT)

EdkifiHwumrS a[majymolynm&Sifrsm;?

“jrefrmEdkifiHzGHŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;”tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf

usif;yaomaqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJ

aemufqufwJG

93

EdkifiHwumrS a[majymolynm&Sifrsm;?

“jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;”tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf

usif;yaomaqG;aEG;ESD;aESmyGJ

2002 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&D (8) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF) / jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (UNLD- LA) ESifh 'uf[rfrm;&_d;azmifa';&Sif; (Dag Hammarskjold Foundation) wdk@rSOD;aqmifusif;yonf? trsKd;om;jyefvnf &if=um;apha&;tpDtpOf (NRP)rS yHhydk;ulnDonf?

a0gvf'if b,fvdkWalden Bello

a0gvf'if b,fvdkonf xdkif;EdkifiH befaumuf+rdK@wGiftajcpdkufaomay:vpDa&;&m okawoe tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfonfh (Focus on the GlobalSouth) tzGJ@ (awmifurBmjcrf;a'o txl;jyKavhvma&;tzGJ@) udk pwifwnfaxmifol n$ef}um;a&;rSL; jzpfonf? xdkt&ifu u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f/ tkwfuvef+rdK@&Sd pm;a&&duQmESifh zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufa&; rl0g'qdkif&mXme(pm;a&&duQm yXr) tr_aqmif!Gef}um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

y&ifhpwefwuUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh+yD;/ ,if;wuUodkvfrSyif1975 ckESpfwGif vlr_a&;aA'bmom&yfjzif h yg&*lbG J @ &&S dc J honf?bGJ@&+yD;aemuf u,fvDzdk;eD,m;wuUodkvf (bmuav+rdK@) Y pmoif=um;ay;aepOf/ xdk wuUodkvfausmif;&Sd ta&S@awmiftm&Sqdkif&m avhvma&;XmeY wGJzufIokawoDtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf?

olonf EdkifiHwum w&m;r#wr_ ESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGufv_yf&Sm;r_ wGif vlodrsm;xif&Sm;aom OD;aqmifwdkufyGJ0ifol wOD; jzpf+yD;/rsufarSmuf urBmhvkH;qdkif&m pDyGm;a&;tpDtpOftcif;tusif;wGifawmifurBmzufjcrf; zGH+zdK;qJEdkkifiHrsm;ESifhygwfoufI OD;aqmifa0zefaeaom


94

vGwfvyfaom woD;yk*~vynm&SifwOD; jzpfonf? olonf atmufygpmtkyfrsm;tygt0if pmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonf?

"A Siamese tragedy: Development and Disintegration in ModernThailand"“xdkif;EdkifiH.tjzpfqdk;/ acwfopfxdkif;EdkifiH. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh +ydKuGJr_”(Shea Cunningham) ESifh (Li Kheng Poh) wdk@ESifhtwlwGJI a&;om;cJhonf? (1999 ckESpf)"Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Glo-bal Poverty"“ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhaomatmifyGJ — tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ tajccHtaqmufttkHjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_tpDtpOfESifh urBmvkH;qdkif&m qif;&JrGJawr_”( Shea Cunningham) ESifhtwla&;om;cJhonf? (1994 ckESpf)"People and Power in the Pacific: The Struggle for the Post-ColdWar"“ypPdzdwfa'ojynfolrsm;ESifhtm%m? ppfat;vGefacwftwGuf &kef;uef}udK;yrf;r_” (1992 ckESpf )"Dragons in Distress: Asia's Miracle Economies in Crisis"“txdem=uaome*g;rsm; — tm&S. tHhrcef;pD;yGm;a&;rSonf tusyftwnf;rsm;qDodk@”(Stephanie Rosenfeld) ESifhtwlwGJI a&;om;cJhonf? (1992 ckESpf)"Brave New Third World ? Strategies for Survival in the GlobalEconomy"“owWdaumif;aom wwd,urBmh — urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;twGif;&Sifoefa&;r[mAsL[mrsm;” (1990 ckESpf)"Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines"“zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ tdyfruf+ydKuGJysufpD;oGm;jcif;? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHESifh urBmhb%f”(1982 ckESpf)"Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy"“*vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk qef@usif&yfwnfjcif;? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tcif;tusif;opftwGuf t,ltqrsm;” ( 2002 ckESpf )

aemufqufwJG

95

&SDvm udkvdke,fSheila Coronel

1989 ckESpfrS ,cktxd (The Philippine Center for Investiga-tive Journalism) tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tr_aqmif!$ef=um;a&;rSL; wm0ef,laeol jzpfonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;onf owif;rsm;udk aemufa=umif;ajcajcjrpfjrpf pkHprf;ppfaq;+yD; owif;ay;ydkjcif;udk txl;jyKaqmif&Gufaeaom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;tusdK;tjrwftwGuf aqmif&Gufaejcif;r[kwfonfh/ tpk&S,f,mrsm;xm;&Sdjcif; r&SdonfhtzGJ@wckjzpfonf? TtzGJ@. t}uD;tuJtjzpf pkHprf;ppfaq;I &&Sdvmonfhowif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ppfaq;}uD;=uyfjcif;/ aps;uGufwGif;tjcm;olrsm;pdwf0ifpm;ygu 0,f,ltoHk;cs Edkif&ef aps;uGufwifay;jcif;/pmtkyfrsm;/ rSwfwrf;qdkif&m pDrHudef;rsm;udk=uyfrwfjcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ygonf? 0efxrf; (16) a,mufudk vuf&SdpDrHtkyfcsKyfaeygonf? ,if;tzGJ@rSwESpfv#if av;}udrfxkwfa0aom pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;owif;r*~Zif;.pmwnf; tjzpfvnf;aqmif&Gufaeygonf?

1995 ckESpfrS ,cktxd xdkif;EdkifiH/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH ESifh eDaygEdkifiHwdk@&Sdowif;pmq&mrsm;twGuf pkHprf;ppfaq;&onfh owif;ay;ydk@jcif;qdkif&moifwef;rsm;udk ay;cJhonf?

1987 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd e,la,mhwdkif;owif;pmESif hvef'ef+rdK@ESifh refcsufpwm+rdK@xkwf onf*g'D,efowif;pmrsm;. reDvm+rdK@owif; axmuf tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf?

1986 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd reDvm oHawmfqifh (The ManilaChronicle) owif;pmwGif txl;owif;a&;om;olESifh aqmifyg;&SifwOD;jzpfonf? ,if;owif;pmwGif owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiH.rsufarSmufa&;&mrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf?

1982 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd zdvpfydkif jrifuGif;us,f r*~Zif; (Phil-ippine Panorama Magazine) wGif EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;udk a0zefa&om;oljzpfcJhonf? zdvpfydkif. EdkifiHa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mESifh ygwfoufaomaqmif;yg;rsm;pGmudka&;om;cJhonf?


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&SJvf-atmfum aemh'fuGpfKjell-Ake Norkquist

Dr. Kjell-Ake Norkquist onf qGD'ifEdkifiH tkyfqmvm wuUodkvf(Uppsala University) rSwGJzufygarmuQwOD;jzpf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhyÉdyuQqdkif&m okawoeXme. XmerSL;vnf; jzpfonf? ol. okawoevkyfief;rsm;taejzifh a&&SnftmrcHaom e,fjcm;rsOf;owfrSwfa&;qdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk yÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&;,E W,m;tjzpf toHk;csjcif;/ jynfwGif;ppfrsm;+yD;aemuf umvwGif vlr_a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;t& jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;aqmif&Gufjcif;udpPrsm;ESifh ygwfoufIokawoejyKcJhonf?

1997 ckESpfuwnf;uyif Dr. Kjell-Ake Norkquist taejzifhta&S@wDarmvGwfvyfa&; &apcJhonfhjzpfpOfwGif yg0ifygwfoufcJhol jzpfonf?tpydkif;wGif ESpfzufvkH;uvlrsm;yg0ifaom ta&S@wDarm avhvma&;tpkwcktwGuf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh yÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&;qdkif&m u|rf;usifolt}uHay;wOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhygonf? 1999 ckESpf qENcH,lyGJ+yD;aemufydkif;ESifh ,ae@umvwGifrl yÉdyuQjzpfcJh=uonfh t"dutiftm;pk(2) ckjzpfaom CNRT/Falintil ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;udkvdkvm;aom jynfol@ppftkyfpkwdk@t=um; =um;0ifaphpyfjzefajzay;olESifh aqG;aEG;awG@qHkyGJrsm;uruxjyKpDpOfay;oltjzpf wm0ef,laeygonf? xdk@tjyif olonf qGD'ifEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHwum yÉdyuQrsm;ajz&Sif;a&;wGif rnfodk@rnfyHk=um;0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonfudk t}uHay;aom yk*~dKvfwOD;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&Gufygonf? xdk@jyif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh yÉdyuQqdkif&m okawoeXmewm0ef&SdolwOD;taejzifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeao;aom tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk qufvufpDpOf aqmif&Gufaeygonf?

