The  Civil  War,  1861-­‐1865

Critical  Thinking  Questions

• How did the Union win the war?

• How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically?

U.S. Capitol, 1860

Civil WarStrategy “Anaconda”Plan” – Winfield Scott

Comparing  the  North  &  the  South

Men Present for

Duty in the Civil

War

Resources: North vs.

South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Facts  and  Stats• Three  million  total  fought  in  war  (2.2  million  in  the  Union  and  800,000  in  the  CSA)  

• 620,000  died  (2%  of  national  population)  

• Disease  took  2  lives  for  every  1  from  battle  wounds  

• The  most  common  ailment  the  “Virginia  Quickstep”  

• “Buck  &  Ball”  combined  1  musket  ball  with  3  buck  shots  in  one  cartridge.    

• Instant  coffee  was  first  experimented  with  in  a  paste  form  

• April  1864  the  Motto  “In  God  We  Trust”  appears  on  all  US  coins

Western TheaterEastern Theater

1st  Battle  of  Bull  Run  (Manassas,  VA)

• July  21,  1861  -­‐  Gen.  Irvin  McDowell  (Union)  suffers  a  defeat  to  Thomas  Jackson  (Stonewall)  forcing  a  retreat  

•McDowell  had  hoped  to  flank  Jackson  and  Beauregard  however,  inexperienced  troops  failed  and  Jackson  famously  stood  his  ground  (defensively)  

• Lincoln  was  distraught  over  loss  as  he  realized  the  war  would  be  much  longer  and  bloodier  than  expected.  “Its  damned  bad”

First  Battle  of  Bull  Run  (Manassas)

Locals  out  on  a  picnic  watching  a  ‘show’

Lincoln  Struggles  with  Military  Command

• July  27,  1861  George  B.  McClellan  was  promoted  to  Commander  of  the  Potomac  forces  (over  McDowell)  

• John  C.  Fremont  is  relieved  of  command  after  declaring  Missouri  emancipated  by  the  military  (without  Lincoln’s  orders)  

•November,  1861  -­‐  McClellan  is  promoted  to  general-­‐in-­‐chief,  or  head  of  the  Union  army.  

•Winfield  Scott  -­‐  resigns Union  General    George  B.  McClellan

Trent  Affair

•Nov  1861  -­‐  British  ship  The  Trent  was  stopped  and  two  Confederate  emissaries,  James  Mason  and  John  Slidell  were  captured.  

• Lincoln  fears  war  with  British  and  releases  them.  - “King  Cotton” –  CSA  has  value  to  the  British  

• Fear  on  both  sides  (Brit.  and  Union)  will  lead  to  a  stand  off  and  no  war  between  them.

Naval  Warfare  Changes

•March  8  and  9th,  1862  -­‐  Monitor  and  Merrimac  fight  in  the  first  battle  of  non-­‐wooden  ships  (Ironclads).  

•No  naval  battles  will  take  place  after  this  with  wooden  ships  as  they  are  deemed  obsolete.  

•Northern  industrial  power  enables  a  quicker  turnaround  on  construction  of  iron-­‐plated  ships.

Shiloh

• April  6/7,  1862  -­‐  Grant  is  attacked  by  surprise  at  Shiloh  on  the  Tennessee  river.  

• 13,000  union  troops  are  killed  

• 10,000  confederates  are  killed  

• The  total  number  of  troops  killed  at  Shiloh  were  more  than  all  previous  American  wars  combined.  

• Lincoln  has  to  fight  to  keep  Grant  as  a  General  as  most  demanded  for  his  resignation  “I  cannot  spare  him.  He  Fights!”  

• Fallen  Timbers,  April  8  –  Sherman  finds  CSA  field  hospital.  Nathanial  Bedford  Forrest  leads  cavalry  attack  and  nearly  kills  himself

The  War  in  the  East:    1861-­‐1862

Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run

• August  29,  1862  -­‐  Union  Gen.  Pope  is  defeated  by  “Stonewall”  Jackson.  

