Unit V: Europe and Eastern Europe

Chapter 34, 35, 36 Exam Overview

Causes of WWI

M.A.N.I.A.Militarism: Building of weapons and army.

Alliances: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.

Nationalism: Pride and strength in a country.

Imperialism: Competition for oversea colonies.

Assassination: Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand (1914).

Europe in 1914

People, Places, Actions

•Trench Warfare

•New Technology

Flame throwersTanks

Poison GasAirplanesGerman U-

BoatsUnrestricted Submarine

warfare

WWI was the first

Industrialized war.

Results of World War 1

League of Nations is created, members agree to defend each

other. However the United States and Russia refuse to join.

1919 Treaty of Versailles leads to the rise of

Fascism in Germany and Italy. Harsh punishment for Germany such as war reparations, demilitarize, and territorial losses

Austria-Hungary divides into several small states

Mussolini and Hitler come to power due to weak economic and

political conditions.

New Map of Europe!

1. Which major empires lost the most land? Why?

2. What problems could occur due to the structure of the European landscape?

1917 Russian Revolution

Causes• Weak leadership of

Czar Nicholas II• Bloody Sunday• WWI – refused to pull

out of war• Food Shortages• Inequality between the

social classes • Rasputin• Rise of Intellectual

dissenters (anarchists, communists)

Two Revolutions in 19171. March 1917 – Provisional Government

replaces Czar but does not exit WWI

2. November 1917 – Bolsheviks Replace Provisional Government

Slogan - “Peace, Bread, and Land”

3. Lenin pulls Russia out of WWI

4. Creates first communist nation, the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)

5. N.E.P. Lenin allows some elements of Capitalism

People, Places, Actions

Results of Russian Revolution

1924 Stalin takes power.

Stalin’s goal is to Industrialize the Soviet Union.

•Collective Farms•Five Year Plans

Soviet Union becomes a Superpower after WWII which

starts the Cold War

Causes World War II

Hitler's Aggression• 1938 Hitler takes Austria• Hitler takes Czechoslovakia

(Sudetenland)• Invasion of Poland, starting

WWII.

Appeasement: Giving into a aggressors

demands in order to keep peace, Neville

Chamberlain agrees to Hitler demands at the Munich Conference.

League of Nations Fails: Hitler violates the

Treaty of Versailles, rebuilt his army. League of

Nations does nothing to condemn Hitler’s

aggression.

Key Terms and Events of WWII D-Day Atomic

Bomb: Hiroshima

and Nagasaki

Battle of Stalingrad

Pearl Harbor

Allied forces liberated

France from Nazi rule.

Germany Army is defeated on

the Eastern front.

United States

enters the war on the

pacific front

War in the Pacific ends

Holocaust: Genocide of the Jews and others. Led by Hitler and fueled

by anti-Semitism.

EFFECTS OF WWIICreation of the United Nation: Maintain

International peace and protect Human Rights. U.N. Security Council, each member has veto power

over peacekeeping operations.Nuremburg Trials: Nazi officers are held

accountable for the Holocaust. Guilty of Crimes against Humanity.

Super Powers:USA and U.S.S.R battle over the political ideas of Communism vs. Democracy. The

Cold War!

Decolonization: European colonies received independence through both violent and non-violent means – India, Ghana, Kenya, Algeria,

Turkey, etc.

Atomic Age: After 1945, the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and

Nagasaki, ending the war in Japan..

U.S. POLICIES

2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE - Monetary support given by U.S. to countries that resisted Communism.

3. MARSHALL PLAN- Post WWII assistance program, in which, the U.S. would provide, food, machines, and other materials to any country that needed it.

1. CONTAINMENT - Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and preventing the expansion of Communism.

SOVIET RESPONSE 1. BERLIN BLOCKADE & AIRLIFT 1948- Soviets closed all road and rail links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed the West Berliners.

•This caused the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949

2. BERLIN WALL 1961- East German government built a wall that separated East Berlin from West Berlin. Soldiers shot anyone that tried to escape East Berlin.

The Cold

War

THE IRON CURTAIN

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the

continent.”

1. The Soviet Union drove the Germans back across Eastern Europe.

2. They occupied several countries along it’s western border and

considered them a necessary buffer or wall of protection from the west.

3. Stalin installed Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria,

Hungary, Czechoslavakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia.

4. At the Potsdam Conference Truman pressed Stalin to allow free elections.

5. Early in 1946 Stalin declares that communism & capitalism could not

exist in the same world. War between the U.S. & U.S.S.R. was certain. March 5, 1946

The West in the 20th Century

Culture:• Consumerism – Mass Media, shopping

malls, supermarkets, leisure• Art – abstract and modern art – “Nude

Descending a Staircase”• Women – status and role in society

changed – suffrage, birth control, abortion, more professional opportunities

Conservative Movement: - Economy struggled in 1970s – Oil crisis, college protests, cost of welfare state caused

reactionLed by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher – limited power and role of

government and lowered taxes – strengthened military – led to increased

deficits

The Welfare State: Nationalization of Industries, provided unemployment insurance, family assistance programs, national health

care programs, state-run medical facilities – “A War on Poverty”

Fall of Communism •Due to growing sense of nationalism and desire for

more political rights – Eastern European nations push for reforms

•Russian Communist grip begins to loosen due to poor economy and global pressure.

•Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost and Perestroika allow some political and economic freedoms.

•Poland – Solidarity Movement led by Lech Walesa•Czechoslovakia – Velvet Revolution led by Vaclav Havel•Hungary – Revolution in 1956 led by Imre Nagy failed•East Germany – Berlin Wall removed in 1989•Romania – Violent revolution removes and kills Dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu

Fall of Communism •LOW WORKER MORALE

•FOOD SHORTAGES•NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY•COST OF THE WAR GLOBAL PRESSURE

GLASNOSTNew political policy by Mikhail Gorbachev means “openness”

Allowed the following: Free flow of ideas, no censorship Religious freedom Public criticism of gov’t Contested elections (secret ballots) Release of political prisoners Books freely printed

“Socialism with a Human Face”

PERESTROIKAEconomic policy by Mikhail Gorbachev means “restructuring”

Allowed the following: Some private property Some small business – profits Some Free trade Local managers more control and authority over farms and factories

Decentralization of economic control

ATTEMPTED COUPSome high level officials (communist hard-liners) wanted Gorbachev to resign in 1991He refused – the group staged a coup in Moscow by placing Gorbachev under house arrest and sent tanks into Moscow to seize control.Boris Yeltsin called to the people to resist the coup and gained the support of the militaryThe Coup was foiled and the USSR soon split into 15 republics – the CIS