Dr. Kjell-Ake Nordquist onf aemfa0EdkifiHESifh eD;aoma'owckwGif 1952 ckESpfu zGm;jrifcJhonf? Inger ESifhvufxyfcJh+yD; uav;ESpfa,muf (Anna Lina and Carl Johan ) xGef;um;onf? tm;vyfonfhtcg taysmfwrf;*Dwynm&Sifwa,muftjzpf 0goemt& aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf?

aemufqufwJG

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t,frDvD,m yD;,m;pfEmilia Pires

t,frDvD,m yD;,m;pf onf ta&S@wDarm wGifarG;zGmcJh+yDD; arG;csif;(7) a,mufwGif orD;OD; jzpfonf? 1975 ckESpf uwnf;u =opa=w;vsEdkifiHwGif 'kuQonftjzpfcdkvH_aexdkifcJh&m wdkif;jynfjyefa&mufonftxd (25)ESpf=umonf? 1983 ckESpfwGif =opa=w;vsEdkifiH vmo&kyfwuUodkvfrS(Latrobe University) rS 0dZ…mbGJ@ (pm&if;tif;ynm) &&SdcJhonf? xdk aemuf1994 ckESpfwGif rJvfbkef;wuUodkvfrS tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'rsm; qdkif&m'DyvdkrmbGJ@&Sdonf? 0dwdk&d,c&dkif. vlxk 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;Xme (tdk;tdrf)wGif jynfol0efxrff;wOD;tjzpf (15) ESpf =umwm0efxrf;aqmif cJhonf?1999 ckESpfwGif CNRT OuUX Zmemem *wfpfrdk xHajymif;a&$@cJh+yD;zGH@+zdK;r_qdkif&m t&m&SdwOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? 2000 ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qkH;aom ta&S@wDarm toGiful;ajymif;a&;=um;jzwftpdk;&. trdsK;om;pDrHudef;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;at*sifpD. t}uD;tuJtjzpf/ xdktcsdefY ukvor*~rS wm0ef&Sdol t}uD;tuJ rpPwm qm*sD,dk AD&m 'DrJvdk; (2003 ckESpfwGiftD&wfYusqHk;) . cef@tyfwm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? t,frDvD,monf'kwd, ta&S@wDarmtoGiful;ajymif;a&;tpdk;&vufxufwGifvnf;pDrHudef;aumfr&Sif. twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf xyfrHwm0efay;cH&jyefonf?ta&S@wDarmEdkifiH. yxrqkH;aom trsdK;om;wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_pDrHudef;udka&;qGJcJhonf?

avmavmq,fwGif t,frDvD,monf wDarmvdpf 'Drdku&ufwpforRwEdkifiH. pDrHudef;ESifhb¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xme. t}uD;wef;t}uHay;t&m&SdwOD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdonf? olrtaejzifh trsdK;om;wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_pDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:aer_udk }uD;=uyfae&onfhtjyif/ ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHtm; jynfyrSaxmufyHhr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm; wm0ef,laqmif&Gufae&onf?

Ò Ò Ò Ò Ò

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Preface

A democratic Burma - that is what we struggle for. We wantdemocracy, we want peace, and we want human rights to berespected in our country. The most apparent hindrance to thisvision is the dictatorship of the military junta. Burma has beenruled by the military for forty years. Forty years of brutaloppression and extreme poverty.

The movement working for a democratic Burma is largeand diverse, but united in the struggle for democratic change.The regime will fall one day and the power will once again bein the hands of the peoples of Burma. This may take severalyears, but it may also happen very soon. When this day comeswe have to be prepared to take this unique chance to shape anew society based on the visions and beliefs of the peoples ofBurma.

At that point we will stand before a new set of challengesand new kinds of massive pressure will be put on our country.Not being prepared for this, not already having a plan fordevelopment at this point, might lead us to a situation wherethe majority of the population is alienated from the politicalprocess once again. Years of struggle might have been in vain.We may suddenly find ourselves in a situation where foreigncompanies control our natural resources, thereby controllingour exports. We may find ourselves highly indebted tointernational financial institutions, forced to abide by their rulesand in effect handing over sovereignty to them.

Preparations have to start now. A participatory processneeds to be built right away to begin the formulation ofdevelopment strategies that are based on the thinking of theBurmese, our own particular desires, visions, aspirations andhopes - not on the models of northern countries andinternational institutions. We have the benefit of being a late-comer. We have a unique opportunity to learn from othercountries' mistakes and successes, and decide on our own wayfrom the very start.

Another Development for Burma

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A seed has been planted for this process to grow. Thisreport is part of a project called Another Development forBurma which aims to highlight some of the crucial choicesthat we will have to make. Choices that will have a long-lastingimpact on the future of our country. These are issues that areof immediate concern - as urgent as our daily struggle fordemocracy and change of regime.

The project has a broad base in the Burmese democracymovement and is so far organised by the National DemocraticFront and the United Nationalities League for Democracy -Liberated Areas, through the National Reconciliation Program.We are grateful for the collaboration with the DagHammarskj?ld Foundation in this process, and would also liketo thank all other friends of Burma around the world that arecontributing. We hope that this report will stimulate discussionson development issues that will spread among Burmese bothinside Burma and in exile.

To find our own path will not be an easy task. The post-transitional challenge may very well be as demanding as ourimmediate struggle to bring about the fall of the regime. Tobe truly democratic and to be sustainable, this process must beas inclusive as possible, incorporating people from all sectorsof society. We must all take on this challenge.

David TawChair, Seminar coordinating committee

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Introduction

This document contains summaries of the presentationsdelivered at a high-level seminar for the leadership of theBurmese democracy movement. It was held in Mae Sod,Thailand, on 8-12 January 2003, and organised by the DagHammarskjold Foundation together with the United Nation-alities League for Democracy-Liberated Areas (UNLD-LA)and the National Democratic Front (NDF) and in collaborationwith the National Reconciliation Program (NRP).

The seminar was the first in a series under the title of'Another Development for Burma'. The purpose of theseminar series is to present alternative perspectives ondevelopment and to give participants an opportunity todiscuss important development issues beyond the immediateliberation struggle.

The seminar was attended by more than 30 participants,including international resource persons, Dag Hammarskj?ldFoundation staff, NRP coordinators and organising committeemembers. The following resource persons were invited to theseminar: Kjell-Ake Nordquist from the Department of Peaceand Conflict Research at Uppsala University, Walden Bellofrom Focus on the Global South in Bangkok/Manila, SheilaCoronel from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism(PCIJ) in Manila and Emilia Pires from the Ministry of Planningand Finances of East Timor.

The seminar was structured around presentations anddiscussions on the nature of democratic transition, the role ofthe media in strengthening democracy and public participation,and globalisation and economic development. The East Timorexperience during transition and the post-transitional period,especially in dealing with international institutions, was givenspecial attention.

The seminar was facilitated and chaired by Dr Chao TzangYawnghwe (NRP), Teddy Buri (MPU) and David Taw (NDF).


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The lectures were translated into Burmese by Dr Naing Aung,Nyo Ohn Myint and Dr Lian H Sakhong.

The presentations delivered at the seminar were: Kjell-Ake Nordquist: Priorities in Transition and Post-TransitionalChallenges; Walden Bello: International Institutions,Transnational Corporations and Globalisation: Future Challengesand Alternative Perspectives; Sheila Coronel: The Role of Mediain the Struggle for Democracy, the Role of Media during Transitionand the Right to Know; Emilia Pires: Strategies for Development:Experiences from East Timor.

The views expressed in the presentations are those of theresource persons and participants and not necessarily the viewsof the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation. The summaries havebeen made at the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and arebased on tape recordings made during the seminar.

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The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and'Another Development'

The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation was founded in 1961after the death of Dag Hammarskjold, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, preceding U Thant of Burma.For more than 30 years it has worked in the area of alternativedevelopment, with the aim of examining mainstream developmentpatterns and of highlighting perspectives and solutions from,in particular, the South, the Third System (civil society) andmarginalised groups. By bringing together people fromdifferent backgrounds, the Foundation's seminars seek toinspire alternative and innovative thinking on a broad range ofissues.

The concept of 'Another Development' was formulatedin the Dag Hammarskjold Report What Now: AnotherDevelopment. This document was the main result of the 1975Dag Hammarskjold Project on Development and InternationalCooperation, in which 120 leading policy-makers and scholarswere involved. The report was submitted - as an independentcontribution - to the Seventh Special Session of the UnitedNations General Assembly and published in six of the world'smajor languages.

'Another Development', it was concluded by thoseinvolved in the project, 'is people-centred, geared to thesatisfaction of basic human needs for all - both material and,in its broadest sense, political; it is self-reliant, endogenous,ecologically sound and based on democratic, political, socialand economic transformations which alone will make possiblethe attainment of the other goals. Another development alsoencompasses the search for societies overcoming discriminationof any kind - be they social, sexual, ethnic or economic. It is aparticipatory and pluralistic process.'

Since What Now, the Foundation has concentrated onattempts to develop a wide range of alternative development


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strategies. These strategies have been elaborated in theFoundation's seminars on health, education, science andtechnology, genetic resources, biotechnology, information andcommunication, international monetary policy and disarmament.Much of these elaborations are reflected in the Foundation'sbiannual journal Development Dialogue, available free of chargeon the web (www.dhf.uu.se).

Current focusCurrently, the Foundation is focusing its activities on threeprojects areas:

- The What Next project, which aims to take stock of themajor trends in the 30 years since What Now and, moreimportantly, to contribute to the identification of newthreats and challenges, the refinement and formulation ofnew alternative visions and the exploration of innovativestrategies for change.

- A series of seminars exploring the social and environmentalimplications of new technologies such as nanotechnology(a first international seminar was held in 2001, followedby regional seminars during 2001-2003).

- The seminar project Another Development for Burma,jointly with the Burmese democracy movement, whichaims to stimulate critical discussion on alternativedevelopment strategies for a future democratic Burma.

Summary of presentations

Priorities in Transition andPost-Transitional Challenges

Kjell-Ake Nordquist of the Department of Peace andConflict Research at Uppsala University

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Priorities in Transition andPost-Transitional Challenges

Kjell-Ake Nordquist of the Department of Peace andConflict Research at Uppsala University

The first part of the presentation gives an overview of prioritiesand challenges in transitional periods in general. The secondpart poses some of the challenges that are common in post-transi-tional periods, such as the question of responsibility, war repara-tion and rehabilitation. The last section contains a summary ofthe group discussions.

Priorities in transition

Every conflict has three components. These are conflict issues,conflict behaviours and conflict attitudes. They caninfluence each other, for example when we have a militaryoperation (conflict behaviour), which may influence the othercomponents by creating hardened attitudes, thus constructinga vicious circle. In order to break the vicious circle we can actto change any of the components. For a transition to takeplace we need change in all three components. A transitionperiod is defined here as the period between the firstestablishment of a change order, when the main actors havedecided on change, and the establishment of the new order,for example a new constitution.

When we speak of priorities in transition, priorities aregenerally identified for three different reasons: They can bethings that you do just because they are necessary and/or logical.Secondly, priorities can be normative, based on judgement orideology. Thirdly, priorities can be based on limited resources,e.g. lack of people, limited competence, or economic constraints.

A structural view of transition dimensions

Most societies can be seen as having three structural levels: thetop, the middle level and the grass roots. Each of these levels


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has its leaders. The middle-level leaders are strategically placed,they represent a group that provides the basis for recruitmentto the top leadership, and they have access to both the topleaders and the grass root leaders. The middle-level leaders area natural link between the top and the grass roots. Grassrootleaders make up the group with credible access to the majorityof the population, a critical function in a democratic society.All three levels are affected by a transitional process and shouldof course be part of it. Thus, movements such as the Burmesedemocracy movement need to address all three levels. It seemsimportant that the democracy movement, being both insideand outside Burma, has connections with all levels in Burmasince transition will take place at all levels of Burmese society.

Another challenge is to coordinate actions at all threelevels. For the grass roots and middle levels to be inspired andoptimistic about general developments they need informationabout top-level developments. A strategic decision for amovement is whether to choose to work from a 'bottom-up'perspective or to try to have direct access to the top level; orto work through both approaches.

When are counterparts likely to start negotiating?

In a conflict situation the concept of a 'hurting stalemate' isused to describe a stage at which parties are likely to startnegotiating. If the counterpart is facing increasing costs bymaintaining the status quo and at the same time cannot changethe situation to its advantage, it is a favourable time for a rationalcounterpart to change its behaviour from violence to negotiation.

Ending a protracted civil war: a textbook example

The most critical dimensions of societies in a transitional periodare the security and political dimensions. Several aspects of tran-sition relating to these dimensions may in theory look wellordered. The first aspect reached in transition is the fundamental

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agreement. At the political level this means that the main politicalactors have agreed that there needs to be major change. Thetalks preceding the fundamental agreement are usually a crucialtask. For these talks to bear fruit it is vital to consider who themain actors to be party to a fundamental agreement are. Therule of thumb is that anyone who could break the agreementshould take part in forming the agreement. On the security levelthe fundamental agreement should mean that cease-fires are inplace everywhere. If there is no security, people feel unsafeand might pull out of the process.

The second aspect in a transition period is the preparationfor a new government. At the political level this usually leads tosome kind of transitional governmental structure. At the securitylevel it usually includes the recruitment and training of a newpolice force and army.

The third aspect of a transition period is the establishmentof a political structure: elections and the adoption of a newconstitution. On the security level it involves the establishmentof new security forces, e.g. police and army.

The fourth aspect of a transition period concerns theinstitutionalisation of new political structures. Here, the politicaldimension involves the creation of new government agenciesand institutions while the security dimension involves theprofessionalisation of the new security forces through trainingand education.

The fifth aspect of the transition is social and politicaltrust-building. Politically, this requires an examination ofwhether or not the new structure is free of corruption, andwhether or not it is treating citizens fairly and equally. On thesecurity level it is important that the new security forcesrespect human rights and that the legal system is independentof the political system.

The final question for building trust in a society concernshow the past can be understood: how to interpret the commonhistory of suffering?

Kjell-Ake Notdquist


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Three challenges in the process towards transition

- Are all organisations that have an interest in change anddemocratic development part of the movement for changeand democratic transition? Or are any of them 'free riders'?If so, how to deal with them?

- Strength in the struggle is created by the unity that comesfrom being together in the struggle. When a movement - inparticular an umbrella movement - comes close to achievingits goal, there is a risk of disagreement about when to breakup. Collectively identifying in advance what needs to beachieved before breaking up, and sticking to that, gives themovement maximum strength right up to the last momentof the struggle.

- A country needs a non-political space for self-reflection. Intransition processes perspectives are easily lost and othergroups' views forgotten. But some issues are of nationalrather than of group/ethnicity interest and should bediscussed as such. A 'Forum for Dialogue' can be effectivein sorting out problems before they become serious politicaltroubles.

Post-transitional challenges

Transition in Burma is something we, who want to see changein Burma, look forward to. This is an inside perspective. Fromthe outside, a transitional period is looked upon very cautiouslyas a period of uncertainty. The transition period should ideallybe relatively short; it should not become the 'normal' condition.We will now look at what happens after the transition periodand what major tasks a government will face then.

Normalisation

The international community will gradually de-prioritiseyour case. In order to avoid conflict when resources are

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decreasing, one requirement is to agree on priorities as early aspossible. Equally important is to develop internal strategies aswell as good relations with the international community anddonors in preparation for the shift towards regular aidco-operation. The new government of Burma will have tolive on its own financial basis, and now is the time to test thisbasis. The post-transition period is also when Burma shouldensure that space for it is created within the community ofinternational institutions; this will involve deciding on itspositions and creating a unique identity among the countriesdealing with these institutions.

War reparation

There will be a need to deal with the modern history of Burmaand its impact on society. This is not really a part of the transitionprocess because it takes years and years, and is thus essentially apost-transition challenge. Yet, early on it is important to preparefor such challenges as:

- Bringing back refugees and internally displaced persons.- Rebuilding the infrastructure.- Dealing with the psychological and social stress caused by

violence and the armed struggle.- Reintegrating soldiers in society.

The former soldiers in the liberation army have usuallybeen away from home for several years and have sacrificedmuch in their struggle. On a personal level they suffered greatlyfor this, and may lack education, job training, etc. They have ahigh moral standing, but at the same time they are unpreparedfor normal life and lack skills. If this group is not supported itwill be a problem. It is easy for them to take up arms again.

The issue of responsibility

We said earlier that the three common components of con-flicts are conflict issues, behaviour and attitudes. These are tobe dealt with through various ways of conflict resolution,

Kjell-Ake Nordquist


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management of security issues in all parts of society, and thebuilding of social trust. One question related to building socialtrust, which will come up during and after transition, is surely'What happened?' Who will write the history of Burma? Willthere be one common history book for all the peoples ofBurma or a different one for each separate state?