• Jackson’s  overwhelming  defeat  gives  Lee  hope  to  crush  Union  army  quickly  and  swiftly.  

• Lee  invades  the  North  with  50,000  troops  -­‐  pursued  by  McClellan  who  has  90,000  troops

Union General George B. McClellan

Robert E. Lee General, CSA

The  Battle  of  Antietam

• Sept.  17,  1862  -­‐  the  bloodiest  day  in  US  military  history  (approx.  26,000)  

• McClellan  and  Lee  meet  at  Antietam,  MD  

• Union:  12,400  casualties,  double  those  of  D-­‐Day  

• Lee:  10,700  casualties,  25%  of  his  army  • Thousands  more  would  die  later  due  to  injuries  sustained  in  battle  

• Tactical  Draw  -­‐  McClellan  halted  Lee’s  invasion  • Almost  all  the  corn  stalks  were  cut  to  the  ground  by  gun  fire  on  the  40  acre  farm  

• Britain  decides  to  stay  out  of  war  due  to  overwhelming  loss  of  life Bloody  Lane        (Library  of  Congress)  

After  Antietam Lincoln  Meets  with  McClellan  and  Staff

Fallout  from  Antietam

• McClellan  is  removed  from  command  and  Ambrose  Burnside  replaces  him.  

• Lincoln  is  desperate  for  a  major  victory  and  presses  Burnside  to  pursue  CSA  

• Fredericksburg  -­‐  Dec.  13,  1862  -­‐  Burnside  attacks  entrenched  rebel  forces  at  Fredericksburg,  VA.  Suffers  losses  of  13,000  troops  and  fails  to  take  the  town.  

• Union  losses  2x  that  of  CSA  

• Pontoon  bridges  delayed  

• “We  might  as  well  have  tried  to  take  hell”

Fallout  from  Antietam

• “Copperheads”  or  Peace  Democrats  in  the  North  demand  peace.    

• Lincoln  also  feels  the  weight  of  balancing  Republican  moderates  vs.  radicals.  

• Sept.  22,  1862  -­‐  Lincoln  issues  a  Preliminary  Emancipation  Proclamation  of  all  African  slaves  in  an  effort  to  justify  the  carnage  of  the  battle.  

• It  was  one  of  the  riskiest  political  moves  in  American  History  given  the  timing.    

• Jan.  1,  1863  Lincoln  issues  official  Emancipation  Proclamation  to  boost  morale  of  Union  army  which  has  suffered  numerous  defeats  

• Although  it  freed  no  slaves,  it  turned  the  war  into  a  crusade  and  kept  European  nations  from  recognizing  and  allying  themselves  with  the  CSA

Blacks  in  the  Military

• After  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  blacks  began  to  join  the  Union  Army  

• Initially  they  were  only  used  for  manual  labor  

• 54th  regiment  out  of  Massachusetts  • African  Americans  constituted  less  than  one  percent  of  the  northern  population,  yet  by  the  war’s  end  made  up  ten  percent  of  the  Union  Army.  A  total  of  180,000  African  American  men,  more  than  85%  of  those  eligible,  enlisted.

Blacks  in  the  Military

Union  soldier  ‘Gordon’  upon  inspection  became  the  most  famous  black  soldier  in  the  Union.  

Military  Draft  Riots

• End  of  1862  (Congress  issues  Greenback  currency  to  fund  war  and  pay  troops  -­‐  $430  million)  

• Conscription  Act  (draft)  -­‐  March,  1863  

• Draft  is  enacted  for  all  men  who  are  aged  20-­‐45.  Those  who  sign  up  willingly  are  given  several  hundred  dollars  as  a  payment.  Wealthy  could  “gift”  $300  payment  to  avoid  draft.  

• “Bounty  jumping”  or  enlisting,  ditching  and  reenlisting  becomes  rampant.  

• New  York  City  Draft  Riots  July,  1863  –  frustrated  over  rich  being  exempted  and  potential  job  competition  from  freed  blacks Battle  at  Second  Avenue  

Expansion  of  the  Federal  Government

-­‐ Lincoln  suspends  habeas  corpus  and  declares  martial  law,  1861  -­‐ ”…  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it."  

-­‐ Sued  and  loses  to  Taney  in  Ex-­‐Parte  Merryman  over  constitutionality  of  actions.  Lincoln  ignores  ruling  (and  Taney)  

-­‐ Confiscation  Act,  1861  –  allowed  Lincoln  to  confiscate  slaves  captured  by  the  Union  as  “contraband  of  war”

Transformative  Legislation

-­‐ Lost  in  the  chaos  of  the  war,  Lincoln  passes  legislation  that  completely  changes  the  American  government  

-­‐ 1st  Income  Tax  passed  -­‐ National  Currency  “greenbacks”,  1862  -­‐ Pacific  Railway  Acts,  1862  &  1864  • Union  Pacific  and  Central  Pacific  Co.  

-­‐ Homestead  Act,  1862  -­‐ Morrill  Land  Grant  Act,  1862  

Inflation  Cripples  the  South• “$100  for  a  barrel  of  flour”  

• CSA  bank  rolls  the  war  by  issuing  war  bonds  for  people  to  buy  

• Most  of  CSA’s  capital  was  tied  up  in  land  and  slaves  (and  cotton)  and  very  few  had  the  cash  available  to  purchase  bonds.  CSA  bank  notes  also  dropped  in  value.    

• CSA  continued  to  print  treasury  notes  to  try  to  compensate  for  low  value  but  this  only  worsened  the  problem.    

• April  2,  1863  bread  riots  break  out  in  Richmond,  VA  equal  in  volume  to  that  of  the  draft  riots  in  NY

War  goes  high-­‐tech• Railroads:  22,000  miles  compared  to  9,000  miles    

• Transformed  the  speed  at  which  soldiers  and  supplies  were  able  to  move  and  relocate.  Traditional  war  was  limited  to  speed  of  a  horse.    

• The  Telegraph  • Lincoln  was  the  first  president  in  history  to  communicate  on  the  spot  with  battlefield  generals.  Telegraph  reports  from  the  front  lines  allowed  more  direct  presidential  monitoring  and  planning  

• 1  million  messages  sent  using  over  4,000  miles  of  telegraph  line  

• Submarines  and  Balloons  • Submarines  such  as  the  C.S.S.  Hunley  were  utilized  as  an  unconventional  strategy  mostly  as  mines/torpedoes  to  blockades  

• Union  spies  drew  maps  and  reported  back  to  generals  using  hot  air  balloons,  a  first  for  battlefields.  

• Repeating  guns  •Minie  ball  and  rifled  guns  account  for  90%  of  all  battlefield  fatalities

Battle  of  Chancellorsville

• Burnside  is  replaced  by  Joseph  Hooker  

•May  2-­‐4,  1863  -­‐  Lee  outnumbered  2  to  1  easily  defeats  Joseph  Hooker,  however  Stonewall  Jackson  is  fatally  wounded  in  battle.  

• “I’ve  lost  my  right  arm”  •Without  Jackson,  Lee  promotes  George  Pickett  to  his  post.  Next  major  conflict  in  Gettysburg  Penn.  will  be  Pickett’s  first  in  new  position.

Battle  of  Gettysburg

• July  1-­‐3,  1863  Gettysburg,  PA  • 90,000  Union  troops  vs.  75,000  Confederate  troops  • Lee  realized  the  South  could  not  continue  the  battle  of  attrition.  Needed  to  end  the  war  soon.  Felt  a  swift  attack  could  end  the  war.  Invades  Penn.    

• Confed.  bombardment  569  tons  of  ammunition;  Union  held  firm    • July  3,  General  Pickett  led  15,000  Confed.  Troops  across  open  fields  -­‐  Union  mowed  them  down  (=  "Pickett’s  Charge")    

• Lee  was  defeated  and  retreated  to  Virginia    • Gettysburg  is  the  largest  battle  in  the  history  of  the  Western  hemisphere.    • Over  100,000  casualties  in  3  days:  It  was  the  last  time  the  South  invaded  the  North.  

"A  Harvest  of  Death“:  Gettysburg  After  the  Battle

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address November 1863

Civil War in the West

General Ulysses S. Grant

• Ulysses S. Grant• Shiloh • New Orleans•Vicksburg (May 19-July 4, 1863)

Vicksburg  Campaign

• July  4th,  1863  -­‐  Grant  is  victorious  at  Vicksburg,  splitting  the  South  and  cutting  them  off.  

• Grant  had  cutoff  Vicksburg  from  any  outside  supplies.  Conditions  were  so  bad  that  many  soldiers  ate  rats  to  stay  alive.  

• Siege  lasted  48  days  -­‐  Fourth  of  July  celebrations  were  not  celebrated  for  another  81  years  in  Vicksburg.  

• The  tide  has  completely  shifted  to  the  Union.    

• Vicksburg,  Gettysburg  and  Sherman’s  southern  campaign  are  key  victories  and  help  get  Lincoln  reelected  in  1864  

War  in  the  East,  1864-­‐1865

• Wilderness  Campaign  (May-­‐June  1864)  

• Siege  of  Petersburg  (June  1864-­‐Apr  2,  1865)  

• Fall  of  Richmond

Ulysses S. Grant at Cold Harbor Virginia, June 1864

Cold  Harbor  and  Petersburg

• June  3,  1864  -­‐  Grant  decides  on  flanking  Lee’s  forces.  The  Union  suffers  heavy  casualties  as  7000  troops  fall  in  20  minutes,  however,  Grant’s  iron-­‐will  won  out  and  forced  Lee  to  retreat  past  Richmond  

• Several  Union  troops  predicted  failure  –  “...June  3,  Cold  Harbor,  VA  I  was  killed”  -­‐  written  prior  to  battle.  

• Union  troops  surround  Confederate  forces  at  Petersburg  and  conduct  a  9  month  siege  from  June  ’64  to  April  ‘65

RichmondApril  1865

After  Burning  by  Union  Forces

Richmond

April  1865

Richmond,  April  1865

Presidential Election of 1864

Election  of  1864

• Lincoln  runs  on  National  Union  ticket  with  Andrew  Johnson  (Democrat)  

• Spring  of  ‘64  war  weariness  in  the  North  was  at  an  all  time  high  •Wade-­‐Davis  Bill  –  proposed  by  Radical  Republicans  and  pocket-­‐vetoed  by  Lincoln  

• Radical  Republican’s  called  for  Lincoln’s  removal  and  nominated  John  C.  Fremont  

• Lincoln  wins  with  55%  of  vote  due  to  (1)  Sherman’s  victories,  (2)  passage  of  Homestead  Act  for  West,  (3)  Pacific  Railroad  Act  and  Morrill  Tariff  Act  for  N.  Industrialists  and  (4)  rapid  growth  of  economy

Lincoln’s  Inauguration,  March  4  1865

• Second  Inaugural  Address  

• Lincoln  calls  for  a  conciliatory  stance  by  Republicans  towards  the  CSA.    

• “With  malice  toward  none,  with  charity  for  all,  with  firmness  in  the  right  as  God  gives  us  to  see  the  right…”    

• Ten  Percent  Plan:  Lincoln’s  plan  for  reconstruction  of  the  Southern  states.    

• He  believed  the  Southern  states  could  not  leave  the  Union  and  therefore  they  did  not  need  to  ‘re-­‐enter’  

• Plan  to  rebuild  the  South  with  significant  Federal  investment  

• Only  a  10%  loyalty  oath  would  be  required  

• Blacks  must  be  recognized  as  free  and  education  must  be  provided  accordingly

Lincoln’s  Second  Inaugural  Address  March  4,  1865

The  War  in  the  South,  1863-­‐1865

• Chattanooga    • Lookout  Mountain  &  Missionary  Ridge  (Nov.  1863)    

•William  T.  Sherman  

• Atlanta  (Sept.  1864)  • “March  to  the  Sea”

Union General William T. Sherman

Sherman’s  March  through  Georgia

Sherman’s  campaign  brings  war  to  the  farmhouses  of  the  South.  

•Sherman's  March  through  Georgia  May  -­‐  Sept  1864With  100,000  men,  Sherman  left  Chattanooga,  TN  in  May  1864  to  invade  GA,  facing  CSA  Gen  Joseph  E.  Johnston  (later  replaced  by  John  Bell  Hood)  

•Bell  abandoned  Atlanta  (Sept  1)  leaving  the  city  to  Sherman  on  the  next  day.The  fall  of  Atlanta  lifted  Northern  morale,  which  had  been  staggered  by  Grant's  heavy  casualties  in  pursuit  of  Lee,  and  contributed  to  Republican  victories  in  Nov  1864.  

•“War  is  Hell”  -­‐  Sherman’s  remarks  after  the  sacking  and  burning  of  Atlanta.

Ruined  railway  near  Atlanta,  destroyed  by  Sherman’s  troops  

Sherman’s  March  to  the  Sea

Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea  Nov  -­‐  Dec  1864  

•Before  leaving  Atlanta,  he  confiscated  or  destroyed  all  useful  equipment   Sherman  cut  a  swath  through  Georgia  60  miles  wide  and  300  miles  long,  systematically  destroying  factories,  cotton  gins,  warehouses,  bridges,  railroads  and  some  public  buildings  

•Looting  was  rampant  •Sherman's  advance  was  virtually  unopposed,  reaching  Savannah  in  December  which  fell  to  the  Union  on  December  22  and  was  presented  as  a  Christmas  gift  to  President  Lincoln

Surrender  at  Appomattox  Courthouse

• Grant  and  the  Union  forces  surrounded  Lee  cutting  off  his  reinforcements.    

• Lee's  forces,  now  less  than  30,000,  had  few  rations  and  were  slowly  starving  

• Apr  7  -­‐-­‐  Grant  requested  Lee  to  surrender  and  Lee  asked  for  terms.  • Lee  met  Grant  at  Appomattox  Courthouse  and  quickly  came  to  terms  on  

Apr  9,  1865  (1)  Lee's  soldiers  were  paroled  to  return  home(2)  Officers  were  permitted  to  retain  side  arms. (3)  All  soldiers  could  retain  their  private  horses  and  mules.(4)  All  equipment  was  to  be  surrendered. (5)  25,000  rations  were  issued  by  the  Union  army  to  the  Confederates.

Surrender•  Lee’s  Surrender,  Appomattox  Court  House  (April  9,  1865)

McClain  House,  Appomattox  C.H.,  April  1865

Surrender  at  Appomattox

Capture  of  Jefferson  Davis,  May  10,  1865

Lincoln’s  Assassination  April  14,  1865

• Apr  14  -­‐  At  10:15  PM,  while  sitting  in  his  box  at  Ford's  Theater  in  Washington  at  a  performance  of  Our  American  Cousin  ,  he  was  shot  by  John  Wilkes  Booth  ,  carried  unconscious  across  the  street  and  died  at  7:15  AM  (15  Apr).  

• Simultaneously  with  the  assassination  of  Lincoln,  Secretary  Seward  was  attacked  and  severely  wounded  by  Lewis  Powell  (aka  Payne),  Booth's  conspirator.  

• Escaping  to  VA,  Booth  was  allegedly  trapped  in  a  barn  near  Bowling  Green  where  he  supposedly  shot  himself  (26  Apr),  although  rumors  persisted  that  he  survived  

•Nine  people  were  implicated  in  the  assassination  plot

War  Deaths

Critical  Thinking  Questions

• How did the Union win the war?

• How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically? U.S. Capitol, 1860

IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WARPOLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL