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THE MON-GOLS

The Largest Land Empire In History

Made by YUNJIN & VICKY G.11

SOCIAL PRESENTA-TION

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THE MONGO-LIANS

The Mongolians or Mongols started as barbarian tribes in EAST ASIA. Their an-cestors were simple nomads who roamed in the grass steppes of Mongo-lia.

But they became powerful due to their HORSE RIDING SKILL and GREAT COURAGE. Various Mongol tribes com-peted for the scarce resources in the barren steppes of Mongolia.

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TEMUJIN OR GENGHIS KHAN

Temujin or Genghis Khan was a leader who united Mongolians. According to tradition, Temujin was born clutching a clot of blood. Later, he became “Genghis Khan”, the greatest leader of Mongol. He and his de-scendants carved out the largest land empire in his-tory. They travelled so far and intermarried with many women.

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At its greatest ex-tent, the vast Mongolian land empire covered 16% of the earth’s total land area with a population of over 100 million people. From the 13th-14th cen-turies, the Mongo-lians ruled nearly one-fifth of the world.

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The Mongols were champions in battle, undefeated by any-one. They forced their fellow Asians, including the Chinese, Turks, Russians, Persians, and Indians, to surrender to them.

In East Asia, where they started, the Mongols massa-cred more than 18 million peo-ple in Mongolia, Korea, and China. In the Russian capital of Kiev, they massacred 50,000 city inhabitants.

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Mongols were known as the fearsome “GOLDEN HORDE”. The Golden Horde would also be referred to as “THE YEL-LOW SKINNED PERIL.” (yellow skinned war-riors)

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In 1258, they captured Baghdad and destroyed the center of the Muslim Caliphates.

In 1274, they tried to invade Japan but failed only due to a miraculous typhoon. Hence, the Japanese refer to a typhoon as “divine wind”.

Then, the Mongols nearly wiped out the popula-tion of Western Europe without going there. To escape from the yellow peril, terrified Asian refugees fled in ships that sailed to Western Eu-rope. But the ships carried sick rats, which spread bubonic plague in the West. This was the catastrophic “Black Plague” of medieval Europe.

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MONGOL EMPIRES

Mongolian conquerors founded khanates or new empires in Russia, India and China. The most famous Mongol rulers were the successors of Genghis khan - Batu Khan , Tamerlane , Kublai Khan , and Akbar the Great.

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RUSSIAIn Russia, the Mongols ruled for more than two centuries. Be-ginning with Batu Khan and ending with Tamerlane. They changed the capital from Kiev to Moscow. Mongol influence in language, government and economics made Russia become more of an Asian country than a Euro-pean one at the beginning of its national history. But Russians did not like being conquered by Mongolians, and hated the Mongols rulers, later Russian czars like Peter the Great turned to the West instead.

Batu Khan

Tamer-lane

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INDIAIn India, Genghis Khan’s descen-dants founded the Mogul (Mughal) Empire. The Mogul rule in India was a long and powerful one which lasted more than 300 years until the British invasion.The Mogul king in Agra built the famous Taj Mahal for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.

India enjoyed cultural and eco-nomic process under the greatest Mogul emperor, Akbar the Great. He converted to Islam, but toler-ated other religions and ap-pointed good officials. His laws were considered wise and just.

Akbar the great

Taj Mahal

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CHINA

In China, the Mongols are remembered for Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, who founded Mongol rule in China under the Yuan Dy-nasty. The Mongol Yuan emperors ruled China from 1280-1368. Kublai Khan opened China to world trade and visitors. Like Akbar in India, he tolerated other religions, notably Christianity.

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\A CHRISTIAN MOTHER OF FOUR MONGOL RULERS

Princess of the Kerait Christian tribe mar-ried Genghis Khan’s son and heir, Tolui. Her name was Sorkaktani.Sorkaktani’s four sons (including Kublai Khan) inherited the Mongol Empire and became the rulers in Russia, Baghdad, and China.

Mongol women stayed in the background so we cannot know Sorkakstani had influ-ence on her husband or sons. But accord-ing to biographers, she exposed them to some Christian principles, like the knowl-edge of one God and the toleration of dif -ferent religious practices.

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THE MONGOL LEGACY TO THE WORLD= most feared conquering nation in the world history.

= defeated other Asians

= terrified the European kingdoms and spread bubonic plague , catastrophic "Black Plague”.

= acquired the culture of their vanquished na-tions

= Genghis Khan and his numerous descendants

= the ferocity of their yellow hordes

= their toleration and assimilations of other cul-tures and religions

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MYSTERY OF THEIR DISAPPEAR-ANCE

By the 14th century, the Mongols sim-ply faded away. As far as empires go, the Mongolian Empire was short, last-ing only a century and a half. Their disappearance is one of history’s mys-teries, because they were undefeated in battle. Perhaps it was illness, per-haps they got homesick for the easy life of the steppes or perhaps there was nothing more to conquer. Until to-day, the location of Genghis Khan’s grave is unknown, which is symbolic of how the Mongols disappeared.

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