Maybe the most difficult question that arises is thequestion of responsibility. Is anyone responsible for whathappened? There will be international views on responsibility,and maybe also internal views. There are several ways of dealingwith the question of responsibility, social trust and reconciliation.Depending on whether a 'high' or 'low' moral focus is chosen,and a 'high' or 'low' legal focus, four different approaches canbe outlined

Amnesty: In Latin America, amnesty has often been granted.Before an outgoing government has handed over power, ithas often been decided that no one can be brought to courton the grounds of alleged responsibility.

Social pardon: an approach chosen by some Africancountries, e.g. Mozambique. How could the children that wererecruited as soldiers be reintegrated into their villages? Theywere brought back through a process of social pardon. Alegal process was not relevant in their societies.

Moral focus Legal focus

Low

High

High Low

(e.g. Latin America)

War crime tribunal(e.g. former Yugoslavia)

Social pardon(e.g. Mozambique)

Truth commission(e.g. South Africa)

Amnesty

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War-crime tribunals: an approach currently adopted inEurope in relation to the wars in former Yugoslavia. This is alegal process only, and includes no dimension of morality, socialpardon or forgiveness.

Truth commission: a process similar to the one undertaken inpost-apartheid South Africa. This is an attempt to combinemorality and legality, the idea being: 'If you tell the truth andtake responsibility you will be granted amnesty and not bebrought to court'.

Which choice to make is really at the heart of each country'sminds and traditions, although ideally international law shouldbe universal and express clear opinions on responsibility. Thequestion of responsibility has to be handled in such a way thatit does not threaten the overall process. There will be a needfor compromise; and what we are talking about at this stagecould be described as transitional justice. Democracy is thefundamental issue; other aspects should not be allowed to harmthe democratisation process.

Summary of group discussions

One group discussed the need to formulate a common anti-military strategy accepted by all opposition groups. There needsto be increased international pressure: efforts should focus oncreating more space for political parties inside Burma to beoperative. The international community needs to be convincedthat the military regime is not capable of governing Burma.The military regime must be weakened through economic anddiplomatic sanctions, as well as increased military activities fromarmed opposition groups. Lobbying at the UN should aim toelevate the Burma issue to the Security Council level. Oneproposal on how to create a widened space inside Burma wasthat the leader of the opposition could come up with specificareas for dialogue, and thus force the State Peace and Devel-opment Council to react to her specific suggestions.

Kjell-Ake Nordquist


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The proposal of the UN Special Envoy on Burma for a'National Convention' can be viewed as an opportunity for anoffensive measure. Instead of thinking only of the former,failed National Convention, why don't we, the opposition,come up with a proposal for how to prepare for and proceedwith a new Convention? It would put the ball in the rightcourt.

On the normalisation of economic life in a democraticBurma, all groups held the view that the economy needs to beagriculture-based. In addition, ecologically sound tourism canbe promoted and investment from abroad invited. Burma isstill rich in natural resources, from which income for the statecan be generated. Burma will probably be a recipient ofbilateral aid and loans. The current taxation laws also need tobe reviewed and amended. Foreign taxation experts andgovernment officials could be invited to come and help set upthe taxation system.

International Institutions, TransnationalCorporations and Globalisation:

Future Challenges and Alternative Perspectives

Walden Bello, Focus on the Global South,Bangkok and Manila

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International Institutions, TransnationalCorporations and Globalisation: FutureChallenges and Alternative Perspectives

Walden Bello, Focus on the Global South,Bangkok and Manila

The first part of the presentation concerns the global economicsystem and the globalised economy. The second part gives a briefdescription of the history and structure of the main internationalfinancial institutions - the International Monetary Fund (IMF),the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO) - and ofthe Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The thirdpart of the presentation outlines a possible alternative path forthe development of Burma. The last part contains a summary ofthe group discussions.

The global economic system: main characteristicsand weaknesses

The last 50 years of international politics are commonlydivided into, first, the time of the Cold War, and, then, thepost-war period from 1989 onwards. However, in terms ofthe global economy, the same period can roughly be dividedinto the 'pre-globalisation era', from the late 1940s until around1980, and the 'era of globalisation' from 1980 up to today. Ageneral description of the pre-globalisation era would be anera of national capitalism under the hegemony of the UnitedStates. The pre-globalisation economies of the North, or the'developed' countries, can be seen to have the followingcharacteristics:

- Dominance of monopoly capital.- A strong role for state regulation in terms of governing the

market.- Social compromise between labour and capital.


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In the case of developing countries, one term coined todescribe these economies is 'state-assisted capitalist regimes'.Several major characteristics can be identified:

- The dominant classes in society were the landed elite and afinancial and commercial bourgeoisie, allied to northerncapital.

- The economies were undertaking import-substitutingindustrialisation: this was production in order to fulfildomestic demand, controlling imports through high tariffsand strict quotas.

- Whatever the political colour of government, the State wasvery important in all dimensions of economic life, fromproduction to exchange and distribution.

Turning to the era of globalisation, from around 1980 onwards,the main characteristics are:

- Rapid liberalisation of international trade and dismantlingof protectionist walls around national industries.

- Rapid liberalisation of financial flows: lifting of barriersrestricting financial flows.

- Liberalisation of flows of direct investment.

- Continuing very tight restrictions imposed on the mobilityof labour.

In developing countries in particular, this liberalisation of trade,financial flows and investment took place under what werecalled programmes of structural adjustment. Structural adjust-ment took place both in the North and the South. In the Northit was known as Reaganism/Thatcherism - dismantling therole of welfare state to move the state away from an interven-tionist role and to end the compromise between labour andcapital to the advantage of capital. In the South structuraladjustment of state-assisted capitalist regimes was made possibleby the debt crisis of the early 1980s. Many of them could not

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service their loans due to the excessively heavy borrowing thathad taken place in the 1970s and needed access to internationalfinancial institutions for assistance with repaying the commercialcreditors. The US, working through the IMF and the WorldBank, demanded far-reaching reforms in these economiesbefore they could gain access to new money. These structuraladjustment reforms had three main components:

- Drastic liberalisation of trade.

- Drastic de-regulation in an effort to minimise stateintervention in production, exchange and distribution.

- Moving of economic activities that previously belonged tothe state sector to the private sphere, through the dismantlingof state enterprises.

It was the weakest regions in the South - Africa and LatinAmerica - that suffered most from structural adjustment. Thisperiod in Africa and Latin America was marked by economicstagnation, rapidly increasing inequality and growingproportions of the populations falling below the poverty line.

One area of the world was an exception to this process:East and Southeast Asia, the so-called 'Tiger economies'. Thestructures of these economies were similar to those of LatinAmerica, characterised by state intervention and protectionism.In addition, however, the Tigers had launched an export drive,heavily subsidised by the governments. The Tigers wereaggressive exporters of labour-intensive products and lateralso of capital-intensive manufactured goods to the Northernmarkets. There came a backlash on the Tigers with Northerneconomies imposing increasing restrictions on imports fromEast and Southeast Asia. The reason the Tigers managed toresist the pressure to undergo free market reforms in the 1980swas mainly due to the inflow of Japanese capital. The increasedcomparative value of the Japanese yen in 1985, after the USand its European partners had forced Japan into revaluationof the currency, had made it expensive for Japanese companies

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to produce at home and made them turn to the relatively cheaplabour available in China, Taiwan and South Korea.

In 1990 the level of Japanese investment was tapering off;at the same time in the North, due to developments during theReagan and Thatcher era, there were large capital flows andspeculative funds seeking quick and great short-term profit.Owing to the pressure exerted by these funds, as well as theUS treasury and the IMF, governments in Southeast Asiade-regulated or minimised state intervention and removedregulations on the inflow of capital. Between 1994 and 1997,100 billion dollars of speculative capital flowed into theregion and into sectors such as real estate, the stock marketand land. Large sums were concentrated in a very few sectors,creating over-supply, which led to the collapse of thesesectors. There was an economic imbalance and investorspanicked. In the summer of 1997, currency speculators tookadvantage of the situation in order to make huge profits: 100billion dollars left the region, leading to economic collapse.Borrowers could not repay their loans and instead thegovernments had to nationalise, and take over, their loans. Thegovernments lacked resources to do this, so the IMF came upwith 'rescue packages' containing similar structural adjustmentreforms as earlier imposed on Africa and Latin America. Theone area of the world that had hitherto escaped structuraladjustments was brought into line.

Globalisation and liberalisation are often discussed ineconomic language, with the claims made that left alone themarket will manage the distribution of wealth to all and leadto more prosperity. It is important to realise, however, thatthis is really an ideological argument. Whose interests are servedby the ideology?

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International financial institutions: how do theyfunction and what is their impact on the South?IMF, World Bank, WTO and ASEAN

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The initial function of the IMF in the post-war period was tomake rates of exchange between different currencies stable.This system was based on the value of gold, thus linking thevalue of the dollar (in effect the world's reserve currency) to acertain volume of gold. In 1972, US President Richard Nixoncut the link between the dollar and gold and inaugurated aworld of freely floating currencies. The IMF lost its originalfunction but acquired a new role. Countries importing morethan the value of their export have current account deficitsand have to borrow money from the outside banks orinternational institutions. The IMF would make sure developingcountries maintained discipline over trade or currency accounts.The IMF could take up this role because of its ability to makeemergency stability loans.

In the 1980s the IMF expanded its range of activities tobecome the main implementing agent of comprehensivestructural reform, pushing for liberalisation, deregulation andcomprehensive privatisation. Structural adjustment went to thevery core of the way societies function, requiring fundamentalmicro- and macro-economic policy changes.

In the 1990s the IMF acquired yet another major functionafter pressure from the US government: the deregulation ofcapital, i.e. comprehensive capital liberalisation, capital accountliberalisation and removal of restrictions on flows of capital.

World Bank

In the 1950s the World Bank was changed from a reconstruc-tion agency for war-torn Europe into a development agency

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through which resources would flow from North to South.In the World Bank the North has majority control due to asystem where voting power is based on capital subscriptions tothe Bank.

In the late 1960s and 1970s there was a huge expansion inthe aid budget of the World Bank as it took on comprehensiveprojects for development. Since most of this aid waschannelled through governments, right-wing, free-marketproponents who came to power in the US in the 1980s beganto question the World Bank - some even wanting to abolish it- because it was seen as strengthening states and creatingopportunities for socialism. In the end the Bank was 'saved'by the introduction of structural adjustment programmes,which allowed it to change its role and become a force forliberalisation.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The WTO was supposed to have been created as long ago as1948 but did not come into being until nearly 50 years later, in1995. In the meantime the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT) was in existence but with weak powers ofimplementation. In the early 1980s when the US economy hadbecome more dependent on trade and needed export markets,the idea of a stronger organisation for governing trade wasrevived. In an eight-year process of negotiation - called theUruguay round - the WTO was created. Under the WTOquantitative restrictions were outlawed and had to betransformed into tariffs.

The WTO covers wide areas, including trade in agricultureand trade in services (from providing water to educationservices). It also goes beyond trade into so-called trade- relatedissues, such as:

- Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs).- Trade-related property rights (TRIPs).

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According to the TRIMs agreement it is no longer possible toset up local content quotas in the process of industrialisation.The TRIPs agreement aims to control the spread of technology(especially to countries in Asia) by enforcing strict patent rules.TRIPs is outlawing industrialisation by imitation. It is revolu-tionary because it restricts the natural spread of knowledge.

From the point of view of developing countries theagreement on agriculture is the most important. It is highlyprotectionist of European and US markets while opening upthe markets of developing countries to dumping of agriculturalsurplus.

The WTO is supposed to be governed on a 'one country,one vote' basis. Decision-making in practice is limited to thefour big powers plus another 18 countries. Only a few countriesare invited to the so-called 'green room process' where theactual negotiations take place.

ASEAN

The tragedy of ASEAN is that the economic project is alwayssubordinated by the political. It was built as an anti-commu-nist organisation. There are underlying strategic differences withinASEAN. Some countries (Indonesia, Malaysia) have seen thecreation of free trade among ASEAN members as a modelfor recreating the previous 'Tiger' system among ASEAN mem-bers, while others (e.g. Singapore) have seen it as a prelude tointernational free trade. The regional integration project ofASEAN has seen the creation of AFTA (the Asia Free TradeArea) but there is currently no real effort to make AFTA aworking reality.

An equally fundamental problem is that the people do notfeel part of the project. ASEAN remains the project of thepolitical and technocratic elites and has not been democratised.While ASEAN has been wasting time, other regional projectshave come into being and China has become an economic

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powerhouse at the global level. The question for ASEAN countriesis: are we turning into a dumping ground for China's produce?A regional economic institution such as ASEAN is needed;but without drastic reform ASEAN will remain useless.

An alternative path for Burma? What are crucialchoices to make?

Burma has the advantage of being 'late' on the scene. It isimportant to examine the development model that has beenimposed on the countries of the South for the last 25 years:

- Globalised production. Southern countries' economies arebeing drawn into global systems of integrated productionand integrated markets.

- Neo-liberal policies - liberalisation of trade, deregulation andprivatisation.

- Export orientation. Export markets rather than domesticdemand drive production.

- Foreign-capital dependency. Foreign capital is seen as thestrategic factor in development.

- The problem of debt. The dynamics of export-orientedneo-liberal growth have made these economies heavilyindebted to the IMF, the World Bank, commercial banksand private speculative funds.

- Dependency on natural resources. Southern countries areforced to focus on the extraction of natural resources sincethis is an area where they are supposed to have comparativeadvantage.

- Labour-intensiveness. Industrialisation is focused on labour-intensive areas such as manufacturing. These economies havealso become exporters of labour to regions that lack labourbut are capital-rich.

- The subordination of agriculture to industry, and of ruralareas to urban areas. The idea is 'industry first', leading tostagnated agriculture.

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The question to pose is: do we want to recreate this structurein the future Burma? Planning must be the central activity ofthe authorities of a developing country. First we must decidewhat the objectives of economic policies should be. Equity?The preservation of community? Achieving a pattern ofdevelopment that is not disruptive? Balanced development?

Planning means using the market as a tool that is controlledand subordinated to fundamental values and objectives.Economics is an intensely political process, determining whogets what, how, and why. Economics used to be called politicaleconomy. Economics today has become a highly mathematical,theoretical practice. Economic collapse occurs because, notrealising the highly political nature of economics, we have puteconomists in charge! There are some key issues on which thepolitical leadership must arrive at some decisions:

- The balance between market and state.- The balance between agriculture and industry. Should

agriculture be the lead industry?- Asset and income redistribution.- Trade policy for development and industrialisation. Should

you use tariffs and quotas to promote your industry?Remember: if you do you will be in conflict with the WTO.

- Subsidiarity: making production stay at the local level whenthis is possible, in view of the continuing importance ofdecentralised production.

- Ecology and community. Putting development ahead ofecological equilibrium is short-sighted; if you do, it willdestroy your development.

For Burma in particular:

- How should production take place in a federal union? Whatsorts of economic co-operation, technical co-operation,trade relations should be in place to ensure that some partsof the union do not develop at the expense of others?

- How will a democratic Burma relate to multilateralagencies such as the WTO, IMF and World Bank?

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Summary of group discussions and questions/comments

Participants raised the question of how land and property canbe integrated in the national economy. Walden Bello arguedthat this issue was related to that of 'ownership' in the economy.The most common systems of ownership are state owner-ship and management, and ownership by private corporations,transnational corporations, cooperatives and the community.All these systems can be integrated into the economy. The issueis how to organise it, how to make political decisions about theextent of the role that each system should be allowed to take,and how to legislate in this regard.

Participants asked for more information about how tobalance agriculture and industry and about the characteristicsof agro-based industrialisation. According to Walden Bello,the development of agriculture, land reform and incomedistribution are key issues. A question is how to sustain this asa stimulus for industrialisation. Creating demand will not do italone; at some time there is a need for huge sums of investmentcapital. One way of acquiring capital is through foreign capital- borrowing - which will get you into debt. Another is toestablish efficient taxation practices, with taxation gatheringincome and transforming income into investments. This looksthe best solution, but you will need to tax everybody, includingthe rich. Asian states have generally been unable to followeffective taxation practices.

The Role of Media in the Struggle forDemocracy, the Role of Media during

Transition and the Right to Know

Sheila Coronel, Philippine Centre for InvestigativeJournalism

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The Role of Media in the Struggle forDemocracy, the Role of Media duringTransition and the Right to Know

Sheila Coronel, Philippine Centre for InvestigativeJournalism

The first part of the presentations concerns the role of the mediain fighting for change, with examples from other countries in South-east Asia. The second part concerns the role of the media in thepost-transitional situation. The third part is about the Right toInformation. Practical advice and examples of information andmedia legislation and media codes of conduct are given in thefourth section. The last section contains a summary of the groupdiscussions.

The Role of Media in the Struggle for Democracy

All forms of authoritarian rule have a monopoly of powerand information. Such a monopoly can be in the hands of ajunta or an individual - a dictator - who decides whatinformation citizens should be given. The fall of dictatorshipsstarts with a fragmentation of power and informationcontrol. Increasingly there will be groups in society challengingthe dictatorship's control of information. We have seen thistransition both in Indonesia and in the Philippines, where theseeds of a free press were sown before the fall of dictatorships.Repressive governments hold on to information because oncepeople have information, once it is shared, governments are inreal trouble. Information allows informed discussion anddebate. People know what is going on in their country andthey can then debate and oppose what the government wantsthem to do. Information makes possible active citizenparticipation and inspires people to organise themselves forcollective action.


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There are several ways in which authoritarian regimes controlinformation:

- Censorship and other laws restricting media freedoms andthe freedom of citizens to obtain information.

- Ownership of newspapers, TV and radio stations and otherinformation outlets.

- Restricting citizens' access to information media.- Information ministries that keep a close watch on the media

and instruct them as to what should be reported.- Intimidation, imprisonment and murder of recalcitrant

journalists, writers, artists and other citizens, and the banningof books, other publications, television and audioprogrammes, etc.

In Southeast Asia the press and other media have played a keyrole in both anti-colonial and pro-democracy struggles by:

- Exposing the excesses and abuses of ruling regimes, talkingabout corruption and abuses of human rights.

- Promoting alternatives to the ruling government.- Publicising the successes of social and political movements

challenging the regime, strengthening the opposition bypersuading other people to join.

- Keeping members of the opposition in touch with eachother and with their membership and constituencies.

- Providing outlets for the anger of citizens, especially ininteractive media like websites and call-in programmes.People can also express their anger at the media.

Lessons learnt from Indonesia, the Philippines and Cambodia

- Free and democratic media do not automatically emergeduring the transition just because you change regimes.

- Democratic institutions emerge much more easily if freemedia help inspire debate and develop public opinion.

- Independent media can only emerge and be a positive forceif the community support and value the media's role. Forexample, in Cambodia there was little community support

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for a free press. People were more concerned aboutsurvival and it mattered little to them whether the presswas free or not.

The role of the media during transition

Transition periods are usually very fragile; this is the time whenthe balance of power that will emerge in society is decided.During this period the media plays a very important role inproviding information about the transition mechanisms, whatis taking place and how the various sectors of society areworking together. It also plays an important role in educatingthe public on such issues as citizenship, asking questions abouttheir rights and obligations as citizens of a democracy. Themedia is important in educating the public on the newstructures of government, on new ways of participating indecision-making and new ways in which government is tryingto relate to people.

The media is a watchdog of the government even at thisearly period, asking whether the new government is doing agood job in setting up new structures that could allow, forexample, the maximum participation of citizens, and whetherthe new policies being implemented are the right ones? Duringtransition the media should also already be giving varioussectors of society - such as the different ethnic groups, andwomen - the sense that their views are represented in the publicsphere. In transition it is important to build trust among groupsin society. The media should help the different groups tocommunicate, settle their differences and be reconciled to eachother.

There have been cases where the media has been a negativeand destructive force, going against the project of buildingdemocracy. One way in which the media can create divisionsin society is through hate speech, pitting one group againstanother, reinforcing historical prejudices and encouragingpeople to fight rather than overcome their differences.

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Another way in which the media has been a destructive forceis by keeping certain groups out of discussions taking place inthe public sphere, e.g. continuing to exclude groups that havetraditionally not been represented or allowed a voice in themedia. These may be indigenous peoples, in the case of countrieswhere there is a very strong centre. If the sentiments of theseexcluded groups are not heard in the media or are not takenup in the public sphere they may resort to destructive, evenviolent action so that they are heard. Sometimes, too, the mediasupports groups that are anti-democratic. For example, theremnants of the military in Burma can still supports newspapersand radio stations that aim to destabilise the new regime.

Sometimes, because of lack of professional training or theneed to sell newspapers, the media provides incomplete,sensationalised or wrong information that adds to confusionin society. The transitional period is usually a time where thereare so many rumours and so much uncertainty, which the mediacan help fuel.

The right to know and the right to information

The right to know is a right belonging to individuals, not some-thing that governments should choose to give or withdraw asthey please. It is part of the universal declaration of humanrights along with, for example, the right to free speech and theright to life. Primarily, it concerns the right of citizens to beinformed about the activities of government, whether thoseactivities are in the past, in the present or being planned for thefuture. Increasingly, many democratic states around the worldrecognise the right of citizens to be informed. They see it is avaluable right not only for citizens but also for themselves.That is why there are now 44 countries that have a 'Freedomof information act' or laws guaranteeing access to information.

Democratic governments are recognising that providingaccess to information helps them govern well. If citizens knowhow the government budget is being spent and how much

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should go to each district, they can see for themselves whetherpublic funds are indeed being used for the purposes for whichthey were intended. Unless people know they cannot watchwhat government is doing.

Information also allows for intelligent discussion anddebate. If people don't have the facts the level of 'discussion'will consist mainly of ill-informed attacks and the exchangeof biased views. If people are armed with facts, publicdiscussion can be more intelligent. There can be sober debateabout what, for example, should be the priorities of a society.In this sense information empowers citizens.

The right to information also helps protect other rights,such as land rights or the right to free expression. Without theright to information, enforcement of other rights is difficult.To take the example of land rights: there are many displacedfarmers in the Philippines and, as in Burma, many of thesedon't possess the papers enabling them to prove that aparticular piece of land is theirs. Unless they know that thereare laws, that they can take their case to the courts, and thatthere are other ways in which they can assert their right to theirland, they cannot act on their rights. So the right to informationis often a precondition to the exercising of other rights.

Several multilateral institutions, including the World Bank,the IMF and the Asian Development Bank, are promoting theright to information on the grounds of economic efficiency.They claim businesses work better in a free market if there isalso a free market of information.

Mechanisms to ensure access to information

There are several ways of ensuring access to information andpromoting a free press in the democratic regime to be estab-lished. The examples given below are based on experiencesfrom other countries in Southeast Asia that have undergone ademocratic transition:

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- Reforming the constitution so that it allows for therecognition of the right to information.

- Reforming the existing laws, discarding the repressive lawsof the former regime and making new laws guaranteeinga free press and the right to information.

- Reforming the structure and organisation of the media.- Reforming the bureaucracy so that it becomes more open

and collects and organises information so that it is easilyaccessible and eventually made available to citizens.

- Reforming the courts to ensure they uphold the right toinformation. The right itself is nothing if you cannot seekprotection for that right in the courts.

- Reforms aimed at empowering civil society. Who willexercise the right to information? It is not just the mediabut also ordinary citizens, community groups, NGOs andsocial movements that will have to demand information.

Limitations on the freedom of the media

Burma has a legacy of repressive laws, including laws to re-strict flows of information and freedom of speech, datingback to the colonial era. It will be tempting for a new governmentto retain some of these laws - tempting because the situationwill probably not be stable and a new government may wantto retain some of them as a protective measure. It is importantto know that legislation all over the world recognises the rightof the state to protect itself, and the rights of individuals.Existing liberal legislation allows for the former as long as athreat to the state is imminent. Rights are not absolute. Theonly guideline is that the limitations on individual rights needto be very specific rather than broad so that they are not abused.Examples of such limitations are:

- Protection of legitimate national security interests. This isvalid if the security of the state is threatened and the threatis imminent.

- Withholding information if it may affect law-enforcementactivities.

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- Protection of privacy and individual reputation.- Prevention of public disorder.

Guidelines for access to information legislation

- Information access should be applied to all publicinstitutions. Most countries have exceptions; for example,in Thailand there is a 75-year ban on information about theroyal family. But these exceptions should be kept narrow.

- Access should be not just to government records but alsoto government proceedings and to institutions such as thecourts. There should be access to information oninstitutional processes.

- Access to information also means there should bereasonable costs involved - for example, when people needto make photocopies of relevant material.

Legal reforms needed to ensure the free flow of information

- To dismantle mechanisms of information control of theprevious government.

- To enact a new regulatory framework, laws or mechanisms,to regulate ownership, content, distribution, and theprofessional activity of journalists.

One of the most important issues to be settled is: who willown the media?

There are three general types of media ownership: stateowned and controlled media, public service media (fundedfrom government or government revenues, but independentfrom the government) and privately owned media. In manycountries there is a mix of all types. But which type will bedominant is up to the new government to decide. Whateverthe ownership pattern the ideal is to have multiple autonomousand independent media outlets at national, regional and locallevels. There should be a competitive media, meaning no

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monopolies in content or distribution, and certainly not agovernment monopoly. The media should express a range ofviews.

The media should be made accessible to the majority ofpeople, if not to all. This means, for example, building aninfrastructure of transmitters so that radio and TV can reachall. This is very important since disparities in power and wealthcan be compounded if there is also disparity in informationaccess.

Ways of guaranteeing a diversity of voices in media

In a country like Burma, where there are many nationalities, it isvery important that the various peoples are well represented inthe media. There are several ways to regulate media to ensurethat a diversity of voices is heard and views expressed:

- Subsidies, providing printing presses, building infrastructureand financial subsidies.

- Special taxes to support the media. For example, taxes onTV ownership in order to provide support for diversityand small media companies.

- Dividing franchises and licenses, especially in broadcasting.You can have a policy where franchises are distributedamong various nationalities and communities so that thecentral government and their allies don't control all.

- Regulate advertising. In many countries governmentadvertisements constitute a major source of revenue forthe media. There can be a law to ensure that advertising isevenly distributed among national, regional and local media.

- Infrastructural support, providing TV sets to communitiesto increase the audience and make media more viable foradvertisers.

- Provision of airtime or space for designated groups suchas ethnic minorities and women.

- Rule of law: to make sure that laws enacted are also

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enforced. You need courts to protect the media's right toobtain and report information and citizens' access toinformation.

- Within the media there should be self-regulatorymechanisms so that journalistic abuses can be correctedwithout limiting journalistic freedoms. The idea is thatjournalists themselves have mechanisms to correct ethicallapses or unprofessional conduct without the state interfering.Here, media watchdogs, journalist associations, individualsand even NGOs can play a role.


Participants viewed the current situation of the Burmese mediaas dismal inside the country but rather satisfactory on the out-side, along the border. They ruled out the use of new infor-mation technology while acknowledging a need to improvethe competence of minority groups, as well as generally in thefield of audio-visual media. In the beginning of the tripartitedialogue there should be an agreement on how the state mediacan provide airtime for discussion on the dialogue process.Once there is democratic rule, the restrictive laws and decreesof the former regime should be repealed. The right to infor-mation should be clearly inscribed in the new constitution.

Participants stressed the importance of promoting local,regional and ethnic language media. When a federal statestructure is in place, individual state governments shouldsupport independent public service media. Franchises andlicenses should be distributed to ethnic language media.Infrastructure support is needed to ensure that even remoteareas have access to the media. The economic viability of localand regional media should be enhanced, either directly throughsubsidies, or through taxation and advertising revenues.

Concerns were raised about the role of the media linkedto the opposition, both during the struggle for democracyand afterwards. Sheila Coronel stressed the importance of

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allowing criticism: the opposition organisations need criticismand feedback from their constituents. There should be a balancebetween criticism and the reporting of achievements. Once ademocratic regime is in place, a solution based on self-regulationis advisable, rather than laws and regulations. The media itselfshould draw up codes of conduct and institute press councils,to minimise abuses of media freedom. The limitations onmedia freedom aimed at protecting, for example, nationalsecurity interests, privacy or individual reputations need to bevery specific so that they are not misused.

Strategies for Development: Experiencesfrom East Timor

Emilia Pires, Ministry of Planning and Finances ofEast Timor

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Strategies for Development: Experiencesfrom East Timor

Emilia Pires, Ministry of Planning and Finances ofEast Timor

The first part of the presentation concerns the preparationsbefore East Timor gained independence. It is followed by adescription of the process behind the National Development Plan,a plan establishing the East Timorese priorities in developmentthat was evolved through a participatory process. The thirdsection offers some recommendations for Burma based on the EastTimor experience. The last section is a summary of the groupdiscussions.

The process of establishing a development strategy

Preparing for transition

During the 25 years of struggling for independence, preparingEast Timorese people for the future was not among thepriorities of the independence movement. At the top of themovement there was a small political group, especially in thediaspora; below was a large group of grassroots followers,particularly inside East Timor. Although there was a growingnumber of technical and professional East Timorese duringthis period, they were not actively brought into the resistancemovement. Only in April 1998, when the umbrella organisation,the National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), wasformed under the leadership of Xanana Gusmao, were all thedifferent groups promoting the independence of East Timorbrought together. It was at this point that concrete changes forthe better started to take place.

In October 1998, Xanana Gusmao, imprisoned in Jakarta,appealed to all East Timorese people, particularly the intellectualsand professionals, to start thinking about the future development


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of East Timor. Xanana wanted this group of people from allover the world to come together and prepare a developmentplan for the country, should it become independent. Therewas also international concern that East Timor might not havesufficient human resources to ensure its viability as an independentnation.

Two conferences were organised outside East Timor, whichproduced a strategic plan for the future development of thecountry. Unfortunately, neither of the two processes managedto build the necessary trust required between the political andtechnical groups to ensure that the former accepted the blueprintas a common strategic document for the country. Withoutsuch a strategic plan, the influence of the East Timorese peopleas a whole, on the country's reconstruction process andestablishment of institutions once independence was granted,would be limited.

Once the Indonesians left the country and the internationalcommunity took over, the reconstruction process began withoutstrong guidance from the East Timorese. The World Bankcame in to organise the inflow of aid. Although efforts weremade to ensure the participation of the East Timorese in allthese processes, the lack of organisation and coordinationbetween the political and technical groups on the side of theEast Timorese ensured that we were mostly followers.Development priorities were decided, but not in a systematicallyconsensual and coordinated fashion. Many of the EastTimorese, particularly the politicians, failed to understand thateven though the first few years were mainly concerned withaddressing emergency and reconstruction issues, decisions weremade that set the direction for the future development of thecountry.

By 2001 it was clear that a plan was needed to ensure thateveryone was working towards the same goals. Together withthe United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor(UNTAET) the East Timorese established a 'Planning

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Commission'. To ensure everyone's participation and Timoreseownership, the commission was composed of five peoplefrom the transitional government (which was an all-Timoresegovernment) led by the Chief Minister himself, and five peoplefrom civil society led by Xanana Gusmao (at that time not yetPresident). The intention was to make the process EastTimorese and all-inclusive. There was also a need to bring inthe other players, such as donors and the private sector, whodid not fit in the above categories. Ensuring the donors'involvement right from the start increased the chances of thePlan being financed, given that East Timor was not yet in aposition to finance it from its own limited resources.

In order to make the planning process easier, so that every-one could understand and participate, only four questions wereasked:

Where are we?

To address this question, which was to enable us to understandthe current conditions of the country, we undertook three exer-cises. Firstly, an evaluation of what had happened during theperiod between 1999 and 2001 was conducted by eight inter-ministerial working groups, made up of senior public servantsand each led by a Minister. The results of this evaluation werethen reported in a document called 'The State of the Nation'.

Secondly, a nation-wide poverty assessment was carriedout through a joint survey with support from four developmentpartners: the World Bank (WB), the Asian Development Bank(ADB), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).Through this process we were able to determine East Timor's'poverty line' at an estimated 0.55 USD per day - which meantthat 41% of our people lived in poverty.

Thirdly, a National Human Development Report withUNDP's support was undertaken, giving an opportunity to

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compare East Timor's Human Development Index with 161other countries that had undertaken a similar exercise. It wasthe first time that data was gathered to give the real picture ofthe situation in East Timor. Future allocation of resources wouldbe prioritised on the basis of these data. We tried to be asobjective as possible with the questions asked in the survey soas to ensure a depoliticised process, thus creating possibilitiesof consensus on the plan.

Where do we want to go?

A countrywide consultation process was undertaken to for-mulate a common vision and to ensure that everyone felt thatthe process belonged to all, not just the government. Work-shops were organised in all of the 500 villages in East Timorand the villagers were asked:

- What kind of East Timor did they want to see in 2020?- What were their three top priorities?

On each of the identified priorities the villagers were askedfollow-up questions such as:

- What problems needed to be overcome for them to achievetheir vision?

- How could these problems be solved?- What could they do themselves to help solve them?- What could civil society do?- What could the private sector do?- What could the government do?

This exercise was important not only because we were goingto formulate the national vision for the country but develop-ment priorities were also going to be set. It needed everyone'sagreement so as to ensure smoother implementation of futureprogrammes. To change them one would need to go back tothe people. In this way, arguments among the top leadershipwould be minimised as the people had already spoken. In EastTimor the priorities determined were primary education, basichealth care, agriculture (irrigation) and infrastructure.

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How do we get there?

This question was mainly addressed by having the technicalpeople working on a five-year plan through which our goalswould be reached. The 2020 national vision and sector prioritiesestablished through the countrywide consultation gave the broadframework for the technical people to draw up strategies andpolicies, which became a part of the National DevelopmentPlan. There were also parallel consultations with the privatesector, NGOs, political parties and other interested groups.The Plan and the Budget were adopted by consensus by theNational Parliament. The international community also gaveits full support.

The Plan now works as the main coordinating tool that thegovernment uses in its contacts with donors and otherdevelopment partners. Only proposals for projects thatsupport the strategies contained in the Plan are accepted.However, there are still a number of issues to be dealt with inour efforts to implement the Plan. We do not have enoughhuman resources - people who are able to translate the strategiesand policies into concrete proposals for programmes andprojects.

How do we measure our progress?

The process of measuring progress is going on right now inEast Timor. We are working on setting up the appropriatetargets based on the data collected and taking into consider-ation what we want to achieve in the five-year period withinthe technical and financial constraints.

How to pursue an alternative development agenda:lessons learnt and recommendations

The negotiation processOne very important lesson we learnt was that it is very impor-tant for the leadership to be united. They must at least have

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some preliminary discussions among themselves and reachsome consensus before deciding to receive representatives fromthe International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the WorldBank, the ADB and the IMF. We observed often how wewere approached on numerous occasions with huge documents,all written in a language we could not understand, and askedto make decisions within a very limited time. Very often theleadership had no technical advice and therefore no clue as towhat they were being asked to decide upon.

Practical recommendations:

- If you are asked to receive a representative of any of theIFIs, or bilateral donors, you must always be accompaniedby your relevant technical staff and legal people.

- Ask to be given the relevant documentation a few days inadvance, in a language that your people understand, toallow them to study it and advise you on its contents. Thedocuments should always be brief. Ideally what comes toyou should really be no longer than two or three pages. Itshould be an executive summary of the main document.

- Ensure you have sufficient time to discuss the documentwith your technical people before discussing it with therepresentatives of the donor community.

Human resources

The East Timorese made a human resource survey to find alltheir technical persons living outside East Timor. These technicalpeople were aware of what had happened in other countriesand so they worked towards ensuring that similar things wouldnot happen in East Timor. Nonetheless, we still failed to ensurewe kept our best people. We faced situations of lack of localcapacity to deal with a generous international community, whichfor a number of reasons - including that of sustainability - feltthat everyone should be paid at the same level. Obviously thisdid not attract the Timorese in the diaspora and gradually we

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lost most of our talented people who returned to their hostcountries because they were not able to sustain themselves andtheir families in two different countries. These technical peoplecould have played a critical role as senior managers while otherswere sent abroad for training.

The lack of senior managers is now a very clearly identifiedproblem within the administration, which it is trying toaddress. Nonetheless, the current way we are addressing theproblem will not be sustainable for the country. What we aredoing is sending some East Timorese on scholarships to betrained outside the country and meanwhile we fill in the positionswhere we lack human resources with foreign technicalassistance. It is a very expensive method. What we really shoulddo is try to recruit our own people, from whatever politicalparty or coming from whatever country. In recognition oftheir skills and professionalism, we should reward themaccordingly, which would still never be as much as what aforeign expert would charge.


- Identify your best people and invest in them.- Ensure the public sector is depoliticised and served by the

best of professionals, no matter which political party theycome from. Reward them accordingly.

- There should be trust between technical people andpoliticians. There is a high risk that politicians will trust theinternational experts more.

- Ensure different perspectives are represented. Don'tconfine yourself to the people from your own politicalparties. Use all available resources.

- To avoid educated locals being absorbed by the internationalinstitutions and NGOs, make an agreement withinternational organisations to set the same wages for alllocal staff.

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Planning and coordination

It is crucial that planning and coordination between the differ-ent donors are in the hands of the government. Coordinationcan easily be done by, for example, the World Bank - butdon't rely on them to do this! Develop your own policy indealing with different donors and institutions. It is a big chal-lenge to assure that grants are actually spent in the country.Usually much is spent on technical assistance, meaning pay fortheir consultants - and then the money goes out of the country.


- Establish a unit within government for planning andcoordination. Choose your best human resources - peoplewith excellent negotiation skills and whom you trust to workthere.

- Maintain good and close relations with all donors and ensuregood knowledge of donors' systems and procedures. Inthis way your people will be able to get information fromthe donors and recommend which donors to turn to fordifferent projects.

- Develop a good database to track and capture the aid flowand output in the country. Otherwise there will be duplications.

- Ensure capacity-building in projects. Make explicit demandsfor what you want to be part of the projects.

- Ensure job creation in projects. Sometimes a project canbe done slowly but in a labour-intensive way, sometimefast with big machinery. You need to balance this. Thedecision is yours.


Participants asked questions regarding how the citizens werepersuaded to join in national planning. Emilia Pires explainedthat in East Timor they had gone through the positive elementsin society and used the media to communicate the importance

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of participating now when the country had gained independence.In the consultations at the village workshops, for example,results from the poverty assessment study were presented sothat all would understand the current situation. The results ofthe consultation have been fed back to the people throughbooklets among other means.

Participants acknowledged the importance of recruitinggood human resources but also saw the potential conflictbetween politicians and the technical people. Emilia Piresexplained that East Timor had lost many of its capable technicalstaff due to the conditions they were asked to work underand the pay they were offered. Many expatriates did not stay,even if at first they had tried to come back. A good technicalperson is someone who is able to balance the system, is opento all ideas and can communicate both with the politicians andthe administrators. A good technocrat should not be visible.These people are rather scarce and therefore you need to paythem well to keep them working for you.

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International Resource Persons

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Walden Bello

Walden Bello is the founding director of Focus on the GlobalSouth, a policy research institute based in Bangkok, Thailand.Prior to that, he was executive director of the Institute for Foodand Development Policy (Food First) in Oakland, California.

Educated at Princeton University, where he did hisdoctorate in sociology in 1975, he subsequently taught atUniversity of California, Berkeley, where he was a researchassociate with the Center for South East Asian Studies.

A renowned campaigner for international justice anddevelopment and one of the leading independent critics in theSouth of current global economic arrangements, he is theauthor of numerous books, including:

Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (1982)

Brave New Third World? Strategies for Survival in the GlobalEconomy (1990)

Dragons in Distress: Asia's Miracle Economies in Crisis (withStephanie Rosenfeld) (1991)

People and Power in the Pacific: The Struggle for the Post-ColdWar Order (1992)

Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment andGlobal Poverty (with Shea Cunningham) (1994)

A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in ModernThailand (with Shea Cunningham and Li Kheng Poh) (1999)

Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (2002).

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Sheila Coronel

From 1989 to the present, Executive Director of the PhilippineCenter for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ), an independent,nonprofit agency that specialises in investigative reporting. Ashead of the agency, supervises journalists doing investigativereports, edits and markets their articles, oversees book anddocumentary projects, and administers a staff of 16 people.Also acts as editor of a quarterly investigative reporting maga-zine published by the Center.

From 1995 to the present, conducted training oninvestigative reporting for journalists in Thailand, Indonesiaand Nepal.

From 1987 to 1995, Manila correspondent of The NewYork Times and The Guardian of London and Manchester.

From 1986 to 1988, special reports writer and columnist,The Manila Chronicle. Wrote reports, features and analyses oncurrent Philippine affairs.

From 1982 to 1986, political affairs writer, PhilippinePanorama Magazine. Wrote magazine articles on Philippinepolitics and society.

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Kjell-Ake Nordquist

Kjell-Ake Nordquist is Associate Professor and Head of theDepartment of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Uni-versity, Sweden. His research has dealt with conditions fordurable boundary agreements, autonomy as a conflict-solvingmechanism and social and political reconciliation after civil wars.

Since 1997 Kjell-Ake Nordquist has been involved in theprocess towards independence for East Timor, first as anexpert on autonomy and conflict resolution for a bi-partisanEast Timorese study group, and since the referendum 1999and until today, as a mediator/facilitator between the two maingroups in the conflict, i.e. originally CNRT/Falintil and pro-Indonesian/militia groups, respectively. He has also served asan adviser to Swedish mediators in international conflicts, andarranged a number of seminars between groups in ongoingarmed conflicts through the Department of Peace and ConflictResearch.

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Emilia Pires

Emilia Pires, born in East Timor and the oldest of a family ofseven, was a refugee in Australia for 25 years - from 1975 to2000. Graduated from Latrobe University with a Bachelor ofArts degree in Statistics in 1983, and completed in 1994 aGraduate Diploma in Government Law at the University ofMelbourne, Australia. Worked for over 15 years as VictorianPublic servant for the Human Services Department (Housing).Then moved on to work for Xanana Gusmao, as hisdevelopment officer in 1999. In 2000 Emilia Pires wasnominated by Sergio Vieira de Mello as the Head of theNational Planning and Development Agency of the firstTransition Government of East Timor, under the UnitedNations. During the 2nd Transition Government of East Timor,she became the Secretary of the Planning Commission andwas responsible for the first National Development Plan forEast Timor. At the time of the seminar she worked as SeniorAdvisor to the Ministry of Planning and Finances of theDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Her responsibilitiesincluded the monitoring of the implementation of theNational Development Plan and the Management ofExternal Assistance to East Timor. She has since left East Timorto study at the London School of Economics, where sheintends to document and analyse her experiences from EastTimor further.

Education

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား